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Kachchhapaghata dynasty

January 07, 2023

The Kachchhapaghatas (IAST: Kacchapaghāta) were a Rajput dynasty that ruled between 10th and 12th centuries.[4] Their territory included north-western parts of Central India (present-day Madhya Pradesh).[5] The Kachhwaha Rajputs of Amber were from the same family.[6]

Kachchhapaghatas
c. 950 –c.1192  CE[1]
The Chausath Yogini temple in Mitaoli village built by the Kachchhapaghata King Devapala (r. c. 1055 – 1075).[2]
Capital
Common languagesSanskrit
Religion
GovernmentMonarchy
Historical eraMedieval India
• Established
c. 950 
• Disestablished
c.1192  CE[1]
Today part ofIndia
Find spots of the Kachchhapaghata inscriptions[3]

History

The Sanskrit word Kachchhapa-ghata (कच्छपघात) literally means "tortoise killer".[7] The Kachchhapaghatas were originally the vassals of the Pratiharas and the Chandelas.[8] After the death of the Chandela king Vidyadhara, the Chandela kingdom was weakened by repeated Muslim (Yamini) invasions. Taking advantage of this situation, the Kachchhapaghatas gave up their allegiance to the Chandelas.[9] They became powerful towards the end of the 10th century.[8]

A Sasbahu temple inscription suggests that Lakshmana was the first prominent member of the dynasty. This inscription, as well as a 977 Sihoniya inscription state that his successor Vajradaman captured Gopadri (Gwalior) from the king of Gadhinagara, that is the Pratihara ruler of Kannauj.[10] Vajradaman, described as the tilaka of the dynasty in Gwalior inscriptions dated 1093-94 and 1104, was probably the first powerful ruler of the dynasty. He served as a feudatory to the Chandela kings Dhanga and Vidyadhara.[5]

The dynasty was divided into three branches, which ruled from Gwalior (Gopādrigiri), Dubkunda (Chaṇdobha), and Narwar (Nalapur).[8] Virasimha (also Virasimharama or Virasimhadeva), a Kachchhapaghata ruler of Nalapura, issued a copper plate grant in 1120-21. This record describes him using the high-status royal title Maharajadhiraja. Gold coins issued by him have also been discovered.[11]

Downfall

According to bardic tradition, the last ruler of the dynasty was Tejaskarana (alias Dulha Rai or Dhola Rai), the hero of the romantic tale Dhola Maru. This account states that he left Gwalior in 1128 to marry the daughter of a neighbouring ruler, after leaving Paramal-dev (or Paramardi-dev) in-charge of the Gwalior fort. When he returned to Gwalior, Paramal refused to hand over the fort to him, and founded the Parihara dynasty which ruled Gwalior for 103 years. The Parihara ruler over Gwalior is also attested the 1150 inscription of Ramdeo and 1194 inscription of Lohanga-Deva.[1] However, other inscriptions suggest that the Kachchhapaghatas ruled the area at least until 1155 CE.[12] In addition, 1192 and 1194 inscriptions found at Gwalior show that the Kachchhapaghata ruler Ajayapala controlled Gwalior in the later years as well.[1] Thus, the bardic account is not completely reliable, and the Parihara chiefs probably ruled Gwalior as feudatories of the Kachchhapaghatas.[1]

Sulakshanapala, the last ruler of the dynasty, appears to have lost his kingdom to a Ghurid invasion. The Tajul-Ma'asir suggests the Ghurid general Qutb al-Din Aibak invaded Gwalior in 1196, and extracted tribute from Sulakshanapala (whom Tajul-Ma'asir labels Solankhapala of Parihar family). The invaders took over the fort in the later years.[10]

The Kachchhapaghatas are the ancestors of Kachhwaha of Amber.[13] Although the Kachwaha inscriptions claim a different origin for their dynasty i.e. from Kachhapa family which is likely the shortened form of Kachhapaghata itself.[14] Strong traditions of bardic accounts such as Dhola Maru suggest that the Kachwaha dynasty of Amber originated from the Tejaskarana, the last ruler of the Narwar branch of the Kachchhapaghata dynasty.[15]

Rulers

The following is a list of known Kachchhapaghata rulers, with estimate of their reigns:[16]

Simhapaniya (Sihoniya) and Gopadri (Gwalior) branch

  • Lakshmana (r. c. 950–975)
  • Vajradaman (r. c. 975–1000)
  • Mangalaraja (r. c. 1000–1015)
  • Kirtiraja (r. c. 1015–1035)
  • Muladeva (r. c. 1035–1055)
  • Devapala (r. c. 1055–1085)
  • Padmapala (r. c. 1085–1090)
  • Mahipala (r. c. 1090–1105)
  • Ratnapala (r. c. 1105–1130)
  • Ajayapala (r. c. 1192–1194)
  • Sulakshanapala (r. c. 1196)

Dubkund (Dobha) branch

  • Yuvaraja (r. c. 1000)
  • Arjuna (r. c. 1015–1035)
  • Abhimanyu (r. c. 1035–1045)
  • Vijayapala (r. c. 1045–1070)
  • Vikramasimha (r. c. 1070–1100)

Nalapura (Narwar) branch

  • Gaganasimha (r. c. 1075–1090)
  • Sharadasimha (r. c. 1090–1105)
  • Virasimha (r. c. 1105–1125)
  • Tejaskarana

Art and architecture

The dynasty patronized Shaivism and Vaishnavism, but were tolerant towards Buddhism and Jainism. Several temples were constructed during their reign in Kadwaha.[4]

The Kachchhapaghatas of Gwalior are especially noted for their art and architecture.[5] Kachchhapaghata ruler Mahipala commissioned the Sas-Bahu Temple at Gwalior. Records of two grants issued by him at Gwalior, dated 1093 and 1104 CE, have been found. Several silver and gold coins issued by him have also been discovered.[17] Ajayapala (r. c. 1192–1194) had the Gangola tank of Gwalior desilted, as attested by an 1194 inscription.[12]

Other temples constructed by the Gwalior branch include the ones located at:

References

  1. ^ a b c d Mysore Ramsharma, p. 134.
  2. ^ White, David Gordon (2006). Kiss of the Yogini. University of Chicago Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0226027838. from the original on 2 October 2016.
  3. ^ Om Prakash Misra 2003, p. 15.
  4. ^ a b . Bhopal: Archaeological Survey of India (Temple Survey Project). Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  5. ^ a b c Rahman Ali (2012). "Art of the Kachchhapaghātas in Central India: An assessment". Journal of History & Social Sciences. 3 (2).
  6. ^ Wink, André (2002). Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World. BRILL. p. 287. ISBN 978-90-04-09249-5.
  7. ^ Henry Miers Elliot (1869). Memoirs on the History, Folk-Lore, and Distribution of the Races of the North Western Provinces of India. Trübner & co. p. 158.
  8. ^ a b c Ahmed Ali 2005, p. 2.
  9. ^ Sailendra Nath Sen 1999, p. 311.
  10. ^ a b Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty 1984, p. 91.
  11. ^ P. C. Roy 1980, pp. 71–72.
  12. ^ a b Mysore Ramsharma, p. 133.
  13. ^ Wink, André (2002). Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World. BRILL. p. 287. ISBN 978-90-04-09249-5.
  14. ^ V. S. Bhatnagar 1974, p. 4.
  15. ^ Kalyan Kumar Ganguli 1983, p. 196.
  16. ^ Michael D. Willis 1996, p. 14.
  17. ^ P. C. Roy 1980, pp. 70–71.

Bibliography

  • Ahmed Ali (2005). Kachchhapaghāta Art and Architecture. Jaipur: Publication Scheme. ISBN 9788181820143.
  • Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty (1984). Gwalior Fort: art, culture, and history. Arnold-Heinemann. ISBN 9780391032231. OCLC 223392675.
  • Kalyan Kumar Ganguli (1983). Cultural History Of Rajasthan. Sundeep Prakashan. OCLC 461886025.
  • Michael D. Willis (1996). "Architecture in Central India under the Kacchapaghata Rulers". South Asian Studies. 12 (1): 13–32. doi:10.1080/02666030.1996.9628506.
  • Mysore Ramsharma (1970). "No. 23 - Two inscriptions of Ajayapaladeva". In S. S. Gai (ed.). Epigraphia Indica. Vol. XXXVIII Part I. Archaeological Survey of India.
  • Om Prakash Misra (2003). Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-874-7.
  • P. C. Roy (1980). The Coinage of Northern India. Abhinav. ISBN 9788170171225.
  • Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. ISBN 9788122411980.
  • V. S. Bhatnagar (1974). Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743. Impex India.

Further reading

  • Harhiar Vitthal Trivedi (1991). Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties. Archaeological Survey of India.

January 07, 2023
kachchhapaghata, dynasty, kachchhapaghatas, iast, kacchapaghāta, were, rajput, dynasty, that, ruled, between, 10th, 12th, centuries, their, territory, included, north, western, parts, central, india, present, madhya, pradesh, kachhwaha, rajputs, amber, were, f. The Kachchhapaghatas IAST Kacchapaghata were a Rajput dynasty that ruled between 10th and 12th centuries 4 Their territory included north western parts of Central India present day Madhya Pradesh 5 The Kachhwaha Rajputs of Amber were from the same family 6 Kachchhapaghatasc 950 c 1192 CE 1 The Chausath Yogini temple in Mitaoli village built by the Kachchhapaghata King Devapala r c 1055 1075 2 CapitalGwaliorCommon languagesSanskritReligionHinduismJainismGovernmentMonarchyHistorical eraMedieval India Establishedc 950 Disestablishedc 1192 CE 1 Preceded by Succeeded byGurjara Pratihara dynasty Jaipur StateGhurid dynastyMamluk dynasty Delhi Today part ofIndiaFind spots of the Kachchhapaghata inscriptions 3 Contents 1 History 1 1 Downfall 2 Rulers 3 Art and architecture 4 References 4 1 Bibliography 5 Further readingHistory EditThe Sanskrit word Kachchhapa ghata कच छपघ त literally means tortoise killer 7 The Kachchhapaghatas were originally the vassals of the Pratiharas and the Chandelas 8 After the death of the Chandela king Vidyadhara the Chandela kingdom was weakened by repeated Muslim Yamini invasions Taking advantage of this situation the Kachchhapaghatas gave up their allegiance to the Chandelas 9 They became powerful towards the end of the 10th century 8 A Sasbahu temple inscription suggests that Lakshmana was the first prominent member of the dynasty This inscription as well as a 977 Sihoniya inscription state that his successor Vajradaman captured Gopadri Gwalior from the king of Gadhinagara that is the Pratihara ruler of Kannauj 10 Vajradaman described as the tilaka of the dynasty in Gwalior inscriptions dated 1093 94 and 1104 was probably the first powerful ruler of the dynasty He served as a feudatory to the Chandela kings Dhanga and Vidyadhara 5 The dynasty was divided into three branches which ruled from Gwalior Gopadrigiri Dubkunda Chaṇdobha and Narwar Nalapur 8 Virasimha also Virasimharama or Virasimhadeva a Kachchhapaghata ruler of Nalapura issued a copper plate grant in 1120 21 This record describes him using the high status royal title Maharajadhiraja Gold coins issued by him have also been discovered 11 Downfall Edit According to bardic tradition the last ruler of the dynasty was Tejaskarana alias Dulha Rai or Dhola Rai the hero of the romantic tale Dhola Maru This account states that he left Gwalior in 1128 to marry the daughter of a neighbouring ruler after leaving Paramal dev or Paramardi dev in charge of the Gwalior fort When he returned to Gwalior Paramal refused to hand over the fort to him and founded the Parihara dynasty which ruled Gwalior for 103 years The Parihara ruler over Gwalior is also attested the 1150 inscription of Ramdeo and 1194 inscription of Lohanga Deva 1 However other inscriptions suggest that the Kachchhapaghatas ruled the area at least until 1155 CE 12 In addition 1192 and 1194 inscriptions found at Gwalior show that the Kachchhapaghata ruler Ajayapala controlled Gwalior in the later years as well 1 Thus the bardic account is not completely reliable and the Parihara chiefs probably ruled Gwalior as feudatories of the Kachchhapaghatas 1 Sulakshanapala the last ruler of the dynasty appears to have lost his kingdom to a Ghurid invasion The Tajul Ma asir suggests the Ghurid general Qutb al Din Aibak invaded Gwalior in 1196 and extracted tribute from Sulakshanapala whom Tajul Ma asir labels Solankhapala of Parihar family The invaders took over the fort in the later years 10 The Kachchhapaghatas are the ancestors of Kachhwaha of Amber 13 Although the Kachwaha inscriptions claim a different origin for their dynasty i e from Kachhapa family which is likely the shortened form of Kachhapaghata itself 14 Strong traditions of bardic accounts such as Dhola Maru suggest that the Kachwaha dynasty of Amber originated from the Tejaskarana the last ruler of the Narwar branch of the Kachchhapaghata dynasty 15 Rulers EditThe following is a list of known Kachchhapaghata rulers with estimate of their reigns 16 Simhapaniya Sihoniya and Gopadri Gwalior branch Lakshmana r c 950 975 Vajradaman r c 975 1000 Mangalaraja r c 1000 1015 Kirtiraja r c 1015 1035 Muladeva r c 1035 1055 Devapala r c 1055 1085 Padmapala r c 1085 1090 Mahipala r c 1090 1105 Ratnapala r c 1105 1130 Ajayapala r c 1192 1194 Sulakshanapala r c 1196 Dubkund Dobha branch Yuvaraja r c 1000 Arjuna r c 1015 1035 Abhimanyu r c 1035 1045 Vijayapala r c 1045 1070 Vikramasimha r c 1070 1100 Nalapura Narwar branch Gaganasimha r c 1075 1090 Sharadasimha r c 1090 1105 Virasimha r c 1105 1125 TejaskaranaArt and architecture EditThe dynasty patronized Shaivism and Vaishnavism but were tolerant towards Buddhism and Jainism Several temples were constructed during their reign in Kadwaha 4 Temples built during Kachchhapaghata reign Sasbahu Temple Gwalior Matha monastery Kadwaha Chausath Yogini Temple Morena Kakanmath SihoniyaThe Kachchhapaghatas of Gwalior are especially noted for their art and architecture 5 Kachchhapaghata ruler Mahipala commissioned the Sas Bahu Temple at Gwalior Records of two grants issued by him at Gwalior dated 1093 and 1104 CE have been found Several silver and gold coins issued by him have also been discovered 17 Ajayapala r c 1192 1194 had the Gangola tank of Gwalior desilted as attested by an 1194 inscription 12 Other temples constructed by the Gwalior branch include the ones located at Kadwaha Kadmbaguha in Ashok Nagar district Surawaya Mahua Terahi Terambhi in Shivpuri district Sihoniya Simhapaniya Padhaoli Mitaoli in Morena district Kherata in Bhind districtReferences Edit a b c d Mysore Ramsharma p 134 sfn error no target CITEREFMysore Ramsharma help White David Gordon 2006 Kiss of the Yogini University of Chicago Press p 137 ISBN 978 0226027838 Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 Om Prakash Misra 2003 p 15 a b Exploration Of Kadwaha District Ashoknagar Madhya Pradesh 2009 2010 Bhopal Archaeological Survey of India Temple Survey Project Archived from the original on 28 August 2016 Retrieved 9 May 2016 a b c Rahman Ali 2012 Art of the Kachchhapaghatas in Central India An assessment Journal of History amp Social Sciences 3 2 Wink Andre 2002 Al hind The Making of the Indo islamic World BRILL p 287 ISBN 978 90 04 09249 5 Henry Miers Elliot 1869 Memoirs on the History Folk Lore and Distribution of the Races of the North Western Provinces of India Trubner amp co p 158 a b c Ahmed Ali 2005 p 2 Sailendra Nath Sen 1999 p 311 a b Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty 1984 p 91 P C Roy 1980 pp 71 72 a b Mysore Ramsharma p 133 sfn error no target CITEREFMysore Ramsharma help Wink Andre 2002 Al hind The Making of the Indo islamic World BRILL p 287 ISBN 978 90 04 09249 5 V S Bhatnagar 1974 p 4 Kalyan Kumar Ganguli 1983 p 196 Michael D Willis 1996 p 14 P C Roy 1980 pp 70 71 Bibliography Edit Ahmed Ali 2005 Kachchhapaghata Art and Architecture Jaipur Publication Scheme ISBN 9788181820143 Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty 1984 Gwalior Fort art culture and history Arnold Heinemann ISBN 9780391032231 OCLC 223392675 Kalyan Kumar Ganguli 1983 Cultural History Of Rajasthan Sundeep Prakashan OCLC 461886025 Michael D Willis 1996 Architecture in Central India under the Kacchapaghata Rulers South Asian Studies 12 1 13 32 doi 10 1080 02666030 1996 9628506 Mysore Ramsharma 1970 No 23 Two inscriptions of Ajayapaladeva In S S Gai ed Epigraphia Indica Vol XXXVIII Part I Archaeological Survey of India Om Prakash Misra 2003 Archaeological Excavations in Central India Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh Mittal Publications ISBN 978 81 7099 874 7 P C Roy 1980 The Coinage of Northern India Abhinav ISBN 9788170171225 Sailendra Nath Sen 1999 Ancient Indian History and Civilization New Age International ISBN 9788122411980 V S Bhatnagar 1974 Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh 1688 1743 Impex India Further reading EditHarhiar Vitthal Trivedi 1991 Inscriptions of the Paramaras Chandellas Kachchapaghatas and two minor dynasties Archaeological Survey of India Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kachchhapaghata dynasty amp oldid 1115639454, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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