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Thirty-three gods

January 29, 2023

The Thirty-three gods or Tridasha (Sanskrit त्रिदश tridaśa "three tens") is a pantheon of Hindu deities, of Vedic origin and a few of later development.[1][2] The Samhitas, which are the oldest layer of text in Vedas, enumerate 33 devas, either 11 each for the three worlds, or as 12 Adityas, 11 Rudras, 8 Vasus, and 2 Ashvins in the Brahmanas layer of Vedic texts.[3][4]

Part of Vyomamandala Showing Rudras - Circa 5th Century CE, Katra Keshav Dev; currently at Mathura Museum.

List

The 33 are:

Variations

The list of Vedic Devas somewhat varies across the manuscripts found in different parts of South Asia, particularly in terms of guides (Aswins) and personified Devas. One list based on Book 2 of Aitereya Brahmana is:[5][6]

  • Devas personified: Indra (Śakra), Varuṇa, Mitra, Aryaman, Bhaga, Aṃśa, Vidhata,[7] Tvāṣṭṛ, Pūṣan, Vivasvat (Surya), Savitṛ (Dhatr), Vishnu.
  • Devas as abstractions or inner principles: Ānanda (bliss, inner contentment), Vijñāna (knowledge), Manas (mind, thought), Prāṇa (life-force), Vāc (speech), Ātmā (Self within each person), and five manifestations of Rudra/Shiva – Īśāna, Tatpuruṣa, Aghora, Vāmadeva, Sadyojāta
  • Devas as forces or principles of nature – Pṛthivī (earth), Agni (fire), Antarikṣa (atmosphere, space), Jal (water), Vāyu (wind), Dyauṣ (sky), Sūrya (sun), Nakṣatra (stars), Soma (moon)
  • Devas as guide or creative energy – Vasatkara, Prajāpati

The identity of the 2 Ashvins sometimes varies:

There are eight Vasus, eleven Rudras, twelve Âdityas; and these two, Heaven and Earth, are the (thirty-second and) thirty-third. And there are thirty-three gods, and Pragâpati is the thirty-fourth;--thus he makes him (the sacrificer, or Yagña) to be Pragâpati 2: now that 3 is, for that is immortal, and what is immortal that is. But what is mortal that also is Pragâpati; for Pragâpati is everything: thus he makes him to be Pragâpati, and hence there are these thirty-four utterances, called expiations. [note 1][8]

— Satapatha Brahmana 4:5:7:2

Literature

The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad describes the existence of these deities with a different lineup:[9]

Yājñavalkya said, 'These are but the manifestations of them, but there are only thirty-three gods.' 'Which are those thirty-three?' 'The eight Vasus, the eleven Rudras and the twelve Ādityas—these are thirty-one, and Indra and Prajāpati make up the thirty-three.'

— Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Section 9, Verse 3.9.2

See also

Notes

  1. ^ aṣṭau vasavaḥ : ekādaśa rudrā dvādaśādityā ime eva dyāvāpṛthivī trayastriṃśyau trayastriṃśadvai devāḥ prajāpatiścatustriṃśastadenam prajāpatiṃ karotyetadvā astyetaddhyamṛtaṃ yaddhyamṛtaṃ taddhyastyetadu tadyanmartyaṃ sa eṣa prajāpatiḥ sarvaṃ vai prajāpatistadenam prajāpatiṃ karoti tasmādetāścatustriṃśadvyāhṛtayo bhavanti prāyaścittayo nāma.

References

  1. ^ Lynn Foulston, Stuart Abbott (2009). Hindu goddesses: beliefs and practices. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9781902210438.
  2. ^ Mani[full citation needed] pp. 654–5
  3. ^ George Williams (2008), A Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195332612, pp. 90, 112
  4. ^ Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary" Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 492
  5. ^ Hermann Oldenberg (1988), The Religion of the Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120803923, pp. 23-50
  6. ^ AA MacDonell, Vedic mythology, p. PA19, at Google Books, Oxford University Press, pp. 19-21
  7. ^ Francis X Clooney (2010), Divine Mother, Blessed Mother, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199738731, p. 242
  8. ^ "Satapatha Brahmana Part II (SBE26), Julius Eggeling tr. [1885]". Sacred Texts.
  9. ^ www.wisdomlib.org (2015-02-23). "Yajnavalkya and Vidagdha [Section IX]". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-07-31.

January 29, 2023
thirty, three, gods, tridasha, sanskrit, दश, tridaśa, three, tens, pantheon, hindu, deities, vedic, origin, later, development, samhitas, which, oldest, layer, text, vedas, enumerate, devas, either, each, three, worlds, adityas, rudras, vasus, ashvins, brahman. The Thirty three gods or Tridasha Sanskrit त र दश tridasa three tens is a pantheon of Hindu deities of Vedic origin and a few of later development 1 2 The Samhitas which are the oldest layer of text in Vedas enumerate 33 devas either 11 each for the three worlds or as 12 Adityas 11 Rudras 8 Vasus and 2 Ashvins in the Brahmanas layer of Vedic texts 3 4 Part of Vyomamandala Showing Rudras Circa 5th Century CE Katra Keshav Dev currently at Mathura Museum Contents 1 List 1 1 Variations 2 Literature 3 See also 4 Notes 5 ReferencesList EditThe 33 are Eight Vasus deities of material elements Dyauṣ Sky Pṛthivi Earth Vayu Wind Agni Fire Nakṣatra Stars Varuṇa Water Surya Sun Chandra Moon Twelve Adityas personified deities Vishnu Aryaman Indra Sakra Tvaṣṭṛ Varuṇa Bhaga Savitṛ Vivasvat Aṃsa Mitra Puṣan Dakṣa This list sometimes varies in particulars Eleven Rudras consisting of Aja Ekapada Ahirbudhanya Tvasta Rudra Hara Sambhu Trayambaka Aparjita Isana and Tribhuvan Two Ashvins or Nasatyas twin solar deities Variations Edit The list of Vedic Devas somewhat varies across the manuscripts found in different parts of South Asia particularly in terms of guides Aswins and personified Devas One list based on Book 2 of Aitereya Brahmana is 5 6 Devas personified Indra Sakra Varuṇa Mitra Aryaman Bhaga Aṃsa Vidhata 7 Tvaṣṭṛ Puṣan Vivasvat Surya Savitṛ Dhatr Vishnu Devas as abstractions or inner principles Ananda bliss inner contentment Vijnana knowledge Manas mind thought Praṇa life force Vac speech Atma Self within each person and five manifestations of Rudra Shiva isana Tatpuruṣa Aghora Vamadeva Sadyojata Devas as forces or principles of nature Pṛthivi earth Agni fire Antarikṣa atmosphere space Jal water Vayu wind Dyauṣ sky Surya sun Nakṣatra stars Soma moon Devas as guide or creative energy Vasatkara PrajapatiThe identity of the 2 Ashvins sometimes varies There are eight Vasus eleven Rudras twelve Adityas and these two Heaven and Earth are the thirty second and thirty third And there are thirty three gods and Pragapati is the thirty fourth thus he makes him the sacrificer or Yagna to be Pragapati 2 now that 3 is for that is immortal and what is immortal that is But what is mortal that also is Pragapati for Pragapati is everything thus he makes him to be Pragapati and hence there are these thirty four utterances called expiations note 1 8 Satapatha Brahmana 4 5 7 2Literature EditThe Brihadaranyaka Upanishad describes the existence of these deities with a different lineup 9 Yajnavalkya said These are but the manifestations of them but there are only thirty three gods Which are those thirty three The eight Vasus the eleven Rudras and the twelve Adityas these are thirty one and Indra and Prajapati make up the thirty three Brihadaranyaka Upanishad Section 9 Verse 3 9 2See also EditTrayastriṃsa the Buddhist equivalentNotes Edit aṣṭau vasavaḥ ekadasa rudra dvadasaditya ime eva dyavapṛthivi trayastriṃsyau trayastriṃsadvai devaḥ prajapatiscatustriṃsastadenam prajapatiṃ karotyetadva astyetaddhyamṛtaṃ yaddhyamṛtaṃ taddhyastyetadu tadyanmartyaṃ sa eṣa prajapatiḥ sarvaṃ vai prajapatistadenam prajapatiṃ karoti tasmadetascatustriṃsadvyahṛtayo bhavanti prayascittayo nama References Edit Lynn Foulston Stuart Abbott 2009 Hindu goddesses beliefs and practices pp 1 2 ISBN 9781902210438 Mani full citation needed pp 654 5 George Williams 2008 A Handbook of Hindu Mythology Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0195332612 pp 90 112 Monier Monier Williams A Sanskrit English Dictionary Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo European Languages Motilal Banarsidass p 492 Hermann Oldenberg 1988 The Religion of the Veda Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 8120803923 pp 23 50 AA MacDonell Vedic mythology p PA19 at Google Books Oxford University Press pp 19 21 Francis X Clooney 2010 Divine Mother Blessed Mother Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0199738731 p 242 Satapatha Brahmana Part II SBE26 Julius Eggeling tr 1885 Sacred Texts www wisdomlib org 2015 02 23 Yajnavalkya and Vidagdha Section IX www wisdomlib org Retrieved 2022 07 31 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Thirty three gods amp oldid 1135741903, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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