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Missoula, Montana

November 14, 2023

"Missoula" redirects here. For other uses, see Missoula (disambiguation).

Missoula (/mɪˈzuːlə/ ⓘ mih-ZOO-lə; Séliš: Nłʔay, lit. 'Place of the Small Bull Trout';[6] Kutenai: Tuhuⱡnana) is a city in and the county seat of Missoula County, Montana, United States. It is located along the Clark Fork River near its confluence with the Bitterroot and Blackfoot Rivers in western Montana and at the convergence of five mountain ranges, thus it is often described as the "hub of five valleys".[7] The 2020 United States Census shows the city's population at 73,489[3] and the population of the Missoula Metropolitan Area at 117,922.[4] After Billings, Missoula is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in Montana.[8] Missoula is home to the University of Montana, a public research university.

Missoula
Nłʔay (Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille)
Tuhuⱡnana (Kutenai)
City
Seal
Nicknames: 
The Garden City, River City, Zootown (informal)[1]
Motto: 
"The Discovery Continues"[1]
Location within Missoula County
Missoula
Location within Montana
Missoula
Location within the United States
Coordinates: 46°51′45″N 114°0′42″W / 46.86250°N 114.01167°W / 46.86250; -114.01167
CountryUnited States
StateMontana
CountyMissoula
Founded1866
Incorporated (town)March 8, 1883
Incorporated (city)March 12, 1885
Founded by
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • BodyMissoula City Council
 • MayorJordan Hess (D)
Area
[2]
 • City34.96 sq mi (90.54 km2)
 • Land34.77 sq mi (90.05 km2)
 • Water0.19 sq mi (0.49 km2)
 • Urban
45.43 sq mi (117.7 km2)
 • Metro
2,618 sq mi (6,780 km2)
Elevation
3,209 ft (978 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • City73,489
 • Estimate 
(2022)[3]
76,955
 • RankUS: 480th (2010)
 • Density2,113.70/sq mi (816.11/km2)
 • Metro
[4]
117,922 (US: 332nd)
Time zoneUTC−7 (Mountain)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−6 (Mountain)
ZIP code
59801–59804, 59806–59808[5]
University of Montana ZIP code
59812[5]
Area code406
FIPS code30-50200
GNIS feature ID0787504
Highways
Websiteci.missoula.mt.us

The Missoula area began seeing settlement by people of European descent in 1858 including William T. Hamilton, who set up a trading post along the Rattlesnake Creek, Captain Richard Grant, who settled near Grant Creek, and David Pattee, who settled near Pattee Canyon.[9] Missoula was founded in 1860 as Hellgate Trading Post while still part of Washington Territory. By 1866, the settlement had moved east, 5 miles (8 km) upstream, and had been renamed Missoula Mills, later shortened to Missoula.[10] The mills provided supplies to western settlers traveling along the Mullan Road. The establishment of Fort Missoula in 1877 to protect settlers further stabilized the economy. The arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1883 brought rapid growth and the maturation of the local lumber industry. In 1893, the Montana Legislature chose Missoula as the site for the state's first university. Along with the U.S. Forest Service headquarters founded in 1908, lumber and the university remained the basis of the local economy for the next 100 years.[11]

By the 1990s, Missoula's lumber industry had gradually disappeared, and as of 2009, the city's largest employers were the University of Montana, Missoula County Public Schools, and Missoula's two hospitals.[12] The city is governed by a mayor–council government with 12 city council members, two from each of the six wards. In and around Missoula are 400 acres (160 ha) of parkland, 22 miles (35 km) of trails, and nearly 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of open-space conservation land, with adjacent Mount Jumbo being home to grazing elk and mule deer during the winter.[13] The city is also home to both of Montana's largest and its oldest active breweries, as well as the Montana Grizzlies. Notable residents include the first woman to serve in the U.S. Congress, Jeannette Rankin.[14]

History edit

Main article: History of Missoula, Montana
 
Teepees at the site of Missoula, south of the Clark Fork River, facing northeast

Archaeological artifacts date the earliest inhabitants of the Missoula Valley to 12,000 years ago with settlements as early as 3500 BCE. From the 1700s until 1850s, those who used the land were primarily, the Salish, Kootenai, Pend d'Oreille, Blackfeet, and Shoshone. Located at the confluence of five mountain valleys, the Missoula Valley was heavily traversed by local and distant native tribes that periodically went to the Eastern Montana plains in search of bison. This led to conflicts. The narrow valley at Missoula's eastern entrance was so strewn with human bones from repeated ambushes that French fur trappers later referred to this area as Porte de l'Enfer, translated as "Gate of Hell".[15] Hell Gate would remain the name of the area until it was renamed "Missoula" in 1866.[10]

The Lewis and Clark Expedition brought the first U.S. citizens to the area. They twice stopped just south of Missoula at Traveler's Rest.[16][17] They camped there the first time on their westbound trip in September 1805. When they stayed there again, on their return in June–July 1806, Clark left heading south along the Bitterroot River and Lewis traveled north, then east, through Hellgate Canyon. In 1860, Hell Gate Village was established 5 miles (8 km) west of present-day downtown by Christopher P. Higgins and Frank Worden as a trading post to serve travelers on the recently completed Mullan Road, the first wagon road to cross the Rocky Mountains to the inland of the Pacific Northwest.[10] The desire for a more convenient water supply to power a lumber and flour mill led to the movement of the settlement to its modern location in 1864.[18]

The Missoula Mills replaced Hell Gate Village as the economic power of the valley and replaced it as the county seat in 1866. The name "Missoula" came from the Salish name for the Clark Fork River, nmesuletkw, which roughly translates as "place of frozen water".[19] Fort Missoula was established in 1877 to help protect further arriving settlers. Growth accelerated with the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1883, and by charter, Missoula incorporated a municipal government as a town, the same year.[20] In 1885, Missoula reincorporated its government as a city.

In 1893, Missoula was chosen as the location for the first state university, the University of Montana. The need for lumber for the railway and its bridges spurred the opening of multiple saw mills in the area, and in turn, the beginning of Missoula's lumber industry, which remained the mainstay of the area economy for the next 100 years.[11] The United States Forest Service work in Missoula began in 1905.[21] Missoula is also home of the smokejumpers' headquarters and will be the site of the National Museum of Forest Service History.[21] Nationally, there are nine Forest Service regions; Region 1 is headquartered in Missoula.[22]

 
View of downtown from Mt. Sentinel

Logging remained a mainstay of industry in Missoula with the groundbreaking of the Hoerner-Waldorf pulp mill in 1956, which resulted in protests over the resultant air pollution.[23] An article in Life 13 years later speaks of Missoulians sometimes needing to drive with headlights on during the day to navigate through the smog.[24] In 1979, almost 40% of the county labor income still came from the wood and paper-products sector.[25] The lumber industry was hit hard by the recession of the early 1980s and Missoula's economy began to diversify.[26] By the early 1990s, the disappearance of many of the region's log yards, along with legislation, had helped clean the air dramatically.[27]

As of 2009, education and healthcare were Missoula's leading industries; the University of Montana, Missoula County Public Schools, and the two hospitals in the city were the largest employers.[12] St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, founded in 1873, is the region's only Level II trauma center and has undergone three major expansions since the 1980s.[28] Likewise, the University of Montana grew 50% and built or renovated 20 buildings from 1990 to 2010.[29] These industries, as well as expansions in business and professional services, and retail are expected to be the main engines of future growth.[30]


Geography edit

 
Missoula Valley

Missoula is located at the western edge of Montana, approximately 45 miles (70 km) from the Idaho border. The city is at an elevation of 3,209 feet (978 m) above sea level, with nearby Mount Sentinel and Mount Jumbo steeply rising to 5,158 feet (1,572 m) and 4,768 feet (1,453 m), respectively. According to the Census Bureau's 2015 figures, the city had a total area of 29.08 square miles (75.3 km2), of which 28.90 square miles (74.9 km2) were land and 0.184 square miles (0.48 km2) were covered by water.[31]

 
Ancient wave-cut shorelines are visible on the edge of Mount Sentinel.

Around 13,000 years ago, the entire valley was at the bottom of Glacial Lake Missoula. As could be expected for a former lake bottom, the layout of Missoula is relatively flat and surrounded by steep hills. Evidence of the city of Missoula's lake-bottom past can be seen in the form of ancient horizontal wave-cut shorelines on nearby Mount Sentinel and Mount Jumbo.[32] At the location of present-day University of Montana, the lake once had a depth of 950 feet (290 m).[33] The Clark Fork River enters the Missoula Valley from the east through Hellgate Canyon after joining the nearby Blackfoot River at the site of the former Milltown Dam. The Bitterroot River and multiple smaller tributaries join the Clark Fork on the western edge of Missoula. The city also sits at the convergence of five mountain ranges: the Bitterroot Mountains, Sapphire Range, Garnet Range, Rattlesnake Mountains, and the Reservation Divide, thus is often described as being the "hub of five valleys".[7]

Suburbs edit

Flora and fauna edit

Located in the Northern Rockies, Missoula has a typical Rocky Mountain ecology. Local wildlife includes populations of white-tailed deer, moose, grizzly bears, black bears, osprey, and bald eagles. During the winter, rapid snowmelt on Mount Jumbo due to its steep slope leaves grass available for grazing elk and mule deer. The rivers around Missoula provide nesting habitats for bank swallows, northern rough-winged swallows, and belted kingfishers. Killdeer and spotted sandpipers can be seen foraging for insects along the gravel bars. Other species include song sparrows, catbirds, several species of warblers, and the pileated woodpecker. The rivers also provide cold, clean water for native fish such as westslope cutthroat trout and bull trout. The meandering streams also attract beaver and wood ducks.[34] The parks also host a variety of snakes such as racers, garter snakes, and rubber boa.

Native riparian plant life includes sandbar willows and cottonwoods, with Montana's state tree, the ponderosa pine, also being prevalent. Other native plants include wetland species such as cattails and beaked sedge, as well as shrubs and berry plants such as Douglas hawthorn, chokecherry, and western snowberries.[34] To the chagrin of local farmers, Missoula is also home to several noxious weeds, which multiple programs have set out to eliminate. Notable ones include Dalmatian toadflax, spotted knapweed, leafy spurge, St. John's wort, and sulfur cinquefoil.[35] Controversially, the Norway maples that line many of Missoula's older streets have also been declared an invasive species.[36]

Climate edit

Missoula has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb),[37] with cold and moderately snowy winters, hot and dry summers, and short, crisp springs and autumns. Winters are usually milder than much of the rest of the state due to Missoula's location west of the Rockies, allowing it to receive mild, moist Pacific air and avoid the worst of cold snaps; however, it also gets more precipitation in winter. Winter snowfall averages 39.5 inches (100 cm), typically occurring between October 30 and April 20, with an annual average of 120 days of snow on the ground. As with the rest of the state, summers are very sunny, and the average diurnal temperature variation is more than 30 °F (17 °C) from late June through late September, due to the relative aridity.[38][39] The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 23.9 °F (−4.5 °C) in December to 68.6 °F (20.3 °C) in July. On average, annually, there are 24 days with temperatures at or above 90 °F (32 °C), 45 days where the temperature does not rise above freezing, and 7.8 days with temperatures reaching at or below 0 °F (−18 °C). Record temperatures range from −33 °F (−36 °C) on January 26, 1957, up to 107 °F (42 °C), most recently on June 30, 2021; the record cold maximum is −13 °F (−25 °C), last recorded on February 2, 1989, while, conversely, the record warm minimum is 72 °F (22 °C) on July 27, 1939.

Climate data for Missoula, Montana (Missoula Airport) (1991-2020 normals,[a] extremes 1893–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 60
(16) 		66
(19) 		78
(26) 		90
(32) 		95
(35) 		102
(39) 		107
(42) 		105
(41) 		99
(37) 		85
(29) 		73
(23) 		67
(19) 		107
(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 47.9
(8.8) 		51.3
(10.7) 		65.2
(18.4) 		75.6
(24.2) 		84.9
(29.4) 		90.9
(32.7) 		98.0
(36.7) 		97.3
(36.3) 		89.8
(32.1) 		75.3
(24.1) 		58.5
(14.7) 		47.2
(8.4) 		99.6
(37.6)
Average high °F (°C) 31.6
(−0.2) 		37.0
(2.8) 		47.9
(8.8) 		56.1
(13.4) 		66.2
(19.0) 		73.2
(22.9) 		85.4
(29.7) 		84.3
(29.1) 		72.6
(22.6) 		55.7
(13.2) 		39.9
(4.4) 		30.9
(−0.6) 		56.7
(13.7)
Daily mean °F (°C) 24.8
(−4.0) 		29.0
(−1.7) 		37.4
(3.0) 		44.2
(6.8) 		53.0
(11.7) 		59.7
(15.4) 		68.4
(20.2) 		67.2
(19.6) 		57.5
(14.2) 		44.1
(6.7) 		32.3
(0.2) 		24.4
(−4.2) 		45.2
(7.3)
Average low °F (°C) 18.0
(−7.8) 		20.9
(−6.2) 		26.8
(−2.9) 		32.3
(0.2) 		39.8
(4.3) 		46.3
(7.9) 		51.5
(10.8) 		50.1
(10.1) 		42.4
(5.8) 		32.4
(0.2) 		24.6
(−4.1) 		17.8
(−7.9) 		33.6
(0.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −3.7
(−19.8) 		1.9
(−16.7) 		12.2
(−11.0) 		21.9
(−5.6) 		27.6
(−2.4) 		34.9
(1.6) 		41.4
(5.2) 		40.2
(4.6) 		30.1
(−1.1) 		16.9
(−8.4) 		8.5
(−13.1) 		−1.5
(−18.6) 		−10.9
(−23.8)
Record low °F (°C) −33
(−36) 		−28
(−33) 		−13
(−25) 		2
(−17) 		21
(−6) 		26
(−3) 		27
(−3) 		25
(−4) 		15
(−9) 		−7
(−22) 		−23
(−31) 		−30
(−34) 		−33
(−36)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.96
(24) 		0.88
(22) 		0.92
(23) 		1.36
(35) 		1.77
(45) 		2.14
(54) 		0.85
(22) 		0.83
(21) 		0.96
(24) 		1.18
(30) 		1.18
(30) 		1.08
(27) 		14.11
(358)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 9.9
(25) 		8.5
(22) 		5.0
(13) 		1.3
(3.3) 		0.3
(0.76) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.9
(2.3) 		5.4
(14) 		11.6
(29) 		43.0
(109)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 12.5 10.8 11.4 11.4 12.1 12.5 6.0 6.4 7.3 9.9 11.1 12.6 124.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 9.7 8.1 4.9 1.5 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 5.2 9.5 40.2
Average relative humidity (%) 81.3 78.1 70.3 61.2 61.7 61.1 51.7 52.5 62.8 70.8 80.2 83.5 67.9
Average dew point °F (°C) 17.2
(−8.2) 		21.7
(−5.7) 		25.3
(−3.7) 		29.7
(−1.3) 		37.2
(2.9) 		44.4
(6.9) 		45.7
(7.6) 		44.4
(6.9) 		39.7
(4.3) 		32.7
(0.4) 		25.9
(−3.4) 		18.7
(−7.4) 		31.9
(−0.1)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 95.8 133.0 209.3 245.0 280.5 311.1 389.3 334.8 264.7 194.3 99.5 82.9 2,640.2
Percent possible sunshine 34 46 57 60 60 66 81 76 70 58 35 31 59
Source: NOAA[40][41][42]

Demographics edit

Further information: Neighborhoods and zones of Missoula, Montana
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1870400—
1880347−13.2%
18903,426887.3%
19004,36627.4%
191012,896195.4%
192012,668−1.8%
193014,65715.7%
194018,44925.9%
195022,48521.9%
196027,09020.5%
197029,4978.9%
198033,38813.2%
199042,91828.5%
200057,05332.9%
201066,78817.1%
202073,48910.0%
2022 (est.)76,9554.7%
Sources: 1870–1990,[43] 2000–2010,[8]
Highest Educational Attainment
Population 25 years and over (2014) 		Missoula[44] Montana[44] U.S.[44]
Less than 9th grade 1.2% 2.2% 5.8%
9th to 12th grade, no diploma 3.3% 5.3% 7.8%
High school graduate or equivalent 19.0% 29.8% 28.0%
Some college 24.1% 25.3% 21.2%
Associate degree 6.7% 8.3% 7.9%
Bachelor's degree 28.0% 19.8% 18.3%
Graduate or professional degree 17.7% 9.2% 11.0%
High school or higher 95.5% 92.4% 86.3%
Bachelor's degree or higher 45.7% 29.1% 29.3%

The median income for a household in the city was $30,366, and for a family was $42,103. Males had a median income of $30,686 versus $21,559 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,166. About 11.7% of families and 19.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over. About 40.3% of Missoula residents age 25 and older have a bachelor's or advanced college degree.

2010 census edit

As of 2010's census, 66,788 people, 29,081 households, and 13,990 families resided in the city.[45] The population density was 2,427.8 inhabitants per square mile (937.4/km2). The 30,682 housing units averaged 1,115.3 per square mile (430.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.1% White, 0.5% African American, 2.8% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 2.8% from two or more races. Latinos of any race were 2.9% of the population.

Of the 29,081 households, 23.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.4% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 51.9% were not families. About 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the city, the population was distributed as 17.9% of residents under 18, 19.7% between the ages of 18 and 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age in the city was 30.9 years. The gender makeup of the city was 49.9% male and 50.1% female.

Economy edit

Missoula began as a trading post in the 1860s situated along the Mullan Military Road to take advantage of the first route across the Bitterroot Mountains to the plains of Eastern Washington. Its designation as county seat in 1866 and location of the hastily built Fort Missoula in 1877 ensured Missoula's status as a regional commercial center, a status further consolidated in 1883 with the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway.[46] The railroad expanded Missoula's trade area to cover a 150-mile radius, and Missoula's location as the railway's division point and repair shops provided hundreds of jobs. When the railway began expanding again in 1898, increased freight shipments came through the city, and with the arrival of the Milwaukee Road and regional office for the U.S. Forest Service, as well as the opening of the Flathead Indian Reservation to settlement all within a couple years of each other beginning in 1908, the economy began to expand rapidly.[47]: 36 

Lumber mills were originally built to provide construction-grade materials for homes and businesses, but then expanded to entice and then meet the demands of the railroad; they profited from an increase in demand from railroad expansion and the nation at large. The Bonner mill, owned the Northern Pacific and Copper King Marcus Daly, became the largest producer of lumber in the northwest. In 1908, Missoula's location as both a major lumber producer and a regional commercial center helped land the city the regional office for the newly establish U.S. Forest Service, created to help manage the nation's timber supply.[47]: 41  Over the next century, Missoula's various lumber industries was consolidated under various entities such as the Anaconda Company in the 1970s and Champion International Paper through the 1980s until most were under control of Plum Creek Timber, all the while demand in timber dropped.[48] In 2007, a downward spiral of Missoula's lumber industry began with the closure of a plywood plant in Bonner, the closure of Bonner's sawmill in 2008, and the closing of the Smurfit-Stone Container pulp mill in 2010.[49]

Since opening in 1895, the University of Montana has had a major impact on the development of Missoula's economy. In addition to the economic advantage from accommodating the student body, it gave the city an educated workforce not available in most of the state.[46] The university has a close relationship with the city as Missoula's largest employer and with the millions of dollars the school brings into the city through visitors of school-sponsored sporting and cultural events.[50][51] The university also houses Missoula's only business incubator, the Montana Technology Enterprise Center, and several start-up businesses.[52]

Missoula is the hub of its Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) economic area, which includes the Montana counties of Flathead, Lake, Lincoln, Mineral, Missoula, Ravalli, and Sanders.[53] As of 2011, the BEA listed the economic area population at 306,050.[54] Key businesses sectors serving the area include health care, retail shopping, transportation, financial services, government and social services, education, events, arts and culture. Health care in particular is one of Missoula's fastest growing industries with St. Patrick Hospital (western Montana's only level-II trauma center) and the Community Medical Center, already the city's second- and third-largest employers behind the university.[50] About 55% of employment in Missoula is made up of the service and retail sectors. Export industries are concentrated in heavy and civil engineering, construction, beverage production, technical services, truck transportation, and forestry-, logging-, and wood-related industries. In addition to nearly 4 million out-of-state visitors annually, which makes tourism a significant aspect of the Missoula economy, Missoula also is home to a vibrant sector of alternative healthcare.[55][56]

As of 2013, Missoula ranked 299 nationally in gross metropolitan product with an output of $5 billion,[57] while the city's total personal income ranked 333 at $4.18 billion, an increase of more than 47% since 2003.[58] As of 2013, per capita personal income ranked 239 at $37,397 a year, 84% of the national average.[58] The Missoula metropolitan area's unemployment rate was 3.7% as of June 2015, dropping nearly 0.8% in the twelve months prior.[59]

Culture edit

Main article: Culture in Missoula, Montana

Missoula, often considered the cultural center of Montana,[60] is the location of the state's first university, and an eclectic mix of loggers, hippies, college students, sports fans, and retirees.[61] Community events generally take place downtown either outdoors or in one of the several downtown buildings listed on the National Historic Registry.[62]

Since 2006, the River City Roots Festival has been an event each August with music, beer, food, and art, and generally attracts crowds of 15,000.[63][64] The longest-standing event downtown has been the Missoula Farmers Market that was founded in 1972,[65] which provides an outlet for Western Montana produce on Saturday mornings from May to October as well as Tuesday evenings from July to early September.[66] An arts and crafts People's Market and a Clark Fork Market run concurrently.[67] Downtown hosts "First Friday Missoula", a gallery walk on the first Friday of the month to feature local art from museums and galleries,[68] such as that of Monte Dolack. Missoula celebrates "First Night Missoula" on New Year's Eve, which includes food and live entertainment.[69] The "Festival of the Book" to celebrate the literature of the American West was rebranded the "Montana Book Festival" in 2015.[70] Missoula's two historic theatres both hold annual film festivals: the Roxy hosting the International Wildlife Film Festival,[71] established in 1977 as the first juried wildlife film festival in the world;[72] and since 2003, the Wilma accommodating the largest film event in Montana, the Big Sky Documentary Film Festival.[73]

In performance arts, the Missoula Community Theatre has held performances of musical and nonmusical plays since 1977,[74] with its affiliated Missoula Children's Theatre also acting as an international touring program that visits nearly 1,000 communities per year around the world.[75] Missoula is also home to a number of modern dance companies, including Bare Bait Dance[76] and Headwaters Dance Company.[77] Rocky Mountain Ballet Theatre and Garden City Ballet are also based in Missoula.

The Montana Museum of Art & Culture, which became a state museum in 2001, is one Montana's oldest cultural reserves, having begun in 1894; its permanent collection houses more than 10,000 original works.[78] The Missoula Museum of Art is housed in a former Carnegie library; it features contemporary art and annually features 20–25 group and solo exhibits.[79] Fort Missoula is home to the Historic Museum, dedicated to preserving the history of Western Montana, and to the Rocky Mountain Museum of Military History[80][81] and the Northern Rockies Heritage Center.[82] The National Museum of Forest Service History is constructing the National Conservation Legacy and Education Center in Missoula, too.[21]

 
Ad for Moose Drool Brown Ale

Opened in 1987, Missoula's Bayern Brewing is the oldest active brewery in Montana.[83] Big Sky Brewing opened in 1995 and with a production over 38,000 barrels in 2008, it is by far Montana's largest brewery, and produces the best-selling beer brewed in Montana, Moose Drool Brown Ale.[84][85] Missoula has also been home to Kettle House Brewing since 1995 and Draught Works opened in 2011. Big Sky, Bayern, and Kettlehouse represent the first-, second-, and third-largest breweries, respectively, in Montana.[86] Also in 2011, Tamarack Brewing and Flathead Lake Brewing Company from nearby Lake County opened pub houses at downtown Missoula locations. The city also holds annually the Garden City Brewfest and Winterfest, and periodically hosts the Montana Brewers Festival.[87][88]

The Clay Studio of Missoula is a non-profit ceramic-arts center, which provides education and a community access clay studio.[89]

Sports edit

See also: University of Montana Grizzlies athletics
 
Montana Grizzlies football at Washington–Grizzly Stadium

Missoula plays host to a variety of intercollegiate, youth, and amateur sports organizations in addition to a minor league baseball team. The Montana Grizzlies' football and basketball teams of the University of Montana have the highest attendance. The Montana Grizzlies football team has a successful program within the NCAA D-1 FCS level. Their home games at Washington–Grizzly Stadium have a near 90% winning percentage and average over 25,000 spectators in attendance. All games are televised throughout Montana. The Grizzlies men's and Lady Griz basketball teams have also been successful at the conference level, where they both rank at or near the top in attendance, about 4,000 and 3,000, respectively, and play their home games at Dahlberg Arena.[90][91][92]

Missoula is home to the Missoula PaddleHeads who play in the Rocky Mountain-based Pioneer Baseball League. They play their home games at Ogren Park at Allegiance Field.

Since 1977, Missoula has also held "Maggotfest", a festival-style rugby tournament hosted by the Missoula Maggots Rugby Club the first weekend in May. The non-elimination tournament focuses on the fun aspect of the game, attracting 36 teams (male and female) from around the United States and Canada. In regular-season play, the Missoula Maggots compete as part of the Montana Rugby Union alongside another local rugby team, the University of Montana Jesters.[93]

The Thomas Meagher Hurling Club[94] are also based in Missoula and play in the Northwestern division of the USGAA. The club are named after the late Irish nationalist and former acting Territorial Governor of Montana, Thomas Francis Meagher.

Parks and recreation edit

The city has over 400 acres (160 ha) of parkland, 22 miles (35 km) of trails, and nearly 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of conserved open space.[13] Located at the confluence of three rivers (the Clark Fork, Bitterroot, and Blackfoot), the area is also popular for white water rafting and, thanks largely to the novel and subsequent film A River Runs Through It by Missoula native Norman Maclean, is well known for its fly fishing. Additionally, Missoula has two aquatic parks,[13] multiple golf courses, is home to the Adventure Cycling Association, and hosts what Runner's World called the "best overall" marathon in the U.S.[95][96] There are also three ski areas within 100 miles (160 km): Montana Snowbowl, Discovery Ski Area, and Lost Trail Powder Mountain. Slightly farther away are Lookout Pass, Blacktail Mountain, and Big Mountain.[97]

A system of public parks was developed in Missoula in 1902 with the donation by lumber baron Thomas Greenough and his wife Tessie. They gave a 42-acre (17 ha) tract of land along Rattlesnake Creek for Greenough Park, on the condition that "the land forever be used as a park and for park purposes to which the people of Missoula may . . . find a comfortable, romantic and poetic retreat".[47]: 110  In a follow-up nine years later in a letter to the Missoulian, he stressed his interest in having the park remain in as close to a native state as possible.[98] That request, along with the discovery that non-native Norway maples were inhibiting the growth of native trees and shrubs such as cottonwoods, ponderosa pines, and Rocky Mountain maples, led to the controversial decision to remove Norway maples from the park with the hope of returning it to its natural state.[36][99]

In 1924, Bonner Park was created out of John L. Bonner's estate near the university. Today's park has multiple athletic fields and courts, and band shell used by the Missoula City band through the summer.[100] The Kiwanis club set up a Kiwanis Park downtown in 1934, making it the first of a string of parks that line both sides of the Clark Fork River. One of those parks on the southern bank of the river is McCormick Park, which was created with WPA funds out of surplus highway land, a parcel from the American Hide and Fur Company, and land donated from the Kate McCormick estate. The 26-acre (11 ha) park, named for Washington J. McCormick and his wife, is home to a skate park, aquatics center, a free bike check-out, and a children's fishing pond.[101] Other popular parks include the Jacobs Island Bark Park, a designated area for dogs to play off-leash; the Montana State veterans' memorial rose garden;[102] Waterwise Garden, a "living laboratory" garden utilizing water conservation techniques; and Splash Montana Waterpark at Playfair Park.

Caras Park edit

Caras Park is located just south of the historic Wilma Theatre downtown. It is located on land reclaimed when the Higgins Avenue Bridge was widened from two lanes to four in 1962. Before the reclamation, the Clark Fork River divided to create an island with the north channel's bank extending to nearby buildings such as the Wilma Theatre. The south channel was deepened for the increased water flow and the infilled land later became Caras Park.[103] Events in the park were not common until the early 1980s and permanent fixtures such as "Out to Lunch", which began in 1986. The Missoula Downtown Association took over from Parks and Recreation to manage the park and made improvements to make Caras Park more event-friendly. Seating, event circles, brick plazas, restrooms, and storage structures were added. Large temporary tents were used for events until 1997, when a permanent pavilion was constructed.[104] The park is a hub of city festivities including include "Out to Lunch", the International Wildlife Film Festival, First Night Missoula, Garden City BrewFest and offered intimate concert settings for artists such as Jewel, Chris Isaak, Santana, Ziggy Marley, and B.B. King.[105] Located next to Caras Park is A Carousel for Missoula, a wooden, hand-carved and volunteer-built carousel; and Dragon Hollow, a children's recreational area adjacent to the carousel.

Government and politics edit

City Council[106][107]
Mayor Jordan Hess[108]
Ward 1 Bryan von Lossberg/Heidi West
Ward 2 Sierra Farmer/Mirtha Becerra
Ward 3 Gwen Jones/Heather Harp
Ward 4 Jesse Ramos/Jon Dibari
Ward 5 Stacie Anderson/Julie Armstrong
Ward 6 Julie Meritt/Michelle Cares
Missoula's state delegation
(Senate)[109]
SD 46 Sue Malek (D)
SD 47 Dick Barrett (D)
SD 48 Tom Facey (D)
SD 49 David Wanzenried (D)
SD 50 Cliff Larsen (D)
(House of Representatives)[110]
HD 91 Chuck Erickson (R)
HD 92 Bryce Bennett (D)
HD 93 Douglas Coffin (D)
HD 94 Ellie Hill (D)
HD 95 Tom Steenberg (D)
HD 96 Carolyn Squires (D)
HD 97 Nancy Wilson (D)
HD 98 Jenifer Gursky (D)
HD 99 Kimberly Dudik (D)
HD 100 Zooey Zephyr (D)
Further information: List of mayors of Missoula, Montana
 
Missoula county courthouse

Missoula's system of government has changed four times since 1883, when an aldermanic form of government was approved with the town charter. The city adopted a commission-council form of government in 1911 with the opening of new City Hall and a council–manager government in 1954 before returning to an aldermanic form of government in 1959. Since January 1, 1997, Missoula has been governed in accordance with the Missoula City Charter, which calls for a mayor–council system of government.[111]

The current system comprises a mayor and city treasurer elected in a citywide vote and 12 city council members who must reside in and are elected from one of six wards, with each ward having two council members. All positions are nominally nonpartisan. Council members and the mayor are elected to four-year terms with council-member elections being staggered to allow only one member from each ward to up for re-election. No term limits exist for either position.[112][113]

Missoula's state legislative delegation is the second-largest in the Montana Legislature and is represented by districts 91–100 in the Montana House of Representatives and districts 46–50 in the Montana Senate.[114] Having 14 Democrats and only one Republican in its state legislative delegation, Missoula is known as a more liberal area than the rest of the state.[109][110]

Though Missoula's political leanings may not be unique for a college town, its initiative to make marijuana possession the lowest priority of law enforcement in 2006,[115] and symbolic resolutions calling on Congress to withdraw from Iraq in 2007,[116] and to amend the U.S. Constitution to declare that "corporations are not human beings" in 2011,[117] often put it at odds with the rest of the state. In 2011, the Montana legislature, with a Republican House majority, attempted to overturn Missoula's marijuana law and revoke its ability to have an anti-discrimination ordinance that included the LGBT community. The marijuana repeal was vetoed by then-Governor Brian Schweitzer[118][119] and the attempt to repeal the anti-discrimination ordinance died in the State Senate.[120]

In 2020, Missoula County became the first county in Montana to adopt a county sales tax on gasoline (an option afforded to counties in Montana that had gone unused for several decades).[121] The Montana Legislature and Governor Greg Gianforte blocked this decision the following year, repealing the sales tax provision from state law.[122]

Education edit

See also: University of Montana
 
The University of Montana campus, showing Mount Sentinel with The M logo

Missoula's first school was opened in late 1869 with 16 students from around the region and their teacher Emma C. Slack, who had come to Missoula by a two-month trip by horseback, railroad, and boat from Baltimore at the invitation of her brother. She resigned two years later upon marrying William H. H. Dickinson (the first couple married in Missoula) and was replaced by Elizabeth Countryman, who later married Missoula's first mayor, Frank H. Woody.[123][124] The first public high school was opened in 1904, but was converted back to a grade school after the A. J. Gibson-designed Missoula County High School (now Hellgate High School) was opened in 1908.[125] After several expansions, Stanford University was commissioned in 1951 to create a master building plan to manage future growth. It suggested purchasing land and building an additional campus at the Garden City Airport's Hale Field, which was gradually being replaced by the Missoula County Airport, which was then southwest of town. The new school (now Sentinel High School) was opened in 1957. Initially, the two campuses were separated between upper and lower classmen with upper classmen in the new school, but in 1965, the two campuses became separate high schools.[125] In 1974, the private Loyola Sacred Heart Catholic High School was created from a merger of the all-girls Sacred Heart Academy (est. 1873) and the all-boys Loyola High School (est. 1912).[126] In 1980, Missoula's third public high school, Big Sky, was established.[127]

Missoula's public schools are part of the Missoula County Public School districts 1, 4, 20, and 23.[128] In Missoula, there are nine public elementary schools (kindergarten to 5th grade), three public middle schools (6th to 8th grades), four public high schools (9th to 12th grades),[129] and three public schools serving kindergarten to 8th grade.[128] Missoula also has several private schools including an international school, religious-affiliated schools, as well as Next Step Prep, a theater academy high school operated by the Missoula Children's Theatre.[130]

The University of Montana dominates higher education in Missoula.[51] The university, established in 1893, was Montana's first, and has the state's second-largest enrollment,[131] with 12,922 students as of 2015.[132] The campus houses six colleges and three schools including Montana's first and only law school, the Alexander Blewett III School of Law at the University of Montana. The university is also the location of the state's Regional Federal Depository Library,[133] and houses the state Arboretum.[134] The University of Montana College of Technology, established in 1956 and formerly known as the Missoula Vocational Technical Center, offers fast-track learning programs. Multiple vocational programs not affiliated with the university ranging from photography and massage to truck driving also have a presence in Missoula.[135]

Missoula has a public library, the Missoula Public Library.[136]

Media edit

Main article: Media in Missoula, Montana

Broadcast edit

Missoula's single–broadcast over–air television media market is the largest in Montana and ranked 165 nationally as of 2015.[137] Though Missoula itself is second in population to Billings, Montana, Missoula's single-broadcast over-air television media market includes all of Missoula, Ravalli, Granite, Mineral, Lake, Flathead, and Sanders Counties in the more densely populated western region of Montana and serves over 112,600 television homes as of 2015.[137][138] Missoula is home to three local affiliate channels: KPAX-TV (CBS/MTN, The CW; founded 1970; channel 8), KECI-TV (NBC; founded 1954 as KGVO-TV; channel 13), and KTMF-TV (ABC, FOX; founded 1991; channel 23). Also based in Missoula at the University of Montana is Montana PBS (founded 1984; channel 11).[citation needed]

Print and online edit

Missoula has three main sources of print and digital media: the Missoulian (daily), The Missoula Current (daily), and Montana Kaimin (college). The Missoulian was founded as a weekly publication in 1870 as The Missoula and Cedar Creek Pioneer and remains the city's oldest news product.[139] The Missoula Current was founded in 2015 and provides local and regional coverage and is the state's largest digital-only news product. The Montana Kaimin (founded 1891) is distributed for free throughout parts of Missoula with heavy student traffic from the University of Montana, where the newspaper is printed weekly every Thursday during the school year.[140]

Infrastructure edit

Health care edit

Missoula has two primary health care facilities: St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center and Community Medical Center. St. Patrick's was founded in 1873 under the sponsorship of the Sisters of Providence. It is the only Level II trauma center in western Montana[141] and has undergone three major expansions since the 1980s. The hospital has 195 acute-care beds and admitted over 9,700 patients in 2003. The name was changed from "St. Patrick Hospital" to "St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center" in 2000 to reflect an increasing involvement with national medical research and education.[28] The Community Medical Center and its adjacent medical facilities are located near Fort Missoula and is part of a modern complex that includes a nursing home, the Missoula Crippled Children's Center, and private offices.[142] It was founded in 1922 as Thornton Hospital by doctors Will Thornton and Charles Thornton and has been at its current location since 1972. Although originally a locally owned, nonprofit hospital, it is now owned by a large corporation headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee, and is a for-profit entity. It is the only hospital in Western Montana with a separate Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. The center is partnered with Seattle Children's Hospital.[142] The nearest Level I trauma center to Missoula is Harborview Medical Center in Seattle, Washington.

Utilities edit

 
Power lines crossing the Clark Fork River east of the Higgins Avenue Bridge

The earliest Missoulians drew their water directly from the Clark Fork River or nearby Rattlesnake Creek. The first water system consisted of a Native American known as One-Eyed Riley and his friend filling buckets of water from the Rattlesnake Creek and hauling them door to door on a donkey cart.[143] In 1871 city co-founder Frank Worden began construction of a long pipe and wooden main system that flowed from the Rattlesnake Creek 2.5 miles (4 km) north of the city. With the addition of two small covered reservoirs, the first municipal water system was begun in 1880. With an intake dam built-in 1901 with a settling basin capacity of 3 million US gallons (11,000 m3), the Rattlesnake Creek continued to meet the demands of the city until 1935 when five wells were added to respond to increased summer and fall demand. This system is still maintained as an emergency backup but was discontinued as a primary source after Giardia outbreak in 1983.[144] Since then, Missoula has relied on the Missoula Valley Aquifer as the sole source of water.[145] In 1889, the first electrical plant was built by A. B. Hammond to power his major downtown properties such as the Missoula Mercantile and the Florence Hotel. In 1905, the Missoula Mercantile (by then owned by Copper King William A. Clark purchased the water system and consolidated it with its vast electrical holdings to create the Missoula Light and Water Company (ML&W) a year later.[146] Electricity and water remained bundled after ML&W's sale to the Montana Power Company (MPC) in 1929. In 1979, MPC sold its water utility holdings as Mountain Water Company to Park Water Company in Downey, California, which since 2011 has been a subsidiary of The Carlyle Group.[147] In 2015, the City of Missoula was legally granted its "'right to acquire' the water system by exercising its power of eminent domain",[148] but as of June 2017 the decision was upheld by a district court.[149]

Following the deregulation of Montana's electricity market in 1997, Montana Power Company began to divest its energy business. MPC sold substantially all its electrical generating assets to the PPL Corporation in December 1997 and its energy transmission and distribution business to NorthWestern Corporation in February 2002.[150] Despite filing for bankruptcy in 2002, NorthWestern Corporation's subsidiary NorthWestern Energy is the primary provider of electric and natural gas service to Missoula in addition to the Rural Utilities Service's Missoula Electric Cooperative.[151]

Local telephone service in the area is provided by CenturyLink and Blackfoot Telecommunications. Major cell phone providers include AT&T, Sprint, Verizon, and T-Mobile. Allied Waste handles recycling through a program where customers can purchase special blue bags to designate recyclables. Recycling has also been offered by Missoula Valley Recycling since 1992, by Garden City Recycling since 2010 which offers curbside pickup, and by Pacific Steel & Recycling which offers drop-off recycling.[152] Sewer service is handled by the City of Missoula Wastewater Division.

City layout and development edit

See also: Buildings and structures in Missoula, Montana
 
Higgins Block in Downtown Missoula

In the mid-1860s, C. P. Higgins and Frank Worden began plotting what would become the town of Missoula along the Mullan Military Road, which ran parallel to the Clark Fork River. Through downtown Missoula, the route of the road is now Front Street.[123] It is intersected by Higgins Avenue, to which a bridge across the Clark Fork was added in 1873. The intersection of these two streets became the default center of the city, and remains the numerical center regarding city street addresses.[153] The arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1883 led to a housing boom along the tracks, particularly on the northern side where many of the railway workers would reside. When the Higgins Avenue Bridge was replaced in 1893, they debated whether the bridge should continue southwest toward the Bitterroot Valley as it had earlier or due south. Attorneys W. M. Bickford and W. J. Stephens had already laid out plots of land five years earlier for what they hoped would be a new town of "South Missoula". The streets there were perpendicular to the Bitterroot Wagon Road. In contrast, Judge Hiram Knowles who owned the land just south of the river preferred the north–south plan and did not want to become part of South Missoula.

 
The "Slant Streets"

The result was a 7×14–block area along the west side of Higgins Avenue commonly referred to as the "Slant Streets" centered along what is now Stephens Avenue. Stephens Avenue and Brooks Street are the only arterials to traverse the city diagonally along with the Bitterroot Branch of Montana Rail Link. With the exception of Downtown, the rest of the city, where streets follow the angle of the river, and newer expansions into the hills, strictly follow the grid plan.[123] With the establishment of the University of Montana in 1893 and the announcement that the tracks of the Milwaukee Road would be located south of the river, houses began to spread quickly throughout the university and south side districts. The area near the university was promoted as high-end and luxurious homes appeared on Hammond Avenue (then nicknamed "Millionaires Row" and known today as Gerald Avenue).[47]: 32 

The arrival of Interstate 90 in the mid-1960s forced the removal of 60 homes, including the Greenough Mansion. The north side of Missoula became isolated between the Interstate and the tracks while the Greenough Mansion was moved to a South Hills golf course and converted to a restaurant. This dichotomy has prevailed with the North Side feeling neglected by the city while the South Hills became an upscale neighborhood. The Missoula Downtown Master Plan of 2009 emphasized redevelopment of the North Side's former rail yard and the area just south of the tracks.[154][155]

The city is divided into 18 neighborhood councils, of which all Missoula residents are members.[156] The city further contains 10 historical districts: Downtown Missoula, East Pine Street, Fort Missoula, Lower Rattlesnake, McCormick, Northside, Southside, University Area and, the campus of the University of Montana.[157]

Trail system edit

Missoula has an extensive trail system for both commuting and recreation that extends over 22 miles (35 km). The city is actively trying to connect its various sections within the city to each other and to recreational trails extending beyond the city. The heart of the Missoula Commuter Bike Network is the trails along either side of the Clark Fork River that link Downtown with surrounding neighborhoods, the university, city parks, and outlying open space with smooth surfaces and three bicycle/pedestrian bridges. The most southern of these is Milwaukee Trail, which follows the former Milwaukee Railroad and continues east out of town as the Kim Williams Nature Trail beside Mount Sentinel. The Bitterroot Branch Trail connects to the Riverfront trails west of Downtown and, when completed, will provide a trail from Downtown to Southgate Mall. Near the Bitterroot Branch Trail, but not connected, is the South Avenue Trail on the west side of Reserve Street that connects the Community Medical Center with Fort Missoula, nearby athletic fields, and the Bitterroot River. The South Hills neighborhood has its own system of trails that is also approaching, but not quite meeting, the larger network.[158]

Transportation edit

Highways edit

Interstate 90 runs east–west along the northern edge of Missoula at the base of the North Hills, with all but a small portion of the city located south of the highway. Completed in 1965 at the expense of 60 homes, the Garden City Brewery, and the Greenough Mansion, I‑90 has four city exits and makes connections with U.S. Route 93, U.S. Route 12 and Montana Highway 200.[154] The original U.S. 12, approved by the AASHO in 1939 to extend west into Montana, did not include Missoula until the highway was rerouted along State Route 6 in October 1959 and was not extended west from Missoula until 1962. The road now crosses Missoula southwest–northeast.[159] U.S. 93 serves as a major economic corridor for western Montana connecting Missoula with the Bitterroot Valley communities to the south and Flathead Lake, Kalispell, and Glacier National Park to the north.[160] Montana Highway 200, the longest state highway in the United States enters Missoula from the east and provides access along the Blackfoot River and a direct route to Great Falls.

Transit edit

Public transportation in Missoula began as early as 1890 with a horse-drawn streetcar system (electrified in 1910) operated by the Missoula Street Railway Company that connected Downtown Missoula with the university, Bonner, the fairgrounds, and Fort Missoula. These streetcars were then replaced by buses in 1932 due to cost.[161][162] Bus service today is provided by Mountain Line, a public transit agency created by public vote in 1976 as part of the Missoula Urban Transportation District (MUTD) that began operation in December 1977. Mountain Line operates 14 bus routes[163] within a 36-square-mile (93 km2) area, serving Missoula, East Missoula, Bonner, Target Range, Rattlesnake, and the airport. Additionally the line has offered paratransit services since 1991 to assist the disabled, senior van since 2008, and has four park‑and‑ride lots throughout Missoula.[164] Special bus service is offered to the University of Montana through three of the city's park‑and‑ride lots in addition to a late-night UDASH shuttle that offers service between the university and Downtown.[165] As of January 2015 a three-year pilot program of zero-fare transportation on all Mountain Line buses began, with the goal of increasing ridership by 45 percent.[166]

Bus lines edit

Direct intercity ground travel needs are provided by bus carrier Jefferson Lines.

Railroads edit

Intercity rail travel was available from 1883, when the Northern Pacific Railway began service through Missoula, until 1979 when Amtrak discontinued its North Coast Hiawatha route across southern Montana. In 1901, Northern Pacific built their station at the terminus of Higgins Avenue; since 1985, it has been on the National Register of Historic Places.[167] The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad also built their "Pacific Extension" through Missoula, and that station was also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

A feasibility study was commissioned by Congress in 2008 to examine the merits of reopening the North Coast Hiawatha, but as of 2008, the nearest rail station to Missoula is the Whitefish station of Amtrak's Empire Builder, 136 miles (219 km) to the north.[168]

Bicycles edit

In 2009, the Missoula metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ranked as the fifth highest in the United States for percentage of commuters who biked to work (5 percent).[169] In 2013, the Missoula MSA ranked as the tenth lowest in the United States for percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile (77.2 percent). In the same year, 8.5 percent of Missoula area commuters walked to work.[170]

Airport edit

 
Missoula International Airport

In 1927, air travel to Missoula began; today the city is served by Missoula Montana Airport, a public airport run by the Missoula County Airport Authority. It is the largest airport in western Montana, serving 848,444 passengers in 2018.[171][172] The current building contains three jet bridges and three ground‑level boarding gates. There are direct flights year‑round to Billings,[174] Dallas, Denver, Las Vegas, Minneapolis, Phoenix, Portland, Salt Lake City, Seattle, and seasonally to Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, Oakland, and San Francisco.[175]

Six airlines[citation needed] operate out of Missoula (Allegiant Air, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Frontier Airlines, Horizon/Alaska Airlines, and United Airlines) in addition to cargo carriers FedEx Express, and UPS Airlines.[176] The airport is also home to Homestead Helicopters and fixed‑base operators Minuteman Jet Center (an Avfuel fuel provider), and Northstar Jet (a Phillips 66 fuel provider).

Notable people edit

 
Jeannette Rankin, the first woman in Congress, was born and raised in Missoula.
Main article: List of people from Missoula, Montana
 
U.S. Senator and longest-serving Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield
See also: List of University of Montana alumni

Missoula has produced and been home to a number of notable individuals in varying fields. Its natives and residents are referred to as "Missoulians". In politics, Jeannette Rankin,[14] the first woman in Congress, was born and raised in Missoula while Senators Mike Mansfield,[177] the U.S.'s longest serving Senate Majority Leader, and Max Baucus,[178] Montana's longest serving U.S. Senator both established careers and joined politics while living in the city.

Noted athletes who were born or resided in Missoula include five Olympic medalists, Pro Football Hall of Fame Quarterback John Elway,[179] and former Milwaukee Bucks coach Larry Krystkowiak.[180]

Actor Dana Carvey,[181] filmmaker David Lynch,[182] and award-winning biologist Leroy Hood[183] were born in Missoula, while Carroll O'Connor[184] and J. K. Simmons[185] attended the University of Montana. Composer David Maslanka (1943-2017) lived in Missoula,[186] and musician Jeff Ament,[187] and musician, vlogger, and author Hank Green[188] reside in Missoula. Academically, Missoula has been home to Nobel Prize winners Harold C. Urey[189] and Steve Running[190] as well as 20th century Montana historian K. Ross Toole.[191]

Noted names in literature include Native American poet James Welch,[192] crime novelist James Crumley,[193] former head of the University of Montana's Creative Writing Program Richard Hugo,[194] William Kittredge, a western writer and professor of creative writing at the University of Montana at Missoula, and Norman Maclean,[195] whose A River Runs Through It chronicles his life in early 20th-century Missoula. Joanna Klink, poet and professor at the University of Montana. Michael Punke, the author of the best-selling novel The Revenant, also lives in Missoula.

Sister cities edit

Missoula has two[196] sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:

Missoula's Sister City relationship with Palmerston North, New Zealand, began after Missoula resident and later University of Montana professor Harold Bockemuehl returned from obtaining his PhD from Massey University. The relationship was made official in 1983 after a meeting between then UM President Neil Bucklew and officials from Massey University. Each May, Missoula celebrates "New Zealand Day" in honor of the relationship with rugby, food, and entertainment.[197] Missoula's second Sister City relationship began in 1991 after a Neckargemünd delegation, led by Mayor Oskar Schuster, visited Missoula following a Fulbright-sponsored faculty exchange between Heidelberg University and the University of Montana. Every September the Missoula Cultural Council holds an annual "Germanfest" to celebrate German culture and this relationship.[196][198]

Portrayal in media edit

. . . the world outside, which my brother and I soon discovered was full of bastards, the number increasing rapidly the farther one gets from Missoula, Montana.

— Norman Maclean, A River Runs Through It [199]

Author Norman Maclean grew up in Missoula and wrote about it in his 1976 autobiographical novella A River Runs Through It.[200] The work was adapted into a 1992 motion picture of the same name, directed by Robert Redford and starring Brad Pitt and Craig Sheffer.

Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in a College Town, a 2015 book by Jon Krakauer, focused on a series of sexual assault cases between 2010 and 2012 and the way that the Missoula Police Department, the Missoula County Attorney's Office, and the University of Montana handled those cases.[201][202] Missoula's handling of rape cases sparked a Justice Department's investigation that found a "pattern of disrespect and indifference toward alleged victims" by Missoula law enforcement, prosecutors, and the university, with scathing blame directed at the Attorney's Office.[203][204][205][206][207] While being interviewed on NPR about the book, Krakauer stated, "I don't mean to single out Missoula: Its rape rate is a little less than the national average; I think its problems with dealing with rape are pretty depressingly typical."[208] Nevertheless, reporting by Krakauer and local and national journalists showed what they characterized as a troubling pattern of authorities mishandling investigations, treating victims with hostility and suspicion, reflexively protecting alleged perpetrators at the expense of victims, declining to prosecute large numbers of credible rape allegations, and creating an atmosphere where victims were unlikely to come forward after an attack.[209][210] Krakauer placed a significant portion of the blame for the mishandling of rape prosecutions on a single Deputy County Attorney, Kirsten Pabst, who now serves as the Missoula County Attorney.[211] The book also charted deep divisions within the town about the allegations, particularly those involving football players from the Montana Grizzlies.

There is a lengthy study of Missoula in the title essay of British writer Jonathan Raban's Driving Home: An American Journey: despite writing that on his arrival, "I had the powerful impression that I had driven deep into the Rocky Mountains and somehow arrived in Rotherham or Barnsley,"[212] and that "the overall effect [of the city] was oddly unsettling; the streets too open for comfort, the town too closed in, inducing mild claustrophobia and agoraphobia at the same time",[212] he notes the literary heritage of the city and its reputation as a "kindly town" (evidenced by its being a place where "odds and ends naturally collected and cohered").

Missoula is mentioned as being the closest city to the fictional Hope County in Far Cry 5. The game's second mission involves the player trying to escape the county to reach Missoula.[213]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.

References edit

  1. ^ a b . Destination Missoula. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
  2. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  3. ^ a b "QuickFacts: Missoula city, Montana". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  4. ^ a b "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  5. ^ a b . USPS. Archived from the original on August 9, 2015.
  6. ^ "Nɫʔay" (PDF). Plateau Portal. (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  7. ^ a b Gilder, Don. . Old Missoula. Archived from the original on August 15, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
  8. ^ a b . Census 2010 News. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
  9. ^ Allan James Mathews (2002). A Guide to Historic Missoula. Montana Historical Society. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-917298-89-9. from the original on June 12, 2018.
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  174. ^ Service to Billings is by charter.[173]
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  179. ^ Christopher, Matt (2009) [1st pub. 1999]. "1960–1975: Birth of a Quarterback". In the Huddle with... John Elway. New York: Hachette Book Group. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-316-09524-2. LCCN 98045549. OCLC 39985596. OL 15108719W. from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
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  181. ^ Hirschmann, Kris (2003). "Notable People". Montana: The Treasure State. World Almanac Library of the States. Milwaukee: World Almanac Library. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8368-5153-3. LCCN 2002038041. OCLC 50919750. OL 8203372M. Dana Carvey . . . Born: June 2, 1955, Missoula
  182. ^ Browning, Skylar (April 12, 2007). "Demystifying David Lynch". Missoula Independent. from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015. he was born in Missoula in 1946
  183. ^ Hood, Leroy (2002). (PDF). Institute for Systems Biology. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015. I was born in October of 1938 in Missoula, Montana, a beautiful town split by a rapidly flowing river and lying at the convergence of two forested mountain ranges.
  184. ^ Jahrig, Gary (March 5, 2000). "Carroll O'Connor to teach classes at UM". Missoulian. Missoula. ISSN 0746-4495. from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Carroll O'Connor, the UM graduate best known for his portrayal of the outspoken Bunker on the television series All In The Family.
  185. ^ Schweber, Nate (Spring 2015). "Family Ties" (PDF). Montanan. Vol. 32, no. 2. University of Montana. pp. 16–19. (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015. 'One of the first things Damien said was, "I don't want you to be intimidated by the musical aspects of this. I can shoot this in a way to make you look good, like you know what you're doing"', Simmons says. 'I said, "Let me stop you right there. Forty years ago I was a music major at the University of Montana. I conducted pit orchestra, and I can read these charts. I'm not just some actor who's going to be waving his arms around.'
  186. ^ "Blue Mountain Meadow". David Maslanka. from the original on October 6, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015. Blue Mountain is my favorite nature-walk place in the Missoula, Montana area where I live.
  187. ^ "Famous Montanans: Jeff Ament of Pearl Jam". State of Montana. from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
  188. ^ Erickson, David (January 23, 2015). "Missoula YouTube star Hank Green interviews Obama". Missoulian. Missoula. ISSN 0746-4495. from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Missoula resident Hank Green sat down for a face-to-face interview with President Barack Obama in the East Room of the White House on Thursday, and the whole thing was live-streamed on YouTube.
  189. ^ "Harold C. Urey". Encyclopædia Britannica. June 24, 2015. from the original on August 2, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
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  191. ^ "K. Ross Toole Papers, 1867–1992 (bulk 1961–1981)". Archives West. Orbis Cascade Alliance. from the original on August 13, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015. This collection largely contains correspondence, research materials and writings, and faculty materials from 1961, when he was named the A. B. Hammond Professor of Western History at the University of Montana in Missoula, to his death in 1981. . . . Kenneth Ross Toole was born August 8, 1920 in Missoula, Montana.
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  193. ^ Sullivan, Patricia (September 19, 2008). "James Crumley; Inspired Generation of Crime Writers". Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015. James Crumley, 68, whose poetic and violent tales of crime in the American West made him a patron saint of the post-Vietnam private eye novel, died of complications from kidney and pulmonary diseases . . . in Missoula, Mont., where he lived.
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  213. ^ Doak, Chase (April 7, 2018). "5 things 'Far Cry 5' gets right about Montana, and 5 things it gets wrong". Billings Gazette. Retrieved February 8, 2023.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Missoula, Montana.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Missoula, Montana.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Missoula".
  • Official website  
  • Missoula Visitors Bureau
  • Missoula Chamber of Commerce
  • Missoula, Montana at Curlie
  • "Missoula" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
  • Missoula Collection Guide (University of Montana Archives)
  • City of Missoula (Mont.) Records, 1883-2009 (University of Montana Archives)

Cultural heritage resources

  • Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library Archives and Special Collections
  • The Historical Museum at Fort Missoula's Public Research Boxes
  • Missoula Art Museum's Online Collections Database

November 14, 2023
missoula, montana, missoula, redirects, here, other, uses, missoula, disambiguation, missoula, séliš, nłʔay, place, small, bull, trout, kutenai, tuhuⱡnana, city, county, seat, missoula, county, montana, united, states, located, along, clark, fork, river, near,. Missoula redirects here For other uses see Missoula disambiguation Missoula m ɪ ˈ z uː l e mih ZOO le Selis Nlʔay lit Place of the Small Bull Trout 6 Kutenai Tuhuⱡnana is a city in and the county seat of Missoula County Montana United States It is located along the Clark Fork River near its confluence with the Bitterroot and Blackfoot Rivers in western Montana and at the convergence of five mountain ranges thus it is often described as the hub of five valleys 7 The 2020 United States Census shows the city s population at 73 489 3 and the population of the Missoula Metropolitan Area at 117 922 4 After Billings Missoula is the second largest city and metropolitan area in Montana 8 Missoula is home to the University of Montana a public research university Missoula Nlʔay Kalispel Pend d Oreille Tuhuⱡnana Kutenai CitySealNicknames The Garden City River City Zootown informal 1 Motto The Discovery Continues 1 Location within Missoula CountyMissoulaLocation within MontanaShow map of MontanaMissoulaLocation within the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates 46 51 45 N 114 0 42 W 46 86250 N 114 01167 W 46 86250 114 01167CountryUnited StatesStateMontanaCountyMissoulaFounded1866Incorporated town March 8 1883Incorporated city March 12 1885Founded byChristopher P Higgins Francis Lyman WordenGovernment TypeMayor council BodyMissoula City Council MayorJordan Hess D Area 2 City34 96 sq mi 90 54 km2 Land34 77 sq mi 90 05 km2 Water0 19 sq mi 0 49 km2 Urban45 43 sq mi 117 7 km2 Metro2 618 sq mi 6 780 km2 Elevation3 209 ft 978 m Population 2020 City73 489 Estimate 2022 3 76 955 RankUS 480th 2010 Density2 113 70 sq mi 816 11 km2 Metro 4 117 922 US 332nd Time zoneUTC 7 Mountain Summer DST UTC 6 Mountain ZIP code59801 59804 59806 59808 5 University of Montana ZIP code59812 5 Area code406FIPS code30 50200GNIS feature ID0787504HighwaysWebsiteci missoula mt usThe Missoula area began seeing settlement by people of European descent in 1858 including William T Hamilton who set up a trading post along the Rattlesnake Creek Captain Richard Grant who settled near Grant Creek and David Pattee who settled near Pattee Canyon 9 Missoula was founded in 1860 as Hellgate Trading Post while still part of Washington Territory By 1866 the settlement had moved east 5 miles 8 km upstream and had been renamed Missoula Mills later shortened to Missoula 10 The mills provided supplies to western settlers traveling along the Mullan Road The establishment of Fort Missoula in 1877 to protect settlers further stabilized the economy The arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1883 brought rapid growth and the maturation of the local lumber industry In 1893 the Montana Legislature chose Missoula as the site for the state s first university Along with the U S Forest Service headquarters founded in 1908 lumber and the university remained the basis of the local economy for the next 100 years 11 By the 1990s Missoula s lumber industry had gradually disappeared and as of 2009 update the city s largest employers were the University of Montana Missoula County Public Schools and Missoula s two hospitals 12 The city is governed by a mayor council government with 12 city council members two from each of the six wards In and around Missoula are 400 acres 160 ha of parkland 22 miles 35 km of trails and nearly 5 000 acres 2 000 ha of open space conservation land with adjacent Mount Jumbo being home to grazing elk and mule deer during the winter 13 The city is also home to both of Montana s largest and its oldest active breweries as well as the Montana Grizzlies Notable residents include the first woman to serve in the U S Congress Jeannette Rankin 14 Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2 1 Suburbs 2 2 Flora and fauna 2 3 Climate 3 Demographics 3 1 2010 census 4 Economy 5 Culture 6 Sports 7 Parks and recreation 7 1 Caras Park 8 Government and politics 9 Education 10 Media 10 1 Broadcast 10 2 Print and online 11 Infrastructure 11 1 Health care 11 2 Utilities 11 3 City layout and development 11 3 1 Trail system 11 4 Transportation 11 4 1 Highways 11 4 2 Transit 11 4 3 Bus lines 11 4 4 Railroads 11 4 5 Bicycles 11 4 6 Airport 12 Notable people 13 Sister cities 14 Portrayal in media 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External linksHistory editMain article History of Missoula Montana nbsp Teepees at the site of Missoula south of the Clark Fork River facing northeastArchaeological artifacts date the earliest inhabitants of the Missoula Valley to 12 000 years ago with settlements as early as 3500 BCE From the 1700s until 1850s those who used the land were primarily the Salish Kootenai Pend d Oreille Blackfeet and Shoshone Located at the confluence of five mountain valleys the Missoula Valley was heavily traversed by local and distant native tribes that periodically went to the Eastern Montana plains in search of bison This led to conflicts The narrow valley at Missoula s eastern entrance was so strewn with human bones from repeated ambushes that French fur trappers later referred to this area as Porte de l Enfer translated as Gate of Hell 15 Hell Gate would remain the name of the area until it was renamed Missoula in 1866 10 The Lewis and Clark Expedition brought the first U S citizens to the area They twice stopped just south of Missoula at Traveler s Rest 16 17 They camped there the first time on their westbound trip in September 1805 When they stayed there again on their return in June July 1806 Clark left heading south along the Bitterroot River and Lewis traveled north then east through Hellgate Canyon In 1860 Hell Gate Village was established 5 miles 8 km west of present day downtown by Christopher P Higgins and Frank Worden as a trading post to serve travelers on the recently completed Mullan Road the first wagon road to cross the Rocky Mountains to the inland of the Pacific Northwest 10 The desire for a more convenient water supply to power a lumber and flour mill led to the movement of the settlement to its modern location in 1864 18 The Missoula Mills replaced Hell Gate Village as the economic power of the valley and replaced it as the county seat in 1866 The name Missoula came from the Salish name for the Clark Fork River nmesuletkw which roughly translates as place of frozen water 19 Fort Missoula was established in 1877 to help protect further arriving settlers Growth accelerated with the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1883 and by charter Missoula incorporated a municipal government as a town the same year 20 In 1885 Missoula reincorporated its government as a city In 1893 Missoula was chosen as the location for the first state university the University of Montana The need for lumber for the railway and its bridges spurred the opening of multiple saw mills in the area and in turn the beginning of Missoula s lumber industry which remained the mainstay of the area economy for the next 100 years 11 The United States Forest Service work in Missoula began in 1905 21 Missoula is also home of the smokejumpers headquarters and will be the site of the National Museum of Forest Service History 21 Nationally there are nine Forest Service regions Region 1 is headquartered in Missoula 22 nbsp View of downtown from Mt SentinelLogging remained a mainstay of industry in Missoula with the groundbreaking of the Hoerner Waldorf pulp mill in 1956 which resulted in protests over the resultant air pollution 23 An article in Life 13 years later speaks of Missoulians sometimes needing to drive with headlights on during the day to navigate through the smog 24 In 1979 almost 40 of the county labor income still came from the wood and paper products sector 25 The lumber industry was hit hard by the recession of the early 1980s and Missoula s economy began to diversify 26 By the early 1990s the disappearance of many of the region s log yards along with legislation had helped clean the air dramatically 27 As of 2009 update education and healthcare were Missoula s leading industries the University of Montana Missoula County Public Schools and the two hospitals in the city were the largest employers 12 St Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center founded in 1873 is the region s only Level II trauma center and has undergone three major expansions since the 1980s 28 Likewise the University of Montana grew 50 and built or renovated 20 buildings from 1990 to 2010 29 These industries as well as expansions in business and professional services and retail are expected to be the main engines of future growth 30 Geography edit nbsp Missoula ValleyMissoula is located at the western edge of Montana approximately 45 miles 70 km from the Idaho border The city is at an elevation of 3 209 feet 978 m above sea level with nearby Mount Sentinel and Mount Jumbo steeply rising to 5 158 feet 1 572 m and 4 768 feet 1 453 m respectively According to the Census Bureau s 2015 update figures the city had a total area of 29 08 square miles 75 3 km2 of which 28 90 square miles 74 9 km2 were land and 0 184 square miles 0 48 km2 were covered by water 31 nbsp Ancient wave cut shorelines are visible on the edge of Mount Sentinel Around 13 000 years ago the entire valley was at the bottom of Glacial Lake Missoula As could be expected for a former lake bottom the layout of Missoula is relatively flat and surrounded by steep hills Evidence of the city of Missoula s lake bottom past can be seen in the form of ancient horizontal wave cut shorelines on nearby Mount Sentinel and Mount Jumbo 32 At the location of present day University of Montana the lake once had a depth of 950 feet 290 m 33 The Clark Fork River enters the Missoula Valley from the east through Hellgate Canyon after joining the nearby Blackfoot River at the site of the former Milltown Dam The Bitterroot River and multiple smaller tributaries join the Clark Fork on the western edge of Missoula The city also sits at the convergence of five mountain ranges the Bitterroot Mountains Sapphire Range Garnet Range Rattlesnake Mountains and the Reservation Divide thus is often described as being the hub of five valleys 7 Suburbs edit Bonner West Riverside Clinton East Missoula Evaro Frenchtown Lolo Orchard Homes Wye Flora and fauna edit Located in the Northern Rockies Missoula has a typical Rocky Mountain ecology Local wildlife includes populations of white tailed deer moose grizzly bears black bears osprey and bald eagles During the winter rapid snowmelt on Mount Jumbo due to its steep slope leaves grass available for grazing elk and mule deer The rivers around Missoula provide nesting habitats for bank swallows northern rough winged swallows and belted kingfishers Killdeer and spotted sandpipers can be seen foraging for insects along the gravel bars Other species include song sparrows catbirds several species of warblers and the pileated woodpecker The rivers also provide cold clean water for native fish such as westslope cutthroat trout and bull trout The meandering streams also attract beaver and wood ducks 34 The parks also host a variety of snakes such as racers garter snakes and rubber boa Native riparian plant life includes sandbar willows and cottonwoods with Montana s state tree the ponderosa pine also being prevalent Other native plants include wetland species such as cattails and beaked sedge as well as shrubs and berry plants such as Douglas hawthorn chokecherry and western snowberries 34 To the chagrin of local farmers Missoula is also home to several noxious weeds which multiple programs have set out to eliminate Notable ones include Dalmatian toadflax spotted knapweed leafy spurge St John s wort and sulfur cinquefoil 35 Controversially the Norway maples that line many of Missoula s older streets have also been declared an invasive species 36 Climate edit Missoula has a humid continental climate Koppen climate classification Dfb 37 with cold and moderately snowy winters hot and dry summers and short crisp springs and autumns Winters are usually milder than much of the rest of the state due to Missoula s location west of the Rockies allowing it to receive mild moist Pacific air and avoid the worst of cold snaps however it also gets more precipitation in winter Winter snowfall averages 39 5 inches 100 cm typically occurring between October 30 and April 20 with an annual average of 120 days of snow on the ground As with the rest of the state summers are very sunny and the average diurnal temperature variation is more than 30 F 17 C from late June through late September due to the relative aridity 38 39 The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 23 9 F 4 5 C in December to 68 6 F 20 3 C in July On average annually there are 24 days with temperatures at or above 90 F 32 C 45 days where the temperature does not rise above freezing and 7 8 days with temperatures reaching at or below 0 F 18 C Record temperatures range from 33 F 36 C on January 26 1957 up to 107 F 42 C most recently on June 30 2021 the record cold maximum is 13 F 25 C last recorded on February 2 1989 while conversely the record warm minimum is 72 F 22 C on July 27 1939 Climate data for Missoula Montana Missoula Airport 1991 2020 normals a extremes 1893 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 60 16 66 19 78 26 90 32 95 35 102 39 107 42 105 41 99 37 85 29 73 23 67 19 107 42 Mean maximum F C 47 9 8 8 51 3 10 7 65 2 18 4 75 6 24 2 84 9 29 4 90 9 32 7 98 0 36 7 97 3 36 3 89 8 32 1 75 3 24 1 58 5 14 7 47 2 8 4 99 6 37 6 Average high F C 31 6 0 2 37 0 2 8 47 9 8 8 56 1 13 4 66 2 19 0 73 2 22 9 85 4 29 7 84 3 29 1 72 6 22 6 55 7 13 2 39 9 4 4 30 9 0 6 56 7 13 7 Daily mean F C 24 8 4 0 29 0 1 7 37 4 3 0 44 2 6 8 53 0 11 7 59 7 15 4 68 4 20 2 67 2 19 6 57 5 14 2 44 1 6 7 32 3 0 2 24 4 4 2 45 2 7 3 Average low F C 18 0 7 8 20 9 6 2 26 8 2 9 32 3 0 2 39 8 4 3 46 3 7 9 51 5 10 8 50 1 10 1 42 4 5 8 32 4 0 2 24 6 4 1 17 8 7 9 33 6 0 9 Mean minimum F C 3 7 19 8 1 9 16 7 12 2 11 0 21 9 5 6 27 6 2 4 34 9 1 6 41 4 5 2 40 2 4 6 30 1 1 1 16 9 8 4 8 5 13 1 1 5 18 6 10 9 23 8 Record low F C 33 36 28 33 13 25 2 17 21 6 26 3 27 3 25 4 15 9 7 22 23 31 30 34 33 36 Average precipitation inches mm 0 96 24 0 88 22 0 92 23 1 36 35 1 77 45 2 14 54 0 85 22 0 83 21 0 96 24 1 18 30 1 18 30 1 08 27 14 11 358 Average snowfall inches cm 9 9 25 8 5 22 5 0 13 1 3 3 3 0 3 0 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 25 0 9 2 3 5 4 14 11 6 29 43 0 109 Average precipitation days 0 01 in 12 5 10 8 11 4 11 4 12 1 12 5 6 0 6 4 7 3 9 9 11 1 12 6 124 0Average snowy days 0 1 in 9 7 8 1 4 9 1 5 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 5 2 9 5 40 2Average relative humidity 81 3 78 1 70 3 61 2 61 7 61 1 51 7 52 5 62 8 70 8 80 2 83 5 67 9Average dew point F C 17 2 8 2 21 7 5 7 25 3 3 7 29 7 1 3 37 2 2 9 44 4 6 9 45 7 7 6 44 4 6 9 39 7 4 3 32 7 0 4 25 9 3 4 18 7 7 4 31 9 0 1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 95 8 133 0 209 3 245 0 280 5 311 1 389 3 334 8 264 7 194 3 99 5 82 9 2 640 2Percent possible sunshine 34 46 57 60 60 66 81 76 70 58 35 31 59Source NOAA 40 41 42 Demographics editFurther information Neighborhoods and zones of Missoula Montana Historical population CensusPop Note 1870400 1880347 13 2 18903 426887 3 19004 36627 4 191012 896195 4 192012 668 1 8 193014 65715 7 194018 44925 9 195022 48521 9 196027 09020 5 197029 4978 9 198033 38813 2 199042 91828 5 200057 05332 9 201066 78817 1 202073 48910 0 2022 est 76 9554 7 Sources 1870 1990 43 2000 2010 8 Highest Educational AttainmentPopulation 25 years and over 2014 Missoula 44 Montana 44 U S 44 Less than 9th grade 1 2 2 2 5 8 9th to 12th grade no diploma 3 3 5 3 7 8 High school graduate or equivalent 19 0 29 8 28 0 Some college 24 1 25 3 21 2 Associate degree 6 7 8 3 7 9 Bachelor s degree 28 0 19 8 18 3 Graduate or professional degree 17 7 9 2 11 0 High school or higher 95 5 92 4 86 3 Bachelor s degree or higher 45 7 29 1 29 3 The median income for a household in the city was 30 366 and for a family was 42 103 Males had a median income of 30 686 versus 21 559 for females The per capita income for the city was 17 166 About 11 7 of families and 19 7 of the population were below the poverty line including 20 5 of those under age 18 and 9 3 of those age 65 or over About 40 3 of Missoula residents age 25 and older have a bachelor s or advanced college degree 2010 census edit As of 2010 update s census 66 788 people 29 081 households and 13 990 families resided in the city 45 The population density was 2 427 8 inhabitants per square mile 937 4 km2 The 30 682 housing units averaged 1 115 3 per square mile 430 6 km2 The racial makeup of the city was 92 1 White 0 5 African American 2 8 Native American 1 2 Asian 0 6 from other races and 2 8 from two or more races Latinos of any race were 2 9 of the population Of the 29 081 households 23 6 had children under the age of 18 living with them 34 4 were married couples living together 9 6 had a female householder with no husband present 4 1 had a male householder with no wife present and 51 9 were not families About 35 0 of all households were made up of individuals and 9 1 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 2 18 and the average family size was 2 82 In the city the population was distributed as 17 9 of residents under 18 19 7 between the ages of 18 and 24 29 6 from 25 to 44 22 1 from 45 to 64 and 10 7 who were 65 years of age or older The median age in the city was 30 9 years The gender makeup of the city was 49 9 male and 50 1 female Economy editMissoula began as a trading post in the 1860s situated along the Mullan Military Road to take advantage of the first route across the Bitterroot Mountains to the plains of Eastern Washington Its designation as county seat in 1866 and location of the hastily built Fort Missoula in 1877 ensured Missoula s status as a regional commercial center a status further consolidated in 1883 with the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway 46 The railroad expanded Missoula s trade area to cover a 150 mile radius and Missoula s location as the railway s division point and repair shops provided hundreds of jobs When the railway began expanding again in 1898 increased freight shipments came through the city and with the arrival of the Milwaukee Road and regional office for the U S Forest Service as well as the opening of the Flathead Indian Reservation to settlement all within a couple years of each other beginning in 1908 the economy began to expand rapidly 47 36 Lumber mills were originally built to provide construction grade materials for homes and businesses but then expanded to entice and then meet the demands of the railroad they profited from an increase in demand from railroad expansion and the nation at large The Bonner mill owned the Northern Pacific and Copper King Marcus Daly became the largest producer of lumber in the northwest In 1908 Missoula s location as both a major lumber producer and a regional commercial center helped land the city the regional office for the newly establish U S Forest Service created to help manage the nation s timber supply 47 41 Over the next century Missoula s various lumber industries was consolidated under various entities such as the Anaconda Company in the 1970s and Champion International Paper through the 1980s until most were under control of Plum Creek Timber all the while demand in timber dropped 48 In 2007 a downward spiral of Missoula s lumber industry began with the closure of a plywood plant in Bonner the closure of Bonner s sawmill in 2008 and the closing of the Smurfit Stone Container pulp mill in 2010 49 Since opening in 1895 the University of Montana has had a major impact on the development of Missoula s economy In addition to the economic advantage from accommodating the student body it gave the city an educated workforce not available in most of the state 46 The university has a close relationship with the city as Missoula s largest employer and with the millions of dollars the school brings into the city through visitors of school sponsored sporting and cultural events 50 51 The university also houses Missoula s only business incubator the Montana Technology Enterprise Center and several start up businesses 52 Missoula is the hub of its Bureau of Economic Analysis BEA economic area which includes the Montana counties of Flathead Lake Lincoln Mineral Missoula Ravalli and Sanders 53 As of 2011 update the BEA listed the economic area population at 306 050 54 Key businesses sectors serving the area include health care retail shopping transportation financial services government and social services education events arts and culture Health care in particular is one of Missoula s fastest growing industries with St Patrick Hospital western Montana s only level II trauma center and the Community Medical Center already the city s second and third largest employers behind the university 50 About 55 of employment in Missoula is made up of the service and retail sectors Export industries are concentrated in heavy and civil engineering construction beverage production technical services truck transportation and forestry logging and wood related industries In addition to nearly 4 million out of state visitors annually which makes tourism a significant aspect of the Missoula economy Missoula also is home to a vibrant sector of alternative healthcare 55 56 As of 2013 update Missoula ranked 299 nationally in gross metropolitan product with an output of 5 billion 57 while update the city s total personal income ranked 333 at 4 18 billion an increase of more than 47 since 2003 58 As of 2013 update per capita personal income ranked 239 at 37 397 a year 84 of the national average 58 The Missoula metropolitan area s unemployment rate was 3 7 as of June 2015 update dropping nearly 0 8 in the twelve months prior 59 Culture editMain article Culture in Missoula Montana Missoula often considered the cultural center of Montana 60 is the location of the state s first university and an eclectic mix of loggers hippies college students sports fans and retirees 61 Community events generally take place downtown either outdoors or in one of the several downtown buildings listed on the National Historic Registry 62 Since 2006 the River City Roots Festival has been an event each August with music beer food and art and generally attracts crowds of 15 000 63 64 The longest standing event downtown has been the Missoula Farmers Market that was founded in 1972 65 which provides an outlet for Western Montana produce on Saturday mornings from May to October as well as Tuesday evenings from July to early September 66 An arts and crafts People s Market and a Clark Fork Market run concurrently 67 Downtown hosts First Friday Missoula a gallery walk on the first Friday of the month to feature local art from museums and galleries 68 such as that of Monte Dolack Missoula celebrates First Night Missoula on New Year s Eve which includes food and live entertainment 69 The Festival of the Book to celebrate the literature of the American West was rebranded the Montana Book Festival in 2015 70 Missoula s two historic theatres both hold annual film festivals the Roxy hosting the International Wildlife Film Festival 71 established in 1977 as the first juried wildlife film festival in the world 72 and since 2003 the Wilma accommodating the largest film event in Montana the Big Sky Documentary Film Festival 73 In performance arts the Missoula Community Theatre has held performances of musical and nonmusical plays since 1977 74 with its affiliated Missoula Children s Theatre also acting as an international touring program that visits nearly 1 000 communities per year around the world 75 Missoula is also home to a number of modern dance companies including Bare Bait Dance 76 and Headwaters Dance Company 77 Rocky Mountain Ballet Theatre and Garden City Ballet are also based in Missoula The Montana Museum of Art amp Culture which became a state museum in 2001 is one Montana s oldest cultural reserves having begun in 1894 its permanent collection houses more than 10 000 original works 78 The Missoula Museum of Art is housed in a former Carnegie library it features contemporary art and annually features 20 25 group and solo exhibits 79 Fort Missoula is home to the Historic Museum dedicated to preserving the history of Western Montana and to the Rocky Mountain Museum of Military History 80 81 and the Northern Rockies Heritage Center 82 The National Museum of Forest Service History is constructing the National Conservation Legacy and Education Center in Missoula too 21 nbsp Ad for Moose Drool Brown AleOpened in 1987 Missoula s Bayern Brewing is the oldest active brewery in Montana 83 Big Sky Brewing opened in 1995 and with a production over 38 000 barrels in 2008 update it is by far Montana s largest brewery and produces the best selling beer brewed in Montana Moose Drool Brown Ale 84 85 Missoula has also been home to Kettle House Brewing since 1995 and Draught Works opened in 2011 Big Sky Bayern and Kettlehouse represent the first second and third largest breweries respectively in Montana 86 Also in 2011 Tamarack Brewing and Flathead Lake Brewing Company from nearby Lake County opened pub houses at downtown Missoula locations The city also holds annually the Garden City Brewfest and Winterfest and periodically hosts the Montana Brewers Festival 87 88 The Clay Studio of Missoula is a non profit ceramic arts center which provides education and a community access clay studio 89 Sports editSee also University of Montana Grizzlies athletics nbsp Montana Grizzlies football at Washington Grizzly StadiumMissoula plays host to a variety of intercollegiate youth and amateur sports organizations in addition to a minor league baseball team The Montana Grizzlies football and basketball teams of the University of Montana have the highest attendance The Montana Grizzlies football team has a successful program within the NCAA D 1 FCS level Their home games at Washington Grizzly Stadium have a near 90 winning percentage and average over 25 000 spectators in attendance All games are televised throughout Montana The Grizzlies men s and Lady Griz basketball teams have also been successful at the conference level where they both rank at or near the top in attendance about 4 000 and 3 000 respectively and play their home games at Dahlberg Arena 90 91 92 Missoula is home to the Missoula PaddleHeads who play in the Rocky Mountain based Pioneer Baseball League They play their home games at Ogren Park at Allegiance Field Since 1977 Missoula has also held Maggotfest a festival style rugby tournament hosted by the Missoula Maggots Rugby Club the first weekend in May The non elimination tournament focuses on the fun aspect of the game attracting 36 teams male and female from around the United States and Canada In regular season play the Missoula Maggots compete as part of the Montana Rugby Union alongside another local rugby team the University of Montana Jesters 93 The Thomas Meagher Hurling Club 94 are also based in Missoula and play in the Northwestern division of the USGAA The club are named after the late Irish nationalist and former acting Territorial Governor of Montana Thomas Francis Meagher Parks and recreation editThe city has over 400 acres 160 ha of parkland 22 miles 35 km of trails and nearly 5 000 acres 2 000 ha of conserved open space 13 Located at the confluence of three rivers the Clark Fork Bitterroot and Blackfoot the area is also popular for white water rafting and thanks largely to the novel and subsequent film A River Runs Through It by Missoula native Norman Maclean is well known for its fly fishing Additionally Missoula has two aquatic parks 13 multiple golf courses is home to the Adventure Cycling Association and hosts what Runner s World called the best overall marathon in the U S 95 96 There are also three ski areas within 100 miles 160 km Montana Snowbowl Discovery Ski Area and Lost Trail Powder Mountain Slightly farther away are Lookout Pass Blacktail Mountain and Big Mountain 97 A system of public parks was developed in Missoula in 1902 with the donation by lumber baron Thomas Greenough and his wife Tessie They gave a 42 acre 17 ha tract of land along Rattlesnake Creek for Greenough Park on the condition that the land forever be used as a park and for park purposes to which the people of Missoula may find a comfortable romantic and poetic retreat 47 110 In a follow up nine years later in a letter to the Missoulian he stressed his interest in having the park remain in as close to a native state as possible 98 That request along with the discovery that non native Norway maples were inhibiting the growth of native trees and shrubs such as cottonwoods ponderosa pines and Rocky Mountain maples led to the controversial decision to remove Norway maples from the park with the hope of returning it to its natural state 36 99 In 1924 Bonner Park was created out of John L Bonner s estate near the university Today s park has multiple athletic fields and courts and band shell used by the Missoula City band through the summer 100 The Kiwanis club set up a Kiwanis Park downtown in 1934 making it the first of a string of parks that line both sides of the Clark Fork River One of those parks on the southern bank of the river is McCormick Park which was created with WPA funds out of surplus highway land a parcel from the American Hide and Fur Company and land donated from the Kate McCormick estate The 26 acre 11 ha park named for Washington J McCormick and his wife is home to a skate park aquatics center a free bike check out and a children s fishing pond 101 Other popular parks include the Jacobs Island Bark Park a designated area for dogs to play off leash the Montana State veterans memorial rose garden 102 Waterwise Garden a living laboratory garden utilizing water conservation techniques and Splash Montana Waterpark at Playfair Park Caras Park edit Caras Park is located just south of the historic Wilma Theatre downtown It is located on land reclaimed when the Higgins Avenue Bridge was widened from two lanes to four in 1962 Before the reclamation the Clark Fork River divided to create an island with the north channel s bank extending to nearby buildings such as the Wilma Theatre The south channel was deepened for the increased water flow and the infilled land later became Caras Park 103 Events in the park were not common until the early 1980s and permanent fixtures such as Out to Lunch which began in 1986 The Missoula Downtown Association took over from Parks and Recreation to manage the park and made improvements to make Caras Park more event friendly Seating event circles brick plazas restrooms and storage structures were added Large temporary tents were used for events until 1997 when a permanent pavilion was constructed 104 The park is a hub of city festivities including include Out to Lunch the International Wildlife Film Festival First Night Missoula Garden City BrewFest and offered intimate concert settings for artists such as Jewel Chris Isaak Santana Ziggy Marley and B B King 105 Located next to Caras Park is A Carousel for Missoula a wooden hand carved and volunteer built carousel and Dragon Hollow a children s recreational area adjacent to the carousel Government and politics editCity Council 106 107 Mayor Jordan Hess 108 Ward 1 Bryan von Lossberg Heidi WestWard 2 Sierra Farmer Mirtha BecerraWard 3 Gwen Jones Heather HarpWard 4 Jesse Ramos Jon DibariWard 5 Stacie Anderson Julie ArmstrongWard 6 Julie Meritt Michelle CaresMissoula s state delegation Senate 109 SD 46 Sue Malek D SD 47 Dick Barrett D SD 48 Tom Facey D SD 49 David Wanzenried D SD 50 Cliff Larsen D House of Representatives 110 HD 91 Chuck Erickson R HD 92 Bryce Bennett D HD 93 Douglas Coffin D HD 94 Ellie Hill D HD 95 Tom Steenberg D HD 96 Carolyn Squires D HD 97 Nancy Wilson D HD 98 Jenifer Gursky D HD 99 Kimberly Dudik D HD 100 Zooey Zephyr D Further information List of mayors of Missoula Montana nbsp Missoula county courthouseMissoula s system of government has changed four times since 1883 when an aldermanic form of government was approved with the town charter The city adopted a commission council form of government in 1911 with the opening of new City Hall and a council manager government in 1954 before returning to an aldermanic form of government in 1959 Since January 1 1997 Missoula has been governed in accordance with the Missoula City Charter which calls for a mayor council system of government 111 The current system comprises a mayor and city treasurer elected in a citywide vote and 12 city council members who must reside in and are elected from one of six wards with each ward having two council members All positions are nominally nonpartisan Council members and the mayor are elected to four year terms with council member elections being staggered to allow only one member from each ward to up for re election No term limits exist for either position 112 113 Missoula s state legislative delegation is the second largest in the Montana Legislature and is represented by districts 91 100 in the Montana House of Representatives and districts 46 50 in the Montana Senate 114 Having 14 Democrats and only one Republican in its state legislative delegation Missoula is known as a more liberal area than the rest of the state 109 110 Though Missoula s political leanings may not be unique for a college town its initiative to make marijuana possession the lowest priority of law enforcement in 2006 115 and symbolic resolutions calling on Congress to withdraw from Iraq in 2007 116 and to amend the U S Constitution to declare that corporations are not human beings in 2011 117 often put it at odds with the rest of the state In 2011 the Montana legislature with a Republican House majority attempted to overturn Missoula s marijuana law and revoke its ability to have an anti discrimination ordinance that included the LGBT community The marijuana repeal was vetoed by then Governor Brian Schweitzer 118 119 and the attempt to repeal the anti discrimination ordinance died in the State Senate 120 In 2020 Missoula County became the first county in Montana to adopt a county sales tax on gasoline an option afforded to counties in Montana that had gone unused for several decades 121 The Montana Legislature and Governor Greg Gianforte blocked this decision the following year repealing the sales tax provision from state law 122 Education editSee also University of Montana nbsp The University of Montana campus showing Mount Sentinel with The M logoMissoula s first school was opened in late 1869 with 16 students from around the region and their teacher Emma C Slack who had come to Missoula by a two month trip by horseback railroad and boat from Baltimore at the invitation of her brother She resigned two years later upon marrying William H H Dickinson the first couple married in Missoula and was replaced by Elizabeth Countryman who later married Missoula s first mayor Frank H Woody 123 124 The first public high school was opened in 1904 but was converted back to a grade school after the A J Gibson designed Missoula County High School now Hellgate High School was opened in 1908 125 After several expansions Stanford University was commissioned in 1951 to create a master building plan to manage future growth It suggested purchasing land and building an additional campus at the Garden City Airport s Hale Field which was gradually being replaced by the Missoula County Airport which was then southwest of town The new school now Sentinel High School was opened in 1957 Initially the two campuses were separated between upper and lower classmen with upper classmen in the new school but in 1965 the two campuses became separate high schools 125 In 1974 the private Loyola Sacred Heart Catholic High School was created from a merger of the all girls Sacred Heart Academy est 1873 and the all boys Loyola High School est 1912 126 In 1980 Missoula s third public high school Big Sky was established 127 Missoula s public schools are part of the Missoula County Public School districts 1 4 20 and 23 128 In Missoula there are nine public elementary schools kindergarten to 5th grade three public middle schools 6th to 8th grades four public high schools 9th to 12th grades 129 and three public schools serving kindergarten to 8th grade 128 Missoula also has several private schools including an international school religious affiliated schools as well as Next Step Prep a theater academy high school operated by the Missoula Children s Theatre 130 The University of Montana dominates higher education in Missoula 51 The university established in 1893 was Montana s first and has the state s second largest enrollment 131 with 12 922 students as of 2015 update 132 The campus houses six colleges and three schools including Montana s first and only law school the Alexander Blewett III School of Law at the University of Montana The university is also the location of the state s Regional Federal Depository Library 133 and houses the state Arboretum 134 The University of Montana College of Technology established in 1956 and formerly known as the Missoula Vocational Technical Center offers fast track learning programs Multiple vocational programs not affiliated with the university ranging from photography and massage to truck driving also have a presence in Missoula 135 Missoula has a public library the Missoula Public Library 136 Media editMain article Media in Missoula Montana Broadcast edit Missoula s single broadcast over air television media market is the largest in Montana and ranked 165 nationally as of 2015 update 137 Though Missoula itself is second in population to Billings Montana Missoula s single broadcast over air television media market includes all of Missoula Ravalli Granite Mineral Lake Flathead and Sanders Counties in the more densely populated western region of Montana and serves over 112 600 television homes as of 2015 update 137 138 Missoula is home to three local affiliate channels KPAX TV CBS MTN The CW founded 1970 channel 8 KECI TV NBC founded 1954 as KGVO TV channel 13 and KTMF TV ABC FOX founded 1991 channel 23 Also based in Missoula at the University of Montana is Montana PBS founded 1984 channel 11 citation needed Print and online edit Missoula has three main sources of print and digital media the Missoulian daily The Missoula Current daily and Montana Kaimin college The Missoulian was founded as a weekly publication in 1870 as The Missoula and Cedar Creek Pioneer and remains the city s oldest news product 139 The Missoula Current was founded in 2015 and provides local and regional coverage and is the state s largest digital only news product The Montana Kaimin founded 1891 is distributed for free throughout parts of Missoula with heavy student traffic from the University of Montana where the newspaper is printed weekly every Thursday during the school year 140 Infrastructure editHealth care edit Missoula has two primary health care facilities St Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center and Community Medical Center St Patrick s was founded in 1873 under the sponsorship of the Sisters of Providence It is the only Level II trauma center in western Montana 141 and has undergone three major expansions since the 1980s The hospital has 195 acute care beds and admitted over 9 700 patients in 2003 The name was changed from St Patrick Hospital to St Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center in 2000 to reflect an increasing involvement with national medical research and education 28 The Community Medical Center and its adjacent medical facilities are located near Fort Missoula and is part of a modern complex that includes a nursing home the Missoula Crippled Children s Center and private offices 142 It was founded in 1922 as Thornton Hospital by doctors Will Thornton and Charles Thornton and has been at its current location since 1972 Although originally a locally owned nonprofit hospital it is now owned by a large corporation headquartered in Nashville Tennessee and is a for profit entity It is the only hospital in Western Montana with a separate Pediatric Intensive Care Unit The center is partnered with Seattle Children s Hospital 142 The nearest Level I trauma center to Missoula is Harborview Medical Center in Seattle Washington Utilities edit nbsp Power lines crossing the Clark Fork River east of the Higgins Avenue BridgeThe earliest Missoulians drew their water directly from the Clark Fork River or nearby Rattlesnake Creek The first water system consisted of a Native American known as One Eyed Riley and his friend filling buckets of water from the Rattlesnake Creek and hauling them door to door on a donkey cart 143 In 1871 city co founder Frank Worden began construction of a long pipe and wooden main system that flowed from the Rattlesnake Creek 2 5 miles 4 km north of the city With the addition of two small covered reservoirs the first municipal water system was begun in 1880 With an intake dam built in 1901 with a settling basin capacity of 3 million US gallons 11 000 m3 the Rattlesnake Creek continued to meet the demands of the city until 1935 when five wells were added to respond to increased summer and fall demand This system is still maintained as an emergency backup but was discontinued as a primary source after Giardia outbreak in 1983 144 Since then Missoula has relied on the Missoula Valley Aquifer as the sole source of water 145 In 1889 the first electrical plant was built by A B Hammond to power his major downtown properties such as the Missoula Mercantile and the Florence Hotel In 1905 the Missoula Mercantile by then owned by Copper King William A Clark purchased the water system and consolidated it with its vast electrical holdings to create the Missoula Light and Water Company ML amp W a year later 146 Electricity and water remained bundled after ML amp W s sale to the Montana Power Company MPC in 1929 In 1979 MPC sold its water utility holdings as Mountain Water Company to Park Water Company in Downey California which since 2011 has been a subsidiary of The Carlyle Group 147 In 2015 the City of Missoula was legally granted its right to acquire the water system by exercising its power of eminent domain 148 but as of June 2017 update the decision was upheld by a district court 149 Following the deregulation of Montana s electricity market in 1997 Montana Power Company began to divest its energy business MPC sold substantially all its electrical generating assets to the PPL Corporation in December 1997 and its energy transmission and distribution business to NorthWestern Corporation in February 2002 150 Despite filing for bankruptcy in 2002 NorthWestern Corporation s subsidiary NorthWestern Energy is the primary provider of electric and natural gas service to Missoula in addition to the Rural Utilities Service s Missoula Electric Cooperative 151 Local telephone service in the area is provided by CenturyLink and Blackfoot Telecommunications Major cell phone providers include AT amp T Sprint Verizon and T Mobile Allied Waste handles recycling through a program where customers can purchase special blue bags to designate recyclables Recycling has also been offered by Missoula Valley Recycling since 1992 by Garden City Recycling since 2010 which offers curbside pickup and by Pacific Steel amp Recycling which offers drop off recycling 152 Sewer service is handled by the City of Missoula Wastewater Division City layout and development edit See also Buildings and structures in Missoula Montana nbsp Higgins Block in Downtown MissoulaIn the mid 1860s C P Higgins and Frank Worden began plotting what would become the town of Missoula along the Mullan Military Road which ran parallel to the Clark Fork River Through downtown Missoula the route of the road is now Front Street 123 It is intersected by Higgins Avenue to which a bridge across the Clark Fork was added in 1873 The intersection of these two streets became the default center of the city and remains the numerical center regarding city street addresses 153 The arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1883 led to a housing boom along the tracks particularly on the northern side where many of the railway workers would reside When the Higgins Avenue Bridge was replaced in 1893 they debated whether the bridge should continue southwest toward the Bitterroot Valley as it had earlier or due south Attorneys W M Bickford and W J Stephens had already laid out plots of land five years earlier for what they hoped would be a new town of South Missoula The streets there were perpendicular to the Bitterroot Wagon Road In contrast Judge Hiram Knowles who owned the land just south of the river preferred the north south plan and did not want to become part of South Missoula nbsp The Slant Streets The result was a 7 14 block area along the west side of Higgins Avenue commonly referred to as the Slant Streets centered along what is now Stephens Avenue Stephens Avenue and Brooks Street are the only arterials to traverse the city diagonally along with the Bitterroot Branch of Montana Rail Link With the exception of Downtown the rest of the city where streets follow the angle of the river and newer expansions into the hills strictly follow the grid plan 123 With the establishment of the University of Montana in 1893 and the announcement that the tracks of the Milwaukee Road would be located south of the river houses began to spread quickly throughout the university and south side districts The area near the university was promoted as high end and luxurious homes appeared on Hammond Avenue then nicknamed Millionaires Row and known today as Gerald Avenue 47 32 The arrival of Interstate 90 in the mid 1960s forced the removal of 60 homes including the Greenough Mansion The north side of Missoula became isolated between the Interstate and the tracks while the Greenough Mansion was moved to a South Hills golf course and converted to a restaurant This dichotomy has prevailed with the North Side feeling neglected by the city while the South Hills became an upscale neighborhood The Missoula Downtown Master Plan of 2009 emphasized redevelopment of the North Side s former rail yard and the area just south of the tracks 154 155 The city is divided into 18 neighborhood councils of which all Missoula residents are members 156 The city further contains 10 historical districts Downtown Missoula East Pine Street Fort Missoula Lower Rattlesnake McCormick Northside Southside University Area and the campus of the University of Montana 157 Trail system edit Missoula has an extensive trail system for both commuting and recreation that extends over 22 miles 35 km The city is actively trying to connect its various sections within the city to each other and to recreational trails extending beyond the city The heart of the Missoula Commuter Bike Network is the trails along either side of the Clark Fork River that link Downtown with surrounding neighborhoods the university city parks and outlying open space with smooth surfaces and three bicycle pedestrian bridges The most southern of these is Milwaukee Trail which follows the former Milwaukee Railroad and continues east out of town as the Kim Williams Nature Trail beside Mount Sentinel The Bitterroot Branch Trail connects to the Riverfront trails west of Downtown and when completed will provide a trail from Downtown to Southgate Mall Near the Bitterroot Branch Trail but not connected is the South Avenue Trail on the west side of Reserve Street that connects the Community Medical Center with Fort Missoula nearby athletic fields and the Bitterroot River The South Hills neighborhood has its own system of trails that is also approaching but not quite meeting the larger network 158 Transportation edit Highways edit Interstate 90 runs east west along the northern edge of Missoula at the base of the North Hills with all but a small portion of the city located south of the highway Completed in 1965 at the expense of 60 homes the Garden City Brewery and the Greenough Mansion I 90 has four city exits and makes connections with U S Route 93 U S Route 12 and Montana Highway 200 154 The original U S 12 approved by the AASHO in 1939 to extend west into Montana did not include Missoula until the highway was rerouted along State Route 6 in October 1959 and was not extended west from Missoula until 1962 The road now crosses Missoula southwest northeast 159 U S 93 serves as a major economic corridor for western Montana connecting Missoula with the Bitterroot Valley communities to the south and Flathead Lake Kalispell and Glacier National Park to the north 160 Montana Highway 200 the longest state highway in the United States enters Missoula from the east and provides access along the Blackfoot River and a direct route to Great Falls Transit edit Public transportation in Missoula began as early as 1890 with a horse drawn streetcar system electrified in 1910 operated by the Missoula Street Railway Company that connected Downtown Missoula with the university Bonner the fairgrounds and Fort Missoula These streetcars were then replaced by buses in 1932 due to cost 161 162 Bus service today is provided by Mountain Line a public transit agency created by public vote in 1976 as part of the Missoula Urban Transportation District MUTD that began operation in December 1977 Mountain Line operates 14 bus routes 163 within a 36 square mile 93 km2 area serving Missoula East Missoula Bonner Target Range Rattlesnake and the airport Additionally the line has offered paratransit services since 1991 to assist the disabled senior van since 2008 and has four park and ride lots throughout Missoula 164 Special bus service is offered to the University of Montana through three of the city s park and ride lots in addition to a late night UDASH shuttle that offers service between the university and Downtown 165 As of January 2015 update a three year pilot program of zero fare transportation on all Mountain Line buses began with the goal of increasing ridership by 45 percent 166 Bus lines edit Direct intercity ground travel needs are provided by bus carrier Jefferson Lines Railroads edit Intercity rail travel was available from 1883 when the Northern Pacific Railway began service through Missoula until 1979 when Amtrak discontinued its North Coast Hiawatha route across southern Montana In 1901 Northern Pacific built their station at the terminus of Higgins Avenue since 1985 it has been on the National Register of Historic Places 167 The Chicago Milwaukee St Paul and Pacific Railroad also built their Pacific Extension through Missoula and that station was also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 A feasibility study was commissioned by Congress in 2008 to examine the merits of reopening the North Coast Hiawatha but as of 2008 update the nearest rail station to Missoula is the Whitefish station of Amtrak s Empire Builder 136 miles 219 km to the north 168 Bicycles edit In 2009 the Missoula metropolitan statistical area MSA ranked as the fifth highest in the United States for percentage of commuters who biked to work 5 percent 169 In 2013 the Missoula MSA ranked as the tenth lowest in the United States for percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile 77 2 percent In the same year 8 5 percent of Missoula area commuters walked to work 170 Airport edit nbsp Missoula International AirportIn 1927 air travel to Missoula began today the city is served by Missoula Montana Airport a public airport run by the Missoula County Airport Authority It is the largest airport in western Montana serving 848 444 passengers in 2018 171 172 The current building contains three jet bridges and three ground level boarding gates There are direct flights year round to Billings 174 Dallas Denver Las Vegas Minneapolis Phoenix Portland Salt Lake City Seattle and seasonally to Atlanta Chicago Los Angeles Oakland and San Francisco 175 Six airlines citation needed operate out of Missoula Allegiant Air American Airlines Delta Air Lines Frontier Airlines Horizon Alaska Airlines and United Airlines in addition to cargo carriers FedEx Express and UPS Airlines 176 The airport is also home to Homestead Helicopters and fixed base operators Minuteman Jet Center an Avfuel fuel provider and Northstar Jet a Phillips 66 fuel provider Notable people edit nbsp Jeannette Rankin the first woman in Congress was born and raised in Missoula Main article List of people from Missoula Montana nbsp U S Senator and longest serving Senate Majority Leader Mike MansfieldSee also List of University of Montana alumni Missoula has produced and been home to a number of notable individuals in varying fields Its natives and residents are referred to as Missoulians In politics Jeannette Rankin 14 the first woman in Congress was born and raised in Missoula while Senators Mike Mansfield 177 the U S s longest serving Senate Majority Leader and Max Baucus 178 Montana s longest serving U S Senator both established careers and joined politics while living in the city Noted athletes who were born or resided in Missoula include five Olympic medalists Pro Football Hall of Fame Quarterback John Elway 179 and former Milwaukee Bucks coach Larry Krystkowiak 180 Actor Dana Carvey 181 filmmaker David Lynch 182 and award winning biologist Leroy Hood 183 were born in Missoula while Carroll O Connor 184 and J K Simmons 185 attended the University of Montana Composer David Maslanka 1943 2017 lived in Missoula 186 and musician Jeff Ament 187 and musician vlogger and author Hank Green 188 reside in Missoula Academically Missoula has been home to Nobel Prize winners Harold C Urey 189 and Steve Running 190 as well as 20th century Montana historian K Ross Toole 191 Noted names in literature include Native American poet James Welch 192 crime novelist James Crumley 193 former head of the University of Montana s Creative Writing Program Richard Hugo 194 William Kittredge a western writer and professor of creative writing at the University of Montana at Missoula and Norman Maclean 195 whose A River Runs Through It chronicles his life in early 20th century Missoula Joanna Klink poet and professor at the University of Montana Michael Punke the author of the best selling novel The Revenant also lives in Missoula Sister cities editMissoula has two 196 sister cities as designated by Sister Cities International nbsp Neckargemund Baden Wurttemberg Germany nbsp Palmerston North New ZealandMissoula s Sister City relationship with Palmerston North New Zealand began after Missoula resident and later University of Montana professor Harold Bockemuehl returned from obtaining his PhD from Massey University The relationship was made official in 1983 after a meeting between then UM President Neil Bucklew and officials from Massey University Each May Missoula celebrates New Zealand Day in honor of the relationship with rugby food and entertainment 197 Missoula s second Sister City relationship began in 1991 after a Neckargemund delegation led by Mayor Oskar Schuster visited Missoula following a Fulbright sponsored faculty exchange between Heidelberg University and the University of Montana Every September the Missoula Cultural Council holds an annual Germanfest to celebrate German culture and this relationship 196 198 Portrayal in media edit the world outside which my brother and I soon discovered was full of bastards the number increasing rapidly the farther one gets from Missoula Montana Norman Maclean A River Runs Through It 199 Author Norman Maclean grew up in Missoula and wrote about it in his 1976 autobiographical novella A River Runs Through It 200 The work was adapted into a 1992 motion picture of the same name directed by Robert Redford and starring Brad Pitt and Craig Sheffer Missoula Rape and the Justice System in a College Town a 2015 book by Jon Krakauer focused on a series of sexual assault cases between 2010 and 2012 and the way that the Missoula Police Department the Missoula County Attorney s Office and the University of Montana handled those cases 201 202 Missoula s handling of rape cases sparked a Justice Department s investigation that found a pattern of disrespect and indifference toward alleged victims by Missoula law enforcement prosecutors and the university with scathing blame directed at the Attorney s Office 203 204 205 206 207 While being interviewed on NPR about the book Krakauer stated I don t mean to single out Missoula Its rape rate is a little less than the national average I think its problems with dealing with rape are pretty depressingly typical 208 Nevertheless reporting by Krakauer and local and national journalists showed what they characterized as a troubling pattern of authorities mishandling investigations treating victims with hostility and suspicion reflexively protecting alleged perpetrators at the expense of victims declining to prosecute large numbers of credible rape allegations and creating an atmosphere where victims were unlikely to come forward after an attack 209 210 Krakauer placed a significant portion of the blame for the mishandling of rape prosecutions on a single Deputy County Attorney Kirsten Pabst who now serves as the Missoula County Attorney 211 The book also charted deep divisions within the town about the allegations particularly those involving football players from the Montana Grizzlies There is a lengthy study of Missoula in the title essay of British writer Jonathan Raban s Driving Home An American Journey despite writing that on his arrival I had the powerful impression that I had driven deep into the Rocky Mountains and somehow arrived in Rotherham or Barnsley 212 and that the overall effect of the city was oddly unsettling the streets too open for comfort the town too closed in inducing mild claustrophobia and agoraphobia at the same time 212 he notes the literary heritage of the city and its reputation as a kindly town evidenced by its being a place where odds and ends naturally collected and cohered Missoula is mentioned as being the closest city to the fictional Hope County in Far Cry 5 The game s second mission involves the player trying to escape the county to reach Missoula 213 See also editUSS Missoula 2 shipsNotes edit Mean monthly maxima and minima i e the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020 References edit a b About Missoula Destination Missoula Archived from the original on June 11 2015 Retrieved August 26 2015 ArcGIS REST Services Directory United States Census Bureau Retrieved September 5 2022 a b QuickFacts Missoula city Montana United States Census Bureau Retrieved July 4 2023 a b 2020 Population and Housing State Data United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved November 2 2021 a b Look Up a ZIP Code USPS Archived from the original on August 9 2015 Nɫʔay PDF Plateau Portal Archived PDF from the original on August 12 2022 Retrieved June 14 2022 a b Gilder Don Three Five or Eight Judge Woody Would Hold His Nose Old Missoula Archived from the original on August 15 2015 Retrieved August 15 2015 a b U S Census Bureau Delivers Montana s 2010 Census Population Totals Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting Census 2010 News United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on March 8 2013 Retrieved August 23 2015 Allan James Mathews 2002 A Guide to Historic Missoula Montana Historical Society p 164 ISBN 978 0 917298 89 9 Archived from the original on June 12 2018 a b c Early Early Missoula Historic Missoula Missoula s Office of Planning and Grants Archived from the original on February 14 2015 Retrieved August 8 2015 dead link a b Arrival of the Railroad 1883 1893 Historic Missoula Missoula s Office of Planning and Grants Archived from the original on February 14 2015 Retrieved August 8 2015 a b Top employers in the city of Missoula Missoulian Missoula December 15 2009 ISSN 0746 4495 Archived from the original on September 15 2017 Retrieved August 14 2015 a b c Missoula Official Website Parks amp Recreation City of Missoula Archived from the original on August 9 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 a b Cool Montana Stories Jeannette Rankin Travel Montana 2007 Archived from the original on July 1 2015 Retrieved August 13 2015 Cities and Towns Missoula Montana A State Guide Book Works Progress Administration American Guide Compiled by the Federal Writers Project 4th ed New York Hastings House Publishers 1955 1st pub 1939 p 173 ISBN 978 0 403 02176 5 OCLC 869757480 Archived from the original on September 4 2015 Retrieved August 28 2015 The Salish had to pass through Hell Gate Canyon to reach the plains on their periodic buffalo hunts At the entrance to the canyon an ideal spot for an ambush the Blackfeet would attack them The reputation of the place caused French Canadian trappers to call it Porte de l Enfer or Gate of Hell a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Travelers Rest Montana Fish Wildlife amp Parks Montana State Parks Archived from the original on September 5 2015 Retrieved October 5 2015 Meriwether Lewis TwoRiversHistory net Archived from the original on May 22 2011 Retrieved February 8 2012 Hell Gate Village Era 1860 1865 Historic Missoula Missoula s Office of Planning and Grants Archived from the original on February 3 2015 Retrieved August 8 2015 Livability PDF City of Missoula Archived from the original on August 23 2015 Retrieved August 23 2015 Missoula s name is derived from nmesuletkw the Salish word for the Clark Fork River which translates to place of frozen water Missoula History Destination Missoula Archived from the original on August 12 2015 Retrieved August 24 2015 a b c About Us Frequently Asked Questions National Museum of Forest Service History Archived from the original on October 22 2014 Retrieved August 26 2015 Our Organization United States Forest Service United States Department of Agriculture Archived from the original on June 28 2018 Retrieved August 25 2018 Briggeman Kim February 29 2008 Missoula anti pollution group celebrates its victories Independent Record Helena Archived from the original on September 13 2017 Retrieved August 28 2015 Hall Richard February 7 1969 Air Pollution Life Vol 66 no 5 New York Time pp 42 43 ISSN 0024 3019 Archived from the original on September 4 2015 Retrieved August 28 2015 As they drive to work through it sometimes with their car lights turned on in broad daylight Missoulians complain a lot In the beginning of the MAEDC Missoulian Missoula August 14 2010 ISSN 0746 4495 Archived from the original on September 15 2017 Retrieved January 28 2012 Polzin Paul E Spring 1994 Montana s Economy State of the Economy Montana Business Quarterly UM Bureau of Business and Economic Research 32 1 6 15 ProQuest 234227618 Missoula Carbon Monoxide SIP Case History Citizen s Guide to Air Quality in Montana Montana Department of Environmental Quality Archived from the original on January 22 2016 a b St Patrick Hospital Missoula Montana Archived from the original on September 5 2015 Retrieved August 8 2015 George M Dennison University of Montana Archived from the original on March 30 2012 Retrieved April 22 2012 Cohen Betsy December 18 2009 Slow economic growth forecast for 2010 Missoula will soon be largest city in Montana Missoulian Missoula ISSN 0746 4495 Archived from the original on September 15 2017 Retrieved January 28 2012 Gazetteer Files Montana Places United States Census Bureau 2015 Archived from the original on August 28 2015 Section D Background Ice Age Floods Study of Alternatives and Environmental Assessment Seattle National Park Service 2001 Archived from the original on June 11 2015 Retrieved August 24 2015 Glacial Lake Missoula United States Geological Survey Archived from the original on August 9 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 a b Missoula Conservation Lands Management Plan PDF Missoula Parks and Recreation June 1 2010 Archived from the original on July 23 2012 Retrieved August 24 2015 Rice Peter M Blackfoot Drainage New Weeds Risk Assessment Invaders Database System Missoula University of Montana Archived from the original on December 21 2014 Retrieved October 2 2015 a b Chaney Rob September 28 2011 City sees some success removing Norway maples from Greenough Park Missoulian Missoula ISSN 0746 4495 Archived from the original on September 15 2017 Retrieved August 9 2015 Pereira Amanda Goebel ed June 27 2017 FirstNet Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for the Central United States PDF Washington D C U S Department of Commerce p 11 221 Archived PDF from the original on October 8 2018 Retrieved August 25 2018 Missoula in western Montana is within the climate classification zone Dfb The average annual temperature in Missoula is approximately 45 9 F 7 7 C 26 4 F 3 1 C during winter months 65 7 F 18 7 C during summer months 46 0 F 7 8 C during spring months and 45 2 F 7 3 C during autumn months Station Information Data Sheet Missoula Montana NOAA January 1998 Archived from the original on July 24 2014 Retrieved January 28 2012 Climatography of the United States No 20 1971 2000 PDF NOAA February 2004 Archived from the original PDF on February 12 2015 Retrieved August 8 2015 Summary of Monthly Normals 1991 2020 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved August 12 2023 xmACIS2 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved August 12 2023 WMO Climate Normals for Missoula Johnson Bell Field MT 1961 1990 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved July 22 2023 Moffatt Riley 1996 Montana Population History of Western U S Cities and Towns 1850 1990 Lanham Maryland Scarecrow Press p 133 ISBN 0 8108 3033 7 LCCN 95 14583 OCLC 32274538 OL 2912313W a b c Educational Attainment 2010 2014 American Community Survey 5 Year Estimates American FactFinder United States Census Bureau 2014 Archived from the original on February 14 2020 Retrieved March 4 2016 American FactFinder Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on February 13 2020 Retrieved August 25 2015 a b Cities and Towns Missoula Montana A State Guide Book Works Progress Administration American Guide Compiled by the Federal Writers Project 4th ed New York Hastings House Publishers 1955 1st pub 1939 p 174 ISBN 978 0 403 02176 5 OCLC 869757480 Archived from the original on September 4 2015 Retrieved August 28 2015 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link a b c d Mathews Allan James 2002 A Guide to Historic Missoula Montana Mainstreets Vol 6 Montana Historical Society ISBN 978 0 917298 89 9 LCCN 2002015675 OCLC 50738243 OL 8339475M Archived from the original on September 4 2015 Retrieved August 28 2015 Kuehn Scott History of Logging and Lumber Mills in Missoula Society of American Foresters Archived from the original on August 24 2015 Retrieved August 24 2015 2011 Economic Outlook Seminar Missoula County PDF Bureau of Business and Economic Research 2011 Archived from the original PDF on June 3 2015 Retrieved August 24 2015 a b Missoula FY2012 Adopted Budget Statistical Section City of Missoula November 14 2011 Archived from the original on November 7 2021 Retrieved February 1 2012 a b Seninger Stephen F Winter 1997 Town and Gown The Economic Partnership between the University of Montana and Missoula Montana Business Quarterly UM Bureau of Business and Economic Research 35 4 16 21 ISSN 0026 9921 ProQuest 234229077 Fanguy Joe Office of Technology Transfer University of Montana Archived from the original on July 20 2015 Retrieved August 8 2015 Economoic Area Geographic Structure Bureau of Economic Analysis January 20 2012 Archived from the original XLS on March 2 2013 Retrieved August 24 2015 BEA Economic Areas Bureau of Economic Analysis Archived from the original on March 20 2013 Retrieved August 24 2015 Missoula Greater Downtown Master Plan Employment Analysis and Recommendations PDF The Hingston Roach Group December 10 2008 Archived from the original PDF on February 3 2015 Retrieved August 15 2015 Cohen Betsy December 19 2010 Missoula economy stands on many legs Billings Gazette ISSN 2372 868X Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 8 2015 U S Metro Economies PDF Report United States Conference of Mayors 2013 p 7 Archived from the original PDF on May 1 2015 Retrieved August 24 2015 a b Bearfacts Personal Income PDF Bureau of Economic Analysis November 20 2014 Archived from the original on August 24 2015 In 2013 Missoula had a total personal income of 4 181 210 This TPI ranked 333rd in the United States In 2003 the TPI of Missoula was 2 831 543 and ranked 334th in the United States Missoula Montana Metropolitan Unemployment Rate and Total Unemployed Department of Numbers Archived from the original on August 12 2015 Profile University of Montana Fort Wayne Indiana National Student Exchange 2015 Archived from the original on January 2 2016 Missoula is often referred to as the cultural center of Montana Students take advantage of theatre art walks festivals and concerts Community Make it Missoula Archived from the original on March 16 2015 Retrieved August 24 2015 It s not everywhere that you ll find loggers and ranchers co existing with holdover hippies and artistic types Add in college students immigrants young families retirees entrepreneurs minimalists sports fanatics green living addicts and everything in between and you have a rich vibrant and diverse community Historic Missoula Downtown Walking Tour Missoula Downtown Association Archived from the original on January 28 2012 Retrieved February 8 2012 Leggett Bob August 27 2014 River City Roots Festival conquers rainy weather in Missoula AXS Archived from the original on August 15 2015 crowds for the event normally run about 15 000 River City Roots Festival Archived from the original on August 9 2015 Retrieved August 15 2015 Missoula s Farmer s Market Archived from the original on August 17 2015 Retrieved August 23 2015 The Missoula Farmers Market a gathering of food and friends since 1972 Farmers Markets in Missoula Destination Missoula Archived from the original on April 26 2015 Retrieved August 24 2015 8 30 a m 12 30 p m Saturdays mid May to mid October 5 30 p m 7 00 p m Tuesdays July early September Lewis Leah Farmer s Markets Missoula Style Make it Missoula Archived from the original on November 24 2011 Retrieved February 8 2012 First Friday Missoula Missoula Cultural Council Archived from the original on April 20 2015 Retrieved February 8 2012 First Night Missoula Missoula Cultural Council Archived from the original on March 19 2015 Retrieved August 23 2015 Festival of the Book Missoula Humanities Montana 2015 Archived from the original on August 24 2015 In 2015 The Humanities Montana Festival of the Book has been reestablished as the Montana Book Festival under the auspices of the Montana Book Festival Association in conjunction with the Missoula Cultural Council Walsh Cory September 22 2017 Roxy Theater to light up Art Deco marquee for 80th anniversary Missoulian Archived from the original on September 25 2017 Retrieved September 25 2017 International Wildlife Film Festival Showcase Montana PBS 2014 Archived from the original on June 4 2015 Retrieved August 24 2015 The International Wildlife Film Festival was founded as the world s first juried wildlife film competition in 1977 About BSDFF Big Sky Documentary Film Festival Archived from the original on July 27 2015 Retrieved August 14 2015 The Big Sky Documentary Film Festival has become the largest cinema event in Montana and the premiere venue for non fiction film in the American West In 2012 the festival drew an audience of 20 000 and received nearly 1000 film entries from every corner of the globe MCT The Full Story Missoula Community Theatre Inc June 9 2015 Archived from the original on September 15 2016 Retrieved September 6 2016 MCT Tour in Your Town Missoula Children s Theatre MCT Inc July 17 2014 Archived from the original on September 15 2016 Retrieved September 6 2016 Bare Bait Dance Bare Bait Dance Archived from the original on September 18 2016 Retrieved September 6 2016 Headwaters Dance Co Headwaters Dance Co Archived from the original on September 11 2016 Retrieved September 6 2016 Mission amp History Montana Museum of Art amp Culture Archived from the original on October 11 2015 Retrieved August 24 2015 Vibrant and Colorful For the Art Lover PDF Destination Missoula Missoula Area Visitor Guide 2015 p 17 Archived PDF from the original on August 10 2015 Missoula Art Museum which features contemporary works by Native American and regional artists as well as traveling exhibits The space alone is worth the trip A recent renovation marries the 100 year old Carnegie Library building with a contemporary addition creating a bright and airy space with interesting angles and viewpoints 20 25 solo and group exhibitions rotate through six state of the art galleries each year Rocky Mountain Museum of Military History Archived from the original on August 1 2015 Retrieved August 24 2015 Historical Museum Tour Map PDF The Historical Museum of Fort Missoula Archived from the original PDF on March 4 2016 Retrieved August 24 2015 Northern Rockies Heritage Center Archived from the original on August 1 2015 Retrieved August 24 2015 Bayern Brewing About Archived from the original on August 10 2015 Retrieved August 23 2015 Proud to be the only German brewery in the Rocky Mountains Schneider Bill May 28 2008 Big Sky Brewing Moose Drooling with Success New West Archived from the original on September 7 2008 Retrieved August 9 2015 Big Sky Brewing Company Archived from the original on February 4 2012 Retrieved February 8 2012 Brew Town Missoula Magazine March 9 2012 p 51 Archived from the original on August 23 2015 Retrieved August 23 2015 The three largest breweries Bayern Brewing Inc Big Sky Brewing Co and KettleHouse Brewing Co call Missoula home Garden City Brew Fest 2010 Issuu April 29 2010 Archived from the original on June 28 2012 Retrieved November 17 2011 4th Annual Montana Brewers Festival Montana Brewers Association Archived from the original on February 28 2014 Retrieved August 9 2015 The Clay Studio of Missoula Made in Montana app mt gov Retrieved March 26 2023 NCAA Football Attendance Records PDF NCAA 2011 Archived PDF from the original on January 12 2012 Retrieved January 28 2012 2011 NCAA Women s Basketball Attendance PDF NCAA Archived from the original PDF on May 18 2013 Retrieved August 9 2015 2011 NCAA Men s Basketball Attendance PDF NCAA Archived from the original PDF on May 18 2013 Retrieved August 9 2015 Missoula All Maggots Rugby Club Archived from the original on February 13 2012 Retrieved February 8 2012 Thomas Meagher Hurling Club Retrieved June 14 2022 Hamilton Michelle January 2010 Marathon Guide 2010 Runner s World Archived from the original on August 5 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 Best Overall Missoula Marathon Welcome to Run Wild Missoula Archived from the original on February 6 2012 Retrieved February 8 2012 Missoula Montana Ski Resorts AllTrips Archived from the original on February 13 2012 Retrieved February 8 2012 Greenough Park Montanan Online Fall 2002 Archived from the original on August 9 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 Cramer John October 17 2007 Botanist removes invasive tree species to restore Greenough Park Missoulian Missoula ISSN 0746 4495 Archived from the original on September 15 2017 Retrieved August 9 2015 Missoula City Band presents Summer Band Concerts 2011 Missoula City Band Archived from the original on November 24 2011 Retrieved February 8 2012 Chaney Rob October 28 2006 Missoulians swim down memory lane Missoulian Missoula ISSN 0746 4495 Archived from the original on September 15 2017 Retrieved January 28 2012 State Veterans Memorial Rose Garden MCA 1 1 518 Montana Code Annotated Montana Legislative Services 1999 Archived from the original on January 3 2015 Retrieved August 25 2015 The Missoula memorial rose garden located in Missoula Montana is officially designated as a state veterans memorial rose garden Bridge Plan Is Favored at Missoula The Spokesman Review Spokane Washington February 6 1960 ISSN 1064 7317 Archived from the original on September 4 2015 Caras Park Missoula s Town Square amp Management An Historical Perspective on Development PDF Retrieved August 25 2015 Caras Park Archived from the original on September 12 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 Missoula City Council Members City of Missoula Archived from the original on August 13 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 Szpaller Keila November 10 2011 Newcomers will make Missoula City Council younger more diverse Missoulian Missoula ISSN 0746 4495 Archived from the original on September 15 2017 Retrieved August 9 2015 Mayor Missoula MT Official Website www ci missoula mt us Retrieved March 25 2023 a b Montana Senate Roster 2011 Regular Session Montana Legislature Archived from the original on March 2 2012 Retrieved February 8 2012 a b Montana House Roster 2011 Regular Session Montana Legislature Archived from the original on March 2 2012 Retrieved February 8 2012 City of Missoula Charter PDF www msulocalgov org Archived PDF from the original on August 4 2016 Retrieved December 20 2018 Missoula Historical Notes Spotlights City of Missoula Archived from the original on August 14 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 City of Missoula Charter PDF City of Missoula Archived from the original on October 3 2014 Retrieved August 25 2015 Map of Montana Legislature Districts PDF Montana State Library Montana Geographic Information Clearinghouse Archived PDF from the original on March 18 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 Missoula County Initiative No MCSO2006 02 Community Oversight Committee County of Missoula Archived from the original on February 1 2015 Retrieved August 25 2015 Moore Michael November 7 2007 Missoula approves withdrawal referendum Independent Record Helena Archived from the original on September 13 2017 Retrieved August 28 2015 Szpaller Keila November 9 2011 Missoula voters say corporations are not people ask for constitutional amendment Billings Gazette ISSN 2372 868X Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 28 2015 Johnson Charles S April 14 2011 Governor vetoes repeal of medical marijuana law Missoulian Missoula ISSN 0746 4495 Archived from the original on September 15 2017 Florio Gwen October 1 2011 Minor pot crimes to be enforced again Missoula County attorney says Missoulian Missoula ISSN 0746 4495 Archived from the original on September 15 2017 Retrieved February 8 2012 Johnson Charles S February 22 2011 House Bill Would Overturn Missoula s Anti Discrimination Ordinance for Gays Lesbians Billings Gazette ISSN 2372 868X Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved February 8 2012 Voter approved 2 cent fuel tax takes effect in Missoula County Missoula Current September 15 2020 Archived from the original on May 19 2021 Retrieved May 19 2021 Gianforte signs repeal of local option gas tax despite plea from Missoula County contractors KPAX May 11 2021 Archived from the original on May 19 2021 Retrieved May 19 2021 a b c Missoula History Minutes The Historical Museum at Fort Missoula Archived from the original on February 1 2015 Retrieved August 23 2015 Guide to the William H H and Emma Dickinson Papers 1823 1908 Archives West Orbis Cascade Alliance Archived from the original on August 9 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 a b Briggeman Kim September 28 2008 Hallowed halls Missoula high school celebrates 100 years and two names Missoulian Missoula ISSN 0746 4495 Archived from the original on September 15 2017 Retrieved August 25 2015 Loyola Sacred Heart Student Parent Handbook PDF Loyola Sacred Heart Catholic High School 2011 p 6 Archived from the original PDF on August 25 2015 Cohen Stan 2008 Buildings Schools Churches Hospitals and Homes Missoula Postcard History Series Charleston South Carolina Arcadia Publishing p 31 ISBN 978 0 7385 5888 2 LCCN 2008928325 OCLC 232130700 Archived from the original on September 4 2015 Retrieved August 28 2015 Missoula s third public high school Big Sky was opened in 1980 a b Missoula County Administrators County of Missoula September 2014 Archived from the original on August 10 2015 Retrieved August 10 2015 School District 1 High Schools High School Attendance Boundaries in the Missoula Urban Area PDF Missoula County Public Schools Archived PDF from the original on April 20 2015 Missoula County Public Schools Missoulian Missoula March 24 2014 ISSN 0746 4495 Archived from the original on September 15 2017 Next Step Prep is a high quality accredited training program run by the Missoula Children s Theatre for students who are considering the performing arts as a major in college or as a career The school is designed to provide students with the skills they will need for postsecondary studies in the performing arts including acting singing and dancing Students entering grades 9 12 may apply for this six week summer session College Navigator Montana XLS National Center for Education Statistics Archived from the original on September 4 2015 UM Releases Spring Enrollment Numbers University of Montana March 3 2015 Archived from the original on September 6 2015 Partnership Showcase Mansfield Library at the University of Montana Federal Depository Library Program March 7 2013 Archived from the original on August 9 2015 The Mansfield Library became a Federal depository library in 1909 and the regional depository for Montana in 1965 State Arboretum MCA 1 1 513 Montana Code Annotated Montana Legislative Services 1995 Archived from the original on January 3 2015 Retrieved August 23 2015 The campus of the university of Montana Missoula is the state arboretum Make it Missoula Specialty Schools Make it Missoula Archived from the original on January 23 2012 Retrieved February 8 2012 Montana Public Libraries PublicLibraries com Archived from the original on March 26 2019 Retrieved June 14 2019 a b Local Television Market Universe Estimates PDF Nielsen p 4 Archived PDF from the original on July 12 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 Montana television market map Dish User Archived from the original GIF on October 16 2015 Retrieved April 28 2012 Wilhelm Honor L December 1906 Missoula Montana The Coast Seattle The Coast Publishing Company 12 6 279 Archived from the original on September 4 2015 Retrieved August 28 2015 Kaimin Montana montanakaimin com UM s Independent Campus Newspaper Since 1898 Montana Kaimin Archived from the original on January 29 2019 Retrieved January 29 2019 Trauma Centers Montana American College of Surgeons Chicago Archived from the original on October 6 2015 a b Wirth Rudolph E History Community Medical Center Archived from the original on August 26 2015 Chaney Rob January 2 2011 Missoula has never controlled its own water destiny Missoulian Missoula ISSN 0746 4495 Archived from the original on September 15 2017 Retrieved August 13 2015 Back in 1870 Missoulians got their water from One Eyed Riley and his Missoula Water Works Riley s original system was a yoke and two buckets that he hauled door to door Mountain Water Company s Roots Mountain Water Company Archived from the original on August 22 2007 Retrieved August 13 2015 In 1871 the first actual system was begun with log pipes and wooden mains The Rattlesnake Intake Dam was built in 1901 with a settling basin capacity of 3 million gallons The Rattlesnake Creek met Missoula s water needs until 1935 when five wells were added to augment fall and summer demands In fact the watershed was used until 1983 when a Giardia problem arose and its use was discontinued The Missoula Aquifer Mountain Water Company March 26 2014 Archived from the original on February 12 2015 Retrieved August 24 2015 Today the aquifer is the sole source of water for residents in the Missoula Valley Best Water in Montana PDF Mueller Record 7 10 21 22 October 1956 Archived PDF from the original on August 14 2015 Park Water Company Completes Change in Ownership to The Carlyle Group The Carlyle Group December 19 2011 2011 083 Archived from the original on August 26 2015 Kidston Martin June 15 2015 Missoula wins legal fight to take over Mountain Water Co Missoulian Missoula ISSN 0746 4495 Archived from the original on September 15 2017 It is now she said Missoula s right to acquire the water system by exercising its power of eminent domain Friesen Peter City of Missoula takes ownership of Mountain Water missoulian com Archived from the original on December 10 2017 Retrieved December 9 2017 Leonard Paul A Miesing Paul Van Ness Ray 2005 Montana Power Company When Power Begets Power PDF University at Albany State University of New York Archived from the original PDF on August 8 2013 Retrieved August 9 2015 History of Missoula Electric Cooperative Archived from the original on February 14 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 Missoula Recycling Guide Make it Missoula Archived from the original on January 6 2012 Retrieved February 8 2012 Cities and Towns Missoula Montana A State Guide Book Works Progress Administration American Guide Compiled by the Federal Writers Project 4th ed New York Hastings House Publishers 1955 1st pub 1939 p 172 ISBN 978 0 403 02176 5 OCLC 869757480 Archived from the original on September 4 2015 Retrieved August 28 2015 Street Numbering Streets are numbered from Higgins Ave E and W from Front St N and S a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link a b History of Missoula s Northside and Westside neighborhoods PDF North Missoula Community Development Corporation Archived from the original PDF on August 9 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 Missoula Greater Downtown Master Plan PDF City of Missoula August 19 2009 Archived from the original PDF on February 3 2015 Retrieved August 26 2015 Missoula Neighborhood Councils City of Missoula Archived from the original on August 13 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 Historic Districts Historic Missoula Missoula s Office of Planning and Grants Archived from the original on February 14 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 City of Missoula Parks Open Space amp Trail Map PDF City of Missoula Retrieved August 26 2015 U S 12 Michigan to Washington Highway History Federal Highway Administration Archived from the original on October 24 2011 Retrieved November 17 2011 U S 93 Reaching for the Border Highway History Federal Highway Administration Archived from the original on October 24 2011 Retrieved November 17 2011 Mathews Allan J April 2008 Missoula s Streetcars and Streetlights An Historic Overview PDF WGM Group Archived from the original PDF on May 26 2013 Retrieved August 9 2015 Missoula Downtown Historic District PDF National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Missoula s Office of Planning and Grants Archived from the original PDF on February 3 2015 Retrieved August 23 2015 Mountain Line Retrieved March 25 2023 Mountain Line Archived from the original on November 27 2011 Retrieved November 17 2011 UDASH University of Montana Archived from the original on November 7 2021 Retrieved August 9 2015 Zero Fare Mountain Line Archived from the original on September 11 2015 Retrieved September 22 2015 Northern Pacific Railroad Depot National Register of Historic Places National Park Service November 2 2013 85000644 Archived from the original on August 26 2015 Straub Noelle February 24 2008 Tester gets OK for Amtrak route study Independent Record Helena Archived from the original on September 13 2017 Retrieved August 23 2015 Commuting in the United States 2009 PDF American Community Survey Reports September 2011 Archived from the original PDF on July 26 2017 Retrieved December 26 2017 McKenzie Brian August 2015 Who Drives to Work Commuting by Automobile in the United States 2013 PDF American Survey Reports Archived PDF from the original on December 21 2017 Retrieved December 26 2017 A record again Missoula air traffic up in 2018 for fifth consecutive year Missoulian com Archived from the original on August 14 2015 Retrieved June 9 2019 2011 was a record breaking year with over 582 821 passengers traveling through our terminal State of Montana Air Carrier Commuter Flights and Passengers Statistics PDF Montana Department of Transportation 2011 Archived PDF from the original on February 1 2012 Retrieved February 8 2012 O Brien Edward July 29 2015 Neptune Aviation Announces Charter Flights Between Missoula and Billings Missoula Montana Public Radio Archived from the original on December 31 2015 Service to Billings is by charter 173 Non Stop Destinations Missoula International Airport Archived from the original on September 5 2015 Retrieved January 29 2016 Facts and Figures Missoula International Airport Archived from the original on June 18 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 Oberdorfer Don 2015 1st pub 2003 Senator Mansfield The Extraordinary Life of a Great American Statesman and Diplomat Washington D C Smithsonian Institution p 61 ISBN 978 1 58834 514 1 LCCN 2003045553 OCLC 903929842 OL 8965072W Archived from the original on September 4 2015 Retrieved August 28 2015 125 Montana Newsmakers Sen Max Baucus Great Falls Tribune ISSN 2329 647X Archived from the original on January 21 2016 Christopher Matt 2009 1st pub 1999 1960 1975 Birth of a Quarterback In the Huddle with John Elway New York Hachette Book Group p 4 ISBN 978 0 316 09524 2 LCCN 98045549 OCLC 39985596 OL 15108719W Archived from the original on September 4 2015 Retrieved August 28 2015 125 Montana Newsmakers Larry Krystkowiak Great Falls Tribune ISSN 2329 647X Archived from the original on January 21 2016 Hirschmann Kris 2003 Notable People Montana The Treasure State World Almanac Library of the States Milwaukee World Almanac Library p 41 ISBN 978 0 8368 5153 3 LCCN 2002038041 OCLC 50919750 OL 8203372M Dana Carvey Born June 2 1955 Missoula Browning Skylar April 12 2007 Demystifying David Lynch Missoula Independent Archived from the original on September 10 2015 Retrieved August 13 2015 he was born in Missoula in 1946 Hood Leroy 2002 My Life and Adventures Integrating Biology and Technology A Commemorative Lecture for the 2002 Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technologies PDF Institute for Systems Biology p 3 Archived from the original PDF on April 19 2015 Retrieved August 13 2015 I was born in October of 1938 in Missoula Montana a beautiful town split by a rapidly flowing river and lying at the convergence of two forested mountain ranges Jahrig Gary March 5 2000 Carroll O Connor to teach classes at UM Missoulian Missoula ISSN 0746 4495 Archived from the original on September 15 2017 Retrieved August 13 2015 Carroll O Connor the UM graduate best known for his portrayal of the outspoken Bunker on the television series All In The Family Schweber Nate Spring 2015 Family Ties PDF Montanan Vol 32 no 2 University of Montana pp 16 19 Archived PDF from the original on June 4 2015 Retrieved August 13 2015 One of the first things Damien said was I don t want you to be intimidated by the musical aspects of this I can shoot this in a way to make you look good like you know what you re doing Simmons says I said Let me stop you right there Forty years ago I was a music major at the University of Montana I conducted pit orchestra and I can read these charts I m not just some actor who s going to be waving his arms around Blue Mountain Meadow David Maslanka Archived from the original on October 6 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 Blue Mountain is my favorite nature walk place in the Missoula Montana area where I live Famous Montanans Jeff Ament of Pearl Jam State of Montana Archived from the original on January 1 2014 Retrieved January 27 2014 Erickson David January 23 2015 Missoula YouTube star Hank Green interviews Obama Missoulian Missoula ISSN 0746 4495 Archived from the original on September 15 2017 Retrieved August 13 2015 Missoula resident Hank Green sat down for a face to face interview with President Barack Obama in the East Room of the White House on Thursday and the whole thing was live streamed on YouTube Harold C Urey Encyclopaedia Britannica June 24 2015 Archived from the original on August 2 2015 Retrieved August 9 2015 Adams John October 25 2007 A Nobel cause Q amp A with UM climate guru Steve Running Missoula Independent Archived from the original on September 10 2015 Retrieved August 13 2015 Running Missoula s first Nobel laureate since UM professor Harold Urey received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1934 K Ross Toole Papers 1867 1992 bulk 1961 1981 Archives West Orbis Cascade Alliance Archived from the original on August 13 2015 Retrieved August 13 2015 This collection largely contains correspondence research materials and writings and faculty materials from 1961 when he was named the A B Hammond Professor of Western History at the University of Montana in Missoula to his death in 1981 Kenneth Ross Toole was born August 8 1920 in Missoula Montana Saxon Wolfgang August 9 2003 James Welch 62 an Indian Who Wrote About the Plains The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on September 9 2015 Retrieved August 13 2015 Sullivan Patricia September 19 2008 James Crumley Inspired Generation of Crime Writers Washington Post Washington D C ISSN 0190 8286 Archived from the original on September 4 2015 Retrieved August 13 2015 James Crumley 68 whose poetic and violent tales of crime in the American West made him a patron saint of the post Vietnam private eye novel died of complications from kidney and pulmonary diseases in Missoula Mont where he lived Bolin Alice May 14 2012 At the Grave of Richard Hugo The Paris Review Daily The Paris Review Archived from the original on April 4 2014 Retrieved August 13 2015 125 Montana Newsmakers Norman F Maclean Great Falls Tribune ISSN 2329 647X Archived from the original on January 21 2016 a b Sister Cities Missoula Cultural Council Archived from the original on April 19 2015 Retrieved August 23 2015 New Zealand Day Missoula Cultural Council Archived from the original on April 19 2015 Retrieved August 23 2015 Germanfest Missoula Cultural Council Archived from the original on April 19 2015 Retrieved August 23 2015 Maclean Norman 1989 A River Runs Through It Designed and illustrated by Barry Moser University of Chicago Press p 11 ISBN 978 0 226 50060 7 LCCN 88 38576 OCLC 18869665 OL 2059308M Archived from the original on September 4 2015 Retrieved August 28 2015 Painted on one side of our Sunday school wall were the words God Is Love We always assumed that these three words were spoken directly to the four of us in our family and had no reference to the world outside which my brother and I soon discovered was full of bastards the number increasing rapidly the farther one gets from Missoula Montana Maclean Norman 1976 A River Runs Through It and Other Stories 1st ed University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 50055 3 LCCN 75020895 OCLC 1733412 OL 5198220M Bazelon Emily April 28 2015 Jon Krakauer s Missoula About Rape in a College Town The New York Times p BR11 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on September 5 2015 Retrieved August 24 2015 Krakauer Jon Missoula Archived from the original on July 13 2015 Retrieved July 14 2015 Samuels Jocelyn Cotter Michael February 14 2014 The United States Investigation of the Missoula County Attorney s Office PDF United States Department of Justice Archived PDF from the original on September 20 2015 Retrieved June 2 2022 The Sexual Assault Crisis on American Campuses Time Retrieved June 2 2022 Healy Jack April 12 2014 Accusation in Montana of Treating Rape Lightly Stirs Unlikely Public Fight The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved June 2 2022 U S Justice officials accuse Montana prosecutor of gender bias in rape cases Reuters February 15 2014 Retrieved June 2 2022 Liebelson Dana She might have had a case if she had been unconscious during the rape Mother Jones Retrieved June 2 2022 Jon Krakauer Tells A Depressingly Typical Story Of College Town Rapes Weekend Edition Sunday Washington D C NPR April 29 2015 Archived from the original on December 13 2015 Retrieved December 14 2015 Krakauer s Missoula and the scrutiny of reporters who cover rape Columbia Journalism Review Retrieved June 2 2022 Going to Court in Jon Krakauer s Missoula The New Yorker April 24 2015 Retrieved June 2 2022 Szpaller Keila April 18 2015 Krakauer Missoula County attorney s actions egregious missoulian com Retrieved February 8 2023 a b Raban Jonathan 2010 Driving Home An American Journey London Picador pp 39 45 ISBN 978 0 330 37551 1 LCCN 2010413917 OCLC 559794288 OL 15541192W Doak Chase April 7 2018 5 things Far Cry 5 gets right about Montana and 5 things it gets wrong Billings Gazette Retrieved February 8 2023 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Missoula Montana nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Missoula Montana nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Missoula Official website nbsp Missoula Visitors Bureau Missoula Chamber of Commerce Missoula Montana at Curlie Missoula Collier s New Encyclopedia 1921 Missoula Collection Guide University of Montana Archives City of Missoula Mont Records 1883 2009 University of Montana Archives Cultural heritage resources Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library Archives and Special Collections The Historical Museum at Fort Missoula s Public Research Boxes Missoula Art Museum s Online Collections Database Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Missoula Montana amp oldid 1183958786, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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