Thomas Mooney

For other people named Thomas Mooney, see Thomas Mooney (disambiguation).

Thomas Joseph Mooney (December 8, 1882 – March 6, 1942) was an American political activist and labor leader, who was convicted with Warren K. Billings of the San Francisco Preparedness Day Bombing of 1916. It quickly became apparent that Mooney and Billings had been convicted based on falsified evidence and perjured testimony; and the Mooney case and campaigns to free him became an international cause célèbre for two decades, with a substantial number of publications demonstrating the falsity of the conviction. These publications and the facts of the case are surveyed in Richard H. Frost, The Mooney Case (Stanford University Press, 1968). Mooney served 22 years in prison before finally being pardoned in 1939.

Thomas Mooney
Mooney in 1910
Born	Thomas Joseph Mooney (1882-12-08)December 8, 1882 Chicago, Illinois, US
Died	March 6, 1942(1942-03-06) (aged 59) San Francisco, California, US
Resting place	Cypress Lawn Memorial Park Colma, California 37°40′25″N 122°27′19″W / 37.6735°N 122.45519°W / 37.6735; -122.45519
Occupations	Labor Leader Militant Social Reformer Socialist Activist
Known for	1916 Preparedness Day Bombing
Criminal status	1939 Release 1961 Pardon
Spouse	Rena Hermann
Criminal charge	Detonation of explosive Planting homemade bomb
Penalty	Capital punishment
Partner(s)	Rena Hermann Israel Weinberg Edward Nolan Warren K. Billings
Details
Victims	50
Date	July 22, 1916
Country	US
State(s)	California
Location(s)	San Francisco
Target(s)	Public parade
Killed	10
Injured	40
Weapons	Homemade bomb
Date apprehended	July 26, 1916
Imprisoned at	San Quentin State Prison

Thomas Mooney protest in Manhattan in Union Square on March 9, 1918

Early life

The son of Irish immigrants, Mooney was born in Chicago, Illinois on December 8, 1882. His father, Bernard, had been a coal miner and a militant organizer for the Knights of Labor in struggles so intense that after one fight he was left for dead. Bernard Mooney died of "miner's con" (now known as silicosis) at the age of 36, when Tom, the eldest of three surviving children, was ten years old. Tom's sister Anna told neighbors that the family had originated in Holyoke, Massachusetts, not Chicago.

Thomas held many jobs as an industrial worker before developing a career as a labor leader and socialist activist. As a young man, Mooney toured Europe, where he learned about socialism. After arriving in California, he met his wife Rena, and found a place in the Socialist Party of America and the presidential campaign of Eugene V. Debs. In 1910, Mooney won a trip to the Second International Conference in Copenhagen by selling a huge number of subscriptions to the socialist Wilshire Magazine. On his way home, he visited the British Trades Union Congress in Sheffield, England.^{[citation needed]}

Activism

Ten deaths and forty injuries resulted from the explosion in the midst of the Preparedness Day parade. The bombing took place at the height of anarchist violence in the United States, especially the Galleanist anarcho-communist movement of Luigi Galleani.^[1]

Trial

Mooney and Billings were convicted in separate trials and Mooney was sentenced to be hanged and Billings got a life sentence. Rena Mooney and Weinberg were acquitted.

In prison

In 1918, Mooney's sentence was changed to life imprisonment, the same as Billings. Mooney quickly became one of the most famous political prisoners in America. A worldwide campaign to free Tom Mooney followed. During that time his wife Rena, Bulletin editor Fremont Older, anarchists Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman, Lucy Robins Lang, heiress Aline Barnsdall, Hollywood celebrities, international politicians, and many other well-known people campaigned for his release.^[2][3] Caroline Decker, a labor activist who later became active in California agricultural unionism, first went to California as part of a "Free Tom Mooney" delegation.^[4] While imprisoned, Mooney corresponded with fellow union leader Ned Cobb of the Alabama Sharecroppers' Union.^[5]

During his time at San Quentin, Mooney was a highly dependable orderly in the prison hospital. Dorothea Lange went to the prison to photograph him, and one of the photographs she took was used in a poster published by the Tom Mooney Defense Committee.^[6]

In 1931, New York City Mayor Jimmy Walker made a solidarity visit to Tom's sister Anna's house in San Francisco's Mission District.^[7]

Release and later years

Mooney filed a writ of habeas corpus which was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 1937. Even though he presented evidence that his conviction was obtained through the use of perjured testimony and that the prosecution had suppressed favorable evidence, his writ was denied because he had not first filed a writ in state court. Nevertheless, his case is important because it helped establish that a conviction based upon false evidence violates due process. Mooney was pardoned in 1939 by liberal Democratic Governor Culbert Olson.

He was old from years in prison, sick with ulcers and jaundice. He had not worn his martyrdom well; he broke with modest Billings, who was convicted with him but somehow was never regarded as a martyr; he was estranged from his wife; his former colleagues in the labor movement often found him to be selfish and conceited.^[8]

Mooney then campaigned for Billings's release although the two men had become estranged. He traveled around the country making speeches. He drew a full house at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Billings was released in 1939 and pardoned in 1961.^[9]

Death and legacy

After attempting a lecture tour, Mooney collapsed from illness. The California Federation of Labor turned down a resolution to pay his bills, as his politics were deemed too radical.^[8] While dying in a San Francisco hospital, Mooney, at 59, had only a few visitors, and only a few letters from friends. From his bed he helped advance a campaign to free Communist Earl Browder as Chairman of the "Citizens' Committee to Free Earl Browder."^[8]

Mooney died at Saint Luke's Hospital in San Francisco on March 6, 1942. A large funeral celebration was held at the San Francisco Civic Auditorium. He is interred at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California.^[10]

See also

 

The Alibi Clock in Vallejo is City Landmark #5. It once sat at Market Street in San Francisco, and is considered the clock in the photograph that exonerated Mooney.

• Arthur E. Briggs, Los Angeles City Council member, 1939–41, supported Mooney pardon
• California courts of appeal
• Charles Fickert
• Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1919–37)
• Labor spying in the United States
• Labor unions in the United States
• List of wrongful convictions in the United States
• Sacco and Vanzetti
• Union violence in the United States
• Wickersham Commission

Footnotes

1. "Today in labor history: Labor radical Tom Mooney freed". People's World. January 7, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
2. Walker, Richard (2008). "San Francisco's Haymarket: A Redemptive Tale of Class Struggle" (PDF). ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies. 7 (1): 45–58.
3. Kennedy, Kathleen (January 2000). "In the Shadow of Gompers: Lucy Robins and the Politics of Amnesty, 1918-1922". Peace & Change. 25 (1): 26. doi:10.1111/0149-0508.00140.
4. Anne Loftis (1998). Witnesses to the Struggle: Imaging the 1930s California Labor Movement. Reno, Nev.: University of Nevada Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0874173055. OCLC 37213510.
5. Rosengarten, Theodore. All God's Danger's: The Life of Nate Shaw (University of Chicago Press, 1974) at 335.
6. Linda Gordon (2009). Dorothea Lange: A Life Beyond Limits. New York, NY: W W Norton. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-393-05730-0.
7. WALKER OFF TONIGHT TO FIGHT FOR MOONEY in NYT on November 20, 1931 (subscription required)
8. "U.S. At War: Death of Tom Mooney". Time. Vol. 39, no. 11. March 16, 1942.
9. Close, Virginia L. "Thesis Topics: Ready-Made: The Mooney Case". Dartmouth College Library Bulletin. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
10. Wilson, Scott (August 19, 2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed. McFarland. ISBN 9781476625997. Retrieved August 25, 2022 – via Google Books.

Further reading

• ACLU, The Story of Mooney and Billings. June 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine New York: American Civil Liberties Union, 1928.
• Cockran, William Bourke (1917). (PDF). Chicago: Chicago Federation of Labor. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 4, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
• Robert Minor (1917). (PDF). San Francisco: Tom Mooney Molders Defense Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
• Minor, Robert (1917). The Frame-up System: Story of So-called Bomb Trials in San Francisco. San Francisco: International Workers' Defense League. hdl:2027/uc1.31175035184137.
• People v. Mooney - Crime No. 2079 - 175 Cal. 666 [Pacific Reporter]. August 6, 1917. pp. 999–1000. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
• People v. Mooney - Crime No. 2079 - 176 Cal. 105 [Pacific Reporter]. September 11, 1917. pp. 696–697. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
• People v. Mooney - Crime No. 2079 - 177 Cal. 642 [Pacific Reporter]. March 1, 1918. pp. 690–696. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
• Federal Commission Condemns Frame-Up. San Francisco: International Workers' Defense League. 1918. hdl:2027/uc1.31175035182883.
• Mooney Case a War Issue. San Francisco: International Workers' Defense League. 1918. hdl:2027/uc1.31175035182875.
• Justice and Labor in the Mooney Case. San Francisco: International Workers' Defense League. 1919. hdl:2027/uc1.31175035157265.
• Mooney, Thomas J.; Billings, Warren K.; Chafee, Jr., Zechariah; Pollak, Walter H.; Stern, Carl S. (1932). The Mooney-Billings report: Suppressed by the Wickersham Commission. New York: Gotham House. pp. 1–243. OCLC 808312546.
• Curt Gentry (1967). Frame-up: The Incredible Case of Tom Mooney and Warren Billings. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. OCLC 231139.
• Frost, Richard H. (1968). The Mooney Case. Stanford University Press. pp. 1–564. ISBN 978-0804706513. OCLC 832345137.
• Estolv Ethan Ward (1983). The Gentle Dynamiter: A Biography of Tom Mooney. Palo Alto, Cal.: Ramparts Press. pp. 1–302. ISBN 978-0878670895. OCLC 9082943.
• "San Francisco Newspaper Man," Tom Mooney, a Miner's Son. March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine San Francisco, CA: Tom Mooney Molders Defense Committee, n.d. [c. 1918].
• John C. Ralston (November 19, 2013). Fremont Older and the 1916 San Francisco Bombing: A Tireless Crusade for Justice. Charleston, S.C.: The History Press. pp. 1–192. ISBN 978-1626192676.
• Ernest Jerome Hopkins (1932). What Happened in the Mooney Case. New York: Brewer, Warner & Putnam. pp. 1–258. ISBN 978-0306718915. OCLC 76206.
• Johnson, Jeffrey A. (August 24, 2017). The 1916 Preparedness Day Bombing: Anarchy and Terrorism in Progressive Era America. Routledge. pp. 1–198. ISBN 978-1317204008.

External links

  Media related to Thomas Mooney at Wikimedia Commons

• shapingsf.org
• Simkin, John (September 1997). "Mooney-Billings Case". Spartacus Educational.
• Simkin, John (September 1997). "Tom Mooney". Spartacus Educational.
• Modern American Poetry website's essay on Mooney July 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (with pictures)
• . Brief history illustrated with campaign buttons.
• Guthrie, Woody (1939). "Tom Mooney Is Free". Woody Guthrie Publications, Inc.
• Catalog record for Ferry Building Tom Mooney and wife are shown in picture on roof top indicated by arrows at the United States Library of Congress
• Mooney Pamphlet Collection : Miscellaneous Material on Tom Mooney ~ 1916-1940. OCLC 20410576.
• Finding Aid to the Thomas J. Mooney Papers, 1887-1949, bulk 1930-1942, The Bancroft Library
• "1916 Preparedness Day Parade Bombing, 1916-1933 - Photographs". California Digital Library. Bancroft Library.
• "Thomas J Mooney Portraits ~ 1916-1939". San Francisco Historical Photograph Collection. San Francisco Public Library.
• "Thomas J Mooney Evidence Portraits". San Francisco Historical Photograph Collection. San Francisco Public Library.
• Alcatraz Prison Scenes (1920) & Tom Mooney Rally (1938) on YouTube
• Tom Mooney Set Free (1939) on YouTube
• The Alibi Clock on Vimeo