Trần Dụ Tông (chữ Hán: 陳裕宗, 22 November 1336 – 25 May 1369), given nameTrần Hạo (陳暭), was the seventh emperor of the Trần dynasty, and reigned over Vietnam from 1341 to 1369. Enthroned by Senior Emperor Minh Tông after the death of his elder brother Hiến Tông, Dụ Tông nominally ruled Đại Việt under the regency of the Senior Emperor until the latter's death in 1357 and held the absolute position in the royal court for twelve more years. The reign of Dụ Tông was seen by historical books as the starting point for the third phase of Trần Dynasty when the peaceful and prosperous state of the country began to fade away and the royal family fell into a long period of chaos before ultimately collapsing.
Dụ Tông was born in 1336 as Trần Hạo, the tenth son of the Senior Emperor Minh Tông and Queen Hiến Từ.[2] In 1341, the reigning Emperor Hiến Tông died at the age of only 23 without an heir. Trần Hiến Tông was the son of one of Minh Tông's concubines, but he was designed as emperor because the official queen of Minh Tông, Hiến Từ, had not given birth to any male child yet. However, by the time of Hiến Tông's death, the Senior Emperor had had with the Senior Queen Hiến Từ two sons: Trần Dục (Prince Cung Túc) and Trần Hạo. Hạo was only five years old at that time, but the Senior Emperor passed the throne to him. The reason for this particular decision is that Minh Tông thought that Prince Cung Túc was too extravagant to run the country.[3]
As emperoredit
Thiệu Phong eraedit
From 1341 to his death in 1357, the Senior Emperor Minh Tông acted as a regent for his son Dụ Tông, who thus reigned only in name.[4] According to Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, the young Emperor Dụ Tông was very intelligent and was completely focused on managing both civil and military matters of Đại Việt. For that reason, Dụ Tông in his first era Thiệu Phong (1341–1357) was well respected in the royal court even if it was the Senior Emperor who ruled the country.[2] In 1349 Dụ Tông entitled a daughter of Prince Huệ Túc Trần Đại Niên as his queen, and she became Queen Nghi Thánh.[5] However, historical books recorded that the Emperor was impotent and that he was only cured after many unusual treatments including using medicine made from a killed young boy and incest with Dụ Tông's own sister, princess Thiên Ninh.[6]
In this era, the royal court of Trần Dynasty began to face troubles such as the death of several important and experienced mandarins, the failure of some military campaigns against Lan Xang and Champa[7][8] and the proliferation of many natural disasters in Đại Việt.[2] For only a short period, Đại Việt suffered many disasters, which caused a time of economic dearth and ignited several revolts against the royal court. A temporary peace was only re-established when Trương Hán Siêu, a capable mandarin, was appointed to restore order in regions affected by unrest.[9]
In 1353, Minh Tong attempted an expedition against the Champa king Tra Hoa Bo De in support of Che Mo's claim to the throne as the son of Che Anan. The expedition was aborted and Che Mo died soon after.[10]: 91
Đại Trị eraedit
After the death of Minh Tông in 1357, Dụ Tông ascended to the throne and he decided to change the era from Thiệu Phong to Đại Trị (1358–1369).[11] With the death of a capable ruler like Minh Tông, the royal court led by Dụ Tông began to fall into chaos, especially as several able officials such as Nguyễn Trung Ngạn and Trương Hán Siêu died while others such as Chu Văn An became discontented. After the Emperor's refusal of his famous Thất trảm sớ (Petition of beheading seven corrupt officials),[12] Chu Văn An decided to leave the royal court, which was now full of corrupt mandarins and bad cohorts.[13]
At that time, the situation in China was very complicated with the struggle between Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang, both of whom tried to mobilise support from Đại Việt. However, Dụ Tông maintained a neutral attitude to concentrate his army along the southern border against Champa.[14] Despite his effort, Champa's forces still posed concerns for Đại Việt's border and launched several skirmishes[15] while many revolts were taking place and causing diversions in Đại Việt.[13]
While being modest and diligent under the regency of Minh Tông, the independent reign of Emperor Dụ Tông saw extravagant spending on the building of several luxurious palaces and other pleasurely indulgences.[13][16] Dụ Tông introduced theatre, which was considered at the time to be a shameful pleasure, in the royal court.[12] Hierarchy and order were completely discarded by the Emperor, and he had the princes and princesses of the royal family do trivial tasks such as folding paper fans in the market. During official audiences, when Dụ Tông felt happy, he would step off the throne to dance with his ministers.[12] One time, the Emperor was so drunk that he fell into a pool of water and caught a disease that was only cured after a long period of treatment.[15][17] The Emperor died on 25 May of the Lunar calendar, 1369, at the age of 33 following a reign of twenty-eight years. He did not have any posthumous name and was buried in Phụ Tomb.[17]
Family and successionedit
Dụ Tông had ten wife, Queen Nghi Thánh, who was daughter of the Prince Huệ Túc Trần Đại Niên.[5] Being impotent, Dụ Tông had no son of his own and before his death, he issued an edict that the throne would be passed to Dương Nhật Lễ despite the fact that his appointee was not from Trần clan[1] while the royal family still had several capable princes available for the position.[12] This decision of Dụ Tông was heavily criticized by imperial historians because it broke the normal protocol for succession and heralded the start of a chaotic period of the Trần Dynasty.[17]
Notesedit
^ abAccording to imperial historical records, Dương Nhật Lễ was the only son of a couple of actors, and thus could not be considered an appropriate successor for the throne, which was reserved exclusively for Trần clan.Ngô 1993, pp. 259–260; Trần 1971, p. 69
trần, dụ, tông, chữ, hán, 陳裕宗, november, 1336, 1369, given, name, trần, hạo, 陳暭, seventh, emperor, trần, dynasty, reigned, over, vietnam, from, 1341, 1369, enthroned, senior, emperor, minh, tông, after, death, elder, brother, hiến, tông, dụ, tông, nominally, r. Trần Dụ Tong chữ Han 陳裕宗 22 November 1336 25 May 1369 given name Trần Hạo 陳暭 was the seventh emperor of the Trần dynasty and reigned over Vietnam from 1341 to 1369 Enthroned by Senior Emperor Minh Tong after the death of his elder brother Hiến Tong Dụ Tong nominally ruled Đại Việt under the regency of the Senior Emperor until the latter s death in 1357 and held the absolute position in the royal court for twelve more years The reign of Dụ Tong was seen by historical books as the starting point for the third phase of Trần Dynasty when the peaceful and prosperous state of the country began to fade away and the royal family fell into a long period of chaos before ultimately collapsing Trần Dụ Tong陳裕宗Emperor of Đại ViệtEmperor of Trần DynastyReign1341 1369PredecessorTrần Hiến TongSuccessorHon Đức Cong 1 Born22 November 1336Thăng Long Đại ViệtDied25 May 1369Đại ViệtBurialPhụ TombSpouseQueen Nghi ThanhIssueno heirNamesTrần Hạo 陳暭 Era datesThiệu Phong 紹 豐 1341 1357 Đại Trị 大 治 1358 1369 Posthumous nameThống thien Thể đạo Nhơn minh Quang hiếu Hoang đế 統天體道仁明光孝皇帝 Temple nameDụ Tong 裕宗 HouseTrần DynastyFatherTrần Minh TongMotherQueen Hiến TừReligionBuddhismThis article contains Vietnamese text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of chữ Nom chữ Han and chữ Quốc ngữ Contents 1 Background 2 As emperor 2 1 Thiệu Phong era 2 2 Đại Trị era 3 Family and succession 4 Notes 5 ReferencesBackground editDụ Tong was born in 1336 as Trần Hạo the tenth son of the Senior Emperor Minh Tong and Queen Hiến Từ 2 In 1341 the reigning Emperor Hiến Tong died at the age of only 23 without an heir Trần Hiến Tong was the son of one of Minh Tong s concubines but he was designed as emperor because the official queen of Minh Tong Hiến Từ had not given birth to any male child yet However by the time of Hiến Tong s death the Senior Emperor had had with the Senior Queen Hiến Từ two sons Trần Dục Prince Cung Tuc and Trần Hạo Hạo was only five years old at that time but the Senior Emperor passed the throne to him The reason for this particular decision is that Minh Tong thought that Prince Cung Tuc was too extravagant to run the country 3 As emperor editThiệu Phong era edit From 1341 to his death in 1357 the Senior Emperor Minh Tong acted as a regent for his son Dụ Tong who thus reigned only in name 4 According to Đại Việt sử ky toan thư the young Emperor Dụ Tong was very intelligent and was completely focused on managing both civil and military matters of Đại Việt For that reason Dụ Tong in his first era Thiệu Phong 1341 1357 was well respected in the royal court even if it was the Senior Emperor who ruled the country 2 In 1349 Dụ Tong entitled a daughter of Prince Huệ Tuc Trần Đại Nien as his queen and she became Queen Nghi Thanh 5 However historical books recorded that the Emperor was impotent and that he was only cured after many unusual treatments including using medicine made from a killed young boy and incest with Dụ Tong s own sister princess Thien Ninh 6 In this era the royal court of Trần Dynasty began to face troubles such as the death of several important and experienced mandarins the failure of some military campaigns against Lan Xang and Champa 7 8 and the proliferation of many natural disasters in Đại Việt 2 For only a short period Đại Việt suffered many disasters which caused a time of economic dearth and ignited several revolts against the royal court A temporary peace was only re established when Trương Han Sieu a capable mandarin was appointed to restore order in regions affected by unrest 9 In 1353 Minh Tong attempted an expedition against the Champa king Tra Hoa Bo De in support of Che Mo s claim to the throne as the son of Che Anan The expedition was aborted and Che Mo died soon after 10 91 Đại Trị era edit After the death of Minh Tong in 1357 Dụ Tong ascended to the throne and he decided to change the era from Thiệu Phong to Đại Trị 1358 1369 11 With the death of a capable ruler like Minh Tong the royal court led by Dụ Tong began to fall into chaos especially as several able officials such as Nguyễn Trung Ngạn and Trương Han Sieu died while others such as Chu Văn An became discontented After the Emperor s refusal of his famous Thất trảm sớ Petition of beheading seven corrupt officials 12 Chu Văn An decided to leave the royal court which was now full of corrupt mandarins and bad cohorts 13 At that time the situation in China was very complicated with the struggle between Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang both of whom tried to mobilise support from Đại Việt However Dụ Tong maintained a neutral attitude to concentrate his army along the southern border against Champa 14 Despite his effort Champa s forces still posed concerns for Đại Việt s border and launched several skirmishes 15 while many revolts were taking place and causing diversions in Đại Việt 13 While being modest and diligent under the regency of Minh Tong the independent reign of Emperor Dụ Tong saw extravagant spending on the building of several luxurious palaces and other pleasurely indulgences 13 16 Dụ Tong introduced theatre which was considered at the time to be a shameful pleasure in the royal court 12 Hierarchy and order were completely discarded by the Emperor and he had the princes and princesses of the royal family do trivial tasks such as folding paper fans in the market During official audiences when Dụ Tong felt happy he would step off the throne to dance with his ministers 12 One time the Emperor was so drunk that he fell into a pool of water and caught a disease that was only cured after a long period of treatment 15 17 The Emperor died on 25 May of the Lunar calendar 1369 at the age of 33 following a reign of twenty eight years He did not have any posthumous name and was buried in Phụ Tomb 17 Family and succession editDụ Tong had ten wife Queen Nghi Thanh who was daughter of the Prince Huệ Tuc Trần Đại Nien 5 Being impotent Dụ Tong had no son of his own and before his death he issued an edict that the throne would be passed to Dương Nhật Lễ despite the fact that his appointee was not from Trần clan 1 while the royal family still had several capable princes available for the position 12 This decision of Dụ Tong was heavily criticized by imperial historians because it broke the normal protocol for succession and heralded the start of a chaotic period of the Trần Dynasty 17 Notes edit a b According to imperial historical records Dương Nhật Lễ was the only son of a couple of actors and thus could not be considered an appropriate successor for the throne which was reserved exclusively for Trần clan Ngo 1993 pp 259 260 Trần 1971 p 69 a b c Ngo 1993 p 247 Ngo 1993 p 246 Chapuis 1995 pp 88 89 a b Ngo 1993 p 249 Ngo 1993 p 250 Ngo 1993 p 242 Ngo 1993 p 251 Ngo 1993 pp 251 252 Maspero G 2002 The Champa Kingdom Bangkok White Lotus Co Ltd ISBN 9747534991 Ngo 1993 p 255 a b c d Chapuis 1995 p 89 a b c Trần 1971 p 69 Ngo 1993 p 256 a b Ngo 1993 p 258 Ngo 1993 pp 258 259 a b c Ngo 1993 p 259References editNgo Sĩ Lien 1993 Đại Việt sử ky toan thư in Vietnamese Nội cac quan bản ed Hanoi Social Science Publishing House National Bureau for Historical Record 1998 Kham định Việt sử Thong giam cương mục in Vietnamese Hanoi Education Publishing House Trần Trọng Kim 1971 Việt Nam sử lược in Vietnamese Saigon Center for School Materials Chapuis Oscar 1995 A history of Vietnam from Hong Bang to Tu Duc Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 0 313 29622 7Trần Dụ TongHouse of TrầnBorn 1336 Died 1369Regnal titlesPreceded byTrần Hiến Tong Emperor of Đại Việt1341 1369 Succeeded byHon Đức CongPreceded byTrần Hiến Tong Emperor of Trần Dynasty1341 1369 Succeeded byTrần Nghệ TongvteTrần imperial familyColour note Emperor Empress Regnant Retired Emperor Prince PrincessTrần KinhTrần HấpTrần LyTrần Hoằng NghiTrần Tự KhanhTrần ThừaLy Huệ TongTrần Thị DungTrần Thủ ĐộPrincess Thuận ThienTrần LiễuTrần Thai TongPrincess Chieu ThanhLe Phụ TrầnTuệ TrungTrần Hưng ĐạoTrần Quốc KhangTrần Thanh TongTrần Ich TắcTrần Quang KhảiTrần Nhật DuậtPhạm Ngũ LaoPrincess Anh NguyenTrần Quốc TảngTrần Nhan TongTrần Khanh DưTrần Đạo TaiPrincess An TưPrincess Huyền TranTrần Quốc ChẩnTrần Anh TongTrần Văn BichPrincess Thụy BảoTrần Minh TongTrần Nguyen ĐanTrần Binh TrọngPrince Cung TucTrần Hiến TongTrần Dụ TongTrần Nghệ TongTrần Duệ TongTrần Thị ThaiNguyễn Phi KhanhDương Nhật LễPrince Trang ĐịnhGiản Định ĐếTrần Thuận TongTrần Phế ĐếNguyễn TraiTrung Quang ĐếTrần Thiếu ĐếNotes Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 Đại Việt sử ky toan thư in Vietnamese Nội cac quan bản ed Hanoi Social Science Publishing House National Bureau for Historical Record 1998 Kham định Việt sử Thong giam cương mục in Vietnamese Hanoi Education Publishing House Trần Trọng Kim 1971 Việt Nam sử lược in Vietnamese Saigon Center for School Materials Chapuis Oscar 1995 A history of Vietnam from Hong Bang to Tu Duc Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 0313296227Family tree of Vietnamese monarchs Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trần Dụ Tong amp oldid 1213334732, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
