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Transboundary protected area

January 01, 1970

"Peace park" redirects here. For other uses, see Peace park (disambiguation).

A transboundary protected area (TBPA) is an ecological protected area that spans boundaries of more than one country or sub-national entity. Such areas are also known as transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs) or peace parks.[1][2][3]

Flags of Canada and the United States in Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park

TBPAs exist in many forms around the world,[4] and are established for various reasons. The preservation of traditional animal migration patterns, ensuring sufficient food and water sources for population growth, is a critical reason for the creation of TBPAs. However, TBPAs also encourage tourism, economic development and goodwill between neighbouring countries, as well as making it easier for indigenous inhabitants of the area to travel.[5][not specific enough to verify]

Types of transboundary protected areas edit

TBPAs exist in various types of geographic configuration, with various levels of ecological protection, and with various levels of international cooperation. Additionally, different organizations employ different definitions for TBPAs. Julia Marton-Lefevre broadly defines TBPAs as "areas that involve a degree of cooperation across one or more boundaries between (or within) countries."[6] The Southern Africa Development Community's Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement defines Transfrontier Conservation Area as "the area or the component of a large ecological region that straddles the boundaries of two or more countries, encompassing one or more protected areas, as well as multiple resources use areas."[7] The Global Transboundary Protected Areas Network (GTPAN) lists four types of "transboundary conservation areas:"

  • Type 1: transboundary protected area;
  • Type 2: transboundary conservation landscape and/or seascape;
  • Type 3: transboundary conservation migration area; and
  • Special designation: park for peace.[8]

GTPAN defines a transboundary protected area as "a clearly defined geographical space that includes protected areas that are ecologically connected across one or more international boundaries and involves some form of cooperation." GTPAN defines a transboundary conservation landscape and/or seascape as "an ecologically connected area that includes both protected areas and multiple resource use areas across one or more international boundaries and involves some form of cooperation."[8]

GTPAN defines a transboundary conservation migration area as "wildlife habitats in two or more countries that are necessary to sustain populations of migratory species and involve some form of cooperation."[8]

GTPAN defines a "park for peace" as "any of the three types of transboundary conservation areas [that is] dedicated to the promotion, celebration and/or commemoration of peace and cooperation."

In many instances, individual TBPAs are part of broader international environmental or cultural programs. TBPAs can be World Heritage Sites, Ramsar Wetlands, and/or UNESCO Biosphere Reserves.

History of transboundary protected areas edit

In 1932, the governments of Canada and the United States passed legislation creating the first international peace park: Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park. This action followed from a joint resolution of the Rotary Clubs of Montana and Alberta calling for the creation of the peace park.[9]

On 1 February 1997, Anton Rupert, together with Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands and Nelson Mandela, founded the Peace Parks Foundation as a nonprofit organisation to facilitate the establishment of transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs).[10]

A 2001 study by the World Conservation Union found "there were 166 existing transboundary protected area complexes worldwide comprising 666 individual conservation zones."[6]

In 2007, the Global Transboundary Conservation Network published a global inventory of transboundary protected areas identifying 227 transboundary protected areas.[11]

Established transboundary protected areas edit

Africa edit

 
Victoria Falls--National Parks in Zambia and Zimbabwe form a TBPA.

Transboundary World Heritage Sites edit

Transboundary Ramsar Wetlands edit

  • Complexe Kokorou-Namga is a transfrontier Ramsar wetland between Burkina Faso and Mali.[21]
  • Complexe Transfrontalier Lac Tele-Grands Affluents-Lac Tumba is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo.[22]
  • Niumi-Saloum is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Gambia and Senegal. It is composed of Niumi National Park in Gambia and Delta du Saloum National Park in Senegal.[21]
  • A transboundary Ramsar wetlands complex covers Lake Chad, composed of sites in Niger, Chad, Nigeria, and Cameroon.[23][24][25][26]
  • Zone Humide du Moyen is a transfrontier Ramsar wetland on the border of Benin and Nigeria.[21]

Transboundary Biosphere Reserves edit

  • Delta du Fleuve Senegal is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Mauritania and Senegal.[20]
  • Mono is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Benin and Togo.[20]

Transboundary Conservation Complexes edit

  • ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Namibia and South Africa.[11][27]
  • Chimanimani Transfrontier Park is a transboundary conservation area on the border of Mozambique and Zimbabwe, made up of Mozambique's Chimanimani National Reserve and Zimbabwe's Chimanimani National Park.
  • Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. It is partially composed of Mozambique's Limpopo National Park, South Africa's Kruger National Park and Zimbabwe's Gonarezhou National Park and Sengwe Corridor.[11][28]
  • Greater Mapungubwe is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe.[29]
  • Kavango Zambezi is a transboundary conservation complex on the borders of Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is the world's largest TBPA and encompasses the Mosi-oa-Tunya World Heritage site listed above.[11][30]
  • Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Botswana and South Africa.[11]
  • Kidepo is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of South Sudan and Uganda. It is composed of South Sudan's Kidepo Game Reserve and Uganda's Kidepo Valley National Park.[11]
  • Kilimanjaro is a transboundary conservation complex centered around Mount Kilimanjaro and on the border of Kenya and Tanzania. It is composed of Tanzania's Kilimanjaro National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site, and Kenya's Amboseli National Park.[11][31]
  • Lower Zambezi - Mana Pools is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe.[32]
  • Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Mozambique, South Africa and Eswatini.[11][33]
  • Malawi-Zambia TFCA is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Malawi and Zambia. It crosses the border at multiple locations.[11][34]
  • Niokolo Koba-Badiar is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Guinea and Senegal.[11]
  • Serengeti-Masai is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Kenya and Tanzania.[11]
  • A transboundary conservation complex crosses the border of Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire. It is composed partially of a Ramsar wetland in Burkina Faso and the National Park of Comoe in Côte d'Ivoire.[35]
  • The Global Transboundary Conservation Network's 2007 inventory lists additional TBPAs on the borders of:
    1. Liberia and Sierra Leone;
    2. Guinea and Liberia;
    3. Côte d'Ivoire and Liberia;
    4. Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana at three locations;
    5. Cameroon and Nigeria at two locations;
    6. Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea;
    7. Central African Republic and Sudan;
    8. Congo and Gabon;
    9. Democratic Republic of the Congo and what is now South Sudan;
    10. What is now South Sudan and Uganda;
    11. Kenya and Uganda;
    12. Kenya and Somalia;
    13. Burundi and Rwanda;
    14. Rwanda and Tanzania;
    15. Tanzania and Uganda;
    16. Tanzania and Zambia;
    17. Mozambique and Tanzania; and
    18. Angola and Namibia.[11]
 
Uvs Nuur Basin is a TBPA in Mongolia and Russia.

Asia edit

  • Govater Bay and Hur-e-Bahu - Jiwani Coastal Wetland is a transboundary Ramsar complex on the border of Iran and Pakistan.[36][37]
  • Hamun-e-Puzak, south end - Hamun-e-Saberi & Hamun-e-Helmand is a transboundary Ramsar complex on the border of Afghanistan and Iran.[38][39]
  • Landscapes of Dauria is a World Heritage Site on the border of Mongolia and Russia on the Daurian Steppe. It is composed of Dornod Mongol Biosphere Reserve in Mongolia and Daursky Nature Reserve in Russia.[40]
  • Labi Hills/Gunung Pulu Transboundary Complex is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Brunei and Malaysia.[11]
  • The Lanjak Entimau/Batang/Ai/Betung Kerihun Complex is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Indonesia and Malaysia.[41] The countries have two additional TBPAs on their border.[11]
  • Taxkorgan is a transboundary protected area on the border of Afghanistan, China, and Pakistan. Afghanistan's Wahan National Park, China's Taxkorgan Nature Reserve, and Pakistan's Khunjerab National Park form the site.[42]
  • Turtle Island Heritage Protected Area (also known as Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary) is a transboundary protected area between Malaysia and the Philippines.[11][43]
  • Uvs Nuur Basin is a World Heritage Site on the border of Mongolia and Russia covering Uvs Nuur Lake and protecting its wetlands.[44] Mongolia and Russia have two more bilateral TBPAs on their border.[11]
  • Wasur-Tonda Transboundary Conservation Area is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.[11]
  • The Global Transboundary Conservation Network's 2007 inventory lists an additional 49 TBPAs in Asian nations.[11]
  • The Heart of Borneo is a transboundary protected area on the island of Borneo which includes the nations of Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia.[45]
 
The Danube Delta is a TBPA and home to pelicans and cormorants.

Europe edit

Transboundary World Heritage Sites edit

Transboundary Ramsar Wetlands edit

  • Adutiškis-Vileity is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Belarus and Lithuania.[22]
  • Austrian-Bavarian Wildalm is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Austria and Germany.[54]
  • Baradla Cave System and Domica Ramsar Sites are cooperatively managed transboundary wetlands on the border of Hungary and Slovakia. This was the first declaration of a transboundary wetland under the Ramsar Convention.[21]
  • Bistret-Ibisha Island is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Bulgaria and Romania. It is composed of Ibisha Island in Bulgaria and Bistret in Romania.[22]
  • Gornje Podunavije - Gemenc - Kopacki Rit is a transboundary Ramsar complex on the border of Croatia, Hungary and Serbia.[55]
  • Ipoly Valley and Poiplie are transboundary Ramsar wetlands on the border of Hungary and Slovakia.[21]
  • Kotra and Čepkelai are transboundary Ramsar wetlands on the border of Belarus and Lithuania.[21]
  • Krkonose/Karkonosze subalpine peatbogs is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of the Czech Republic and Poland.[22] The site is also a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve.[20]
  • Lake Calarasi-Srebarna is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Bulgaria and Romania.[22] Srebarna Nature Reserve is the Bulgarian component of this complex and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[56]
  • Mannavuoma - Lätäseno-Hietajoki Mire is a transboundary Ramsar complex on the border of Finland and Sweden.[57]
  • North Livonian Transboundary Ramsar Site is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Estonia and Latvia. It is composed of Nigula Nature Reserve and Sookuninga Nature Reserve in Estonia and Northern Bogs in Latvia.[22]
  • Olmany-Perebrody mires is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Belarus and Ukraine.[22]
  • Prespa Basin is a cooperatively managed Ramsar wetland on the border of Albania, Greece and Macedonia.[21]
  • Rhin supérieur/Oberrhein—Oberrhein/Rhin supérieur is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of France and Germany. It is composed of Rhin superieur/Oberrhein in France and Oberrhein/Rhin superieur in Germany.[22]
  • Stokhid-Prypiat-Prostyr is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Belarus and Ukraine. It is composed of the Prostyr site in Belarus and the Prypiat River Floodplains and Stokhid River Floodplains in Ukraine.[22]
  • Storkölen-Kvisleflået is a transboundary Ramsar complex on the border of Sweden and Norway.[58]
  • Suhaia-Belene Islands Complex is a transboundary Ramsar site on the border of Bulgaria and Romania. It is composed of Belene Islands Complex in Bulgaria and Suhaia in Romania.[22]
  • Trilateral Ramsar Site Floodplains of the Morava-Dyje-Danube Confluence is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia.[22]
  • Transboundary Ramsar Site Neusiedler See-Seewinkel-Ferto-Hansag is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Austria and Hungary.[22]
  • Upper Tisza Valley is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Hungary and Slovakia. It is composed of the Feslo-Tisza site in Hungary and the Tisa River site in Slovakia.[22]
  • Vallée de la Haute-Sure is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Belgium and Luxembourg, composed of sites of the same name in both countries.[22]

Transboundary Biosphere Reserves edit

Of the world's twenty transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserves, twelve are in Europe. Spain, Portugal, Poland, and Ukraine each contribute to three reserves.

  • Danube Delta is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Romania and Ukraine.[20]
  • East Carpathians is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Poland, Slovakia, and Ukraine.[20]
  • Geres - Xures is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Portugal and Spain.[20]
  • Meseta Iberica is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Portugal and Spain.[20]
  • Mont Viso / Area della Biosfera del Monviso is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of France and Italy.[20]
  • Mura Drava Danube is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Croatia and Hungary.[20]
  • Tatra is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Slovakia and Poland.[20]
  • Tejo/Tajo Internacional is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Portugal and Spain.
  • Vosges du Nord / Pfalzerwald is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of France and Germany.[20]
  • West Polesie is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the borders of Belarus, Poland, and Ukraine.[20]

Transboundary Conservation Complexes edit

North America edit

 
Flags of Canada and the United States fly on the Peace Arch in Peace Arch Park.

Canada and the United States edit

Canadian interprovincial Parks edit
United States interstate parks edit

Mexico and the United States edit

  • Dry Borders-Sonoran Desert Biosphere Reserve Network is a transboundary conservation complex composed of Mexico's El Picante y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve and the United States' Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument.[11]
  • El Carmen-Big Bend Complex is a transboundary conservation complex composed of Mexico's Parque Nacional Canon de Santa Elena and Area Natural Protegida Maderas del Carmen, the United States' Big Bend National Park, and Texas' Big Bend Ranch State Park.[11][71]

Latin America edit

 
Iguazu Falls--National Parks in Argentina and Brazil form a TBPA.
  • Cordillera del Condor is a transboundary protected area on the border of Ecuador and Peru. It is composed of Ecuador's Parque Nacional Podocarpus and Peru's Zona Reservada Santiago-Comaina.[79] The countries agreed to create the protected area as part of a settlement to a border conflict in the 1990s.[80]
  • Glaciares-Torres del Paine-O'Higgins Complex is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Argentina and Chile. It is composed of Chile's O'Higgins National Park and Torres del Paine National Park and Argentina's Los Glaciares National Park.[81][82]
  • Iguacu-Iguazu is a transboundary World Heritage complex on the border of Argentina and Brazil. It is composed of Argentina's Iguazu National Park and Brazil's Iguaçu National Park.[11][83][84]
  • Lago Titicaca is a transboundary Ramsar wetlands complex on the border of Bolivia and Peru.[85][86]
  • The Global Transboundary Conservation Network's 2007 inventory lists additional TBPAs on the borders of:
    1. Colombia and Venezuela;
    2. Brazil and Colombia;
    3. Colombia, Ecuador and Peru;
    4. Brazil and Venezuela;
    5. French Guiana and Suriname;
    6. Brazil and Suriname;
    7. Brazil and Peru;
    8. Bolivia and Brazil;
    9. Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay;
    10. Argentina and Brazil;
    11. Bolivia and Chile;
    12. Argentina, Bolivia and Chile;
    13. Argentina and Bolivia at two locations;
    14. Bolivia and Paraguay; and
    15. Argentina and Chile at four locations.[11]
 
Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean includes land in Morocco and Spain (light green), and part of the Strait of Gibraltar (dark blue).

Intercontinental TBPAs edit

Areas in the conceptual phase edit

 
The DMZ is a habitat for many threatened species on the Korean peninsula, including the black bear.

TBPA advocates by 2006 had identified additional sites for protection. Professor Saleem Ali of the University of Vermont noted that "numerous ecologically sensitive areas remain unprotected" and cites a 2006 "geographic information systems (GIS) study" that "found 104 transboundary wild areas involving 61 countries that are not formally part of any conservation park."[6] Specific sites for proposed TBPAs include:

As awareness of the importance of conserving the pristinity and ecology of Arctic region has increased,[according to whom?] there has been a global call to declare the Arctic region as a global sanctuary/international peace park. The Save the Arctic[91] campaign by Greenpeace, an environmental nonprofit organisation, has received online support from more than 5 million citizens from around the world.

Areas with treaty signed edit

Memorandums of agreement signed edit

Impacts on peace and conflict edit

Transboundary protected areas are also termed peace parks. They are supposed to facilitate cooperation and exchange between (adversary) countries, to improve livelihoods of local populations, to demonstrate the possibility of positive-sum interactions, and hence to support more peaceful international relations.[92] There are several cases documented in which trans-boundary conservation contributed to conflict resolution (although it was not the main driver), such as in the Virunga region between the DR Congo, Rwanda and Uganda,[93] around the Trifinio region between El Salvador and Honduras,[94] and in the Cordillera del Cóndor region between Ecuador and Peru.[95] According to a statistical analysis published in 2014, states that share a trans-boundary protected area are slightly less likely to engage with militarized disputes with each other. But the question remains whether the TBPA is a driver or consequence on better interstate relations in these cases.[96] A more recent analysis triangulates data from various sources to show that international environmental cooperation (in the form of TBPAs and water treaties) increases the likelihood for reconciliation between states in conflict. The effect is, however, modest and contingent on a number of context factors such as high levels of environmental attention, internal political stability, a tradition of environmental cooperation and already ongoing processes of reconciliation.[94]

However, a number of authors criticize that peace parks have a very limited impact on formal relations between states, but can accelerate conflicts on the local level, for instance by extending (authoritarian) state control, by prioritizing business and tourism over the interests of local populations, and by excluding local people from the protected areas.[97][2][98] TBPAs can also stimulate (low-level) international conflicts, for instance about the sharing of revenues or the presence of human populations in the parks.[99]

Massive Online Open Course on Peace Park Development and Management edit

A Massive Online Open Course on Peace Park Development and Management was developed by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD), its Peace and Biodiversity Dialogue Initiative in partnership with UNDP and the NBSAP Forum. This free three-week course offered in five languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian and Arabic. Financial support is provided by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity's Peace and Biodiversity Dialogue Initiative funded by the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea.

This course will:

  • offer a comprehensive guide on Peace Park establishment;
  • teach participants to make a strong case for Peace Park development;
  • develop the skills to effectively plan, establish and manage Peace Parks;
  • address the challenges associated with the creation and management of these transboundary protected areas.

The course is designed for Peace Park development practitioners and environmental peacebuilding enthusiasts but is open to everyone.[100] Participants must create an account on Learning for Nature before registering for the course.

See also edit

References edit

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  2. ^ a b c Buscher, Bram (2013). Transforming the Frontier: Peace Parks and the Politics of Neoliberal Conservation in Southern Africa. Duke University Press. pp. 1, 53. ISBN 978-0-8223-5404-8.
  3. ^ Peace parks : conservation and conflict resolution. Ali, Saleem H. (Saleem Hassan), 1973-. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 2007. ISBN 9780262266970. OCLC 173511323.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  4. ^ Lysenko, Daniel (2007). "2007 UNEP-WCMC Global List of Transboundary Protected Areas" (PDF). Southern African Development Community. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
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External links edit

  Media related to Peace parks at Wikimedia Commons

  • Peace Parks Foundation
  • Beringian Heritage International Park Program
  • UNESCO La Amistad International Park overview (PDF file)
  • A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance: Transboundary Protected Areas
  • Trilateral Cooperation on the Protection of the Wadden Sea

January 01, 1970
transboundary, protected, area, peace, park, redirects, here, other, uses, peace, park, disambiguation, transboundary, protected, area, tbpa, ecological, protected, area, that, spans, boundaries, more, than, country, national, entity, such, areas, also, known,. Peace park redirects here For other uses see Peace park disambiguation A transboundary protected area TBPA is an ecological protected area that spans boundaries of more than one country or sub national entity Such areas are also known as transfrontier conservation areas TFCAs or peace parks 1 2 3 Flags of Canada and the United States in Waterton Glacier International Peace Park TBPAs exist in many forms around the world 4 and are established for various reasons The preservation of traditional animal migration patterns ensuring sufficient food and water sources for population growth is a critical reason for the creation of TBPAs However TBPAs also encourage tourism economic development and goodwill between neighbouring countries as well as making it easier for indigenous inhabitants of the area to travel 5 not specific enough to verify Contents 1 Types of transboundary protected areas 2 History of transboundary protected areas 3 Established transboundary protected areas 3 1 Africa 3 1 1 Transboundary World Heritage Sites 3 1 2 Transboundary Ramsar Wetlands 3 1 3 Transboundary Biosphere Reserves 3 1 4 Transboundary Conservation Complexes 3 2 Asia 3 3 Europe 3 3 1 Transboundary World Heritage Sites 3 3 2 Transboundary Ramsar Wetlands 3 3 3 Transboundary Biosphere Reserves 3 3 4 Transboundary Conservation Complexes 3 4 North America 3 4 1 Canada and the United States 3 4 1 1 Canadian interprovincial Parks 3 4 1 2 United States interstate parks 3 4 2 Mexico and the United States 3 4 3 Latin America 3 5 Intercontinental TBPAs 4 Areas in the conceptual phase 5 Areas with treaty signed 6 Memorandums of agreement signed 7 Impacts on peace and conflict 8 Massive Online Open Course on Peace Park Development and Management 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksTypes of transboundary protected areas editTBPAs exist in various types of geographic configuration with various levels of ecological protection and with various levels of international cooperation Additionally different organizations employ different definitions for TBPAs Julia Marton Lefevre broadly defines TBPAs as areas that involve a degree of cooperation across one or more boundaries between or within countries 6 The Southern Africa Development Community s Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement defines Transfrontier Conservation Area as the area or the component of a large ecological region that straddles the boundaries of two or more countries encompassing one or more protected areas as well as multiple resources use areas 7 The Global Transboundary Protected Areas Network GTPAN lists four types of transboundary conservation areas Type 1 transboundary protected area Type 2 transboundary conservation landscape and or seascape Type 3 transboundary conservation migration area and Special designation park for peace 8 GTPAN defines a transboundary protected area as a clearly defined geographical space that includes protected areas that are ecologically connected across one or more international boundaries and involves some form of cooperation GTPAN defines a transboundary conservation landscape and or seascape as an ecologically connected area that includes both protected areas and multiple resource use areas across one or more international boundaries and involves some form of cooperation 8 GTPAN defines a transboundary conservation migration area as wildlife habitats in two or more countries that are necessary to sustain populations of migratory species and involve some form of cooperation 8 GTPAN defines a park for peace as any of the three types of transboundary conservation areas that is dedicated to the promotion celebration and or commemoration of peace and cooperation In many instances individual TBPAs are part of broader international environmental or cultural programs TBPAs can be World Heritage Sites Ramsar Wetlands and or UNESCO Biosphere Reserves History of transboundary protected areas editIn 1932 the governments of Canada and the United States passed legislation creating the first international peace park Waterton Glacier International Peace Park This action followed from a joint resolution of the Rotary Clubs of Montana and Alberta calling for the creation of the peace park 9 On 1 February 1997 Anton Rupert together with Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands and Nelson Mandela founded the Peace Parks Foundation as a nonprofit organisation to facilitate the establishment of transfrontier conservation areas TFCAs 10 A 2001 study by the World Conservation Union found there were 166 existing transboundary protected area complexes worldwide comprising 666 individual conservation zones 6 In 2007 the Global Transboundary Conservation Network published a global inventory of transboundary protected areas identifying 227 transboundary protected areas 11 Established transboundary protected areas editAfrica edit nbsp Victoria Falls National Parks in Zambia and Zimbabwe form a TBPA Transboundary World Heritage Sites edit Maloti Drakensberg Park is a World Heritage Site on the border of Lesotho and South Africa Sehlabathebe National Park in Lesotho and uKahlamba Drakensberg Park form the core of the site 12 Mosi oa Tunya Victoria Falls is a World Heritage Site on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe 13 Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve is a World Heritage Site on the border of Cote d Ivoire and Guinea 14 Sangha Trinational is a World Heritage Site on the borders of Cameroon the Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo Lobeke National Park Dzanga Ndoki National Park and Nouabale Ndoki National Park in the respective nations comprise the core of the site with additional forested buffer zones extending beyond the parks A Trinational Monitoring and Action Committee provides ministerial level coordination between the nations 15 Virunga Volcanoes Transboundary Conservation Area is a UNESCO World Heritage complex on the border of Democratic Republic of Congo Rwanda and Uganda 11 It is partially composed of Democratic Republic of Congo s Virunga National Park Uganda s Rwenzori Mountains National Park and Queen Elizabeth National Park and Rwanda s Volcanoes National Park 11 16 17 W Arly Pendjari is a World Heritage Site on the borders of Niger Burkina Faso and Benin 18 The site is also designated as a Ramsar wetland 19 and a UNESCO biosphere reserve 20 Transboundary Ramsar Wetlands edit Complexe Kokorou Namga is a transfrontier Ramsar wetland between Burkina Faso and Mali 21 Complexe Transfrontalier Lac Tele Grands Affluents Lac Tumba is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo 22 Niumi Saloum is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Gambia and Senegal It is composed of Niumi National Park in Gambia and Delta du Saloum National Park in Senegal 21 A transboundary Ramsar wetlands complex covers Lake Chad composed of sites in Niger Chad Nigeria and Cameroon 23 24 25 26 Zone Humide du Moyen is a transfrontier Ramsar wetland on the border of Benin and Nigeria 21 Transboundary Biosphere Reserves edit Delta du Fleuve Senegal is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Mauritania and Senegal 20 Mono is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Benin and Togo 20 Transboundary Conservation Complexes edit ǀAi ǀAis Richtersveld Transfrontier Park is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Namibia and South Africa 11 27 Chimanimani Transfrontier Park is a transboundary conservation area on the border of Mozambique and Zimbabwe made up of Mozambique s Chimanimani National Reserve and Zimbabwe s Chimanimani National Park Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Mozambique South Africa and Zimbabwe It is partially composed of Mozambique s Limpopo National Park South Africa s Kruger National Park and Zimbabwe s Gonarezhou National Park and Sengwe Corridor 11 28 Greater Mapungubwe is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Botswana South Africa and Zimbabwe 29 Kavango Zambezi is a transboundary conservation complex on the borders of Angola Botswana Namibia Zambia and Zimbabwe It is the world s largest TBPA and encompasses the Mosi oa Tunya World Heritage site listed above 11 30 Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Botswana and South Africa 11 Kidepo is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of South Sudan and Uganda It is composed of South Sudan s Kidepo Game Reserve and Uganda s Kidepo Valley National Park 11 Kilimanjaro is a transboundary conservation complex centered around Mount Kilimanjaro and on the border of Kenya and Tanzania It is composed of Tanzania s Kilimanjaro National Park a UNESCO World Heritage site and Kenya s Amboseli National Park 11 31 Lower Zambezi Mana Pools is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe 32 Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Mozambique South Africa and Eswatini 11 33 Malawi Zambia TFCA is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Malawi and Zambia It crosses the border at multiple locations 11 34 Niokolo Koba Badiar is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Guinea and Senegal 11 Serengeti Masai is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Kenya and Tanzania 11 A transboundary conservation complex crosses the border of Burkina Faso and Cote d Ivoire It is composed partially of a Ramsar wetland in Burkina Faso and the National Park of Comoe in Cote d Ivoire 35 The Global Transboundary Conservation Network s 2007 inventory lists additional TBPAs on the borders of Liberia and Sierra Leone Guinea and Liberia Cote d Ivoire and Liberia Cote d Ivoire and Ghana at three locations Cameroon and Nigeria at two locations Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea Central African Republic and Sudan Congo and Gabon Democratic Republic of the Congo and what is now South Sudan What is now South Sudan and Uganda Kenya and Uganda Kenya and Somalia Burundi and Rwanda Rwanda and Tanzania Tanzania and Uganda Tanzania and Zambia Mozambique and Tanzania and Angola and Namibia 11 nbsp Uvs Nuur Basin is a TBPA in Mongolia and Russia Asia edit Govater Bay and Hur e Bahu Jiwani Coastal Wetland is a transboundary Ramsar complex on the border of Iran and Pakistan 36 37 Hamun e Puzak south end Hamun e Saberi amp Hamun e Helmand is a transboundary Ramsar complex on the border of Afghanistan and Iran 38 39 Landscapes of Dauria is a World Heritage Site on the border of Mongolia and Russia on the Daurian Steppe It is composed of Dornod Mongol Biosphere Reserve in Mongolia and Daursky Nature Reserve in Russia 40 Labi Hills Gunung Pulu Transboundary Complex is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Brunei and Malaysia 11 The Lanjak Entimau Batang Ai Betung Kerihun Complex is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Indonesia and Malaysia 41 The countries have two additional TBPAs on their border 11 Taxkorgan is a transboundary protected area on the border of Afghanistan China and Pakistan Afghanistan s Wahan National Park China s Taxkorgan Nature Reserve and Pakistan s Khunjerab National Park form the site 42 Turtle Island Heritage Protected Area also known as Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary is a transboundary protected area between Malaysia and the Philippines 11 43 Uvs Nuur Basin is a World Heritage Site on the border of Mongolia and Russia covering Uvs Nuur Lake and protecting its wetlands 44 Mongolia and Russia have two more bilateral TBPAs on their border 11 Wasur Tonda Transboundary Conservation Area is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea 11 The Global Transboundary Conservation Network s 2007 inventory lists an additional 49 TBPAs in Asian nations 11 The Heart of Borneo is a transboundary protected area on the island of Borneo which includes the nations of Brunei Malaysia and Indonesia 45 nbsp The Danube Delta is a TBPA and home to pelicans and cormorants Europe edit Transboundary World Heritage Sites edit Bialowieza Forest is a World Heritage Site on the border of Belarus and Poland 46 Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst is a World Heritage Site on the border of Slovakia and Hungary It is formed by Aggtelek National Park in Hungary and Slovak Karst National Park in Slovakia The site protects 712 karstic caves for ecology paleontology and tourism 47 Curonian Spit is a World Heritage Site on the border of Lithuania and Russia Lithuania s Curonian Spit National Park and Russia s Kurshskaya National Park form the site 48 Monte San Giorgio is a World Heritage Site on the border of Italy and Switzerland 49 Muskauer Park Park Muzakowski is a World Heritage Site on the border of Germany and Poland The site preserves a historically significant landscape park originally created in the 19th century 50 Pyrenees Mont Perdu is a World Heritage Site on the border of France and Spain France s Pyrenees National Park and Spain s Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido form the core of the site 51 Rhaetian Railway in the Albula Bernina Landscapes is a World Heritage Site in Italy and Switzerland 52 Wadden Sea is a World Heritage Site running through the maritime territories of Denmark Germany and the Netherlands It is composed of multiple national parks across the participating nations covering the world s largest contiguous system of mudflats and intertidal sand The Trilateral Cooperation on the Protection of the Wadden Sea coordinates the site s conservation 53 Wadden Sea is also designated as a transboundary Ramsar wetland 22 Transboundary Ramsar Wetlands edit Adutiskis Vileity is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Belarus and Lithuania 22 Austrian Bavarian Wildalm is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Austria and Germany 54 Baradla Cave System and Domica Ramsar Sites are cooperatively managed transboundary wetlands on the border of Hungary and Slovakia This was the first declaration of a transboundary wetland under the Ramsar Convention 21 Bistret Ibisha Island is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Bulgaria and Romania It is composed of Ibisha Island in Bulgaria and Bistret in Romania 22 Gornje Podunavije Gemenc Kopacki Rit is a transboundary Ramsar complex on the border of Croatia Hungary and Serbia 55 Ipoly Valley and Poiplie are transboundary Ramsar wetlands on the border of Hungary and Slovakia 21 Kotra and Cepkelai are transboundary Ramsar wetlands on the border of Belarus and Lithuania 21 Krkonose Karkonosze subalpine peatbogs is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of the Czech Republic and Poland 22 The site is also a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve 20 Lake Calarasi Srebarna is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Bulgaria and Romania 22 Srebarna Nature Reserve is the Bulgarian component of this complex and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site 56 Mannavuoma Lataseno Hietajoki Mire is a transboundary Ramsar complex on the border of Finland and Sweden 57 North Livonian Transboundary Ramsar Site is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Estonia and Latvia It is composed of Nigula Nature Reserve and Sookuninga Nature Reserve in Estonia and Northern Bogs in Latvia 22 Olmany Perebrody mires is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Belarus and Ukraine 22 Prespa Basin is a cooperatively managed Ramsar wetland on the border of Albania Greece and Macedonia 21 Rhin superieur Oberrhein Oberrhein Rhin superieur is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of France and Germany It is composed of Rhin superieur Oberrhein in France and Oberrhein Rhin superieur in Germany 22 Stokhid Prypiat Prostyr is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Belarus and Ukraine It is composed of the Prostyr site in Belarus and the Prypiat River Floodplains and Stokhid River Floodplains in Ukraine 22 Storkolen Kvisleflaet is a transboundary Ramsar complex on the border of Sweden and Norway 58 Suhaia Belene Islands Complex is a transboundary Ramsar site on the border of Bulgaria and Romania It is composed of Belene Islands Complex in Bulgaria and Suhaia in Romania 22 Trilateral Ramsar Site Floodplains of the Morava Dyje Danube Confluence is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border Austria the Czech Republic and Slovakia 22 Transboundary Ramsar Site Neusiedler See Seewinkel Ferto Hansag is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Austria and Hungary 22 Upper Tisza Valley is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Hungary and Slovakia It is composed of the Feslo Tisza site in Hungary and the Tisa River site in Slovakia 22 Vallee de la Haute Sure is a transboundary Ramsar wetland on the border of Belgium and Luxembourg composed of sites of the same name in both countries 22 Transboundary Biosphere Reserves edit Of the world s twenty transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserves twelve are in Europe Spain Portugal Poland and Ukraine each contribute to three reserves Danube Delta is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Romania and Ukraine 20 East Carpathians is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Poland Slovakia and Ukraine 20 Geres Xures is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Portugal and Spain 20 Meseta Iberica is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Portugal and Spain 20 Mont Viso Area della Biosfera del Monviso is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of France and Italy 20 Mura Drava Danube is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Croatia and Hungary 20 Tatra is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Slovakia and Poland 20 Tejo Tajo Internacional is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Portugal and Spain Vosges du Nord Pfalzerwald is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of France and Germany 20 West Polesie is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the borders of Belarus Poland and Ukraine 20 Transboundary Conservation Complexes edit The European Green Belt running along the former Iron Curtain is considered a peace park A peace park has been established in the Red Sea between Israel and Jordan Interprovincial Park of Montoni Livorno Grosseto Italy North America edit nbsp Flags of Canada and the United States fly on the Peace Arch in Peace Arch Park Canada and the United States edit Kluane Wrangell St Elias Glacier Bay Tatshenshini Alsek is a World Heritage Site on the border of Canada and the United States It is composed of Kluane National Park and Reserve in the Yukon Territory Wrangell St Elias National Park and Glacier Bay National Park in Alaska and Tatshenshini Alsek Provincial Park in British Columbia The site includes the world s largest non polar ice field 59 Klondike Gold Rush International Historical Park Alaska Washington British Columbia and Yukon 60 The Waterton Glacier International Peace Park across the United States Canada border was the first peace park in the Americas formed by the merger of Waterton Lakes and Glacier National Parks in 1932 61 In contrast to other peace parks the primary purpose of the union was to serve as a symbol of friendship and peace between the two countries 62 Roosevelt Campobello International Park Maine United States New Brunswick Canada 62 Peace Arch Park lies on the British Columbia Washington border and is famous for the Peace Arch a large peace structure straddling the border itself The border of Canada and the United States has multiple additional transboundary conservation complexes including complexes composed of Canada s Ivvavik National Park and Vuntut National Park the Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation and the United States Arctic National Wildlife Refuge British Columbia s Chilliwack Lake Provincial Park Skagit Valley Provincial Park and EC Manning Provincial Park and the United States Mt Baker Snoqualmie National Forest North Cascades National Park and Ross Lake National Recreation Area North Dakota s Lake Metigoshe State Park Manitoba s Turtle Mountain Provincial Park the United States Rabb Lake National Wildlife Refuge and the International Peace Garden and Ontario s Sandpoint Island Provincial Park and Quetico Provincial Park the United States Voyageurs National Park and Superior National Forest and Minnesota s Kabetogama State Forest 63 Canadian interprovincial Parks edit Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park Alberta Saskatchewan 64 Kakwa Willmore Interprovincial Park Alberta British Columbia 65 Manitoba Ontario Interprovincial Wilderness Area 66 Parc lineaire interprovincial Petit Temis Quebec New Brunswick 67 United States interstate parks edit Interstate Park Minnesota Wisconsin 68 Palisades Interstate Park New York New Jersey 69 Breaks Interstate Park Kentucky Virginia 70 Mexico and the United States edit Dry Borders Sonoran Desert Biosphere Reserve Network is a transboundary conservation complex composed of Mexico s El Picante y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve and the United States Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument 11 El Carmen Big Bend Complex is a transboundary conservation complex composed of Mexico s Parque Nacional Canon de Santa Elena and Area Natural Protegida Maderas del Carmen the United States Big Bend National Park and Texas Big Bend Ranch State Park 11 71 Latin America edit Maya Tropical Forest Complex is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Belize Guatemala and Mexico It is partly composed of Guatemala s Sierra Del Lacandon National Park Laguna del Tigre National Park El Mirador and Maya Biosphere Reserve Mexico s Calakmul Biosphere Reserve and Belize s Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area 11 Montecristo Trifinio Transboundary Protected Area Complex also known as Trifinio Fraternidad is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve on the border of El Salvador Guatemala and Honduras It is composed of El Salvador s Montecristo National Park Guatemala s Trifinio Biosphere Reserve and Honduras Montecristo Trifinio National Park 11 20 72 Parque Internacional La Amistad is a UNESCO World Heritage Site on the border of Costa Rica and Panama A bi national Transboundary Protected Area Commission coordinates conservation efforts in the area 73 San Juan River Basin is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Costa Rica and Nicaragua It is composed of Costa Rica s Tortuguero National Park and Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge and Nicaragua s Reserva Biologica Indio Maiz and Reserva Natural Punta Gorda 11 Volcan Tacana is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve on the border of Guatemala and Mexico 11 74 A transboundary Ramsar wetlands complex lies on the border of Costa Rica and Panama and is composed of the Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca Manzanillo Mixed Wildlife Refuge site in Costa Rica and the San San Pond Sak site in Panama 75 76 The Global Transboundary Conservation Network includes this site as part of Parque International La Amsted in its 2007 global inventory 11 A transboundary Ramsar wetlands complex lies on the on border of Belize and Guatemala and is composed of Belize s Reserva de Usos Multiples Rio Sarstun and Guatemala s Sarstoon Temash National Park 77 78 The Global Transboundary Conservation Network s 2007 inventory lists additional TBPAs on the borders of Belize Guatemala Honduras and Mexico Guatemala and Honduras and Honduras and Nicaragua at two locations 11 nbsp Iguazu Falls National Parks in Argentina and Brazil form a TBPA Cordillera del Condor is a transboundary protected area on the border of Ecuador and Peru It is composed of Ecuador s Parque Nacional Podocarpus and Peru s Zona Reservada Santiago Comaina 79 The countries agreed to create the protected area as part of a settlement to a border conflict in the 1990s 80 Glaciares Torres del Paine O Higgins Complex is a transboundary conservation complex on the border of Argentina and Chile It is composed of Chile s O Higgins National Park and Torres del Paine National Park and Argentina s Los Glaciares National Park 81 82 Iguacu Iguazu is a transboundary World Heritage complex on the border of Argentina and Brazil It is composed of Argentina s Iguazu National Park and Brazil s Iguacu National Park 11 83 84 Lago Titicaca is a transboundary Ramsar wetlands complex on the border of Bolivia and Peru 85 86 The Global Transboundary Conservation Network s 2007 inventory lists additional TBPAs on the borders of Colombia and Venezuela Brazil and Colombia Colombia Ecuador and Peru Brazil and Venezuela French Guiana and Suriname Brazil and Suriname Brazil and Peru Bolivia and Brazil Bolivia Brazil and Paraguay Argentina and Brazil Bolivia and Chile Argentina Bolivia and Chile Argentina and Bolivia at two locations Bolivia and Paraguay and Argentina and Chile at four locations 11 nbsp Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean includes land in Morocco and Spain light green and part of the Strait of Gibraltar dark blue Intercontinental TBPAs edit Great Atlay is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere reserve crossing the border of Kazakhstan and Russia 20 Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean is a transboundary UNESCO biosphere crossing the border of Morocco and Spain It is a contiguous site combining land in Morocco and Spain connected by the Strait of Gibraltar 87 A transboundary UNESCO World Heritage complex is on the border of Colombia and Panama It is composed primarily of Colombia s Los Katios National Park and Panama s Darien National Park 11 88 89 Areas in the conceptual phase edit nbsp The DMZ is a habitat for many threatened species on the Korean peninsula including the black bear TBPA advocates by 2006 had identified additional sites for protection Professor Saleem Ali of the University of Vermont noted that numerous ecologically sensitive areas remain unprotected and cites a 2006 geographic information systems GIS study that found 104 transboundary wild areas involving 61 countries that are not formally part of any conservation park 6 Specific sites for proposed TBPAs include Liuwa Plain Kameia TFCA Angola Zambia Niassa Reserve Selous TFCA Mozambique Tanzania Mnazi Bay Quirimbas Transfrontier Marine Conservation Area Mozambique Tanzania The demilitarised zone between North and South Korea is a potential TBPA peace park Professor Salem Ali notes that the DMZ has become a sanctuary for wildlife since there is no development activity occurring in the area 6 Nelson Mandela traveled to South Korea to promote such an idea 2 Ted Turner likewise traveled to the Korean peninsula to promote the idea in 2005 6 The Siachen Glacier region between India and Pakistan has been proposed as a peace park 90 A project for the Green Line Peace Park in Cyprus between the Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot territories is being researched by Dr Anna Grichting at Harvard University citation needed As awareness of the importance of conserving the pristinity and ecology of Arctic region has increased according to whom there has been a global call to declare the Arctic region as a global sanctuary international peace park The Save the Arctic 91 campaign by Greenpeace an environmental nonprofit organisation has received online support from more than 5 million citizens from around the world Areas with treaty signed editKgalagadi Transfrontier Park Botswana South Africa opened on 12 May 2000 Ai Ais Richtersveld Transfrontier Park Namibia South Africa see also Nama people Namaqua and Ai Ais Hot Springs signed on 17 August 2001 Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park signed on 10 November 2000 Memorandums of agreement signed editLimpopo Shashe TFCA Botswana South Africa Zimbabwe originally signed on 22 June 2006 Now renamed see Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation and Resource Area Mozambique South Africa Eswatini Maloti Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation and Development Area Lesotho South Africa signed on 11 June 2001 Iona Skeleton Coast Transfrontier Conservation Area Angola and Namibia signed on 1 August 2003 Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area KAZA Angola Botswana Namibia Zambia and Zimbabwe signed on 7 December 2006 This will be the world s largest peace park covering areas in 5 different countries Malawi Zambia TFCA Malawi Zambia signed on 13 August 2004 Chimanimani TFCA Mozambique Zimbabwe Impacts on peace and conflict editTransboundary protected areas are also termed peace parks They are supposed to facilitate cooperation and exchange between adversary countries to improve livelihoods of local populations to demonstrate the possibility of positive sum interactions and hence to support more peaceful international relations 92 There are several cases documented in which trans boundary conservation contributed to conflict resolution although it was not the main driver such as in the Virunga region between the DR Congo Rwanda and Uganda 93 around the Trifinio region between El Salvador and Honduras 94 and in the Cordillera del Condor region between Ecuador and Peru 95 According to a statistical analysis published in 2014 states that share a trans boundary protected area are slightly less likely to engage with militarized disputes with each other But the question remains whether the TBPA is a driver or consequence on better interstate relations in these cases 96 A more recent analysis triangulates data from various sources to show that international environmental cooperation in the form of TBPAs and water treaties increases the likelihood for reconciliation between states in conflict The effect is however modest and contingent on a number of context factors such as high levels of environmental attention internal political stability a tradition of environmental cooperation and already ongoing processes of reconciliation 94 However a number of authors criticize that peace parks have a very limited impact on formal relations between states but can accelerate conflicts on the local level for instance by extending authoritarian state control by prioritizing business and tourism over the interests of local populations and by excluding local people from the protected areas 97 2 98 TBPAs can also stimulate low level international conflicts for instance about the sharing of revenues or the presence of human populations in the parks 99 Massive Online Open Course on Peace Park Development and Management editA Massive Online Open Course on Peace Park Development and Management was developed by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity SCBD its Peace and Biodiversity Dialogue Initiative in partnership with UNDP and the NBSAP Forum This free three week course offered in five languages English French Spanish Russian and Arabic Financial support is provided by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity s Peace and Biodiversity Dialogue Initiative funded by the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea This course will offer a comprehensive guide on Peace Park establishment teach participants to make a strong case for Peace Park development develop the skills to effectively plan establish and manage Peace Parks address the challenges associated with the creation and management of these transboundary protected areas The course is designed for Peace Park development practitioners and environmental peacebuilding enthusiasts but is open to everyone 100 Participants must create an account on Learning for Nature before registering for the course See also edit nbsp Environment portal nbsp Ecology portal nbsp Earth sciences portal Conservation area Habitat conservation Marine Protected AreaReferences edit Global Transboundary Protected Areas Network Tbpa net Retrieved 2018 08 15 a b c Buscher Bram 2013 Transforming the Frontier Peace Parks and the Politics of Neoliberal Conservation in Southern Africa Duke University Press pp 1 53 ISBN 978 0 8223 5404 8 Peace parks conservation and conflict resolution Ali Saleem H Saleem Hassan 1973 Cambridge Mass MIT Press 2007 ISBN 9780262266970 OCLC 173511323 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Lysenko Daniel 2007 2007 UNEP WCMC Global List of Transboundary Protected Areas PDF Southern African Development Community Retrieved 19 February 2019 Transboundary Parks Award 2018 Pasvik Inari Trilateral Park EUROPARC Federation 28 September 2018 Retrieved 14 March 2019 a b c d e Ali Saleem 2007 Peace Parks Conservation and Conflict Resolution The MIT Press pp i 2 7 14 ISBN 978 0 262 51198 8 Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement PDF Sadc int a b c Typology of Transboundary Conservation Areas Retrieved 31 December 2016 Canada Parks Canada Agency Government of Designation information Pc gc ca Retrieved 2018 11 13 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Thiel Erhardt 2009 Origins of Peace Parks Foundation Peaceparks org Peace Parks Foundation Retrieved 31 December 2016 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae UNEP WCMC Transboundary Protected Areas Inventory 2007 Global Transboundary Protected Areas Network Global Transboundary Protected Areas Network Retrieved 2018 01 31 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Maloti Drakensberg Park Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 26 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Mosi oa Tunya Victoria Falls Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 26 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 27 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Sangha Trinational Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 26 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Virunga National Park Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 02 16 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Rwenzori Mountains National Park Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 02 16 UNESCO World Heritage Centre W Arly Pendjari Complex Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 26 Parc national du W Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 09 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Transboundary Biosphere Reserves United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization Unesco org Retrieved 2018 02 10 a b c d e f g Griffin Pamela January 2012 The Ramsar Convention A new window for environmental diplomacy Institute for Environmental Diplomacy amp Security the University of Vermont A1 2012 1 6 12 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o List of Transboundary Ramsar Sites PDF Ramsar org Lac Tchad Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 09 Partie tchadienne du lac Tchad Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 09 Lake Chad Wetlands in Nigeria Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 09 Partie Camerounaise du Lac Tchad Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 09 Ai Ais Richtersveld Transfrontier Park Peace Parks Foundation Retrieved 2018 02 22 Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area Peace Parks Foundation Retrieved 2018 02 22 Greater Mapungubwe Peace Parks Foundation Retrieved 2018 02 22 Kavango Zambezi Peace Parks Foundation Retrieved 2018 02 22 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Kilimanjaro National Park Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 02 21 Lower Zambezi Mana Pools TFCA Peace Parks Foundation Retrieved 2018 02 22 Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation and Resource Area Peace Parks Foundation Retrieved 2018 02 22 Malawi Zambia TFCA Peace Parks Foundation Retrieved 2018 02 22 La Foret Classee et Reserve Partielle de Faune Comoe Leraba Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 09 Jiwani Coastal Wetland Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 26 Govater Bay and Hur e Bahu Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 26 Hamun e Puzak south end Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 26 Hamun e Saberi amp Hamun e Helmand Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 26 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Landscapes of Dauria Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 26 The dream of a rainforest transfrontier reserve in the Heart of Borneo cross border expedition Retrieved 2018 02 05 Zahler Peter Schaller George 2014 02 01 Opinion Saving More Than Just Snow Leopards The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2018 01 31 Centre UNESCO World Heritage Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary UNESCO World Heritage Centre Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 02 24 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Uvs Nuur Basin Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 26 Brosius J Peter Campbell Lisa M 2010 Collaborative Event Ethnography Conservation and Development Trade offs at the World Conservation Congress PDF Conservation and Society 8 4 253 doi 10 4103 0972 4923 78141 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Bialowieza Forest Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 26 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 26 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Curonian Spit Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 27 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Monte San Giorgio Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 26 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Muskauer Park Park Muzakowski Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 27 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Pyrenees Mont Perdu whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 26 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Rhaetian Railway in the Albula Bernina Landscapes Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 27 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Wadden Sea Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 26 New Transboundary Ramsar Site Ramsar Ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 09 Gornje Podunavlje Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 25 Centre UNESCO World Heritage Srebarna Nature Reserve Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 11 08 Mannavuoma Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 25 Storkolen Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 25 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Kluane Wrangell St Elias Glacier Bay Tatshenshini Alsek Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 26 Hiking the Chilkoot Trail Pc gc ca Retrieved 2018 01 29 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Waterton Glacier International Peace Park Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 29 a b New Brunswick Vacation Maine Vacation Roosevelt Campobello Island International Park Campobello Retrieved 2018 01 29 Global Transboundary Protected Areas Network Global Transboundary Protected Areas Network Global Transboundary Protected Areas Network Retrieved 2018 02 01 Cypress Hills Destination Area Tourism Saskatchewan Retrieved 2018 01 30 Alberta Parks Kakwa WPP Kakwa Willmore Interprovincial Park Albertaparks ca Retrieved 2018 01 30 Ontario Parks Web Log A New Manitoba Ontario Interprovincial Wilderness Area Archived 2012 03 09 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 11 May 2011 Quebec Official Tourism Site Parc lineaire interprovincial Petit Temis Accessed 11 May 2011 Park Info Interstate State Park Minnesota DNR Dnr state mn us Archived from the original on 2018 01 29 Retrieved 2018 01 29 Palisades Interstate Park Commission Palisades Interstate Park in New Jersey Njpalisades org Retrieved 2018 01 29 Park Maps and Trail Info Breaks Park Breakspark com Retrieved 2018 01 29 Reicher Dan W 14 March 2019 Opinion Forget Trump s Border Wall Let s Build F D R s International Park The New York Times Retrieved 14 March 2019 Plan Trifinio El Salvador Guatemala Honduras PDF Oas org UNESCO World Heritage Centre Talamanca Range La Amistad Reserves La Amistad National Park Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 02 01 Volcan Tacana United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization Unesco org Retrieved 2018 02 03 Gandoca Manzanillo Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 06 San San Pond Sak Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 06 Reserva de Usos Multiples Rio Sarstun Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 06 Sarstoon Temash National Park Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 06 Global Transboundary Protected Areas Network Global Transboundary Protected Areas Network Global Transboundary Protected Areas Network Retrieved 2018 01 31 Cordillera del Condor Negotiating a Peace Park Institute For Environmental Diplomacy And Security IEDS Uvm edu Retrieved 2018 01 31 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Torres del Paine and Bernardo O Higgins National Parks Region of Magallanes UNESCO World Heritage Centre Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 31 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Los Glaciares National Park Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 01 31 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Iguacu National Park Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 02 21 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Iguazu National Park Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 02 21 Lago Titicaca Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 09 Lago Titicaca Ramsar Sites Information Service Rsis ramsar org Retrieved 2018 02 09 Intercontinental BR of the Mediterranean United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization Unesco org Retrieved 2018 02 12 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Los Katios National Park Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 02 15 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Darien National Park Whc unesco org Retrieved 2018 02 15 Pool Catherine 2006 Transboundary Protected Areas as a Solution to Border Issues Nebraska Anthropologist 23 41 57 Save the Arctic YOUR actions make a difference Peoplevsoil org Retrieved 14 March 2019 Ali Saleem H 2007 Peace Parks Conservation and Conflict Resolution Cambridge MA MIT Press ISBN 9780262012355 Martin Adrian Rutagarama Eugene Cascao Ana Gray Maryke Chhotray Vasudha September 2011 Understanding the co existence of conflict and cooperation Transboundary ecosystem management in the Virunga Massif PDF Journal of Peace Research 48 5 621 635 doi 10 1177 0022343311412410 ISSN 0022 3433 S2CID 53334931 a b Ide Tobias May 2018 Does environmental peacemaking between states work Insights on cooperative environmental agreements and reconciliation in international rivalries Journal of Peace Research 55 3 351 365 doi 10 1177 0022343317750216 ISSN 0022 3433 S2CID 117600202 Carius Alexander 2006 Environmental Peacebuilding Environmental Cooperation as an Instrument of Crisis Prevention and Peacebuilding Conditions for Success and Constraints PDF Berlin adelphi Barquet Karina Lujala Paivi Rod Jan Ketil September 2014 Transboundary conservation and militarized interstate disputes Political Geography 42 1 11 doi 10 1016 j polgeo 2014 05 003 Duffy Rosaleen September 2001 Peace parks The paradox of globalisation1 Geopolitics 6 2 1 26 doi 10 1080 14650040108407715 ISSN 1465 0045 S2CID 144665048 Buscher Bram Ramutsindela Maano 2015 12 24 Green Violence Rhino Poaching and the War to Save Southern Africa s Peace Parks African Affairs adv058 doi 10 1093 afraf adv058 ISSN 0001 9909 van Amerom Marloes Buscher Bram 2005 06 16 Peace parks in Southern Africa bringers of an African Renaissance The Journal of Modern African Studies 43 2 159 182 doi 10 1017 S0022278X05000790 hdl 1871 21865 ISSN 0022 278X Peace Park Development and Management Learning for Nature Retrieved 2019 03 25 External links edit nbsp Media related to Peace parks at Wikimedia Commons Peace Parks Foundation Beringian Heritage International Park Program UNESCO La Amistad International Park overview PDF file A Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance Transboundary Protected Areas Trilateral Cooperation on the Protection of the Wadden Sea Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Transboundary protected area amp oldid 1217935679, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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