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Trāyastriṃśa

January 01, 1970

For other uses of the term, see Thirty-three gods.

The Trāyastriṃśa (Sanskrit; Pali Tāvatiṃsa) heaven is an important world of the devas in the Buddhist cosmology. The word trāyastriṃśa is an adjective formed from the numeral trayastriṃśat, "33" and can be translated in English as "belonging to the thirty-three [devas]". It is primarily the name of the second in the six heavens of the desire realm in Buddhist cosmology, and secondarily used of the devas who dwell there. Trāyastriṃśa is ruled by Śakra, also known as Indra.

Buddha and Nanda visit the Divya Apsaras in Trāyastriṃśa Heaven, Gandhara.
Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven at Sankissa.[1]
Translations of
Trāyastriṃśa
SanskritTrāyastriṃśa
PaliTāvatiṃsa
Burmeseတာဝတိံသာ
(MLCTS: tàwədèɪɰ̃ðà)
Chinese忉利天
(Pinyin: =Dāolì tiān)
Japanese忉利天
(Rōmaji: Tōriten)
Khmerត្រ័យត្រិង្ស (ត្រៃត្រិង្ស), តាវត្តិង្ស
(Traytroeng, Tavattoeng)
Korean도리천
(RR: Doricheon)
Sinhalaතව්තිසාව
(Tavtisāva)
TagalogTasatimsa
Thaiดาวดึงส์
(RTGS: Daowadueng)
VietnameseĐao Lợi Thiên
Glossary of Buddhism

Description edit

The Trāyastriṃśa heaven is the second of the heavens of the Kāmadhātu, just above Catumaharajika or the realm of the Four Heavenly Kings, and is the highest of the heavens that maintains a physical connection with the rest of the world. Trāyastriṃśa is located on the peak of Sumeru, the central mountain of the world, at a height of 80 yojanas ; the total area of the heaven is 80 yojanas square. This heaven is therefore comparable to the Greek Mount Olympus in some respects.

According to Vasubandhu, inhabitants of Trāyastriṃśa are each half a krośa tall (about 1500 feet) and live for 1000 years, of which each day is equivalent to 100 years of our world: that is, for a total of 36 million of our years.

Since Trāyastriṃśa is physically connected to the world through Sumeru, unlike the heavens above it, the Trāyastriṃśa devas are unable to avoid being entangled in worldly affairs. In particular, they frequently find themselves in quarrels with the asuras, a separate set of divine beings who were expelled from Trāyastriṃśa and who now dwell at the foot of Sumeru, plotting for ways to recover their lost kingdom. There is, however, marriage between the devas and the asuras just as there is between the Æsir and the jötnar in Norse mythology.

The chief of the Trāyastriṃśa devas is Śakra (Pāli: Sakka), also known as Indra. Other Trāyastriṃśa devas who are frequently mentioned are Viśvakarman (Vissakamma), the devas' craftsman and builder; Mātali, who drives Śakra's chariot; and Sujā, Śakra's wife and daughter of the Asura chief Vemacitrin (Vepacitti).

The Trāyastriṃśa heaven appears several times in Buddhist stories, in which either the Buddha ascends to Trāyastriṃśa, or (more often) deities from Trāyastriṃśa descend to meet the Buddha. The Buddha's mother, Maya, was reborn in the Tusita Heaven, and came down to visit Trāyastriṃśa heaven where her son taught her the abhidharma.[2]

The "thirty-three" in the name of the heaven is not an enumeration of the gods who live there (there are far more) but a general term inherited from Vedic mythology, implying "the whole pantheon of gods". In Theravada Buddhist legends, there were 33 humans in Sakka's original group (who made enough merit to become devas atop Mount Sineru). [3]

In Buddhism, there are "Yāmā devāḥ", "Tushitānāṃ", "Nirmāṇaratayaḥ devāḥ", and "Paranirmita-vaśavartinaḥ devāḥ" above Trāyastriṃśa and "Catumaharajika" below. They are called the six heavens together with Śakro devānām (Śakra). More heaven "Sunirmita devāḥ" is sometimes added to these depending on sūtras.

Levels edit

 
Gods and goddesses dwell on Trāyastriṃśa heaven in Thai mural

In Mahayana literature, Trāyastriṃśa is composed of thirty-three levels. These are enumerated in the Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna Sūtra. The original Sanskrit names occasionally vary between extant Sanskrit manuscripts and Chinese texts.[4]

  1. Sudharmanivāsinī (善法堂天)
  2. Tuṅganivāsinī (山峯天)
  3. Śikharanivāsinī (山頂天)
  4. Sudarśananivāsinī (善見城天)
  5. Rasthanivāsinī (鉢私地天)
  6. Koṭaranivāsinī (倶吒天)
  7. Caitrarathanivāsinī (雑殿天)
  8. Nandananivāsinī (歓喜園天)
  9. Vaibhrājanivāsinī (光明天)
  10. Pāriyātrakanivāsinī (波利耶多天)
  11. Āmiśrataṭanivāsinī (離険岸天)
  12. Kuñjarataṭanivāsinī (谷崖岸天)
  13. Maṇigarbhānivāsinī (摩尼蔵天)
  14. Āvartacarā (旋行天)
  15. Tapanīyagṛhā (金殿天)
  16. Mālācchāyā (鬘影天)
  17. Nimnonnatācāriṇī (柔軟天)
  18. Nānābhaktavicitrāśarīrā (雑荘厳天)
  19. Yogavahā (如意天)
  20. Sūkṣmacarā (微細行天)
  21. Saṃhṛṣṭagītadhvanyabhiratā (歌音喜楽天)
  22. Tejomālinī (威徳輪天)
  23. Candrāyatanacarā / Candrāyaṇacarā (月行天)
  24. Yamanaśālā (閻摩那娑羅天)
  25. Nimeṣonmeṣagatī (速行天)
  26. Prabalecchācchāyāśarīrā / Pramāṇecchāśarīrā / Pavanecchācchāyā / Pravaṇecchāśarīreṣu (影照天)
  27. Maṇicīrā / Śalecarāḥ (智慧行天)
  28. Nikāyasabhāginī (衆分天)
  29. Maṇḍalanivāsinī / Maṇḍalaniratā (曼陀羅天)
  30. Utkarṣacārinī / Autkarṣa (上行天)
  31. Tejomukhā (威徳顔天)
  32. Tejojālinī / Tejohvālāmālinī (威徳燄輪光天)
  33. Prakīrṇakā (清浄天)

Residents edit

Below is a list of the devas who are said to dwell here:[citation needed]

Śakra's wives

Śakra's sons

Śakra's daughters

  • Āśā (Pali: Āsā) (Hope)
  • Śraddhā (Pali: Saddhā) (Faith)
  • Śrī (Pali: Sirī) (Glory)
  • Hrī (Pali: Hirī) (Modesty)

Others

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Marshall, John (1918). A Guide to Sanchi. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing. p. 56.
  2. ^ "Māyā, Mahāmāyā". Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
  3. ^ "II. 7. How Magha Became Sakka". Buddhist Legends. Translated by Eugene Watson Burlingame. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1921. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  4. ^ Stuart, Daniel Malinowski (2012). A Less Traveled Path: Meditation and Textual Practice in the Saddharmasmrtyupasthana(sutra) (PhD dissertation). Berkeley: University of California.

External links edit

  Media related to Trāyastriṃśa heaven at Wikimedia Commons

January 01, 1970
trāyastriṃśa, other, uses, term, thirty, three, gods, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspape. For other uses of the term see Thirty three gods This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Trayastriṃsa news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2017 Learn how and when to remove this message The Trayastriṃsa Sanskrit Pali Tavatiṃsa heaven is an important world of the devas in the Buddhist cosmology The word trayastriṃsa is an adjective formed from the numeral trayastriṃsat 33 and can be translated in English as belonging to the thirty three devas It is primarily the name of the second in the six heavens of the desire realm in Buddhist cosmology and secondarily used of the devas who dwell there Trayastriṃsa is ruled by Sakra also known as Indra Buddha and Nanda visit the Divya Apsaras in Trayastriṃsa Heaven Gandhara Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven at Sankissa 1 Translations ofTrayastriṃsaSanskritTrayastriṃsaPaliTavatiṃsaBurmeseတ ဝတ သ MLCTS tawedeɪɰ da Chinese忉利天 Pinyin Daoli tian Japanese忉利天 Rōmaji Tōriten Khmerត រ យត រ ង ស ត រ ត រ ង ស ត វត ត ង ស Traytroeng Tavattoeng Korean도리천 RR Doricheon Sinhalaතව ත ස ව Tavtisava TagalogTasatimsaThaidawdungs RTGS Daowadueng VietnameseĐao Lợi ThienGlossary of Buddhism Contents 1 Description 2 Levels 3 Residents 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksDescription editThe Trayastriṃsa heaven is the second of the heavens of the Kamadhatu just above Catumaharajika or the realm of the Four Heavenly Kings and is the highest of the heavens that maintains a physical connection with the rest of the world Trayastriṃsa is located on the peak of Sumeru the central mountain of the world at a height of 80 yojanas the total area of the heaven is 80 yojanas square This heaven is therefore comparable to the Greek Mount Olympus in some respects According to Vasubandhu inhabitants of Trayastriṃsa are each half a krosa tall about 1500 feet and live for 1000 years of which each day is equivalent to 100 years of our world that is for a total of 36 million of our years Since Trayastriṃsa is physically connected to the world through Sumeru unlike the heavens above it the Trayastriṃsa devas are unable to avoid being entangled in worldly affairs In particular they frequently find themselves in quarrels with the asuras a separate set of divine beings who were expelled from Trayastriṃsa and who now dwell at the foot of Sumeru plotting for ways to recover their lost kingdom There is however marriage between the devas and the asuras just as there is between the AEsir and the jotnar in Norse mythology The chief of the Trayastriṃsa devas is Sakra Pali Sakka also known as Indra Other Trayastriṃsa devas who are frequently mentioned are Visvakarman Vissakamma the devas craftsman and builder Matali who drives Sakra s chariot and Suja Sakra s wife and daughter of the Asura chief Vemacitrin Vepacitti The Trayastriṃsa heaven appears several times in Buddhist stories in which either the Buddha ascends to Trayastriṃsa or more often deities from Trayastriṃsa descend to meet the Buddha The Buddha s mother Maya was reborn in the Tusita Heaven and came down to visit Trayastriṃsa heaven where her son taught her the abhidharma 2 The thirty three in the name of the heaven is not an enumeration of the gods who live there there are far more but a general term inherited from Vedic mythology implying the whole pantheon of gods In Theravada Buddhist legends there were 33 humans in Sakka s original group who made enough merit to become devas atop Mount Sineru 3 In Buddhism there are Yama devaḥ Tushitanaṃ Nirmaṇaratayaḥ devaḥ and Paranirmita vasavartinaḥ devaḥ above Trayastriṃsa and Catumaharajika below They are called the six heavens together with Sakro devanam Sakra More heaven Sunirmita devaḥ is sometimes added to these depending on sutras Levels edit nbsp Gods and goddesses dwell on Trayastriṃsa heaven in Thai mural In Mahayana literature Trayastriṃsa is composed of thirty three levels These are enumerated in the Saddharmasmṛtyupasthana Sutra The original Sanskrit names occasionally vary between extant Sanskrit manuscripts and Chinese texts 4 Sudharmanivasini 善法堂天 Tuṅganivasini 山峯天 Sikharanivasini 山頂天 Sudarsananivasini 善見城天 Rasthanivasini 鉢私地天 Koṭaranivasini 倶吒天 Caitrarathanivasini 雑殿天 Nandananivasini 歓喜園天 Vaibhrajanivasini 光明天 Pariyatrakanivasini 波利耶多天 Amisrataṭanivasini 離険岸天 Kunjarataṭanivasini 谷崖岸天 Maṇigarbhanivasini 摩尼蔵天 Avartacara 旋行天 Tapaniyagṛha 金殿天 Malacchaya 鬘影天 Nimnonnatacariṇi 柔軟天 Nanabhaktavicitrasarira 雑荘厳天 Yogavaha 如意天 Sukṣmacara 微細行天 Saṃhṛṣṭagitadhvanyabhirata 歌音喜楽天 Tejomalini 威徳輪天 Candrayatanacara Candrayaṇacara 月行天 Yamanasala 閻摩那娑羅天 Nimeṣonmeṣagati 速行天 Prabalecchacchayasarira Pramaṇecchasarira Pavanecchacchaya Pravaṇecchasarireṣu 影照天 Maṇicira Salecaraḥ 智慧行天 Nikayasabhagini 衆分天 Maṇḍalanivasini Maṇḍalanirata 曼陀羅天 Utkarṣacarini Autkarṣa 上行天 Tejomukha 威徳顔天 Tejojalini Tejohvalamalini 威徳燄輪光天 Prakirṇaka 清浄天 Residents editBelow is a list of the devas who are said to dwell here citation needed Sakra Sakra s wives Suja Sakra s sons Suvira Susima Sakra s daughters Asa Pali Asa Hope Sraddha Pali Saddha Faith Sri Pali Siri Glory Hri Pali Hiri Modesty Others Visvakarma the architect of the devas Prajapati Varuṇa isana Matali Sakra s charioteer Pancasikha Suvira Susima Jalini Airavata Sakra s elephant mount Parileyyaka an elephant that was reborn in heaven after serving the BuddhaSee also editSvarga Thirty three gods the Hindu equivalentReferences edit Marshall John 1918 A Guide to Sanchi Calcutta Superintendent Government Printing p 56 Maya Mahamaya Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names Retrieved 2018 04 07 II 7 How Magha Became Sakka Buddhist Legends Translated by Eugene Watson Burlingame Cambridge Mass Harvard University Press 1921 Retrieved 2021 01 30 Stuart Daniel Malinowski 2012 A Less Traveled Path Meditation and Textual Practice in the Saddharmasmrtyupasthana sutra PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California External links edit nbsp Media related to Trayastriṃsa heaven at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trayastriṃsa amp oldid 1217532230, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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