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Atkinson cycle

February 26, 2023

The Atkinson-cycle engine is a type of internal combustion engine invented by James Atkinson in 1882. The Atkinson cycle is designed to provide efficiency at the expense of power density.

A variation of this approach is used in some modern automobile engines. While originally seen exclusively in hybrid electric applications such as the earlier-generation Toyota Prius, later hybrids and some non-hybrid vehicles now feature engines with variable valve timing, which can run in the Atkinson cycle as a part-time operating regimen, giving good economy while running in Atkinson cycle, and conventional power density when running as a conventional, Otto cycle engine.

Design

Atkinson produced three different designs that had a short compression stroke and a longer expansion stroke. The first Atkinson-cycle engine, the differential engine, used opposed pistons. The second and best-known design was the cycle engine, which used an over-center arm to create four piston strokes in one crankshaft revolution. The reciprocating engine had the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes of the four-stroke cycle in a single turn of the crankshaft, and was designed to avoid infringing certain patents covering Otto-cycle engines.[1] Atkinson's third and final engine, the utilite engine, operated much like any two-stroke engine.

The common thread throughout Atkinson's designs is that the engines have an expansion stroke that is longer than the compression stroke, and by this method the engine achieves greater thermal efficiency than a traditional piston engine. Atkinson's engines were produced by the British Gas Engine Company and also licensed to other overseas manufacturers.

Many modern engines now use unconventional valve timing to produce the effect of a shorter compression stroke/longer power stroke. Miller applied this technique to the four-stroke engine, so it is sometimes referred as the Atkinson/Miller cycle, US patent 2817322 dated Dec 24, 1957.[2] In 1888, Charon filed a French patent and displayed an engine at the Paris Exhibition in 1889. The Charon gas engine (four-stroke) used a similar cycle to Miller, but without a supercharger. It is referred to as the "Charon cycle".[3]

Hugo Güldner argued in his 1914 book that Körting was the first firm to build a gas engine with a short compression stroke and a longer expansion phase in 1891, based on a design first proposed by Otto Köhler in 1887. This engine also had an engine-load dependent valve train which increased the intake and compression stroke with increasing engine load. On the other hand, the compression was decreasing at low and medium loads, which ultimately reduced the efficiency.[4]

Roy Fedden at Bristol tested an arrangement in the Bristol Jupiter IV engine in 1928, with variable retard timing allowing part of the charge to be blown back into the intake manifold, in order to have sustainable reduced operation pressures during takeoff.[citation needed]

Modern engine designers are realizing the potential fuel-efficiency improvements the Atkinson-type cycle can provide.[5]

Atkinson "Differential Engine"

The first implementation of the Atkinson cycle was in 1882; unlike later versions, it was arranged as an opposed piston engine, the Atkinson differential engine.[6][7] In this, a single crankshaft was connected to two opposed pistons through a toggle-jointed linkage that had a nonlinearity; for half a revolution, one piston remained almost stationary while the other approached it and returned, and then for the next half revolution, the second-mentioned piston was almost stationary while the first approached and returned.

Thus, in each revolution, one piston provided a compression stroke and a power stroke, and then the other piston provided an exhaust stroke and a charging stroke. As the power piston remained withdrawn during exhaust and charging, it was practical to provide exhaust and charging using valves behind a port that was covered during the compression stroke and the power stroke, and so the valves did not need to resist high pressure and could be of the simpler sort used in many steam engines, or even reed valves.

  •  

    Patent drawing of the Atkinson "Differential Engine", 1882

  •  

    Animation of the Atkinson differential engine, 1882

Atkinson "Cycle Engine"

The next engine designed by Atkinson in 1887 was named the "Cycle Engine" This engine used poppet valves, a cam, and an over-center arm to produce four piston strokes for every revolution of the crankshaft. The intake and compression strokes were significantly shorter than the expansion and exhaust strokes.

The "Cycle" engines were produced and sold for several years by the British Engine Company. Atkinson also licensed production to other manufacturers. Sizes ranged from a few up to 100 horsepower.

  •  

    Atkinson gas engine as shown in US Patent 367496, 1887

  •  

    Animation of the Atkinson "Cycle Engine", 1887

Atkinson "Utilite Engine"

 
Atkinson Utilite Engine
 
Atkinson's Utilite engine 1892

Atkinson's third design was named the "Utilite Engine".[8] Atkinson's "Cycle" engine was efficient; however, its linkage was difficult to balance for high speed operation. Atkinson realized an improvement was needed to make his cycle more applicable as a higher-speed engine.

With this new design, Atkinson was able to eliminate the linkages and make a more conventional, well balanced engine capable of operating at speeds up to 600 rpm and capable of producing power every revolution, yet he preserved all of the efficiency of his "Cycle Engine" having a proportionally short compression stroke and a longer expansion stroke. The Utilite operates much like a standard two-stroke except that the exhaust port is located at about the middle of the stroke.

During the expansion/power stroke, a cam-operated valve (which remains closed until the piston nears the end of the stroke) prevents pressure from escaping as the piston moves past the exhaust port. The exhaust valve is opened near the bottom of the stroke; it remains open as the piston heads back toward compression, letting fresh air charge the cylinder and exhaust escape until the port is covered by the piston.

After the exhaust port is covered the piston begins to compress the remaining air in the cylinder. A small piston fuel pump injects liquid during compression. The ignition source was likely a hot tube as in Atkinson's other engines. This design resulted in a two-stroke engine with a short compression and longer expansion stroke.

The Utilite Engine tested as even more efficient than Atkinson's previous "differential" and "cycle" designs. Very few were produced, and none are known to survive. The British patent is from 1892, #2492. No US patent for the Utilite Engine is known.

Ideal thermodynamic cycle

 
Figure 1: Atkinson gas cycle

The ideal Atkinson cycle consists of:

Modern Atkinson-cycle engines

 
A small engine with Atkinson-style linkages between the piston and flywheel. Modern Atkinson-cycle engines do away with this complex energy path.

In the late 20th century, the term "Atkinson cycle" began to be used to describe a modified Otto-cycle engine—in which the intake valve is held open longer than normal, allowing a reverse flow of intake air into the intake manifold. This "simulated" Atkinson cycle is most notably used in the Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine from the early Prius and the Toyota Dynamic Force engine used by many vehicles.

The effective compression ratio is reduced—for the time the air is escaping the cylinder freely rather than being compressed—but the expansion ratio is unchanged (i.e., the compression ratio is smaller than the expansion ratio). The goal of the modern Atkinson cycle is to make the pressure in the combustion chamber at the end of the power stroke equal to atmospheric pressure. When this occurs, all available energy has been obtained from the combustion process. For any given portion of air, the greater expansion ratio converts more energy from heat to useful mechanical energy—meaning the engine is more efficient.

The disadvantage of the four-stroke Atkinson-cycle engine versus the more common Otto-cycle engine is reduced power density. Due to a smaller portion of the compression stroke being devoted to compressing the intake air, an Atkinson-cycle engine does not take in as much air as would a similarly designed and sized Otto-cycle engine. Four-stroke engines of this type that use the same type of intake valve motion but using forced induction to make up for the loss of power density are known as Miller-cycle engines.

Rotary Atkinson-cycle engine

 
Rotary Atkinson-cycle engine

The Atkinson cycle can be used in a rotary engine. In this configuration, an increase in both power and efficiency can be achieved when compared to the Otto cycle. This type of engine retains the one power phase per revolution, together with the different compression and expansion volumes of the original Atkinson cycle.

Exhaust gases are expelled from the engine by compressed-air scavenging. This modification of the Atkinson cycle allows the use of alternative fuels such as diesel and hydrogen.

Disadvantages of this design include the requirement that rotor tips seal very tightly on the outer housing wall and the mechanical losses suffered through friction between rapidly oscillating parts of irregular shape. See external links below for more information.

The Sachs KC-27 Wankel engine in the Hercules W-2000 motorcycle used the Atkinson cycle. A depression capsule opens a secondary path for the incoming charge.[citation needed]

Vehicles using Atkinson-cycle engines

 
Hyundai Ioniq hybrid
 
2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid (North America)

While a modified Otto-cycle piston engine using the Atkinson cycle provides good fuel efficiency, it is at the expense of a lower power-per-displacement as compared to a traditional four-stroke engine.[9] If demand for more power is intermittent, the power of the engine can be supplemented by an electric motor during times when more power is needed. This forms the basis of an Atkinson cycle-based hybrid electric drivetrain. These electric motors can be used independently of, or in combination with, the Atkinson-cycle engine, to provide the most efficient means of producing the desired power. This drive-train first entered production in late 1997 in the first-generation Toyota Prius.

As of July 2018, many production hybrid vehicle drivetrains use Atkinson-cycle concepts—for example, in:

Patents

The 1887 patent (US 367496) describes the mechanical linkages necessary to obtain all four strokes of the four-stroke cycle for a gas engine within one revolution of the crankshaft.[1] There is also a reference to an 1886 Atkinson patent (US 336505), which describes an opposed-piston gas engine.[7] The British patent for the "Utilite'" is from 1892 (#2492).

See also

References

  1. ^ a b US 367496, J. Atkinson, "Gas Engine", issued 1887-08-02 
  2. ^ U.S. Patent 2,817,322
  3. ^ Donkin, Brian (1896). A text-book on gas, oil and air engines: or, Internal combustion motors without boiler. C. Griffin and company, limited. p. 152.
  4. ^ Güldner, Hugo (1914). Das Entwerfen und Berechnen der Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Kraftgas-Anlagen [The design and calculation of internal combustion engines and power gas systems]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. p. 64. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-26508-6. ISBN 978-3-662-24387-9.
  5. ^ "Auto Tech: Atkinson Cycle engines and Hybrids". Autos.ca. 2010-07-14. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
  6. ^ Gingery, Vincent (2000). Building the Atkinson Differential Engine. David J. Gingery Publishing, LLC. ISBN 1878087231.
  7. ^ a b US 336505, J. Atkinson, "Gas Engine", issued 1886-02-16 
  8. ^ Clerk, Dugald (1913). The gas, petrol, and oil engine, Volume 2. J. Wiley. p. 210.
  9. ^ Heywood, John B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, p. 184-186.
  10. ^ Torchinsky, Jason (2021-06-08). "2022 Ford Maverick Is A $20,000 Hybrid". Jalopnik. US. Retrieved 2021-06-09.
  11. ^ Gauthier, Michael (2013-01-21). "Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid earns the title for being the most fuel-efficient sedan in America". worldcarfans.com. Retrieved 2013-01-22.
  12. ^ . www.honda.ca. Archived from the original on 2018-01-26. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
  13. ^ "2018 Honda Insight Hybrid". www.honda.ca. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
  14. ^ "2016 Lexus IS – Performance". US: Lexus. Retrieved 2016-08-09.
  15. ^ "2019 Outlander PHEV". US: Mitsubishi. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
  16. ^ Edmunds, Dan (2010-09-24). "2011 Toyota Highlander Hybrid Road Test". Edmunds.com. Retrieved 2012-07-04.

External links

  • , Oak Ridge National Laboratory
  • Libralato Engines - developing a rotary Atkinson cycle engine
  • Rotary Atkinson cycle engine - gives details of this engine as well as comparisons with conventional and Wankel engines
  • The Prius's Not So Secret Gas-Mileage Secrets - how the Prius uses the Atkinson cycle to get better results than an Otto cycle engine
  • James Atkinson at Find A Grave - personal details

February 26, 2023
atkinson, cycle, atkinson, cycle, engine, type, internal, combustion, engine, invented, james, atkinson, 1882, designed, provide, efficiency, expense, power, density, variation, this, approach, used, some, modern, automobile, engines, while, originally, seen, . The Atkinson cycle engine is a type of internal combustion engine invented by James Atkinson in 1882 The Atkinson cycle is designed to provide efficiency at the expense of power density A variation of this approach is used in some modern automobile engines While originally seen exclusively in hybrid electric applications such as the earlier generation Toyota Prius later hybrids and some non hybrid vehicles now feature engines with variable valve timing which can run in the Atkinson cycle as a part time operating regimen giving good economy while running in Atkinson cycle and conventional power density when running as a conventional Otto cycle engine Contents 1 Design 2 Atkinson Differential Engine 3 Atkinson Cycle Engine 4 Atkinson Utilite Engine 5 Ideal thermodynamic cycle 6 Modern Atkinson cycle engines 7 Rotary Atkinson cycle engine 8 Vehicles using Atkinson cycle engines 9 Patents 10 See also 11 References 12 External linksDesign EditAtkinson produced three different designs that had a short compression stroke and a longer expansion stroke The first Atkinson cycle engine the differential engine used opposed pistons The second and best known design was the cycle engine which used an over center arm to create four piston strokes in one crankshaft revolution The reciprocating engine had the intake compression power and exhaust strokes of the four stroke cycle in a single turn of the crankshaft and was designed to avoid infringing certain patents covering Otto cycle engines 1 Atkinson s third and final engine the utilite engine operated much like any two stroke engine The common thread throughout Atkinson s designs is that the engines have an expansion stroke that is longer than the compression stroke and by this method the engine achieves greater thermal efficiency than a traditional piston engine Atkinson s engines were produced by the British Gas Engine Company and also licensed to other overseas manufacturers Many modern engines now use unconventional valve timing to produce the effect of a shorter compression stroke longer power stroke Miller applied this technique to the four stroke engine so it is sometimes referred as the Atkinson Miller cycle US patent 2817322 dated Dec 24 1957 2 In 1888 Charon filed a French patent and displayed an engine at the Paris Exhibition in 1889 The Charon gas engine four stroke used a similar cycle to Miller but without a supercharger It is referred to as the Charon cycle 3 Hugo Guldner argued in his 1914 book that Korting was the first firm to build a gas engine with a short compression stroke and a longer expansion phase in 1891 based on a design first proposed by Otto Kohler in 1887 This engine also had an engine load dependent valve train which increased the intake and compression stroke with increasing engine load On the other hand the compression was decreasing at low and medium loads which ultimately reduced the efficiency 4 Roy Fedden at Bristol tested an arrangement in the Bristol Jupiter IV engine in 1928 with variable retard timing allowing part of the charge to be blown back into the intake manifold in order to have sustainable reduced operation pressures during takeoff citation needed Modern engine designers are realizing the potential fuel efficiency improvements the Atkinson type cycle can provide 5 Atkinson Differential Engine EditThe first implementation of the Atkinson cycle was in 1882 unlike later versions it was arranged as an opposed piston engine the Atkinson differential engine 6 7 In this a single crankshaft was connected to two opposed pistons through a toggle jointed linkage that had a nonlinearity for half a revolution one piston remained almost stationary while the other approached it and returned and then for the next half revolution the second mentioned piston was almost stationary while the first approached and returned Thus in each revolution one piston provided a compression stroke and a power stroke and then the other piston provided an exhaust stroke and a charging stroke As the power piston remained withdrawn during exhaust and charging it was practical to provide exhaust and charging using valves behind a port that was covered during the compression stroke and the power stroke and so the valves did not need to resist high pressure and could be of the simpler sort used in many steam engines or even reed valves Patent drawing of the Atkinson Differential Engine 1882 Animation of the Atkinson differential engine 1882Atkinson Cycle Engine EditThe next engine designed by Atkinson in 1887 was named the Cycle Engine This engine used poppet valves a cam and an over center arm to produce four piston strokes for every revolution of the crankshaft The intake and compression strokes were significantly shorter than the expansion and exhaust strokes The Cycle engines were produced and sold for several years by the British Engine Company Atkinson also licensed production to other manufacturers Sizes ranged from a few up to 100 horsepower Atkinson gas engine as shown in US Patent 367496 1887 Animation of the Atkinson Cycle Engine 1887Atkinson Utilite Engine Edit Atkinson Utilite Engine Atkinson s Utilite engine 1892 Atkinson s third design was named the Utilite Engine 8 Atkinson s Cycle engine was efficient however its linkage was difficult to balance for high speed operation Atkinson realized an improvement was needed to make his cycle more applicable as a higher speed engine With this new design Atkinson was able to eliminate the linkages and make a more conventional well balanced engine capable of operating at speeds up to 600 rpm and capable of producing power every revolution yet he preserved all of the efficiency of his Cycle Engine having a proportionally short compression stroke and a longer expansion stroke The Utilite operates much like a standard two stroke except that the exhaust port is located at about the middle of the stroke During the expansion power stroke a cam operated valve which remains closed until the piston nears the end of the stroke prevents pressure from escaping as the piston moves past the exhaust port The exhaust valve is opened near the bottom of the stroke it remains open as the piston heads back toward compression letting fresh air charge the cylinder and exhaust escape until the port is covered by the piston After the exhaust port is covered the piston begins to compress the remaining air in the cylinder A small piston fuel pump injects liquid during compression The ignition source was likely a hot tube as in Atkinson s other engines This design resulted in a two stroke engine with a short compression and longer expansion stroke The Utilite Engine tested as even more efficient than Atkinson s previous differential and cycle designs Very few were produced and none are known to survive The British patent is from 1892 2492 No US patent for the Utilite Engine is known Ideal thermodynamic cycle Edit Figure 1 Atkinson gas cycle The ideal Atkinson cycle consists of 1 2 Isentropic or reversible adiabatic compression 2 3 Isochoric heating Qp 3 4 Isobaric heating Qp 4 5 Isentropic expansion 5 6 Isochoric cooling Qo 6 1 Isobaric cooling Qo Modern Atkinson cycle engines Edit A small engine with Atkinson style linkages between the piston and flywheel Modern Atkinson cycle engines do away with this complex energy path In the late 20th century the term Atkinson cycle began to be used to describe a modified Otto cycle engine in which the intake valve is held open longer than normal allowing a reverse flow of intake air into the intake manifold This simulated Atkinson cycle is most notably used in the Toyota 1NZ FXE engine from the early Prius and the Toyota Dynamic Force engine used by many vehicles The effective compression ratio is reduced for the time the air is escaping the cylinder freely rather than being compressed but the expansion ratio is unchanged i e the compression ratio is smaller than the expansion ratio The goal of the modern Atkinson cycle is to make the pressure in the combustion chamber at the end of the power stroke equal to atmospheric pressure When this occurs all available energy has been obtained from the combustion process For any given portion of air the greater expansion ratio converts more energy from heat to useful mechanical energy meaning the engine is more efficient The disadvantage of the four stroke Atkinson cycle engine versus the more common Otto cycle engine is reduced power density Due to a smaller portion of the compression stroke being devoted to compressing the intake air an Atkinson cycle engine does not take in as much air as would a similarly designed and sized Otto cycle engine Four stroke engines of this type that use the same type of intake valve motion but using forced induction to make up for the loss of power density are known as Miller cycle engines Rotary Atkinson cycle engine Edit Rotary Atkinson cycle engine The Atkinson cycle can be used in a rotary engine In this configuration an increase in both power and efficiency can be achieved when compared to the Otto cycle This type of engine retains the one power phase per revolution together with the different compression and expansion volumes of the original Atkinson cycle Exhaust gases are expelled from the engine by compressed air scavenging This modification of the Atkinson cycle allows the use of alternative fuels such as diesel and hydrogen Disadvantages of this design include the requirement that rotor tips seal very tightly on the outer housing wall and the mechanical losses suffered through friction between rapidly oscillating parts of irregular shape See external links below for more information The Sachs KC 27 Wankel engine in the Hercules W 2000 motorcycle used the Atkinson cycle A depression capsule opens a secondary path for the incoming charge citation needed Vehicles using Atkinson cycle engines Edit Hyundai Ioniq hybrid 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid North America While a modified Otto cycle piston engine using the Atkinson cycle provides good fuel efficiency it is at the expense of a lower power per displacement as compared to a traditional four stroke engine 9 If demand for more power is intermittent the power of the engine can be supplemented by an electric motor during times when more power is needed This forms the basis of an Atkinson cycle based hybrid electric drivetrain These electric motors can be used independently of or in combination with the Atkinson cycle engine to provide the most efficient means of producing the desired power This drive train first entered production in late 1997 in the first generation Toyota Prius As of July 2018 update many production hybrid vehicle drivetrains use Atkinson cycle concepts for example in Chevrolet Volt Chrysler Pacifica front wheel drive plug in hybrid model minivan Ford C Max front wheel drive US market hybrid and plug in hybrid models Ford Escape Mercury Mariner Mazda Tribute electric front and four wheel drive with a compression ratio of 12 4 1 Ford Fusion Hybrid Mercury Milan Hybrid Lincoln MKZ Hybrid electric front wheel drive with a compression ratio of 12 3 1 Ford Maverick 10 Honda Accord Plug in Hybrid 11 Honda Accord Hybrid front wheel drive Honda Clarity Plug In Hybrid 12 Honda Insight front wheel drive 13 Honda Fit front wheel drive some of the 3rd generation engines switch between Atkinson and Otto cycles Hyundai Sonata Hybrid front wheel drive Hyundai Elantra Atkinson cycle models Hyundai Grandeur hybrid front wheel drive Hyundai Ioniq hybrid plug in hybrid front wheel drive Hyundai Palisade 3 8 L Lambda II V6 GDi Infiniti M35h hybrid rear wheel drive Kia Forte 147 hp 2 0 petrol only front wheel drive Kia Niro hybrid plug in hybrid front wheel drive Kia Optima Hybrid Kia K5 hybrid 500h front wheel drive with a compression ratio of 13 1 Kia Cadenza Hybrid Kia K7 hybrid 700h front wheel drive Kia Telluride 3 8 L Lambda II V6 GDi Kia Seltos 2 0L front wheel drive Lexus CT 200h front wheel drive Lexus ES 300h front wheel drive Lexus GS 450h hybrid electric rear wheel drive with a compression ratio of 13 1 Lexus RC F rear wheel drive Lexus GS F rear wheel drive Lexus HS 250h front wheel drive Lexus IS 200t 2016 14 Lexus NX hybrid electric four wheel drive Lexus RX 450h hybrid electric four wheel drive Lexus UX hybrid electric four wheel drive Lexus LC rear wheel drive Mazda Mazda6 2013 for the 2014 model year Mercedes ML450 Hybrid four wheel drive electric Mercedes S400 Blue Hybrid rear wheel drive electric Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV 2018 for the 2019 model year plug in hybrid four wheel drive 15 Subaru Crosstrek Hybrid 2018 for the 2019 model year all wheel drive Toyota Camry Hybrid electric front wheel drive with a compression ratio of 12 5 1 Toyota Avalon Hybrid front wheel drive Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2011 and newer 16 Toyota Prius hybrid electric front wheel drive with a purely geometric compression ratio of 13 0 1 Toyota Yaris Hybrid front wheel drive with a compression ratio of 13 4 1 Toyota Auris Hybrid front wheel drive Toyota Tacoma V6 beginning in 2015 for the 2016 model year Toyota RAV4 Hybrid beginning in 2015 for the 2016 model year Toyota Sienna 2016 for the 2017 model year hybrid beginning for 2021 model year Toyota Venza hybrid beginning for 2021 model year Toyota C HR Hybrid 2016 present Toyota Yaris Cross Hybrid 2021 present Patents EditThe 1887 patent US 367496 describes the mechanical linkages necessary to obtain all four strokes of the four stroke cycle for a gas engine within one revolution of the crankshaft 1 There is also a reference to an 1886 Atkinson patent US 336505 which describes an opposed piston gas engine 7 The British patent for the Utilite is from 1892 2492 See also EditHistory of the internal combustion engine Variable valve timing Variable valve liftReferences Edit a b US 367496 J Atkinson Gas Engine issued 1887 08 02 U S Patent 2 817 322 Donkin Brian 1896 A text book on gas oil and air engines or Internal combustion motors without boiler C Griffin and company limited p 152 Guldner Hugo 1914 Das Entwerfen und Berechnen der Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Kraftgas Anlagen The design and calculation of internal combustion engines and power gas systems Berlin Heidelberg Springer Verlag p 64 doi 10 1007 978 3 662 26508 6 ISBN 978 3 662 24387 9 Auto Tech Atkinson Cycle engines and Hybrids Autos ca 2010 07 14 Retrieved 2013 02 23 Gingery Vincent 2000 Building the Atkinson Differential Engine David J Gingery Publishing LLC ISBN 1878087231 a b US 336505 J Atkinson Gas Engine issued 1886 02 16 Clerk Dugald 1913 The gas petrol and oil engine Volume 2 J Wiley p 210 Heywood John B Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals p 184 186 Torchinsky Jason 2021 06 08 2022 Ford Maverick Is A 20 000 Hybrid Jalopnik US Retrieved 2021 06 09 Gauthier Michael 2013 01 21 Honda Accord Plug in Hybrid earns the title for being the most fuel efficient sedan in America worldcarfans com Retrieved 2013 01 22 2018 Honda Clarity Plug in Hybrid www honda ca Archived from the original on 2018 01 26 Retrieved 2018 01 25 2018 Honda Insight Hybrid www honda ca Retrieved 2018 07 14 2016 Lexus IS Performance US Lexus Retrieved 2016 08 09 2019 Outlander PHEV US Mitsubishi Retrieved 2018 02 23 Edmunds Dan 2010 09 24 2011 Toyota Highlander Hybrid Road Test Edmunds com Retrieved 2012 07 04 External links EditComparison of Prime Movers Suitable for USMC Expeditionary Power Sources Oak Ridge National Laboratory Libralato Engines developing a rotary Atkinson cycle engine Rotary Atkinson cycle engine gives details of this engine as well as comparisons with conventional and Wankel engines The Prius s Not So Secret Gas Mileage Secrets how the Prius uses the Atkinson cycle to get better results than an Otto cycle engine James Atkinson at Find A Grave personal details Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Atkinson cycle amp oldid 1103621995, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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