Combination Act outlawed trade unionism and collective bargaining by workers.[2]
1800-1829
1805 (United States)
Journeymen Cordwainers union includes a closed-shop clause in its constitution in New York City.[1]
1806 (United States)
Commonwealth v. Pullis was the first known court case arising from a labor strike in the United States. After a three-day trial, the jury found the defendants guilty of "a combination to raise their wages" and fined.[1]
1816 (England)
Food riots broke out in East Anglia. Workers demanded a double wage and for the setting of triple prices for food.[3]
Committee of Fifty, a group of prominent trade unionists in New York City, organized to resist efforts by business owners to revoke the 10-hour workday and reinstate the 11-hour workday.[5] Their efforts lead directly to the forming of the Workingmen's Party of New York.[5]
New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics, and other Workingmen formed.[6]
9 January 1831 (England)
Twenty-three workers from Buckingham were sentenced to death for destruction of a paper machine by one of a number of Special Commissions sent to East Anglia to suppress insurgent workers by the Whig Ministry.[7]
Frame-breakers, or Luddites, smashing a loom. Machine-breaking was criminalized by the Parliament of the United Kingdom as early as 1721, but as a result of continued opposition to mechanisation the Frame-Breaking Act 1812 made the death penalty available: see "Criminal damage in English law".
11 January 1831 (England)
Three workers in Dorset were sentenced to death for extorting money and two workers were sentenced to death for robbery by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers.[7]
Fifty-five workers in Norwich were convicted of "machine breaking and rioting" by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers.[7]
Three workers in Ipswich were convicted of extorting money by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers.[7]
In Petworth, 26 workers were found guilty of "machine breaking and rioting" by one of the Special Commissions the Whig Ministry sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers.[7]
"Upwards of thirty" workers in Gloucester were convicted of "machine breaking and rioting" by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers.[7]
Twenty-nine workers in Oxford were convicted of "machine breaking and rioting" by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers.[7]
National Trades' Union formed in New York when the New York General Trades' Union solicited labor organizations from around the country to send delegates to a national convention.[8] This union was the first attempt to create a national labor federation.[6]
Carpenters, masons, and stone-cutters began a strike as part of the Ten-Hour Movement among skilled workers.[6] They drafted a strike circular in Boston outlining their demands and seeking assistance from other tradespeople. Wherever this circular was distributed, a strike in favor of the ten-hour workday erupted. The 1835 Philadelphia general strike, in which workers successfully struck for shorter working hours and higher wages, was influenced by the Boston circular.[9]
Ten-hour day for federal employees on federal public works projects without loss of pay established by President Martin Van Buren by executive order.[6][10]
1842 (United States)
Ten-hour Republican Association was formed by New England mechanics to pressure the Massachusetts legislature to establish a ten-hour workday throughout the state.[11]
March 1842 (United States)
Commonwealth v. Hunt was a landmark legal decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on the subject of labor unions. Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw ruled that unions were legal organizations and had the right to organize and strike. Before this decision, labor unions which attempted to 'close' or create a unionized workplace could be charged with conspiracy.[6] See Commonwealth v. Pullis
1836 Constitution of the Lowell Factory Girls Association
Fall River Mechanics' Association established 'The Mechanic', a weekly paper dedicated "to advocate the cause of the oppressed Mechanic and Laborer in all its bearings."[12]
Stonemasons and building workers in Melbourne achieve an eight-hour day, the first organized workers in the world to achieve an 8-hour day, with no loss of pay.[citation needed][14]
February 6, 1869 Illustration from Harper's Weekly of the Colored National Labor Union convention in Washington, D.C. Store Web page states: "from Harper's Weekly magazine with 6 × 9 [inch] wood-engraved illustration of the National Colored Convention in Session at Washington, D.C."
Uriah Stephens, pre-1882. Stephens (1821 - 1882) was a U.S. labor leader. He led nine Philadelphia garment workers to found the Knights of Labor in 1869, a more successful early national union.
In 1873 the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen was established. In 1906 it became the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen & Enginemen.
13 January 1874 (United States)
The original Tompkins Square Riot occurs in New York City.[17] As unemployed workers demonstrated in New York City's Tompkins Square Park, a detachment of mounted police charged into the crowd, beating men, women and children indiscriminately with billy clubs and leaving hundreds of casualties in their wake.
A general strike halted the movement of U.S. railroads. In the following days, strike riots spread across the United States. The next week, federal troops were called out to force an end to the nationwide strike. At the "Battle of the Viaduct" in the Pilsen neighborhood of Chicago, between protesting members of the Chicago German Furniture Workers Union, now Local 1784 of the Carpenters Union, and federal troops killed 30 workers and wounded over 100.
The Socialist Labor Party of America does not seem to have used its distinctive arm-and-hammer logo until it appeared on the front page of The Workmen's Advocate in 1885.
Workers protested in the streets to demand the universal adoption of the eight-hour day. Hundreds of thousands of American workers had joined the Knights of Labor. The movement ultimately failed.[19]
Representative Jeremiah M. Rusk
1 May 1886 (United States)
Bay View Tragedy: About 2,000 Polish workers walked off their jobs and gathered at St. Stanislaus Church in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, angrily denouncing the ten-hour workday. The protesters marched through the city, calling on other workers to join them. All but one factory was closed down as sixteen thousand protesters gathered at Rolling Mills. Wisconsin Governor Jeremiah Rusk called the state militia. The militia camped out at the mill while workers slept in nearby fields. On the morning of 5 May, as protesters chanted for the eight-hour workday, General Treaumer ordered his men to shoot into the crowd, some of whom were carrying sticks, bricks, and scythes, leaving seven dead at the scene, including a child.[20][21]
The Milwaukee Journal reported that eight more would die within twenty-four hours, adding that Governor Rusk was to be commended for his quick action in the matter.
In the Thibodaux massacre in Thibodaux, Louisiana a local militia, aided by bands of "prominent citizens," shot at least 35 unarmed black sugar workers striking to gain a dollar-per-day wage, and lynched two strike leaders.
1887 (United States)
Seven of the Haymarket Riot bombing defendants sentenced to death, of which five are executed.[19]
1887 (United States)
Port of New York Longshoremen's Strike occurred.[19]
New York garment workers won the right to unionize after a seven-month strike. They secured agreements for a closed shop, and firing of all strikebreakers.
1891 (United States)
Savannah, Georgia, Black Labourers' Strike occurred.[19]
Homestead Strike:[19]Pinkerton Guards, trying to pave the way for the introduction of strikebreakers, opened fire on striking Carnegie mill steel-workers in Homestead, Pennsylvania. In the ensuing battle, three Pinkertons surrendered and were set upon and beaten by a mob of townspeople, most of them women. Seven guards and eleven strikers and spectators were shot to death.[22]
Buffalo Switchmen's Strike collapses after two weeks when 8,000 New York State militia enter the city and peer unions fail to come to the strikers' aid.
Unions helped win the passage of the Safety Appliance Act. Among other things, the Act outlawed the "old man-killer link and pin coupler" by railroads.
In Cripple Creek, Colorado, miners went on strike when mine owners announced an increase from eight to ten hours per day, with no increase in wages.[19] This strike marked perhaps the only time in American history that a state militia was called out to protect miners from sheriff's deputies.
Pullman strikers outside Arcade Building in Pullman, Chicago. The Illinois National Guard can be seen guarding the building during the Pullman Railroad Strike in 1894.
11 May – 10 July 1894 (United States)
Pullman Strike: A nation-wide strike against the Pullman Company begins with a wildcat walkout[19] on 11 May after wages are drastically reduced. On 5 July, the 1892 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago's Jackson Park was set ablaze, and seven buildings were burned to the ground. The mobs burned and looted railroad cars and fought police in the streets, until 10 July, when 14,000 federal and state troops finally succeeded in putting down the strike, killing 34 American Railway Union members. Leaders of the strike, including Eugene Debs, were imprisoned for violating injunctions, causing disintegration of the union.[22]
American Industrial Union established by former American Railway Union Vice President George W. Howard. The union proves to be short-lived, disappearing in the second half of 1896.[23]
June 1895 (United States)
U.S. Supreme Court rules in In re Debs to uphold an injunction against the Pullman Strikers on the grounds that the federal government is empowered to regulate interstate commerce.[19]
Lattimer massacre: Mine workers began their protest march near Harwood and many were eventually killed by the Luzerne County sheriff in Lattimer.
10 September 1897 (United States)
Lattimer massacre: 19 unarmed striking coal miners and mine workers were killed and 36 wounded by a posse organized by the Luzerne County sheriff for refusing to disperse near Hazleton, Pennsylvania.[19] The strikers, most of whom were shot in the back, were originally brought in as strike-breakers, but later organized themselves.
1898 (United States)
The Erdman Act was passed providing for mediation and voluntary arbitration on the railroads.[19] It made it a criminal offense for railroads to dismiss employees or to discriminate against prospective employees because of their union membership or activity. It provided legal protection of employees' rights to membership in a labor union, a limit on the use of injunctions in labor disputes, lawful status of picketing and other union activities, and requirement of employers to bargain collectively. Subsequently, a portion of the Erdman Act, which would have made it a criminal offense for railroads to dismiss employees or discriminate against prospective employees based on their union activities, was declared invalid by the United States Supreme Court.
Coal miners in Hazleton, Pennsylvania, 1902Anthracite Coal Strike Commission Appointed 1902 by President Roosevelt, a stereo card of the commission appointed by Theodore Roosevelt to resolve the Coal Strike of 1902.
Colorado Labor Wars: Troops were dispatched to Cripple Creek, Colorado to defeat a strike by the Western Federation of Miners,[24] with the specific purpose of driving the union out of the district. The strike had begun in the ore mills earlier in 1903, and then spread to the mines.
A battle between the Colorado Militia and striking miners at Dunnville ended with six union members dead and 15 taken prisoner. Seventy-nine of the strikers were deported to Kansas two days later.
The Supreme Court held in Lochner v. New York that a maximum hours law for New York bakery workers was unconstitutional under the due process clause of the 14th amendment.[24]
1906 (United States)
An eight-hour workday is widely adopted in the printing industry.[24]
Labor Day Parade, float of Women's Trade Union League, New York, 1908 September 7
1908 (United States)
The Federal Employers' Liability Act was passed. Also that year, the Erdman Act was further weakened by the Supreme Court when Section 10, related to use of "yellow dog" contracts, was declared unconstitutional (see 1898).[24]
1908 (United States)
U.S. Supreme Court rules in Danbury Hatters Case that a boycott launched by the United Hatters Union is a conspiracy in restraint of trade under the Sherman Antitrust Act.[24]
1908 (United States)
U.S. Supreme Court rules in Muller vs. Oregon that an Oregon law that limited the working hours for women was unconstitutional.[24]
Watertown, Connecticut, Arsenal Strike occurred.[25]
Two women strikers on picket line during the "Uprising of the 20,000", garment workers strike, New York City. Strikes, ladies tailors, N.Y., Feb. 1910, picket girls on duty
22 November 1909 (United States)
The New York shirtwaist strike of 1909 (Uprising of the 20,000) began. Female garment workers went on strike in New York; many were arrested. A judge told those arrested: "You are on strike against God".[25]
The 1910 Accident Reports Act was passed and a 10-hour work day and standardization of rates of pay and working conditions were won by the Railway Brotherhoods.
Union membership topped 8 million workers in 1910.
Rubble of the Los Angeles Times building in 1910
1 October 1910 (United States)
The Los Angeles Times bombing killed twenty people and destroyed the building. Calling it "the crime of the century," the newspaper's owner Harrison Gray Otis blamed the bombing on the unions, a charge denied by unionists.
A dynamite bomb destroyed a portion of the Llewellyn Iron works in Los Angeles, where a strike was in progress. In April 1911 James B. McNamara and his older brother John F. McNamara, secretary-treasurer of the International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers, were charged with the two crimes. James McNamara pleaded guilty to murder and John McNamara pleaded guilty to conspiracy in the dynamiting of the Llewellyn Iron Works.[26]
1911 (United States)
The Locomotive Inspection Act passed. Four years later, the Hours of Service Act passed. The Railroad Brotherhoods had won an eight-hour day.
The Supreme Court in Gompers v. Buck's Stove and Range Co. (221 U.S. 418) affirmed a lower court order for the AFL to stop interfering with Buck's Stove and Range Company's business or boycotting its products or distributors.[25]
On 24 June 1912 in the second contempt trial, the defendants (Samuel Gompers, John Mitchell, and Frank Morrison) were again found guilty and sentenced to prison. The Supreme Court overturned the convictions because the new proceedings had not been instituted within the three-year statute of limitations (233 U.S. 604 1914).[26]
1911 (United States)
Illinois Central and Harriman Line Rail Strike occurred.[25]
Two men are shot dead by police during the Llanelli railway strike of August 1911, leading to rioting.
Image of Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire on 25 March 1911
25 March 1911 (United States)
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire -- The Triangle Shirtwaist Company, occupying the top three floors of a ten-story building in New York City, was consumed by fire. One hundred and forty-six people, mostly women and young girls working in sweatshop conditions, died.[25]
1912 (United States)
Massachusetts passes the first minimum wage law for women and minors.[25]
Lawrence Textile Strike, 1912Flyer distributed in Lawrence, September 1912. The Lawrence Textile Strike was a strike of immigrant workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1912 led by the Industrial Workers of the World.
January–March 1912 (United States)
Lawrence Textile Strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, often known as the "Bread and Roses" Strike. Dozens of different immigrant communities united under the leadership of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in a largely successful strike led to a large extent by women. The strike is credited with inventing the moving picket line, a tactic devised to keep strikers from being arrested for loitering.[25]
It also adopted a tactic used before in Europe, but never in the United States, of sending children to sympathizers in other cities when they could not be cared for by strike funds. On 24 February, women attempting to put their children on a train out of town were beaten by police, shocking the nation.[22][27]
18 April 1912 (United States)
The National Guard was called out against striking West Virginia coal miners at the Paint Creek and Cabin Creek, West Virginia mines.[25]
7 July 1912 (United States)
Striking members of the Brotherhood of Timber Workers and supporters are involved in an armed confrontation with the Galloway Lumber Company and supporters in the Grabow Riot, resulting in four deaths and 40 to 50 wounded.[25]
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) demonstration in New York, 11 April 1914
1914 (United States)
According to a report by the Commission on Industrial Relations, approximately 35,000 workers were killed in industrial accidents and 700,000 workers were injured in the U.S.
1914 (United States)
U.S. Congress passes the Clayton Antitrust Act limiting the use of injunctions in labor disputes.[25]
Labor leader Joe Hill was arrested in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was convicted on murder charges, and was executed 21 months later despite worldwide protests and two attempts to intervene by President Woodrow Wilson. In a letter to Bill Haywood shortly before his death he penned the famous words, "Don't mourn - organize!"
The Ludlow Massacre Memorial, 20 April 1914, Colorado Coal Miners on Strike (3453614459)A "Sympathy Labor Parade" in New York during the Minnesota Iron Range Strike, 1916
20 April 1914 (United States)
The "Ludlow Massacre." In an attempt to persuade strikers at Colorado's Ludlow Mine Field to return to work, company "guards," engaged by John D. Rockefeller Jr. and other mine operators and sworn into the State Militia just for the occasion, attacked a union tent camp with machine guns, then set it afire. Five men, two women and 12 children died as a result.[4][5]
A bomb was set off during a "Preparedness Day" parade in San Francisco, killing 10 and injuring 40 more. Thomas J. Mooney, a labor organizer and Warren K. Billings, a shoe worker, were convicted, but were both pardoned in 1939.[25]
19 August 1916 (United States)
Strikebreakers hired by the Everett Mills owner Neil Jamison attacked and beat picketing strikers in Everett, Washington.[25] Local police watched and refused to intervene.
Three days later, twenty-two union men attempted to speak out at a local crossroads, but each was arrested; arrests and beatings of strikebreakers became common throughout the following months, and on 30 October vigilantes forced IWW speakers to run the gauntlet, subjecting them to whipping, tripping kicking, and impalement against a spiked cattle guard at the end of the gauntlet. In response, the IWW called for a meeting on 5 November. When the union men arrived, they were fired on; seven people were killed, 50 were wounded, and an indeterminate number wound up missing.
The Everett Massacre (also known as Bloody Sunday) was an armed confrontation between local authorities and members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) union, commonly called "Wobblies", which took place in Everett, Washington on Sunday, 5 November 1916. The tragic event marked a time of rising tensions in Pacific Northwest labor history.
1917 (United States)
In "Hitchman Coal and Coke vs. Mitchell", U.S. Supreme Court upholds the legality of yellow-dog contracts.[29]
The Supreme Court approved the Eight-Hour Act under the threat of a national railway strike.
Deportation of striking miners from Bisbee, Arizona, on 12 July 1917. Striking miners and others are marched from Warren Ballpark along railroad tracks toward cattle cars belonging to the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad.
12 July 1917 (United States)
The Bisbee Deportation:[29] After seizing the local Western Union telegraph office in order to cut off outside communication, several thousand armed vigilantes forced 1,185 men in Bisbee, Arizona into manure-laden boxcars and "deported" them to the New Mexico desert. The action was precipitated by a strike when workers' demands (including improvements to safety and working conditions at the local copper mines, an end to discrimination against labor organizations and unequal treatment of foreign and minority workers, and the institution of a fair wage system) went unmet. The "deportation" was organized by Sheriff Harry Wheeler. The incident was investigated months later by a Federal Mediation Commission set up by President Woodrow Wilson; the Commission found that no federal law applied, and referred the case to the State of Arizona, which failed to take any action, citing patriotism and support for the war as justification for the vigilantes' action.
A Federal child labor law, enacted two years earlier, was declared unconstitutional. A new law was enacted 24 February 1919, but this one too was declared unconstitutional (on 2 June 1924).
The Battle of the Barn James B. Duke and Southern Company break strike by local streetcar motormen and conductors by calling in troops. Five dead. Youngest 17 years old. Nearly two dozen wounded.
Looting, rioting and sporadic violence broke out in downtown Boston and South Boston for days after 1,117 Boston policemen declared a work stoppage due to their thwarted attempts to affiliate with the American Federation of Labor.[29] Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge put down the strike by calling out the entire state militia.
Coming out of the smoke : newspaper cartoon depicting the steel strike, New York World, 1919 October 11
22 September 1919 – 8 January 1920 (United States)
The "Great Steel Strike" began.[29] Ultimately, 350,000 steel workers walked off their jobs to demand union recognition. The AFL Iron and Steel Organizing Committee called off the strike on 8 January 1920, their goals unmet.[6]
Amid a strike for union recognition by 395,000 steelworkers (ultimately unsuccessful), approximately 250 "anarchists," "communists," and "labor agitators" were deported to Russia, marking the beginning of the so-called "Red Scare."
The U.S. Bureau of Investigation began carrying out the nationwide Palmer Raids.
View of Matewan, West Virginia. Matewan Historic District, a National Historic Landmark, was the site of the Battle of Matewan in May 1920 during a coal miners' strike.
19 May 1920 (United States)
The Battle of Matewan. Despite efforts by police chief (and former miner) Sid Hatfield and Mayor Cabel Testerman to protect miners from interference in their union drive in Matewan, West Virginia, Baldwin-Felts detectives hired by the local mining company arrived to evict miners and their families from the Stone Mountain Mine camp. A gun battle ensued, resulting in the deaths of 7 detectives, Mayor Testerman, and 2 miners. The movie Matewan is based on the event.
Baldwin-Felts detectives assassinated Sid Hatfield 15 months later, sparking off an armed rebellion of 10,000 West Virginia coal miners at the "Battle of Blair Mountain," dubbed the "redneck war" and "the largest insurrection this country has had since the Civil War." Army troops later intervened against the striking mineworkers in West Virginia.[31]
1921 (United States)
U.S. Supreme Court rules in Duplex Printing Press vs. Deering that federal courts could enjoin unions for actions in restraint of trade despite the Clayton Act.[29]
President John L. Lewis, of the United Mine Workers of America (right) photographed today at the Capitol, talking over the coal situation with Representative Nolan, Chairman of the Labor Committee of the House of Representatives, 1922 April 3
Federal judge James Herbert Wilkerson issues a sweeping injunction against striking, assembling, picketing, and a variety of other union activities, known as the "Daugherty Injunction."
A Dominion Coal Company colliery in Reserve Mines, Nova Scotia, ca. 1900. This mine would become one of numerous assets of the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation upon its founding in 1928 through corporate acquisitions.
11 June 1925 (Canada)
1 coal miner was killed and many injured during a protest as a result of a major strike at the British Empire Steel and Coal Company (BESCO) in New Waterford, Nova Scotia. Davis Day was established in the memory of Bill Davis, the miner who was murdered by company police. The labor dispute resulted in the deployment of 2,000 soldiers during the largest peacetime deployment of the Canadian Army for an internal conflict since the North-West Rebellion of 1885.
1926 (United States)
The Railway Labor Act passed. It required employers, for the first time and under penalty of law, to bargain collectively and not to discriminate against their employees for joining a union.[29] It provided also for mediation, voluntary arbitration, fact-finding boards, cooling off periods and adjustment boards.
Violent and relatively unsuccessful Loray Mill Strike during which the National Guard was called, and 100+ masked men destroyed the National Textile Workers Union (NTWU) building. Crushing Southern textile worker's collective bargaining efforts made a furor in US national news, giving momentum and urgency to the more successful labor movement of the 1930s[7][8]
Gastonia, North Carolina, Textile Strike occurred.[29]
1929 (Australia)
The 1929 Timber Workers strike was the first large strike after the onset of the Great Depression in Australia arising from a new timber industry award that increased the working week from 44 to 48 hours and reduced wages. A fifteen-month lockout during 1929-1930 of miners on the Northern New South Wales Coalfields was particularly bitter with police shooting at miners, killing Norman Brown and seriously injuring many more at the Rothbury Riot.
"Chicagorillas" -- labor racketeers -- shot and killed contractor William Healy, with whom the Chicago Marble Setters Union had been having difficulties.
Five persons were killed by bullets fired by Swedish military troops called in as reinforcements by the police during a protest later known as Ådalen shootings.
National Industrial Recovery Act passed by the U.S. Congress. The Act guaranteed the rights of employees to organize and enter into collective bargaining.[34]
The Electric Auto-Lite Strike. In Toledo, Ohio,[34] two strikers were killed and over two hundred wounded by National Guardsmen. Some 1,300 National Guard troops, including included eight rifle companies and three machine gun companies, were called in to disperse as many as 10,000 strikers and protestors.
Honea Path massacre occurred with 6 striking textile worker shot in the back running from a picket line. This event is featured in the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) documentary on the POV series called "The Uprising of '34".[37] An historical photo essay entitled "Mill Town Murder" is online at Beacham Journal .
Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934 occurred. Police attacked and fired upon striking Teamster truck drivers in Minneapolis who were demanding recognition of their union, wage increases, and shorter working hours. As violence escalated, Governor Olson went so far as to declare martial law in Minneapolis, deploying 4,000 National Guardsmen. The strike ended on 21 August when company owners finally accepted union demands.
A strike in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, part of a national movement to obtain a minimum wage for textile workers, resulted in the deaths of three workers. Over 420,000 workers ultimately went on strike.
Francis Perkins looks on as Franklin Roosevelt signs the Wagner-Peyser Bill creating the US Employment Service, 6 June 1935
1935 (United States)
The National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act, was passed.[34] It clearly established the right of all workers to organize and to elect their representative for collective bargaining purposes.
The Wages and Hours (later Fair Labor Standards) Act is passed, banning child labor and setting the 40-hour work week.[38] The Act went into effect in October 1940, and was upheld in the Supreme Court on 3 February 1941.
The AFL pledges that there will be no strikes in defense-related industry plants for the duration of the war.[38]
1942 (United States)
National War Labor Board was established; the NWLB established formula for wartime wage adjustments.[38]Western Union A Labor Day Telegram to All Goodyearites from Forrestal Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Patterson Under Secretary of War, 3 September 1942
War Labor Board anthracite hearing. John L. Lewis (right), President of the United Mine Workers (UMW), confers with Thomas Kennedy (left), Secretary-Treasurer of the UMW, and Perry Tetlow (center), president of UMW District 17, at the War Labor Board conference 15 January 1943, about the anthracite coal miners' strike, 1943 January 15
President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the Army to seize the executive offices of Montgomery Ward and Company after the corporation failed to comply with a National War Labor Board directive regarding union shops.
Workers in packinghouses nation-wide went on strike.
Doctor's office. The doctor for this camp is hired by Dr. Anderson, head doctor for the Kingston Pocahontas Coal Company, locally. Since the strike Dr. Anderson has cut off all funds for cleaning of this office. Kingston Pocahontas Coal Company, Exeter Mine, Welch, McDowell County, West Virginia, 10 August 1946
United Auto Workers and General Motors reached agreement on a contract that provided pensions and wage increases over the duration of the signed contract.[39]
President Truman ordered the U.S. Army to seize all the nation's railroads to prevent a general strike. The railroads were not returned to their owners until two years later.
Photograph of President Truman in the Oval Office, conferring with labor leader Walter Reuther, president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, 1952 December 12.
President Truman ordered the U.S. Army to seize the nation's steel mills to avert a strike. The act was ruled to be illegal by the Supreme Court on 2 June.[39]
Textile workers strike of 1955, in both New Bedford and Fall River, Massachusetts. Strike over a nickel raise was led and negotiated by Union President Manuel "Manny" Fernandes Jr., who resolved the strike and got the workers a nickel raise.
5 December 1955 (United States)
The two largest labor organizations in the U.S. merged to form the AFL–CIO, with a membership estimated at 15 million. George Meany served as the first president of the combined organization.[39]
President John F Kennedy issues Executive Order 10988 establishing limited collective bargaining rights for federal employees and widely regarded as the impetus for the expansion of public sector bargaining rights at state and local levels in the years to come.[40]
The 1962 New York City newspaper strike, longest newspaper strike in U.S. history ended. The 9 major newspapers in New York City had ceased publication over 114 days before.
Members of four railroad unions voted overwhelmingly for the largest union merger ever in the railroad industry. The merger created a powerful new union called the United Transportation Union (UTU).
West Virginia miners went on strike the following day in protest.
18 March 1970 (United States)
The first mass work stoppage in the 195-year history of the United States Post Office Department began with a walkout of letter carriers in Brooklyn and Manhattan,[40] soon involving 210,000 of the nation's 750,000 postal employees. With mail service virtually paralyzed in New York, Detroit, and Philadelphia, President Nixon declared a state of national emergency and assigned military units to New York City post offices. The stand-off culminated two weeks later.
The film Norma Rae, based on a real life character trying to unionize a textile mill, is released. It wins an Academy Award for best actress.
1980s
September 1980 (Poland)
The trade union Solidarity (Solidarność) is established at the Gdańsk Shipyard, and originally led by Nobel Peace Prize winner Lech Wałęsa. Within the year the government implements martial law in an attempt to quell nationwide civil unrest and protest.
1980 (United States)
Joyce Miller joined the AFL–CIO executive board as the first female board member.[47]
Reagan speaks on air traffic controllers strike 1981
3 August 1981 (United States)
Federal air traffic controllers began a nationwide strike after their union rejected the government's final offer for a new contract. Most of the 13,000 striking controllers defied the back-to-work order, and were dismissed by President Reagan on 5 August.[47] Reagan ordered them to leave.
Largest labor rally in United States history broke out in protest of Reagan's order.[47]
The Association of Vatican Lay Workers was formed, but was not recognized by the Vatican authorities until 1993. It is the sole trade union in Vatican City and represents the majority of the 3000 employees who work in the city state.
1986 (United States)
Trans World Airlines Flight Attendants' Strike occurred.[47]
Female flight attendants won an 18-year lawsuit against United Airlines, which had fired them for getting married. The lawsuit was resolved when a U.S. district court approved the reinstatement of 475 attendants and $37 million back-pay settlement for 1,725 flight attendants. (United Airlines, Inc. v. McDonald, 432 U.S. 385 (1977))[49][50]
Round table negotiations between Solidarity and the then-Communist government result in semi-free parliamentary elections in Poland, a pivotal moment in fall of the Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe. Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa is elected President in August of that year.[51]
20,000 employees at 48 plants in 33 states struck against General Electric, the first strike against GE in 33 years, over a plan to shift more health care costs to employees and retirees.[52]
Jasic incident occurred. Workers led by Maoist students made several walkouts, many were arrested thereafter.[55]
2019 (United States)
2019 General Motors Strike occurred.[56] 48,000 United Auto Workers representing Detroit GM factory employees went on strike from 15 September to 25 October to demand healthcare coverage, higher wages, increased job security, and gateway for temporary workers to become permanent.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxFilippelli, Ronald L. (1990). Labor conflict in the United States : an encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. pp. xix. ISBN082407968X.
^Thompson, E.P. (1966) [1963]. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 225–226. ISBN9780394703220.
^Foner, Philip S. (1978) [1947]. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Volume 1: From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Republic. New York: International Publishers. pp. 127–129. ISBN0717803767.
^ abcFoner, Philip S. (1978) [1947]. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Volume 1: From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Republic. New York: International Publishers. p. 130. ISBN0717803767.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaFilippelli, Ronald L. (1990). Labor conflict in the United States : an encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing Co. pp. xx. ISBN082407968X.
^ abcdefghThompson, E.P. (1966) [1963]. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 226. ISBN9780394703220.
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Further reading
Adrian Paradis, The Labor Reference Book (Philadelphia: Chilton Book Co., 1972), 133–134.
Archival sources
International Ladies Garment Workers Union. Louis Stulberg, President. Correspondence, 1945-1977 (bulk 1966-1975) (28 linear feet) are housed at the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library
August 21, 2023
timeline, labour, issues, events, examples, perspective, this, article, deal, primarily, with, united, states, represent, worldwide, view, subject, improve, this, article, discuss, issue, talk, page, create, article, appropriate, june, 2019, learn, when, remov. The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate June 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message The following is a timeline of labor history organizing amp conflicts from the early 1600s to present Contents 1 1600s 2 1700s 3 1800 1829 4 1830s 5 1840s 6 1850s 7 1860s 8 1870s 9 1880s 10 1890s 11 1900s 12 1910s 13 1920s 14 1930s 15 1940s 16 1950s 17 1960s 18 1970s 19 1980s 20 2000s 21 2010s 22 2020s 23 See also 24 References 25 Further reading 25 1 Archival sources1600s Edit1619 United States 1619 Jamestown Polish craftsmen strike 1636 United States Maine Indentured Servant s and Fisherman s Mutiny 1 1648 United States Boston Coopers and Shoemakers form guilds 1 1661 United States Virginia s Indentured Servants Plot 1 1663 United States Maryland Indentured Servants Strike 1 1675 United States Boston Ship Carpenters Protest 1 1676 United States Bacon s Rebellion in Virginia 1 The Burning of Jamestown by Howard Pyle depicts the burning of Jamestown Virginia during Bacon s Rebellion 1676 77 1677 United States New York City Carter s Strike 1 1684 United States New York City Carter s Strike 1 1700s Edit1741 United States New York City Bakers Strike 1 1768 United States Florida Indentured Servants Revolt 1 1774 United States Hibernia New Jersey Ironworks Strike 1 1778 United States Journeymen printers in New York combine to increase their wages 1 1781 Austria Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II issues the Serfdom Patent of 1781 to abolish serfdom throughout the Habsburg lands 1791 United States Philadelphia carpenters conduct first strike in the building trades in the United States 1 1792 United States Philadelphia has first local union in the United States organized to conduct collective bargaining 1 1794 United States Federal Society of Journeymen Cordwainers formed in Philadelphia 1 1797 United States Profit sharing originated at Albert Gallatin s glassworks in New Geneva Pennsylvania 1799 England Combination Act outlawed trade unionism and collective bargaining by workers 2 1800 1829 Edit1805 United States Journeymen Cordwainers union includes a closed shop clause in its constitution in New York City 1 1806 United States Commonwealth v Pullis was the first known court case arising from a labor strike in the United States After a three day trial the jury found the defendants guilty of a combination to raise their wages and fined 1 1816 England Food riots broke out in East Anglia Workers demanded a double wage and for the setting of triple prices for food 3 1824 England The Combination Act of 1799 was repealed 2 1824 United States Pawtucket Rhode Island Textile Strike 1 1825 United States United Tailoresses of New York organized in New York City 1 1825 United States Boston House Carpenter s Strike 1 1827 United States Mechanics Union of Trades Associations formed in Philadelphia 1 1827 United States Philadelphia Carpenter s Strike 1 1828 United States Workingmen s Party was organized in Philadelphia by the Mechanics Union of Trades Associations 1 4 23 April 1829 United States Committee of Fifty a group of prominent trade unionists in New York City organized to resist efforts by business owners to revoke the 10 hour workday and reinstate the 11 hour workday 5 Their efforts lead directly to the forming of the Workingmen s Party of New York 5 1829 United States Workingmen s Party of New York formed 1 5 1830s Edit1831 United States New England Association of Farmers Mechanics and other Workingmen formed 6 9 January 1831 England Twenty three workers from Buckingham were sentenced to death for destruction of a paper machine by one of a number of Special Commissions sent to East Anglia to suppress insurgent workers by the Whig Ministry 7 Frame breakers or Luddites smashing a loom Machine breaking was criminalized by the Parliament of the United Kingdom as early as 1721 but as a result of continued opposition to mechanisation the Frame Breaking Act 1812 made the death penalty available see Criminal damage in English law 11 January 1831 England Three workers in Dorset were sentenced to death for extorting money and two workers were sentenced to death for robbery by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers 7 Fifty five workers in Norwich were convicted of machine breaking and rioting by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers 7 Three workers in Ipswich were convicted of extorting money by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers 7 In Petworth 26 workers were found guilty of machine breaking and rioting by one of the Special Commissions the Whig Ministry sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers 7 Upwards of thirty workers in Gloucester were convicted of machine breaking and rioting by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers 7 Twenty nine workers in Oxford were convicted of machine breaking and rioting by one of the Special Commissions sent by the Whig Ministry to suppress insurgent workers 7 1832 United States Boston Ship Carpenters Ten Hour Strike 6 1833 United States Lynn Massachusetts Shoebinders Protest begins 6 Women in England mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to Botany Bay 17921834 England The Tolpuddle Martyrs agricultural workers who formed a trade union in Tolpuddle in Dorsetshire were sentenced by a Whig Ministry Special Commission to transportation to a penal colony in Australia 7 March 1834 United States National Trades Union formed in New York when the New York General Trades Union solicited labor organizations from around the country to send delegates to a national convention 8 This union was the first attempt to create a national labor federation 6 1834 United States Lowell Massachusetts Mill Women s Strike 6 1834 United States Manayunk Pennsylvania Textile Strike 6 1835 United States Carpenters masons and stone cutters began a strike as part of the Ten Hour Movement among skilled workers 6 They drafted a strike circular in Boston outlining their demands and seeking assistance from other tradespeople Wherever this circular was distributed a strike in favor of the ten hour workday erupted The 1835 Philadelphia general strike in which workers successfully struck for shorter working hours and higher wages was influenced by the Boston circular 9 3 July 1835 United States Textile workers many of whom were children of Irish descent launched the 1835 Paterson textile strike in the silk mills in Paterson New Jersey fighting for the 11 hour day 6 days a week 6 1836 United States National Cooperative Association of Cordwainers formed in New York City This association was the first national union for a specific craft 6 1836 United States Lowell Massachusetts Mill Women s Strike 6 1836 United States New York City Tailors Strike 6 1836 United States Philadelphia s Bookbinders Strike 6 1840s Edit1840 United States Ten hour day for federal employees on federal public works projects without loss of pay established by President Martin Van Buren by executive order 6 10 1842 United States Ten hour Republican Association was formed by New England mechanics to pressure the Massachusetts legislature to establish a ten hour workday throughout the state 11 March 1842 United States Commonwealth v Hunt was a landmark legal decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on the subject of labor unions Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw ruled that unions were legal organizations and had the right to organize and strike Before this decision labor unions which attempted to close or create a unionized workplace could be charged with conspiracy 6 See Commonwealth v Pullis 1836 Constitution of the Lowell Factory Girls Association1844 United States Lowell Female Labor Reform Association formed 6 April 1844 United States Fall River Mechanics Association established The Mechanic a weekly paper dedicated to advocate the cause of the oppressed Mechanic and Laborer in all its bearings 12 1847 Scotland The Educational Institute of Scotland the oldest teachers trade union in the world was founded 1847 United States New Hampshire is first state to establish the ten hour workday 6 1848 United States Pennsylvania s child labor law establishes the age of 12 as the minimum age for workers in commercial occupations 6 1848 Germany Founding of the Allgemeine Deutsche Arbeiterverbruderung General German Workers Brotherhood 13 1850s Edit1850 United States New York City Tailor s Strike 6 July 1851 Australia Eureka Rebellion in the Colony of Victoria Australia Eureka Stockade Riot by John Black Henderson 1854 July 1851 United States Two railroad strikers are shot dead and others injured by the state militia in Portage New York 1852 United States Typographical Union founded 6 21 April 1856 Australia Stonemasons and building workers in Melbourne achieve an eight hour day the first organized workers in the world to achieve an 8 hour day with no loss of pay citation needed 14 1859 United States Iron Molders International Union founded 6 1860s Edit Labor Day Parade Union St N Y circa 1859 1899 from Robert N Dennis collection of stereoscopic views1860 United States New England Shoemakers Strike of 1860 800 women operatives and 4 000 workmen marched during a shoemaker s strike in Lynn Massachusetts 1863 United States The first railroad labor union The Brotherhood of the Footboard later renamed the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers is formed in Marshall Michigan 6 It is headed by William D Robinson 15 1864 Europe International Workingmen s Association often called the First International is founded 1864 United States Cigar Makers Union founded 6 1864 July 21 United States Operative Plasterers and Cement Masons International Association founded 6 1866 United States National Labor Union formed 1st national labor federation in the US 6 1866 United States Molders Lockout 6 February 6 1869 Illustration from Harper s Weekly of the Colored National Labor Union convention in Washington D C Store Web page states from Harper s Weekly magazine with 6 9 inch wood engraved illustration of the National Colored Convention in Session at Washington D C 1867 United States Order of the Knights of St Crispin a union for factory workers in the shoe industry founded 6 1868 Germany The Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund ADGB Federation of General German Civil Servants was founded and represented 142 000 workers 16 1868 United States First U S federal eight hour law passed This law only applied to laborers workmen and mechanics employed by the U S federal government 6 1869 United States Colored National Labor Union founded 17 Uriah Stephens pre 1882 Stephens 1821 1882 was a U S labor leader He led nine Philadelphia garment workers to found the Knights of Labor in 1869 a more successful early national union 1869 United States Uriah Smith Stephens organized a new union known as the Knights of Labor 17 1869 United States Collar Laundry Union Strike in Troy New York 17 1870s Edit1870 United States The first written contract between coal miners and coal miner operators signed 17 1872 Europe Karl Marx ejects Mikhail Bakunin and the other anarchists from the International Workingmen s Association1873 United States In 1873 the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen was established In 1906 it became the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen amp Enginemen 13 January 1874 United States The original Tompkins Square Riot occurs in New York City 17 As unemployed workers demonstrated in New York City s Tompkins Square Park a detachment of mounted police charged into the crowd beating men women and children indiscriminately with billy clubs and leaving hundreds of casualties in their wake 1874 United States Peter M Arthur elected Grand Chief of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers He remained in office until his death 18 1875 United States The Molly Maguires are convicted for the anthracite coalfield murders 17 1875 United States Anthracite Coal Strike takes place 17 1876 United States Amalgamated Association of Iron Steel and Tin Workers founded 17 1876 United States Workingmen s Party is founded It later becomes the Socialist Labor Party 17 Photograph of Alexander Campbell Father of the Greenback Party 1876 United States Greenback Party is founded 17 1877 United States Cigar Makers International Union occurred 17 1877 United States San Francisco Anti Chinese Riots occur 17 12 February 1877 United States The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 17 U S railroad workers began strikes to protest wage cuts 3 It started in Martinsburg West Virginia and then spread to many other states 14 July 1877 United States A general strike halted the movement of U S railroads In the following days strike riots spread across the United States The next week federal troops were called out to force an end to the nationwide strike At the Battle of the Viaduct in the Pilsen neighborhood of Chicago between protesting members of the Chicago German Furniture Workers Union now Local 1784 of the Carpenters Union and federal troops killed 30 workers and wounded over 100 The Socialist Labor Party of America does not seem to have used its distinctive arm and hammer logo until it appeared on the front page of The Workmen s Advocate in 1885 1878 United States Socialist Labor Party of America founded when the Workingmen s Party of the United States voted to change its name at its December 1877 convention 17 1878 United States Greenback Labor Party founded 17 1878 United States International Labor Union founded 17 1880s Edit1881 United States and Canada Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions the ender of the American Federation of Labor was founded in the United States and Canada 17 1881 United States Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners was founded 17 1881 United States Revolutionary Socialist Labor Party was founded 17 1882 United States Cohoes New York Cotton Mill Strike occurred 17 5 September 1882 United States Thirty thousand workers marched in the first Labor Day parade in New York City Thirty fifth annual meeting of the Trades and Labour Congress Hamilton 1919 1883 Canada The Trades and Labour Congress of Canada TLC a Canada wide central federation of trade unions was formed 1883 United States International Working People s Association formed 17 1883 United States Lynchburg Virginia Tobacco Workers Strike occurred 17 1883 United States Molder s Lockout began 17 1884 United States The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions forerunner of the American Federation of Labor passed a resolution stating that 8 hours shall constitute a legal day s work from and after May 1 1886 1884 United States Federal Bureau of Labor established in the U S Department of the Interior 17 1884 United States Fall River Massachusetts Textile Strike occurred 17 1884 United States Union Pacific Railroad Strike occurred 17 1885 United States U S Congress passed the Foran Act outlawing immigration of laborers on contract 17 1885 United States Cloakmakers General Strike occurred 17 1885 United States McCormick Harvesting Machine Company Strike occurred 17 1885 United States Southwest Railroad Strike occurred 17 1885 United States Yonkers New York Carpet Weaver Strike occurred 17 1885 United States Ten coal mining activists Molly Maguires were hanged in Pennsylvania 1886 United States Augusta Georgia Textile strike occurred 19 1886 United States Cowboy Strike occurred 19 1886 United States McCormick Harvesting Machine Company Strike occurred 19 1886 United States Troy New York Collar Laundresses Strike occurred 19 U S Marshals attempt to start a train during the strike in East St Louis Illinois March 1886 United States The Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 was a labor union strike against the Union Pacific and Missouri Pacific railroads involving more than 200 000 workers 19 1 May 1886 United States Workers protested in the streets to demand the universal adoption of the eight hour day Hundreds of thousands of American workers had joined the Knights of Labor The movement ultimately failed 19 Representative Jeremiah M Rusk1 May 1886 United States Bay View Tragedy About 2 000 Polish workers walked off their jobs and gathered at St Stanislaus Church in Milwaukee Wisconsin angrily denouncing the ten hour workday The protesters marched through the city calling on other workers to join them All but one factory was closed down as sixteen thousand protesters gathered at Rolling Mills Wisconsin Governor Jeremiah Rusk called the state militia The militia camped out at the mill while workers slept in nearby fields On the morning of 5 May as protesters chanted for the eight hour workday General Treaumer ordered his men to shoot into the crowd some of whom were carrying sticks bricks and scythes leaving seven dead at the scene including a child 20 21 The Milwaukee Journal reported that eight more would die within twenty four hours adding that Governor Rusk was to be commended for his quick action in the matter Samuel Gompers1886 United States American Federation of Labor founded Samuel Gompers served as first president 19 Haymarket Flier Haymarket Riot The Haymarket Martyrs4 May 1886 United States Anarchist rally lead to the Haymarket Riot in Chicago Illinois the origin of international May Day observances 19 22 November 1887 United States In the Thibodaux massacre in Thibodaux Louisiana a local militia aided by bands of prominent citizens shot at least 35 unarmed black sugar workers striking to gain a dollar per day wage and lynched two strike leaders 1887 United States Seven of the Haymarket Riot bombing defendants sentenced to death of which five are executed 19 1887 United States Port of New York Longshoremen s Strike occurred 19 Union Labor Party campaign poster 1888 June 1888 United Kingdom The London matchgirls strike of 1888 was a strike of the women and teenage girls working at the Bryant and May Factory in Bow London The strike was prompted by the poor working conditions in the match factory including fourteen hour work days poor pay excessive fines and the severe health complications of working with yellow or white phosphorus such as phossy jaw 1888 United States United States enacted first federal labor relations law the law applied only to railroads 19 1888 United States International Association of Machinists founded 19 1888 United States Burlington Railroad Strike occurred 19 1888 United States Cincinnati Shoemakers Lockout occurred 19 1889 United States Baseball Players Revolt began 19 1889 United States Fall River Massachusetts Textile Strike occurred 19 1889 Europe The Second International is founded Declaration of 1 May as International Workers Day 1890s Edit1890 United States United Mine Workers of America founded 19 1890 United States United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America Strike occurred the union demanded an eight hour work day 19 25 July 1890 United States New York garment workers won the right to unionize after a seven month strike They secured agreements for a closed shop and firing of all strikebreakers 1891 United States Savannah Georgia Black Labourers Strike occurred 19 1891 United States Tennessee Miners Strike occurred 19 International Longshoremen s Union banner1892 United States International Longshoremen s Association founded 19 1892 United States International Seamen s Union founded 19 1892 United States New Orleans General Strike occurred 19 6 July 1892 United States Homestead Strike 19 Pinkerton Guards trying to pave the way for the introduction of strikebreakers opened fire on striking Carnegie mill steel workers in Homestead Pennsylvania In the ensuing battle three Pinkertons surrendered and were set upon and beaten by a mob of townspeople most of them women Seven guards and eleven strikers and spectators were shot to death 22 11 July 1892 United States Coeur d Alene Idaho labor strike of 1892 Striking miners in Coeur d Alene Idaho dynamited the Frisco Mill leaving it in ruins August 1892 United States Buffalo Switchmen s Strike collapses after two weeks when 8 000 New York State militia enter the city and peer unions fail to come to the strikers aid 1893 United States American Railway Union founded 19 1893 United States Western Federation of Miners founded 19 1893 United States Federal court in Louisiana rules that the Sherman Antitrust Act applies to unions and finds that sympathy strikes restrain trade 19 1893 United States National Civic Federation founded 19 1893 United States Unions helped win the passage of the Safety Appliance Act Among other things the Act outlawed the old man killer link and pin coupler by railroads 1894 United Kingdom History of Trade Unionism the influential book by Sidney and Beatrice Webb is first published 1894 United States Coxey s Army marched on Washington D C 19 7 February 1894 United States In Cripple Creek Colorado miners went on strike when mine owners announced an increase from eight to ten hours per day with no increase in wages 19 This strike marked perhaps the only time in American history that a state militia was called out to protect miners from sheriff s deputies 21 April June 1894 United States Bituminous Coal Miners Strike of 1894 A two month nationwide strike by miners of hard coal in the United States This unsuccessful strike almost destroyed the United Mine Workers union Pullman strikers outside Arcade Building in Pullman Chicago The Illinois National Guard can be seen guarding the building during the Pullman Railroad Strike in 1894 11 May 10 July 1894 United States Pullman Strike A nation wide strike against the Pullman Company begins with a wildcat walkout 19 on 11 May after wages are drastically reduced On 5 July the 1892 World s Columbian Exposition in Chicago s Jackson Park was set ablaze and seven buildings were burned to the ground The mobs burned and looted railroad cars and fought police in the streets until 10 July when 14 000 federal and state troops finally succeeded in putting down the strike killing 34 American Railway Union members Leaders of the strike including Eugene Debs were imprisoned for violating injunctions causing disintegration of the union 22 1895 France The Confederation Generale du Travail CGT was formed This French union is the oldest confederation still in existence April 1895 United States American Industrial Union established by former American Railway Union Vice President George W Howard The union proves to be short lived disappearing in the second half of 1896 23 June 1895 United States U S Supreme Court rules in In re Debs to uphold an injunction against the Pullman Strikers on the grounds that the federal government is empowered to regulate interstate commerce 19 1895 United States Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance founded 19 1895 United States Haverhill Massachusetts Show Strike occurred 19 21 September 1896 United States The state militia was sent to Leadville Colorado to break a miner s strike 19 Lattimer massacre Mine workers began their protest march near Harwood and many were eventually killed by the Luzerne County sheriff in Lattimer 10 September 1897 United States Lattimer massacre 19 unarmed striking coal miners and mine workers were killed and 36 wounded by a posse organized by the Luzerne County sheriff for refusing to disperse near Hazleton Pennsylvania 19 The strikers most of whom were shot in the back were originally brought in as strike breakers but later organized themselves 1898 United States The Erdman Act was passed providing for mediation and voluntary arbitration on the railroads 19 It made it a criminal offense for railroads to dismiss employees or to discriminate against prospective employees because of their union membership or activity It provided legal protection of employees rights to membership in a labor union a limit on the use of injunctions in labor disputes lawful status of picketing and other union activities and requirement of employers to bargain collectively Subsequently a portion of the Erdman Act which would have made it a criminal offense for railroads to dismiss employees or discriminate against prospective employees based on their union activities was declared invalid by the United States Supreme Court 1898 United States American Labor Union founded 19 1898 United States Marlboro Massachusetts Shoe Workers Strike began 19 Miner extracting ore from Bunker Hill mine1899 United States Miners in Idaho dynamite a mill in retaliation for the Bunker Hill Mining Company firing 17 union members 24 1899 United States Brotherhood of Teamsters founded 24 1899 United States Buffalo New York Grain Shoveler s Strike occurred 24 1899 United States Cleveland Ohio Street Railway Worker s Strike occurred 24 1899 United States Newsboys Strike of 1899 occurred in New York City 24 1900s Edit1900 United States International Ladies Garment Workers Union founded 24 1900 United States Anthracite Coal Strike occurred 24 1900 United States Machinists Strike occurred 24 1901 United States United Textile Workers founded 24 1901 United States Machinists Strike occurred 24 1901 United States National Cash Register Strike occurred 24 1901 United States San Francisco Restaurant Workers Strike occurred 24 1901 United States U S Steel Recognition Strike of 1901 occurred 24 Coal miners in Hazleton Pennsylvania 1902 Anthracite Coal Strike Commission Appointed 1902 by President Roosevelt a stereo card of the commission appointed by Theodore Roosevelt to resolve the Coal Strike of 1902 15 May 1902 United States Coal Strike of 1902 24 United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania struck in seven counties from May through October The strike caused a nationwide coal shortage President Theodore Roosevelt imposed the first mediated agreement of its kind 1902 United States Chicago Teamsters Strike occurred 24 1903 United States U S Department of Commerce and Labor created 24 1903 United States Women s Trade Union League founded 24 1903 United States Oxnard California Sugar Beet Strike occurred 24 1903 United States Carbon County Strike began 24 23 November 1903 United States Colorado Labor Wars Troops were dispatched to Cripple Creek Colorado to defeat a strike by the Western Federation of Miners 24 with the specific purpose of driving the union out of the district The strike had begun in the ore mills earlier in 1903 and then spread to the mines American labor activist Mother Jones 1837 1930 July 1903 United States Labor organizer Mary Harris Mother Jones leads child workers in demanding a 55 hour work week 1904 United States New York City Interborough Rapid Transit Strike 24 1904 United States United Packinghouse Workers of America 24 1904 United States Santa Fe Railroad Shopmen s Strike 24 8 June 1904 United States A battle between the Colorado Militia and striking miners at Dunnville ended with six union members dead and 15 taken prisoner Seventy nine of the strikers were deported to Kansas two days later 1905 United States Industrial Workers of the World founded in Chicago Illinois 24 17 April 1905 United States The Supreme Court held in Lochner v New York that a maximum hours law for New York bakery workers was unconstitutional under the due process clause of the 14th amendment 24 1906 United States An eight hour workday is widely adopted in the printing industry 24 1907 United States Goldfield Nevada Miners Strike began 24 Labor Day Parade float of Women s Trade Union League New York 1908 September 71908 United States The Federal Employers Liability Act was passed Also that year the Erdman Act was further weakened by the Supreme Court when Section 10 related to use of yellow dog contracts was declared unconstitutional see 1898 24 1908 United States U S Supreme Court rules in Danbury Hatters Case that a boycott launched by the United Hatters Union is a conspiracy in restraint of trade under the Sherman Antitrust Act 24 1908 United States U S Supreme Court rules in Muller vs Oregon that an Oregon law that limited the working hours for women was unconstitutional 24 1908 United States IWW Free Speech Fight began in Missoula Montana 24 1909 United States National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded 24 1909 United States IWW Free Speech Fight began in Spokane Washington 24 Pennsylvania constabulary mounted on horses at McKee s Rock c 19091909 United States McKees Rocks Pennsylvania Steel Strike began 24 1909 United States Watertown Connecticut Arsenal Strike occurred 25 Two women strikers on picket line during the Uprising of the 20 000 garment workers strike New York City Strikes ladies tailors N Y Feb 1910 picket girls on duty22 November 1909 United States The New York shirtwaist strike of 1909 Uprising of the 20 000 began Female garment workers went on strike in New York many were arrested A judge told those arrested You are on strike against God 25 1910s Edit1910 United States Bethlehem Steel Strike occurred 25 1910 United States Cloakmakers Strike occurred 25 1910 United States Chicago Clothing Workers Strike occurred 25 1910 United States The 1910 Accident Reports Act was passed and a 10 hour work day and standardization of rates of pay and working conditions were won by the Railway Brotherhoods Union membership topped 8 million workers in 1910 Rubble of the Los Angeles Times building in 19101 October 1910 United States The Los Angeles Times bombing killed twenty people and destroyed the building Calling it the crime of the century the newspaper s owner Harrison Gray Otis blamed the bombing on the unions a charge denied by unionists 1 November 1910 Spain The Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo was founded 25 December 1910 United States Main article McNamara brothers A dynamite bomb destroyed a portion of the Llewellyn Iron works in Los Angeles where a strike was in progress In April 1911 James B McNamara and his older brother John F McNamara secretary treasurer of the International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers were charged with the two crimes James McNamara pleaded guilty to murder and John McNamara pleaded guilty to conspiracy in the dynamiting of the Llewellyn Iron Works 26 1911 United States The Locomotive Inspection Act passed Four years later the Hours of Service Act passed The Railroad Brotherhoods had won an eight hour day The Supreme Court in Gompers v Buck s Stove and Range Co 221 U S 418 affirmed a lower court order for the AFL to stop interfering with Buck s Stove and Range Company s business or boycotting its products or distributors 25 On 24 June 1912 in the second contempt trial the defendants Samuel Gompers John Mitchell and Frank Morrison were again found guilty and sentenced to prison The Supreme Court overturned the convictions because the new proceedings had not been instituted within the three year statute of limitations 233 U S 604 1914 26 1911 United States Illinois Central and Harriman Line Rail Strike occurred 25 1911 United States Southern Lumber Operators Lockout began 25 1911 Wales Two men are shot dead by police during the Llanelli railway strike of August 1911 leading to rioting Image of Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire on 25 March 191125 March 1911 United States Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire The Triangle Shirtwaist Company occupying the top three floors of a ten story building in New York City was consumed by fire One hundred and forty six people mostly women and young girls working in sweatshop conditions died 25 1912 United States Massachusetts passes the first minimum wage law for women and minors 25 1912 United States Chicago newspaper strike occurred 25 1912 United States Fur Workers Strike occurred 25 1912 United States IWW Free Speech Fight occurred in San Diego California 25 1912 United States New York City Hotel Strike occurred 25 Lawrence Textile Strike 1912 Flyer distributed in Lawrence September 1912 The Lawrence Textile Strike was a strike of immigrant workers in Lawrence Massachusetts in 1912 led by the Industrial Workers of the World January March 1912 United States Lawrence Textile Strike in Lawrence Massachusetts often known as the Bread and Roses Strike Dozens of different immigrant communities united under the leadership of the Industrial Workers of the World IWW in a largely successful strike led to a large extent by women The strike is credited with inventing the moving picket line a tactic devised to keep strikers from being arrested for loitering 25 It also adopted a tactic used before in Europe but never in the United States of sending children to sympathizers in other cities when they could not be cared for by strike funds On 24 February women attempting to put their children on a train out of town were beaten by police shocking the nation 22 27 18 April 1912 United States The National Guard was called out against striking West Virginia coal miners at the Paint Creek and Cabin Creek West Virginia mines 25 7 July 1912 United States Striking members of the Brotherhood of Timber Workers and supporters are involved in an armed confrontation with the Galloway Lumber Company and supporters in the Grabow Riot resulting in four deaths and 40 to 50 wounded 25 1913 United States U S Department of Labor established 25 1913 United States Machinists Strike and Boycott 25 1913 United States Michigan Copper Strike 25 1913 United States Paterson New Jersey Textile Strike 25 1913 United States Rubber Workers Strike 25 1913 United States Studebaker Motors Auto Workers Strike 25 1913 United States Wheatland California Hop Riot 25 11 June 1913 United States Police shot into a crowd of maritime workers two of whom was killed who were striking against the United Fruit Company in New Orleans 28 58 59 Industrial Workers of the World IWW demonstration in New York 11 April 19141914 United States According to a report by the Commission on Industrial Relations approximately 35 000 workers were killed in industrial accidents and 700 000 workers were injured in the U S 1914 United States U S Congress passes the Clayton Antitrust Act limiting the use of injunctions in labor disputes 25 1914 United States Amalgamated Clothing Workers founded 25 1914 United States Fulton Bag and Cotton Mill Strike occurred 25 5 January 1914 United States The Ford Motor Company raised its basic wage from 2 40 for a nine hour day to 5 for an eight hour day Joe Hill14 January 1914 United States Labor leader Joe Hill was arrested in Salt Lake City Utah He was convicted on murder charges and was executed 21 months later despite worldwide protests and two attempts to intervene by President Woodrow Wilson In a letter to Bill Haywood shortly before his death he penned the famous words Don t mourn organize The Ludlow Massacre Memorial 20 April 1914 Colorado Coal Miners on Strike 3453614459 A Sympathy Labor Parade in New York during the Minnesota Iron Range Strike 191620 April 1914 United States The Ludlow Massacre In an attempt to persuade strikers at Colorado s Ludlow Mine Field to return to work company guards engaged by John D Rockefeller Jr and other mine operators and sworn into the State Militia just for the occasion attacked a union tent camp with machine guns then set it afire Five men two women and 12 children died as a result 4 5 20 May 1914 United States 1914 1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike begins in Atlanta Georgia 13 November 1914 United States A Western Federation of Miners strike is crushed by the militia in Butte Montana 1915 United States U S Congress passed the La Follette Seamen s Act regulating working conditions for seamen 25 1915 United States Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915 1916 against Standard Oil began 25 1915 United States Youngstown Ohio Steel Strike occurred 25 19 January 1915 United States Twenty rioting strikers were shot by factory guards at Roosevelt New Jersey 25 January 1915 United States The Supreme Court upholds yellow dog contracts which forbid membership in labor unions 1916 United States U S Congress passed the Federal Child Labor Law which was later ruled unconstitutional 25 1916 United States U S Congress passed the Adamson Act which established an eight hour workday for railroad workers 25 1916 United States American Federation of Teachers founded 25 1916 United States Arizona Copper Strike 25 1916 United States Minnesota Iron Range Strike 25 1916 United States New York City Transit Strike 25 1916 United States New York Cloakmakers Strike 25 1916 United States San Francisco Open Shop Campaign began 25 1916 United States Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915 1916 against Standard Oil continued 25 Thomas Mooney 1882 1942 American socialist22 July 1916 United States A bomb was set off during a Preparedness Day parade in San Francisco killing 10 and injuring 40 more Thomas J Mooney a labor organizer and Warren K Billings a shoe worker were convicted but were both pardoned in 1939 25 19 August 1916 United States Strikebreakers hired by the Everett Mills owner Neil Jamison attacked and beat picketing strikers in Everett Washington 25 Local police watched and refused to intervene Three days later twenty two union men attempted to speak out at a local crossroads but each was arrested arrests and beatings of strikebreakers became common throughout the following months and on 30 October vigilantes forced IWW speakers to run the gauntlet subjecting them to whipping tripping kicking and impalement against a spiked cattle guard at the end of the gauntlet In response the IWW called for a meeting on 5 November When the union men arrived they were fired on seven people were killed 50 were wounded and an indeterminate number wound up missing 7 September 1916 United States Federal employees win the right to receive Worker s Compensation insurance Newspaper headline about the Everett massacre 1916 November 55 November 1916 United States The Everett Massacre also known as Bloody Sunday was an armed confrontation between local authorities and members of the Industrial Workers of the World IWW union commonly called Wobblies which took place in Everett Washington on Sunday 5 November 1916 The tragic event marked a time of rising tensions in Pacific Northwest labor history 1917 United States In Hitchman Coal and Coke vs Mitchell U S Supreme Court upholds the legality of yellow dog contracts 29 1917 United States Green Corn Rebellion occurred 29 Timeline of labour issues and events Tom Mooney as a young socialist 1910Born1882Died19421917 United States Thomas Mooney sentenced to death for his participation in the San Francisco Preparedness Day Bombing of 1916 29 1917 United States East St Louis Race Riot occurred 29 15 March 1917 United States The Supreme Court approved the Eight Hour Act under the threat of a national railway strike Deportation of striking miners from Bisbee Arizona on 12 July 1917 Striking miners and others are marched from Warren Ballpark along railroad tracks toward cattle cars belonging to the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad 12 July 1917 United States The Bisbee Deportation 29 After seizing the local Western Union telegraph office in order to cut off outside communication several thousand armed vigilantes forced 1 185 men in Bisbee Arizona into manure laden boxcars and deported them to the New Mexico desert The action was precipitated by a strike when workers demands including improvements to safety and working conditions at the local copper mines an end to discrimination against labor organizations and unequal treatment of foreign and minority workers and the institution of a fair wage system went unmet The deportation was organized by Sheriff Harry Wheeler The incident was investigated months later by a Federal Mediation Commission set up by President Woodrow Wilson the Commission found that no federal law applied and referred the case to the State of Arizona which failed to take any action citing patriotism and support for the war as justification for the vigilantes action 1 August 1917 United States IWW organizer Frank Little was lynched in Butte Montana 5 September 1917 United States Federal agents raid the IWW headquarters in 48 cities The wreckage of Chicago s Federal Building after the explosion of a bomb allegedly planted by the Industrial Workers of the World IWW 19181918 United States War Labor Board created 29 War Labor Policies Board 1918 1919 created3 June 1918 United States A Federal child labor law enacted two years earlier was declared unconstitutional A new law was enacted 24 February 1919 but this one too was declared unconstitutional on 2 June 1924 27 July 1918 Canada United Mine Workers organizer Ginger Goodwin was shot by a hired private policeman outside Cumberland British Columbia 15 November 1918 Germany Stinnes Legien Agreement between trade unions and employers 30 1919 United States Fall River Massachusetts Textile Strike occurred 19 1919 EUROPE International Federation of Trade Unions is founded 1919 United States Communist Party of America founded 29 Labor Party First National Convention 1919 November 22 Chicago Illinois USA 1919 United States Farmer Labor Party founded 29 1919 United States Red Scare began 29 1919 United States Actors Strike occurred 29 African American family evacuating their house after it was vandalized in the 1919 Chicago race riot1919 United States Chicago Race Riot occurred 29 1919 United States New England Telephone Strike occurred 29 The front page of the Seattle Union Record at the beginning of the Seattle General Strike 1919 1919 United States Seattle General Strike occurred 29 1919 International The International Labour Organization ILO now a specialized agency of the United Nations was formed through the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles and was initially an agency of the League of Nations 25 August 1919 Charlotte North CarolinaThe Battle of the Barn James B Duke and Southern Company break strike by local streetcar motormen and conductors by calling in troops Five dead Youngest 17 years old Nearly two dozen wounded 26 August 1919 United States United Mine Worker organizer Fannie Sellins was gunned down by company guards in Brackenridge Pennsylvania 19 September 1919 United States Looting rioting and sporadic violence broke out in downtown Boston and South Boston for days after 1 117 Boston policemen declared a work stoppage due to their thwarted attempts to affiliate with the American Federation of Labor 29 Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge put down the strike by calling out the entire state militia Coming out of the smoke newspaper cartoon depicting the steel strike New York World 1919 October 1122 September 1919 8 January 1920 United States The Great Steel Strike began 29 Ultimately 350 000 steel workers walked off their jobs to demand union recognition The AFL Iron and Steel Organizing Committee called off the strike on 8 January 1920 their goals unmet 6 11 November 1919 United States Centralia Massacre 29 IWW organizer Wesley Everest was lynched after a Centralia Washington IWW hall was attacked by Legionnaires 22 December 1919 United States Amid a strike for union recognition by 395 000 steelworkers ultimately unsuccessful approximately 250 anarchists communists and labor agitators were deported to Russia marking the beginning of the so called Red Scare 1920s Edit1920 International The ICFTU is founded later to become the World Confederation of Labour 1920 United States Trade Union Educational League founded 29 1920 United States Alabama Miners Strike occurred 29 1920 United States Clothing Workers Lockout occurred 29 2 January 1920 United States The U S Bureau of Investigation began carrying out the nationwide Palmer Raids View of Matewan West Virginia Matewan Historic District a National Historic Landmark was the site of the Battle of Matewan in May 1920 during a coal miners strike 19 May 1920 United States The Battle of Matewan Despite efforts by police chief and former miner Sid Hatfield and Mayor Cabel Testerman to protect miners from interference in their union drive in Matewan West Virginia Baldwin Felts detectives hired by the local mining company arrived to evict miners and their families from the Stone Mountain Mine camp A gun battle ensued resulting in the deaths of 7 detectives Mayor Testerman and 2 miners The movie Matewan is based on the event Baldwin Felts detectives assassinated Sid Hatfield 15 months later sparking off an armed rebellion of 10 000 West Virginia coal miners at the Battle of Blair Mountain dubbed the redneck war and the largest insurrection this country has had since the Civil War Army troops later intervened against the striking mineworkers in West Virginia 31 1921 United States U S Supreme Court rules in Duplex Printing Press vs Deering that federal courts could enjoin unions for actions in restraint of trade despite the Clayton Act 29 1921 United States Seamen s Strike occurred 29 1921 United States West Virginia Coal Wars continued 29 President John L Lewis of the United Mine Workers of America right photographed today at the Capitol talking over the coal situation with Representative Nolan Chairman of the Labor Committee of the House of Representatives 1922 April 31922 United States Conference for Progressive Political Action founded 29 1 April 1922 United States UMW General coal strike occurred 29 22 June 1922 United States Herrin massacre 29 Thirty six people are killed 21 of them non union miners during a coal mine strike at Herrin Illinois July 1922 United States Great Railroad Strike of 1922 29 15 November 1922 Ecuador A three day general strike in Guayaquil ends after police and military kill at least 300 strikers 1 September 1922 United States Federal judge James Herbert Wilkerson issues a sweeping injunction against striking assembling picketing and a variety of other union activities known as the Daugherty Injunction 14 June 1923 United States San Pedro Maritime strike California IWW hall was raided Several children were scalded when the hall was demolished 32 Samuel Gompers Gravesite in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery1924 United States Samuel Gompers died William Green elected to succeed him as president of the American Federation of Labor 29 2 June 1924 United States Child Labor Amendment to the U S Constitution was proposed Only 28 of the necessary 36 states ever ratified it 9 September 1924 United States 16 Filipino strikers killed during the Hanapepe massacre 33 1925 United States Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters founded 29 1925 United States Anthracite Coal Strike occurred 29 1 May 1925 China The All China Federation of Trade Unions ACFTU was officially founded With 134 million members it is the largest trade union in the world However many such as the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions maintain the position that the ACFTU is not an independent trade union organization A Dominion Coal Company colliery in Reserve Mines Nova Scotia ca 1900 This mine would become one of numerous assets of the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation upon its founding in 1928 through corporate acquisitions 11 June 1925 Canada 1 coal miner was killed and many injured during a protest as a result of a major strike at the British Empire Steel and Coal Company BESCO in New Waterford Nova Scotia Davis Day was established in the memory of Bill Davis the miner who was murdered by company police The labor dispute resulted in the deployment of 2 000 soldiers during the largest peacetime deployment of the Canadian Army for an internal conflict since the North West Rebellion of 1885 1926 United States The Railway Labor Act passed It required employers for the first time and under penalty of law to bargain collectively and not to discriminate against their employees for joining a union 29 It provided also for mediation voluntary arbitration fact finding boards cooling off periods and adjustment boards Textile workers fought with police in Passaic New Jersey A year long strike ensued 1926 United States Passaic New Jersey Textile Strike occurred 29 Protest for Sacco and Vanzetti in London 19211927 United States Ferdinando Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were executed 29 21 November 1927 United States Picketing coal miners marching under the banner of the Industrial Workers of the World were massacred in the Columbine Mine massacre in the company town of Serene Colorado 1928 United States New Bedford Massachusetts Textile Strike occurred 29 1 April 1929 Loray Mill Strike in Gastonia North Carolina United States Violent and relatively unsuccessful Loray Mill Strike during which the National Guard was called and 100 masked men destroyed the National Textile Workers Union NTWU building Crushing Southern textile worker s collective bargaining efforts made a furor in US national news giving momentum and urgency to the more successful labor movement of the 1930s 7 8 1929 United States Trade Union Unity League founded 29 This cartoon from the monthly magazine of the CPLA illustrates the organization s view of the American Federation of Labor 1929 United States Conference for Progressive Labor Action founded 29 1929 United States Gastonia North Carolina Textile Strike occurred 29 1929 Australia The 1929 Timber Workers strike was the first large strike after the onset of the Great Depression in Australia arising from a new timber industry award that increased the working week from 44 to 48 hours and reduced wages A fifteen month lockout during 1929 1930 of miners on the Northern New South Wales Coalfields was particularly bitter with police shooting at miners killing Norman Brown and seriously injuring many more at the Rothbury Riot 1930s Edit1930 United States National Unemployed Council founded 29 3 February 1930 United States Chicagorillas labor racketeers shot and killed contractor William Healy with whom the Chicago Marble Setters Union had been having difficulties 14 April 1930 United States Imperial Valley Farmworkers Strike occurred 34 Over 100 farm workers were arrested for their unionizing activities in Imperial Valley California 35 Eight were subsequently convicted of criminal syndicalism 1931 United States U S Congress passes the Davis Bacon Act 34 1931 United States Scottsboro Boys arrested in Alabama 34 4 May 1931 United States Harlan County Miners Strike began in Harlan County Kentucky when gun toting vigilantes attacked striking miners 34 14 May 1931 Sweden Five persons were killed by bullets fired by Swedish military troops called in as reinforcements by the police during a protest later known as Adalen shootings Senator George W Norris of Nebraska and Representative Fiorello H La Guardia of New York both Republicans were the chief sponsors of the Norris Laguardia Act10 October 1931 Spain The Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista is founded being the first organization that proclaims itself as national syndicalist1932 United States U S Congress passed the Norris La Guardia Act outlawing yellow dog contracts and prohibiting federal injunctions in labor disputes 34 1932 United States World War I veterans march on Washington D C in the Bonus March 34 1932 United States American Federation of Government Employees founded 34 1932 United States California Pea Pickers Strike occurred 34 1932 United States Century Airlines Pilots Strike occurred 34 1932 United States Davidson Wilder Tennessee Coal Strike occurred 34 1932 United States Ford Hunger March occurred in Detroit Michigan 34 1932 United States Vacaville California Tree Pruners Strike occurred 34 7 March 1932 United States Police kill striking workers at Ford s Dearborn Michigan plant Front page of the National Industrial Recovery Act as signed by President Franklin D Roosevelt on 16 June 1933 2 May 1933 Germany The ADGB Trade Union School Bundesschule des Allgemeiner Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund ADGB was confiscated by the Nazis Until the end of World War II the site was used by the Reich Leadership School 36 1933 United States National Industrial Recovery Act passed by the U S Congress The Act guaranteed the rights of employees to organize and enter into collective bargaining 34 1933 United States Newspaper Guild founded 34 1933 United States Briggs Manufacturing Strike occurred 34 1933 United States Detroit Michigan Tool and Die Strike occurred 34 1933 United States Hormel Iowa Meat Packing Strike occurred 34 1933 United States New Mexico Miners Strike occurred 34 10 October 1933 United States 18 000 cotton workers went on strike in Pixley California 34 Four were killed before a pay hike was finally won 1934 United States Southern Tenant Farmers Union founded 34 1934 United States Harlem New York Jobs for Negroes Boycott occurred 34 1934 United States Imperial Valley Farmworkers Strike occurred 34 1934 United States The Electric Auto Lite Strike In Toledo Ohio 34 two strikers were killed and over two hundred wounded by National Guardsmen Some 1 300 National Guard troops including included eight rifle companies and three machine gun companies were called in to disperse as many as 10 000 strikers and protestors 1934 United States Newark Star Ledger Strike occurred 34 1934 United States Rubber Workers Strike occurred 34 1934 United States Honea Path massacre occurred with 6 striking textile worker shot in the back running from a picket line This event is featured in the Public Broadcasting Service PBS documentary on the POV series called The Uprising of 34 37 An historical photo essay entitled Mill Town Murder is online at Beacham Journal 1934 United States Textile Workers Strike occurred 34 Open battle between striking teamsters armed with pipes and the police in the streets of Minneapolis June 1934 May 1934 United States Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934 occurred Police attacked and fired upon striking Teamster truck drivers in Minneapolis who were demanding recognition of their union wage increases and shorter working hours As violence escalated Governor Olson went so far as to declare martial law in Minneapolis deploying 4 000 National Guardsmen The strike ended on 21 August when company owners finally accepted union demands 5 July 1934 United States 1934 San Francisco General Strike Bloody Thursday West Coast amp San Francisco General Strike 1 22 September 1934 United States A strike in Woonsocket Rhode Island part of a national movement to obtain a minimum wage for textile workers resulted in the deaths of three workers Over 420 000 workers ultimately went on strike 1935 United States U S Supreme Court ruled that the National Industrial Recovery Act was unconstitutional 34 Francis Perkins looks on as Franklin Roosevelt signs the Wagner Peyser Bill creating the US Employment Service 6 June 19351935 United States The National Labor Relations Act also known as the Wagner Act was passed 34 It clearly established the right of all workers to organize and to elect their representative for collective bargaining purposes 1935 United States Negro Labor Committee founded 34 1935 United States United Auto Workers founded 34 1935 United States Oklahoma Kansas and Missouri Metal Workers Strike occurred 34 1935 United States Pacific Northwest Lumber Strike occurred 34 1935 United States Southern Sharecroppers and Farm Laborers Strike occurred 34 9 November 1935 United States The Committee for Industrial Organizations CIO was formed to expand industrial unionism 34 1936 United States Steel Workers Organizing Committee one of two labor organizations that eventually merged to form the United Steelworkers founded 38 1936 United States Atlanta Auto Workers Sit down Strike occurred 38 20 November 1936 Spain National syndicalist leader Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera was executed 1936 United States Berkshire Knitting Mills Strike occurred 38 1936 United States General Motors Sit Down Strike occurred 38 1936 United States RCA Strike occurred 38 1936 United States Rubber Workers Sit down Strike occurred 38 1936 United States Seamen s Strike occurred 38 1936 United States Seattle Post Intelligencer Newspaper Strike occurred 38 1937 United States U S Supreme Court ruled that the National Labor Relations Act is constitutional 38 1937 United States American Federation of Labor ejected the unions that would later form the Committee of Industrial Organizations 38 1937 United States American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees Union founded 38 1937 United States Hershey Pennsylvania Chocolate Workers Strike founded 38 1937 United States Little Steel Strike occurred 38 Sit down strikers guarding window entrance to Fisher body plant number three Photo by Sheldon Dick 1937 11 February 1937 United States General Motors recognizes the United Auto Workers union following a sit down strike in Flint Michigan that began in December 1936 38 Two months later company guards beat up United Auto Workers leaders at the River Rouge Plant in River Rouge Michigan 30 May 1937 United States Police kill 10 and wounded 30 during the Memorial Day Massacre at the Republic Steel plant in Chicago 38 1938 United States Congress of Industrial Organizations founded 38 1938 United States Chicago Newspaper Strike occurred 38 1938 United States Hilo Hawaii Massacre occurred 38 1938 United States Maytag Strike occurred 38 25 June 1938 United States The Wages and Hours later Fair Labor Standards Act is passed banning child labor and setting the 40 hour work week 38 The Act went into effect in October 1940 and was upheld in the Supreme Court on 3 February 1941 1939 United States Chrysler Auto Strike occurred 38 Flint Sit Down Strike window1939 United States General Motors Tool and Die Makers Strike occurred 38 27 February 1939 United States The Supreme Court rules that sit down strikes are illegal 1940s Edit1940 United States Philip Murray elected president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations replacing John L Lewis 38 1940 United States Ford Motor Strike occurred 38 1941 United States Allis Chalmers Strike occurred 38 1941 United States Captive Coal Mines Strike occurred 38 1941 United States Detroit Michigan Hate Strike against African Americans occurred 38 1941 United States International Harvester Strike occurred 38 1941 United States New York City Bus Strike occurred 38 1941 United States North American Aviation Strike occurred 38 20 June 1941 United States Henry Ford recognizes the UAW 15 December 1941 United States The AFL pledges that there will be no strikes in defense related industry plants for the duration of the war 38 1942 United States National War Labor Board was established the NWLB established formula for wartime wage adjustments 38 Western Union A Labor Day Telegram to All Goodyearites from Forrestal Assistant Secretary of the Navy Patterson Under Secretary of War 3 September 19421942 United States United Steel Workers of America founded 38 War Labor Board anthracite hearing John L Lewis right President of the United Mine Workers UMW confers with Thomas Kennedy left Secretary Treasurer of the UMW and Perry Tetlow center president of UMW District 17 at the War Labor Board conference 15 January 1943 about the anthracite coal miners strike 1943 January 151943 United States Fair Employment Practices Commission founded 38 1943 United States Smith Connolly Act passed by U S Congress Act restricts the extent of political activities and strikes by unions during the duration of the war 38 1943 United States Bituminous Coal Strike occurred 38 1943 United States Detroit Michigan Hate Strike against African Americans occurred 38 1943 United States Detroit Race Riots against African Americans occurred 38 1944 United States Philadelphia Transit Strike occurred 38 28 December 1944 United States President Franklin D Roosevelt ordered the Army to seize the executive offices of Montgomery Ward and Company after the corporation failed to comply with a National War Labor Board directive regarding union shops 1945 International International Federation of Trade Unions becomes the World Federation of Trade Unions1945 United States Kelsey Hayes Strike occurred 39 1945 United States New York City Longshoremen s Strike occurred 39 1945 United States Montgomery Ward Strike occurred 39 1945 United States Oil Workers Strike occurred 39 1946 United States Workers in packinghouses nation wide went on strike Doctor s office The doctor for this camp is hired by Dr Anderson head doctor for the Kingston Pocahontas Coal Company locally Since the strike Dr Anderson has cut off all funds for cleaning of this office Kingston Pocahontas Coal Company Exeter Mine Welch McDowell County West Virginia 10 August 19461946 United States Bituminous Coal Strike of 1946 occurred 39 1946 United States Electrical Manufacturing Strike occurred 39 1946 United States General Motors Strike occurred 39 1946 United States Pittsburgh Power Strike occurred 39 1946 United States Railroad Strike occurred 39 1946 United States Steel Strike of 1946 occurred 39 1 April 1946 United States A strike by 400 000 mine workers in the U S began U S troops seized railroads and coal mines the following month 39 4 October 1946 United States The U S Navy seized oil refineries in order to break a 20 state post war strike 1947 United States Taft Hartley Act passed by U S Congress The Act restricted union practices and permitted states to ban union security agreements 39 1947 United States R J Reynolds Tobacco Company Strike occurred 39 1947 United States Telephone Strike occurred 39 20 June 1947 United States The Taft Hartley Act curbing strikes was vetoed by President Truman Congress overrode the veto 1948 United States Progressive Party founded 39 20 April 1948 United States Labor leader Walter Reuther was shot and seriously wounded by would be assassins 1949 International International Confederation of Free Trade Unions splits from the World Federation of Trade Unions1949 United States Congress of Industrial Organizations expelled two unions for alleged communist influence 39 1949 United States Hawaii Dock Strike occurred 39 1950s Edit1950 United States Congress of Industrial Organizations expelled nine unions for alleged communist influence 39 1950 United States United Auto Workers and General Motors reached agreement on a contract that provided pensions and wage increases over the duration of the signed contract 39 1950 United States Salt of the Earth Strike of New Mexico began 39 1950 International The Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention 1948 one of the two primary labor conventions of the ILO came into force on 4 July 27 August 1950 United States President Truman ordered the U S Army to seize all the nation s railroads to prevent a general strike The railroads were not returned to their owners until two years later 1951 International The Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention 1949 one of the two primary labor conventions of the ILO came into force on 18 July 1952 United States George Meany is elected president of the American Federation of Labor 39 Photograph of President Truman in the Oval Office conferring with labor leader Walter Reuther president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations 1952 December 12 1952 United States Walter Reuther is elected president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations 39 1952 United States Steel Strike occurred 39 8 April 1952 United States President Truman ordered the U S Army to seize the nation s steel mills to avert a strike The act was ruled to be illegal by the Supreme Court on 2 June 39 1953 United States American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations reached an agreement to not raid from each other s membership 39 1953 United States American Federation of Labor expelled the International Longshoremen s Union on grounds of corruption 39 1953 United States Louisiana Sugar Cane Workers Strike occurred 39 1954 United States Kohler Strike occurred 39 1955 United States United Auto Workers successfully negotiate with Ford Motor Company for supplementary unemployment benefits 39 1955 United States Southern Telephone Strike occurred 39 April 1955 United States Textile workers strike of 1955 in both New Bedford and Fall River Massachusetts Strike over a nickel raise was led and negotiated by Union President Manuel Manny Fernandes Jr who resolved the strike and got the workers a nickel raise 5 December 1955 United States The two largest labor organizations in the U S merged to form the AFL CIO with a membership estimated at 15 million George Meany served as the first president of the combined organization 39 1956 United States East Coast Longshoremen s Strike occurred 39 1956 United States Steel Strike of 1956 occurred 39 April 1956 Canada The largest Canadian trade union center the Canadian Labour Congress CLC was formed 5 April 1956 United States Columnist Victor Riesel a crusader against labor racketeers was blinded in New York City when a hired assailant threw sulfuric acid in his face 1957 United States American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations expelled International Brotherhood of Teamsters Bakery Workers and Laundry Workers on the grounds of corruption 39 1959 United States U S Congress passed the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act 39 1959 United States Steel strike of 1959 occurred 39 14 September 1959 United States The Landrum Griffin Act passes restricting union activity 39 7 November 1959 United States The Taft Hartley Act is invoked by the Supreme Court to break a steel strike 1960s Edit1960 United States Negro American Labor Council founded 40 1960 United States General Electric Strike occurred 40 1960 United States Seamen s Strike occurred 40 1962 United States President John F Kennedy issues Executive Order 10988 establishing limited collective bargaining rights for federal employees and widely regarded as the impetus for the expansion of public sector bargaining rights at state and local levels in the years to come 40 1962 United States 1962 New York City newspaper strike began 40 1962 United States East Coast Longshoremen s Strike began 40 1 April 1963 United States The 1962 New York City newspaper strike longest newspaper strike in U S history ended The 9 major newspapers in New York City had ceased publication over 114 days before 10 June 1963 United States Congress passed the Equal Pay Act mandating equal pay to women 40 1965 United States United Farm Workers Organizing Committee founded 40 1965 United States California Grape Workers Strike occurred 40 1966 United States New York Transportation Strike occurred 40 27 August 2 September 1966 Canada Nationwide rail transportation strike occurred 41 42 43 44 45 1967 United States Copper Strike started 40 1968 United States Members of four railroad unions voted overwhelmingly for the largest union merger ever in the railroad industry The merger created a powerful new union called the United Transportation Union UTU 1968 United States New York City Teachers Strike occurred 40 May 1968 France What began as a student protest developed into a nationwide general strike 1968 International The ICFTU becomes the World Confederation of Labour President Nixon with AFL CIO President George Meany and Secretary of Labor George Shultz1969 United States Charleston South Carolina Hospital Workers Strike occurred 40 1970s Edit1970 United States U S Congress enacted Occupational Safety and Health Act 40 1970 United States General Motors Strike occurred 40 1970 United States Postal Workers Strike occurred 40 5 January 1970 United States Joseph Yablonski unsuccessful reform candidate to unseat W A Boyle as President of the United Mine Workers was murdered along with his wife and daughter in their Clarksville Pennsylvania home by assassins acting on Boyle s orders Boyle was later convicted of the killing West Virginia miners went on strike the following day in protest 18 March 1970 United States The first mass work stoppage in the 195 year history of the United States Post Office Department began with a walkout of letter carriers in Brooklyn and Manhattan 40 soon involving 210 000 of the nation s 750 000 postal employees With mail service virtually paralyzed in New York Detroit and Philadelphia President Nixon declared a state of national emergency and assigned military units to New York City post offices The stand off culminated two weeks later Cesar Chavez co founder of UFW29 July 1970 United States United Farm Workers forced California grape growers to sign an agreement after a five year strike 1971 United Kingdom United Kingdom postal workers strike from 20 January to 7 March 1971 1971 United States New York City Police Strike occurred 40 ILWU International Longshore and Warehouse Union Strike From 1 July 1971 to 20 February 1972 46 1972 United States Farah Clothing Workers Strike and Boycott occurred 40 1972 United States Lordstown Ohio Auto Workers Strike occurred 40 1972 United States Philadelphia Teachers Strike started 40 1974 United States Coalition of Labor Union Women formed 40 1974 United States Employment Retirement Income Security Act passed by U S Congress 40 1974 United States Baltimore Police Strike occurred 40 1975 United States U S Congress voted down union sponsored bill to reform the basic United States labor laws 40 On 1 October 1975 press operators at the Post went on strike severely damaging all printing presses before leaving the building1 October 1975 United States Washington Post Pressmen s Strike occurred 40 1976 United States U S Congress voted down union sponsored bill to make it easier for construction unions to organize 40 1977 United States Bituminous Coal Strike of 1977 1978 started 40 1977 United States Coors Beer Strike and Boycott started 47 1977 United States J P Stevens Boycott began 47 1977 United States Willmar Minnesota Bank Workers Strike began 47 1978 United States Wilkes Barre Pennsylvania Newspaper Strike began 47 1978 United States New York City newspaper strike lasted 88 days 48 Portrait of Lane Kirkland by Richard Whitney1979 United States Lane Kirkland elected president of the AFL CIO 47 1979 United States Independent Trucker Strike occurred 47 1979 United States The film Norma Rae based on a real life character trying to unionize a textile mill is released It wins an Academy Award for best actress 1980s EditSeptember 1980 Poland The trade union Solidarity Solidarnosc is established at the Gdansk Shipyard and originally led by Nobel Peace Prize winner Lech Walesa Within the year the government implements martial law in an attempt to quell nationwide civil unrest and protest 1980 United States Joyce Miller joined the AFL CIO executive board as the first female board member 47 Reagan speaks on air traffic controllers strike 19813 August 1981 United States Federal air traffic controllers began a nationwide strike after their union rejected the government s final offer for a new contract Most of the 13 000 striking controllers defied the back to work order and were dismissed by President Reagan on 5 August 47 Reagan ordered them to leave Largest labor rally in United States history broke out in protest of Reagan s order 47 1981 United States Baseball Players Strike occurred 47 October 1982 United States A boycott was initiated by the International Association of Machinists IAM against Brown amp Sharpe The National Labor Relations Board later charged Brown amp Sharpe with regressive bargaining and of entering into negotiations with the express purpose of not reaching an agreement with the union See IAM for more details 1983 United States Phelps Dodge Copper Strike commenced 47 1984 United States Yale University Clerical Workers Strike began 47 1985 United States Hormel Meatpackers Strike occurred but ultimately failed 47 1985 United States Los Angeles County Sanitation Strike occurred 47 1985 United States Yale University Clerical Workers Strike ended 47 1985 Vatican City The Association of Vatican Lay Workers was formed but was not recognized by the Vatican authorities until 1993 It is the sole trade union in Vatican City and represents the majority of the 3000 employees who work in the city state 1986 United States Trans World Airlines Flight Attendants Strike occurred 47 1986 United States USX United States Steel Lockout occurred 47 6 October 1986 United States Female flight attendants won an 18 year lawsuit against United Airlines which had fired them for getting married The lawsuit was resolved when a U S district court approved the reinstatement of 475 attendants and 37 million back pay settlement for 1 725 flight attendants United Airlines Inc v McDonald 432 U S 385 1977 49 50 1987 United States Paperworkers Strike and Lockout began 47 1987 United States Professional Football Players Strike occurred 47 1988 United Kingdom United Kingdom postal workers strike from 31 August to 13 September 1988 1989 United States Eastern Airlines Workers Strike occurred 47 1989 United States Pittston Coal Company Mine Workers Strike occurred 47 4 April 1989 Poland Round table negotiations between Solidarity and the then Communist government result in semi free parliamentary elections in Poland a pivotal moment in fall of the Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe Solidarity leader Lech Walesa is elected President in August of that year 51 2000s Edit14 January 2003 United States 20 000 employees at 48 plants in 33 states struck against General Electric the first strike against GE in 33 years over a plan to shift more health care costs to employees and retirees 52 2006 International The World Confederation of Labour merges with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions and eight other trade union affiliations to found the International Trade Union Confederation 53 2010s Edit2012 United States Coke workers of the Fossil Creek Facility in Fort Worth vote 215 to 191 to not be represented by The International Brotherhood of Teamsters 54 2018 China Jasic incident occurred Workers led by Maoist students made several walkouts many were arrested thereafter 55 2019 United States 2019 General Motors Strike occurred 56 48 000 United Auto Workers representing Detroit GM factory employees went on strike from 15 September to 25 October to demand healthcare coverage higher wages increased job security and gateway for temporary workers to become permanent 2020s Edit2021 United States Starbucks workers voted to unionize three stores in Buffalo New York two of which are now recognized by the NLRB as Starbucks Workers United 57 Chris Smalls founded the Amazon Labor Union in New York City 58 2022 United States Graduate student workers at MIT vote to organize with UE See also Edit Organized labour portalAsia Labor unions in JapanEurope European Trade Union Confederation Trade unions in the United KingdomNorth America List of US labor strikes by size Labor unions in the United States List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes Timeline of labour issues and events in CanadaInternational Main article List of trade unions Industrial Workers of the World International Trade Union Confederation World Federation of Trade Unions International Workers Association IndustriALL Global Union International Confederation of Labor International comparisons of trade unionsGeneral List of strikes Opposition to trade unions Labour lawReferences Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Filippelli Ronald L 1990 Labor conflict in the United States an encyclopedia New York Garland Publishing Inc pp xix ISBN 082407968X a b Thompson E P 1966 1963 The Making of the English Working Class New York Vintage Books p 181 ISBN 978 0 14 013603 6 Thompson E P 1966 1963 The Making of the English Working Class New York Vintage Books pp 225 226 ISBN 9780394703220 Foner Philip S 1978 1947 History of the Labor Movement in the United States Volume 1 From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Republic New York International Publishers pp 127 129 ISBN 0717803767 a b c Foner Philip S 1978 1947 History of the Labor Movement in the United States Volume 1 From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Republic New York International Publishers p 130 ISBN 0717803767 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Filippelli Ronald L 1990 Labor conflict in the United States an encyclopedia New York Garland Publishing Co pp xx ISBN 082407968X a b c d e f g h Thompson E P 1966 1963 The Making of the English Working Class New York Vintage Books pp 226 ISBN 9780394703220 Foner Philip S 1978 1947 History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol 1 From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Republic New York International Publishers p 114 ISBN 0717803767 Foner Philip S 1978 1947 History of the labor movement in the United States Vol 1 From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Federation of Labor New York International Publishers Co p 116 ISBN 0717803767 Foner Philip S 1978 1947 History of the Labor Movement in the United States Volume 1 From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Republic New York International Publishers p 163 ISBN 0717803767 Foner Philip S 1978 1947 History of the Labor Movement in the United States Volume 1 From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Republic New York International Publishers p 202 ISBN 0717803767 Foner Philip S 1978 1947 History of the Labor Movement in the United States Volume 1 From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Republic New York International Publishers p 203 ISBN 0717803767 Roland Roth Dieter Rucht edt Die Sozialen Bewegungn in Deutschland seit 1945 Ein Handbuch Frankfurt New York Campus Verlag 2009 Page 159 Sparrow Jeff Sparrow Jill 2002 A secret history reprinted ed Carlton North Vic Vulgar Press ISBN 0957735243 Retrieved 7 September 2015 History Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen Retrieved 31 July 2013 ICTUR et al eds 2005 Trade Unions of the World 6th ed London UK John Harper Publishing ISBN 0 9543811 5 7 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Filippelli Ronald L 1990 Labor conflict in the United States an encyclopedia New York Garland Publishing Co pp xxi ISBN 082407968X Foner Philip S 1978 1947 History of the Labor Movement in the United States Volume 1 From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Federation of Labor New York International Publishers p 560 ISBN 0717803767 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Filippelli Ronald L 1990 Labor conflict in the United States an encyclopedia New York Garland Publishing Co pp xxii ISBN 082407968X Wisconsin Labor History Society Bay View Story Archived 8 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine Bay View Massacre Milwaukee County Genealogy a b c Yellen Samuel 1974 1936 American Labor Struggles Anchor Foundation ISBN 0 913460 33 8 American Industrial Union Organization with Unlimited Aims Begins Its Existence Chicago Inter Ocean 22 April 1895 pg 5 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Filippelli Ronald L 1990 Labor conflict in the United States an encyclopedia New York Garland Publishing Co pp xxiii ISBN 082407968X a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Filippelli Ronald L 1990 Labor conflict in the United States an encyclopedia New York Garland Publishing Co pp xxiv ISBN 082407968X a b The Samuel Gompers Papers Watson Bruce 2005 Bread and Roses New York Viking ISBN 0 670 03397 9 Reed Merl E 1 January 1972 Lumberjacks and Longshoremen The I W W in Louisiana Labor History 13 1 41 59 doi 10 1080 00236567208584190 ISSN 0023 656X a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Filippelli Ronald L 1990 Labor conflict in the United States an encyclopedia New York Garland Publishing Co pp xxv ISBN 082407968X Das Stinnes Legien Abkommen Deutsches Historisches Museum Retrieved 29 March 2021 West Virginia Mine War Archived from the original on 19 March 2008 Retrieved 20 November 2005 1 2 bare URL Hill Tiffany 30 December 2009 A Massacre Forgotten Honolulu aio Media Group Retrieved 5 May 2018 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Filippelli Ronald L 1990 Labor conflict in the United States an encyclopedia New York Garland Publishing Co pp xxvi ISBN 082407968X Bronfenbrenner K 1990 Imperial Valley California farmworkers strike of 1930 Electronic version Document Cornell University ILR School a href Template Cite document html title Template Cite document cite document a Unknown parameter access date ignored help Unknown parameter url ignored help History Bauhaus trade union school Available at Bauhaus trade union school landmark Landmark History Archived from the original on 5 November 2016 Retrieved 10 November 2016 Accessed 23 October 2016 The Uprising of 34 PBS Retrieved 2 August 2013 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Filippelli Ronald L 1990 Labor conflict in the United States an encyclopedia New York Garland Publishing Co pp xxvii ISBN 082407968X a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Filippelli Ronald L 1990 Labor conflict in the United States an encyclopedia New York Garland Publishing Co pp xxviii ISBN 082407968X a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Filippelli Ronald L 1990 Labor Conflict in the United States An Encyclopedia New York Garland Publishing Co pp xxix ISBN 0 8240 7968 X Vermont Press Bureau 25 August 1966 Canada Strike to Seal Border Rutland Daily Herald p 7 via Newspapers com Canadian Railroad Strike Disrupts Vermont Service The Burlington Free Press Associated Press 27 August 1966 p 3 via Newspapers com UPI 30 August 1966 Solution may be hours away in Canadian railroad strike The Montana Standard Butte MT p 2 via Newspapers com Canadian Railroad Strike Ends Some Workers Still Reluctant Tucson Citizen Tucson AZ Associated Press 2 September 1966 p 23 via Newspapers com Trains Run Again in Canada The Burlington Free Press Associated Press 3 September 1966 p 2 via Newspapers com PMA Members Archive Historical Documents Strike of 1971 apps pmanet org Retrieved 2 December 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Filippelli Ronald L 1990 Labor conflict in the United States an encyclopedia New York Garland Publishing Co pp xxx ISBN 0 8240 7968 X Stetson Damon 6 November 1978 The Times and News Resume Publication PDF The New York Times Retrieved 8 October 2021 Part II 1986 Feminist Majority Foundation Retrieved 11 September 2020 United Airlines Inc v McDonald findlaw com Retrieved 11 September 2020 Kennedy Michael D 2002 Negotiating revolution in Poland PDF NCEEER Retrieved 14 July 2013 Today in labor history 20 000 GE workers strike over health care 14 January 2013 Retrieved 30 October 2015 ILO Director General lauds formation of new global union federation ILO Online press room November 2006 Retrieved 3 November 2006 Schlacter Barry 20 September 2012 Workers vote against joining union at Coca Cola in Fort Worth Star Telegram Archived from the original on 19 December 2013 Retrieved 18 December 2013 Inside China s crackdown on young Marxists Financial Times 14 February 2019 Retrieved 11 February 2023 Nicolaou Anna 16 September 2019 GM workers strike after talks on pay and benefits break down Financial Times Retrieved 16 September 2019 Scheiber Noam January 10 2022 Union wins election at a second Buffalo area Starbucks The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on January 12 2022 Retrieved January 12 2022 Greenhouse Steven 4 June 2021 Amazon fired him now he s trying to unionize 5 000 workers in New York The Guardian Retrieved 26 October 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Further reading EditAdrian Paradis The Labor Reference Book Philadelphia Chilton Book Co 1972 133 134 Archival sources Edit International Ladies Garment Workers Union Louis Stulberg President Correspondence 1945 1977 bulk 1966 1975 28 linear feet are housed at the Kheel Center for Labor Management Documentation and Archives Cornell University Library Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Timeline of labour issues and events amp oldid 1167277607, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
