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Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)

January 01, 1970

For the active PATCO labor unions or disambiguation, see PATCO (disambiguation).

The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) was a United States trade union that operated from 1968 until its decertification in 1981 following an illegal strike broken by the Reagan administration; in striking, the union violated 5 U.S.C. (Supp. III 1956) 118p (now 5 U.S.C. § 7311), which prohibits strikes by federal government employees.

PATCO
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization
Founded1968
Dissolved1981
Location
  • United States
Members
13,000

Beginnings edit

Year Presidents of PATCO
1969–1970 James E. Hays
1970–1980 John F. Leyden
1980–1982 Robert E. Poli
1982 Gary W. Eads

PATCO was founded in 1968 with the assistance of attorney and pilot F. Lee Bailey. On July 3, 1968, PATCO announced "Operation Air Safety" in which all members were ordered to adhere strictly to the established separation standards for aircraft. The resultant large delay of air traffic was the first of many official and unofficial "slowdowns" that PATCO would initiate.

In 1969, the U.S. Civil Service Commission ruled that PATCO was no longer a professional association but in fact a trade union.[1] On June 18–20, 1969, 477 controllers conducted a three-day sick-out.[2]

On March 25, 1970, the newly designated union orchestrated a controller "sickout" to protest many of the FAA actions that they felt were unfair; over 2,000 controllers around the country did not report to work as scheduled and informed management that they were ill.[3] Controllers called in sick to circumvent the federal law against strikes by government unions. Management personnel attempted to assume many of the duties of the missing controllers but major traffic delays around the country occurred. On April 16, the federal courts intervened and most controllers went back to work by order of the court, but the government was forced to the bargaining table. The sickout led officials to recognize that the ATC system was operating nearly at capacity. To alleviate some of this, Congress accelerated the installation of automated systems, reopened the air traffic controller training academy in Oklahoma City, began hiring air traffic controllers at an increasing rate, and raised salaries to help attract and retain controllers.[1]

In the 1980 presidential election, PATCO (along with the Teamsters and the Air Line Pilots Association) refused to back President Jimmy Carter, instead endorsing Republican Party candidate Ronald Reagan. PATCO's refusal to endorse the Democratic Party stemmed in large part from poor labor relations with the FAA (the employer of PATCO members) under the Carter administration and Ronald Reagan's endorsement of the union and its struggle for better conditions during the 1980 election campaign.[4][5]

During his campaign, Reagan sent a letter to Robert E. Poli, the new president of PATCO, in which he declared support for the organization's demands and a disposition to work toward solutions. In it, he stated "I will take whatever steps are necessary to provide our air traffic controllers with the most modern equipment available, and to adjust staff levels and workdays so they are commensurate with achieving the maximum degree of public safety," and "I pledge to you that my administration will work very closely with you to bring about a spirit of cooperation between the President and the air traffic controllers." This letter gave Poli and the organization a sense of security that led to an overestimation of their position in the negotiations with the FAA, which contributed to their decision to strike.[6]

August 1981 strike edit

 
On August 3, 1981, during a press conference regarding the PATCO strike, President Reagan stated: "They are in violation of the law and if they do not report for work within 48 hours they have forfeited their jobs and will be terminated."[7]
 
Union president Poli speaking to reporters during the strike

In February 1981, PATCO and the FAA began new contract negotiations. Citing safety concerns, PATCO called for a reduced 32-hour work week, a $10,000 pay increase for all air-traffic controllers and a better benefits package for retirement.[8] Negotiations quickly stalled. Then, in June, the FAA offered a new three-year contract with $105 million of up front conversions in raises to be paid in 11.4% increases over the next three years, a raise more than twice what was being given to other federal employees, "The average federal controller (at a GS-13 level, a common grade controller) earned $36,613, which was 18% less than private sector counterpart";[9] with the raise demanded, the average federal pay would have exceeded the private sector pay by 8%, along with better benefits and shorter working hours. However, because the offer did not include a shorter work week or earlier retirement, PATCO rejected the offer.[10]

At 7 a.m. on August 3, 1981, the union declared a strike, seeking better working conditions, better pay (PATCO sought a total raise of $600 million over three years, compared to FAA's offer of $40 million)[9] and a 32-hour workweek (a four-day week and an eight-hour day combined). In addition, PATCO wanted to be excluded from the civil service clauses that it had long disliked. In striking, the union violated 5 U.S.C. (Supp. III 1956) 118p (now 5 U.S.C. § 7311), which prohibits strikes by federal government employees. Anthony Skirlick of the Los Angeles Center warned that these “Unrealistic demands in the face of this change is suicide".[9] Despite supporting PATCO's effort in his 1980 campaign, Ronald Reagan declared the PATCO strike a "peril to national safety" and ordered them back to work under the terms of the Taft–Hartley Act. Only 1,300 (10%) of the nearly 13,000 controllers returned to work.[4] At 10:55 a.m., Reagan included the following in a statement: "Let me read the solemn oath taken by each of these employees, a sworn affidavit, when they accepted their jobs: 'I am not participating in any strike against the Government of the United States or any agency thereof, and I will not so participate while an employee of the Government of the United States or any agency thereof.'"[11] He then demanded those remaining on strike return to work within 48 hours or officially forfeit their positions.

After PATCO disobeyed a federal court injunction ordering an end to the strike and return to work, a federal judge found union leaders including PATCO President Robert Poli to be in contempt of court, and the union was ordered to pay a $100,000 fine, and certain named members were ordered to pay a $1,000 fine[12] for each day its members were on strike. At the same time, Transportation Secretary Drew Lewis organized for replacements and started contingency plans. By prioritizing and cutting flights severely (about 7,000), and even adopting methods of air traffic management that PATCO had previously lobbied for, the government was initially able to have 50% of flights available.[4]

On August 5, following the PATCO workers' refusal to return to work, the Reagan administration fired the 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored the order,[13][14] and banned them from federal service for life. In the wake of the strike and mass firings, the FAA was faced with the difficult task of hiring and training enough controllers to replace those that had been fired. Under normal conditions, it took three years to train new controllers.[1][page needed] Until replacements could be trained, the vacant positions were temporarily filled with a mix of non-participating controllers, supervisors, staff personnel, some non-rated personnel, military controllers, and controllers transferred temporarily from other facilities. PATCO was decertified by the Federal Labor Relations Authority on October 22, 1981. The decision was appealed but to no avail,[15] and attempts to use the courts to reverse the firings proved fruitless.[16]

The FAA had initially claimed that staffing levels would be restored within two years; however, it took closer to 10 years before the overall staffing levels returned to normal.[1]

Some former striking controllers were allowed to reapply after 1986 and were rehired; they and their replacements are now represented by the National Air Traffic Controllers Association, which was certified on June 19, 1987, and had no connection with PATCO. The civil service ban on the remaining strike participants was lifted by President Bill Clinton on August 12, 1993.[17] Nevertheless, by 2006 only 850 PATCO strikers had been rehired by the FAA.[8]

Legacy edit

Reagan's firing of the government employees encouraged large private employers like Phelps Dodge (1983), Hormel (1985–86), and International Paper (1987) to hire striker replacements instead of negotiating in labor conflicts.[18] In 1970 there were over 380 major strikes or lockouts in the U.S.; by 1980 the number had dropped to under 200, in 1999 it fell to 17, and in 2010 there were only 11.[19]

In 2003, Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, speaking on the legacy of Ronald Reagan,[20] noted:

Perhaps the most important, and then highly controversial, domestic initiative was the firing of the air traffic controllers in August 1981. The President invoked the law that striking government employees forfeit their jobs, an action that unsettled those who cynically believed no President would ever uphold that law. President Reagan prevailed, but far more importantly his action gave weight to the legal right of private employers, previously not fully exercised, to use their own discretion to both hire and discharge workers.

Reagan's director of the United States Office of Personnel Management at the time, Donald J. Devine, argued:

When the president said no, American business leaders were given a lesson in managerial leadership that they could not and did not ignore. Many private sector executives have told me that they were able to cut the fat from their organizations and adopt more competitive work practices because of what the government did in those days. I would not be surprised if these unseen effects of this private sector shakeout under the inspiration of the president were as profound in influencing the recovery that occurred as the formal economic and fiscal programs.[21]

In a review of Joseph McCartin's 2011 book, Collision Course: Ronald Reagan, The Air Traffic Controllers, and the Strike that Changed America in Review 31, Richard Sharpe stated that Reagan was "laying down a marker" for his presidency: "The strikers were often working-class men and women who had achieved suburban middle class lives as air traffic controllers without having gone to college. Many were veterans of the US armed forces where they had learned their skills; their union had backed Reagan in his election campaign. Nevertheless, Reagan refused to back down. Several strikers were jailed; the union was fined and eventually made bankrupt. Only about 800 got their jobs back when Clinton lifted the ban on rehiring those who went on strike. Many of the strikers were forced into poverty as a result of being blacklisted for [U.S. government] employment."[22]

Paul Volcker called the strike a "watershed" moment in the fight against inflation:

One of the major factors in turning the tide on the inflationary situation was the controllers' strike, because here, for the first time, it wasn't really a fight about wages; it was a fight about working conditions. It was directly a wage problem, but the controllers were government employees, and the government didn't back down. And he stood there and said, "If you're going to go on strike, you're going to lose your job, and we'll make out without you." That had a profound effect on the aggressiveness of labor at that time, in the midst of this inflationary problem and other economic problems. I am told that the administration pretty much took off the shelf plans that had been developed in the Carter administration, but whether the Carter administration ever would [have] done it is the open question. That was something of a watershed.[23]

Other ATC organizations edit

In addition to the National Air Traffic Controllers Association, two organizations now claim the name and part or all of the jurisdiction of the original PATCO: Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (AFSCME) and Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Nolan, Michael S. (1999). Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control (3rd ed.). Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole. pp. 33–35. ISBN 978-0-534-56795-8.
  2. ^ Komos, Nick (August 1989). Air Progress: 81. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ^ . Time. April 6, 1970. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
  4. ^ a b c Beik, Mildred A. (2005). Labor Relations. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 249–257. ISBN 0-313-31864-6.
  5. ^ Fantasia, Rick & Voss, Kim (2004). Hard Work: Remaking the American Labor Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 67. ISBN 0-520-24090-1.
  6. ^ Durnin, Steven E. (1994). "The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Strike: A Retrospective Analysis" (Document). Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Order No. EP31967.
  7. ^ "Air Traffic Controllers - August 3, 1981". Ronald Reagan Institute Webcasts and Podcasts. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Institute.
  8. ^ a b Schalch, Kathleen (August 3, 2006). "1981 Strike Leaves Legacy for American Workers". Morning Edition. NPR.
  9. ^ a b c McCartin, Joseph A. (2012). Collision Course: Ronald Reagan, the Air Traffic Controllers, and the Strike that Changed America. Oxford University Press. pp. 238–241. ISBN 978-0199325207.
  10. ^ Bondi, Victor, ed. (1996). "Government and Politics: Union Busting". American Decades: 1980–1989. Detroit: Gale Research. p. 304.
  11. ^ (Speech). August 3, 1981. Archived from the original on January 23, 2016.
  12. ^ United States v. Professional Air Traffic Controllers, Etc., 525 F. Supp. 820 (E.D. Mich. 1981).
  13. ^ Early, Steve (July 31, 2006). . The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
  14. ^ . Time. October 6, 1986. Archived from the original on September 3, 2007. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
  15. ^ "Patco Decertification Vote Is Switched From 2–1 to 3–0". The New York Times. November 5, 1981.
  16. ^ "Who Controls the Air?". Newsweek. No. 98. August 17, 1981. pp. 18–24.
  17. ^ Van Horn, Carl E. & Schaffner, Herbert A. (2003). "Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization Strike". Work in America: An Encyclopedia of History, Policy, and Society. Vol. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. pp. 444–446. ISBN 1-57607-676-8.
  18. ^ McCartin, Joseph A. (August 2, 2011). "The Strike That Busted Unions". The New York Times.
  19. ^ Resnick, Eugene V. (2014). AP United States History (2nd ed.). Hauppauge, New York: Barron's. p. 316.
  20. ^ The Reagan Legacy: Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan (Speech). Simi Valley, California: Ronald Reagan Library. April 9, 2003.
  21. ^ Devine, Donald J. (1991). Reagan's Terrible Swift Sword. Ottawa, Illinois: Jameson Books. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-89803163-8.
  22. ^ Sharpe, Richard. "Laying Down A Marker". Review 31.
  23. ^ "Commanding Heights, Paul Volcker". PBS. Retrieved June 16, 2021.

Further reading edit

  • McCartin, Joseph A. (2013). Collision Course: Ronald Reagan, the Air Traffic Controllers, and the Strike That Changed America. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Milkman, Ruth, and Joseph A. McCartin. "The legacy and lessons of the PATCO strike after 30 years: A dialogue." Labor History 54.2 (2013): 123-137.
  • Nordlund, Willis J. (1998). Silent Strikes: The Air Traffic Controllers' Strike. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
  • Round, Michael (1999). Grounded: Reagan and the PATCO Crash. New York: Garland Publishing.
  • Shostak, Arthur B. & Skocik, David (1986). The Air Controllers' Controversy: Lessons from the PATCO Strike. New York: Human Sciences Press.

External links edit

 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Ronald Reagan's ultimatum to striking air traffic controllers
  • Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session With Reporters on the Air Traffic Controllers Strike, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library & Museum
  • "Air Traffic Controllers' (PATCO) Strike - 1981". Archives ~ Topic Guide. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum.
  • Reagan, Ronald W. (August 3, 1981). "Statement and a Question-and- Answer Session With Reporters on the Air Traffic Controllers Strike - August 3, 1981". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 687–690.
  • Reagan, Ronald W. (December 9, 1981). "Statement on Federal Employment of Discharged Air Traffic Controllers - December 9, 1981". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 1148–1149.
  • Reagan, Ronald W. (December 9, 1981). "Memorandum on Federal Employment of Discharged Air Traffic Controllers - December 9, 1981" [Memorandum for the Director of the Office of Personnel Management]. Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. p. 1149.
  • Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization v FLRA, 685 F.2d 547 (U.S. Court of Appeals DC Circuit 1982)
  • Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization Records, 1968–1985, Southern Labor Archives, Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library
  • The Consequences of Reagan Breaking the 1981 Air Traffic Controllers Strike, Part 1 (2014-08-05), Part 2 (2014-08-06). Prof. Joseph McCartin and former PATCO spokesperson Elliot Simons discuss the anniversary of the firing of the air traffic controllers and why it matters today to workers in the private and public sectors, The Real News

January 01, 1970
professional, traffic, controllers, organization, 1968, active, patco, labor, unions, disambiguation, patco, disambiguation, professional, traffic, controllers, organization, patco, united, states, trade, union, that, operated, from, 1968, until, decertificati. For the active PATCO labor unions or disambiguation see PATCO disambiguation The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization PATCO was a United States trade union that operated from 1968 until its decertification in 1981 following an illegal strike broken by the Reagan administration in striking the union violated 5 U S C Supp III 1956 118p now 5 U S C 7311 which prohibits strikes by federal government employees PATCOProfessional Air Traffic Controllers OrganizationFounded1968Dissolved1981LocationUnited StatesMembers13 000 Contents 1 Beginnings 2 August 1981 strike 3 Legacy 4 Other ATC organizations 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksBeginnings editYear Presidents of PATCO 1969 1970 James E Hays 1970 1980 John F Leyden 1980 1982 Robert E Poli 1982 Gary W Eads PATCO was founded in 1968 with the assistance of attorney and pilot F Lee Bailey On July 3 1968 PATCO announced Operation Air Safety in which all members were ordered to adhere strictly to the established separation standards for aircraft The resultant large delay of air traffic was the first of many official and unofficial slowdowns that PATCO would initiate In 1969 the U S Civil Service Commission ruled that PATCO was no longer a professional association but in fact a trade union 1 On June 18 20 1969 477 controllers conducted a three day sick out 2 On March 25 1970 the newly designated union orchestrated a controller sickout to protest many of the FAA actions that they felt were unfair over 2 000 controllers around the country did not report to work as scheduled and informed management that they were ill 3 Controllers called in sick to circumvent the federal law against strikes by government unions Management personnel attempted to assume many of the duties of the missing controllers but major traffic delays around the country occurred On April 16 the federal courts intervened and most controllers went back to work by order of the court but the government was forced to the bargaining table The sickout led officials to recognize that the ATC system was operating nearly at capacity To alleviate some of this Congress accelerated the installation of automated systems reopened the air traffic controller training academy in Oklahoma City began hiring air traffic controllers at an increasing rate and raised salaries to help attract and retain controllers 1 In the 1980 presidential election PATCO along with the Teamsters and the Air Line Pilots Association refused to back President Jimmy Carter instead endorsing Republican Party candidate Ronald Reagan PATCO s refusal to endorse the Democratic Party stemmed in large part from poor labor relations with the FAA the employer of PATCO members under the Carter administration and Ronald Reagan s endorsement of the union and its struggle for better conditions during the 1980 election campaign 4 5 During his campaign Reagan sent a letter to Robert E Poli the new president of PATCO in which he declared support for the organization s demands and a disposition to work toward solutions In it he stated I will take whatever steps are necessary to provide our air traffic controllers with the most modern equipment available and to adjust staff levels and workdays so they are commensurate with achieving the maximum degree of public safety and I pledge to you that my administration will work very closely with you to bring about a spirit of cooperation between the President and the air traffic controllers This letter gave Poli and the organization a sense of security that led to an overestimation of their position in the negotiations with the FAA which contributed to their decision to strike 6 August 1981 strike edit nbsp On August 3 1981 during a press conference regarding the PATCO strike President Reagan stated They are in violation of the law and if they do not report for work within 48 hours they have forfeited their jobs and will be terminated 7 nbsp Union president Poli speaking to reporters during the strike In February 1981 PATCO and the FAA began new contract negotiations Citing safety concerns PATCO called for a reduced 32 hour work week a 10 000 pay increase for all air traffic controllers and a better benefits package for retirement 8 Negotiations quickly stalled Then in June the FAA offered a new three year contract with 105 million of up front conversions in raises to be paid in 11 4 increases over the next three years a raise more than twice what was being given to other federal employees The average federal controller at a GS 13 level a common grade controller earned 36 613 which was 18 less than private sector counterpart 9 with the raise demanded the average federal pay would have exceeded the private sector pay by 8 along with better benefits and shorter working hours However because the offer did not include a shorter work week or earlier retirement PATCO rejected the offer 10 At 7 a m on August 3 1981 the union declared a strike seeking better working conditions better pay PATCO sought a total raise of 600 million over three years compared to FAA s offer of 40 million 9 and a 32 hour workweek a four day week and an eight hour day combined In addition PATCO wanted to be excluded from the civil service clauses that it had long disliked In striking the union violated 5 U S C Supp III 1956 118p now 5 U S C 7311 which prohibits strikes by federal government employees Anthony Skirlick of the Los Angeles Center warned that these Unrealistic demands in the face of this change is suicide 9 Despite supporting PATCO s effort in his 1980 campaign Ronald Reagan declared the PATCO strike a peril to national safety and ordered them back to work under the terms of the Taft Hartley Act Only 1 300 10 of the nearly 13 000 controllers returned to work 4 At 10 55 a m Reagan included the following in a statement Let me read the solemn oath taken by each of these employees a sworn affidavit when they accepted their jobs I am not participating in any strike against the Government of the United States or any agency thereof and I will not so participate while an employee of the Government of the United States or any agency thereof 11 He then demanded those remaining on strike return to work within 48 hours or officially forfeit their positions After PATCO disobeyed a federal court injunction ordering an end to the strike and return to work a federal judge found union leaders including PATCO President Robert Poli to be in contempt of court and the union was ordered to pay a 100 000 fine and certain named members were ordered to pay a 1 000 fine 12 for each day its members were on strike At the same time Transportation Secretary Drew Lewis organized for replacements and started contingency plans By prioritizing and cutting flights severely about 7 000 and even adopting methods of air traffic management that PATCO had previously lobbied for the government was initially able to have 50 of flights available 4 On August 5 following the PATCO workers refusal to return to work the Reagan administration fired the 11 345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored the order 13 14 and banned them from federal service for life In the wake of the strike and mass firings the FAA was faced with the difficult task of hiring and training enough controllers to replace those that had been fired Under normal conditions it took three years to train new controllers 1 page needed Until replacements could be trained the vacant positions were temporarily filled with a mix of non participating controllers supervisors staff personnel some non rated personnel military controllers and controllers transferred temporarily from other facilities PATCO was decertified by the Federal Labor Relations Authority on October 22 1981 The decision was appealed but to no avail 15 and attempts to use the courts to reverse the firings proved fruitless 16 The FAA had initially claimed that staffing levels would be restored within two years however it took closer to 10 years before the overall staffing levels returned to normal 1 Some former striking controllers were allowed to reapply after 1986 and were rehired they and their replacements are now represented by the National Air Traffic Controllers Association which was certified on June 19 1987 and had no connection with PATCO The civil service ban on the remaining strike participants was lifted by President Bill Clinton on August 12 1993 17 Nevertheless by 2006 only 850 PATCO strikers had been rehired by the FAA 8 Legacy editReagan s firing of the government employees encouraged large private employers like Phelps Dodge 1983 Hormel 1985 86 and International Paper 1987 to hire striker replacements instead of negotiating in labor conflicts 18 In 1970 there were over 380 major strikes or lockouts in the U S by 1980 the number had dropped to under 200 in 1999 it fell to 17 and in 2010 there were only 11 19 In 2003 Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan speaking on the legacy of Ronald Reagan 20 noted Perhaps the most important and then highly controversial domestic initiative was the firing of the air traffic controllers in August 1981 The President invoked the law that striking government employees forfeit their jobs an action that unsettled those who cynically believed no President would ever uphold that law President Reagan prevailed but far more importantly his action gave weight to the legal right of private employers previously not fully exercised to use their own discretion to both hire and discharge workers Reagan s director of the United States Office of Personnel Management at the time Donald J Devine argued When the president said no American business leaders were given a lesson in managerial leadership that they could not and did not ignore Many private sector executives have told me that they were able to cut the fat from their organizations and adopt more competitive work practices because of what the government did in those days I would not be surprised if these unseen effects of this private sector shakeout under the inspiration of the president were as profound in influencing the recovery that occurred as the formal economic and fiscal programs 21 In a review of Joseph McCartin s 2011 book Collision Course Ronald Reagan The Air Traffic Controllers and the Strike that Changed America in Review 31 Richard Sharpe stated that Reagan was laying down a marker for his presidency The strikers were often working class men and women who had achieved suburban middle class lives as air traffic controllers without having gone to college Many were veterans of the US armed forces where they had learned their skills their union had backed Reagan in his election campaign Nevertheless Reagan refused to back down Several strikers were jailed the union was fined and eventually made bankrupt Only about 800 got their jobs back when Clinton lifted the ban on rehiring those who went on strike Many of the strikers were forced into poverty as a result of being blacklisted for U S government employment 22 Paul Volcker called the strike a watershed moment in the fight against inflation One of the major factors in turning the tide on the inflationary situation was the controllers strike because here for the first time it wasn t really a fight about wages it was a fight about working conditions It was directly a wage problem but the controllers were government employees and the government didn t back down And he stood there and said If you re going to go on strike you re going to lose your job and we ll make out without you That had a profound effect on the aggressiveness of labor at that time in the midst of this inflationary problem and other economic problems I am told that the administration pretty much took off the shelf plans that had been developed in the Carter administration but whether the Carter administration ever would have done it is the open question That was something of a watershed 23 Other ATC organizations editIn addition to the National Air Traffic Controllers Association two organizations now claim the name and part or all of the jurisdiction of the original PATCO Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization AFSCME and Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization See also editLabor history of the United States Reagan era 1980sReferences edit a b c d Nolan Michael S 1999 Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control 3rd ed Pacific Grove California Brooks Cole pp 33 35 ISBN 978 0 534 56795 8 Komos Nick August 1989 Air Progress 81 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Missing or empty title help One Man s Slow Motion Aerial Act Time April 6 1970 Archived from the original on September 30 2007 Retrieved September 17 2009 a b c Beik Mildred A 2005 Labor Relations Westport Connecticut Greenwood Publishing Group pp 249 257 ISBN 0 313 31864 6 Fantasia Rick amp Voss Kim 2004 Hard Work Remaking the American Labor Movement Berkeley University of California Press p 67 ISBN 0 520 24090 1 Durnin Steven E 1994 The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Strike A Retrospective Analysis Document Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Order No EP31967 Air Traffic Controllers August 3 1981 Ronald Reagan Institute Webcasts and Podcasts Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Institute a b Schalch Kathleen August 3 2006 1981 Strike Leaves Legacy for American Workers Morning Edition NPR a b c McCartin Joseph A 2012 Collision Course Ronald Reagan the Air Traffic Controllers and the Strike that Changed America Oxford University Press pp 238 241 ISBN 978 0199325207 Bondi Victor ed 1996 Government and Politics Union Busting American Decades 1980 1989 Detroit Gale Research p 304 Remarks and a Question and Answer Session With Reporters on the Air Traffic Controllers Strike Speech August 3 1981 Archived from the original on January 23 2016 United States v Professional Air Traffic Controllers Etc 525 F Supp 820 E D Mich 1981 Early Steve July 31 2006 An old lesson still holds for unions The Boston Globe Archived from the original on May 12 2008 Retrieved August 15 2007 Unhappy Again Time October 6 1986 Archived from the original on September 3 2007 Retrieved August 15 2007 Patco Decertification Vote Is Switched From 2 1 to 3 0 The New York Times November 5 1981 Who Controls the Air Newsweek No 98 August 17 1981 pp 18 24 Van Horn Carl E amp Schaffner Herbert A 2003 Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization Strike Work in America An Encyclopedia of History Policy and Society Vol Vol 2 ABC CLIO pp 444 446 ISBN 1 57607 676 8 McCartin Joseph A August 2 2011 The Strike That Busted Unions The New York Times Resnick Eugene V 2014 AP United States History 2nd ed Hauppauge New York Barron s p 316 The Reagan Legacy Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan Speech Simi Valley California Ronald Reagan Library April 9 2003 Devine Donald J 1991 Reagan s Terrible Swift Sword Ottawa Illinois Jameson Books p 84 ISBN 978 0 89803163 8 Sharpe Richard Laying Down A Marker Review 31 Commanding Heights Paul Volcker PBS Retrieved June 16 2021 Further reading editMcCartin Joseph A 2013 Collision Course Ronald Reagan the Air Traffic Controllers and the Strike That Changed America New York Oxford University Press Milkman Ruth and Joseph A McCartin The legacy and lessons of the PATCO strike after 30 years A dialogue Labor History 54 2 2013 123 137 Nordlund Willis J 1998 Silent Strikes The Air Traffic Controllers Strike Westport Connecticut Praeger Round Michael 1999 Grounded Reagan and the PATCO Crash New York Garland Publishing Shostak Arthur B amp Skocik David 1986 The Air Controllers Controversy Lessons from the PATCO Strike New York Human Sciences Press External links edit nbsp Wikisource has original text related to this article Ronald Reagan s ultimatum to striking air traffic controllers Remarks and a Question and Answer Session With Reporters on the Air Traffic Controllers Strike Ronald Reagan Presidential Library amp Museum Air Traffic Controllers PATCO Strike 1981 Archives Topic Guide Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum Reagan Ronald W August 3 1981 Statement and a Question and Answer Session With Reporters on the Air Traffic Controllers Strike August 3 1981 Internet Archive Washington D C National Archives and Records Service pp 687 690 Reagan Ronald W December 9 1981 Statement on Federal Employment of Discharged Air Traffic Controllers December 9 1981 Internet Archive Washington D C National Archives and Records Service pp 1148 1149 Reagan Ronald W December 9 1981 Memorandum on Federal Employment of Discharged Air Traffic Controllers December 9 1981 Memorandum for the Director of the Office of Personnel Management Internet Archive Washington D C National Archives and Records Service p 1149 Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization v FLRA 685 F 2d 547 U S Court of Appeals DC Circuit 1982 Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization Records 1968 1985 Southern Labor Archives Special Collections and Archives Georgia State University Library The Consequences of Reagan Breaking the 1981 Air Traffic Controllers Strike Part 1 2014 08 05 Part 2 2014 08 06 Prof Joseph McCartin and former PATCO spokesperson Elliot Simons discuss the anniversary of the firing of the air traffic controllers and why it matters today to workers in the private and public sectors The Real News Portals nbsp 1980s nbsp Organized labour nbsp United States Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization 1968 amp oldid 1220298032, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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