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Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries

January 01, 1970

This timeline lists significant discoveries in physics and the laws of nature, including experimental discoveries, theoretical proposals that were confirmed experimentally, and theories that have significantly influenced current thinking in modern physics. Such discoveries are often a multi-step, multi-person process. Multiple discovery sometimes occurs when multiple research groups discover the same phenomenon at about the same time, and scientific priority is often disputed. The listings below include some of the most significant people and ideas by date of publication or experiment.

Antiquity edit

Middle Ages edit

16th century edit

17th century edit

18th century edit

19th century edit

20th century edit

21st century edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Rovelli, Carlo (2023). Anaximander and the Nature of Science. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-241-63504-9.
  2. ^ Rovelli, Carlo (2015). "Aristotle's Physics: A Physicist's Look". Journal of the American Philosophical Association. 1: 23–40. arXiv:1312.4057. doi:10.1017/apa.2014.11.
  3. ^ Russell, Bertrand — History of Western Philosophy (2004) – p. 215
  4. ^ Van der Waerden, B. L. (1987), "The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 500 (1): 528, Bibcode:1987NYASA.500..525V, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37224.x, S2CID 222087224
  5. ^ Marchant, Jo (2022-10-18). "First known map of night sky found hidden in Medieval parchment". Nature. 610 (7933): 613–614. Bibcode:2022Natur.610..613M. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-03296-1. PMID 36258126. S2CID 252994351.
  6. ^ "Hero's Shortest Path". Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations. Harvard University. Retrieved 2024-02-13. Hero's Principle states that light undergoing a reflection from a plane surface will follow the path of least distance
  7. ^ Pines, Shlomo (1986), Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science, vol. 2, Brill Publishers, p. 203, ISBN 965-223-626-8
  8. ^ American Heritage Dictionary (January 2005). The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 428. ISBN 978-0-618-45504-1.
  9. ^ John L. Heilbron (14 February 2003). The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. Oxford University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-19-974376-6.
  10. ^ Rafelski, Johann (2020). "Discovery of Quark-Gluon Plasma: Strangeness Diaries". The European Physical Journal Special Topics. 229 (1): 1–140. arXiv:1911.00831. Bibcode:2020EPJST.229....1R. doi:10.1140/epjst/e2019-900263-x. ISSN 1951-6355.
  11. ^ "New State of Matter created at CERN". CERN. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
  12. ^ CMS collaboration (2012). "Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC". Physics Letters B. 716 (1): 30–61. arXiv:1207.7235. Bibcode:2012PhLB..716...30C. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.021.
  13. ^ ATLAS collaboration (2012). "Observation of a New Particle in the Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC". Physics Letters B. 716 (1): 1–29. arXiv:1207.7214. Bibcode:2012PhLB..716....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.020. S2CID 119169617.
  14. ^ "Researchers Capture Gravitational-Wave Background with Pulsar "Antennae"". American Physical Society. Physics Magazine. June 29, 2023. Retrieved 2024-02-13. Four PTA collaborations have delivered evidence for a stochastic background of nanohertz gravitational waves
  15. ^ Palivela, Ananya (June 30, 2023). "IceCube creates first image of Milky Way in neutrinos". Astronomy.com. Retrieved 2024-02-13. IceCube Neutrino Observatory, this array has now allowed astronomers to image the Milky Way — not using light, but particles

January 01, 1970
timeline, fundamental, physics, discoveries, this, timeline, lists, significant, discoveries, physics, laws, nature, including, experimental, discoveries, theoretical, proposals, that, were, confirmed, experimentally, theories, that, have, significantly, influ. This timeline lists significant discoveries in physics and the laws of nature including experimental discoveries theoretical proposals that were confirmed experimentally and theories that have significantly influenced current thinking in modern physics Such discoveries are often a multi step multi person process Multiple discovery sometimes occurs when multiple research groups discover the same phenomenon at about the same time and scientific priority is often disputed The listings below include some of the most significant people and ideas by date of publication or experiment Contents 1 Antiquity 2 Middle Ages 3 16th century 4 17th century 5 18th century 6 19th century 7 20th century 8 21st century 9 See also 10 ReferencesAntiquity edit624 546 BCE Thales of Miletus Introduced natural philosophy 610 546 BCE Anaximander Concept of Earth floating in space 1 460 370 BCE Democritus Atomism via thought experiment 384 322 BCE Aristotle Aristotelian physics earliest effective theory of physics 2 c 300 BCE Euclid Euclidean geometry c 250 BCE Archimedes Archimedes principle 310 230 BCE Aristarchos Proposed heliocentricism 3 276 194 BCE Eratosthenes Circumference of the Earth measured 190 150 BCE Seleucus Support of heliocentrism based on reasoning 4 220 150 BCE Apollonius and Hipparchus Invention of Astrolabe 205 86 BCE Hipparchus or unknown Antikythera mechanism an analog computer of planetary motions 129 BCE Hipparchus Hipparchus star catalog of the entire sky 5 and precession of the equinoxes 60 CE Hero of Alexandria Catoptrics Hero s principle of the shortest path of light 6 c 150 CE Ptolemy Ptolomaic model standardized geocentricismMiddle Ages edit500 CE John Philoponus Theory of impetus 984 CE Ibn Sahl Law of refraction 1010 Ibn al Haytham Alhazen Optics finite speed of light c 1030 Ibn Sina Avicenna Concept of force c 1050 al Biruni Speed of light is much larger than speed of sound c 1100 Al Baghdadi Theory of motion with distinction between velocity and acceleration 7 16th century edit1514 Nicolaus Copernicus Heliocentrism 1586 Simon Stevin Delft tower experiment17th century edit1608 Earliest known telescopes 1609 1619 Kepler Kepler s laws of planetary motion 1610 Galileo Galilei discovered the Galilean moons of Jupiter 1613 Galileo Galilei Inertia 1621 Willebrord Snellius Snell s law 1632 Galileo Galilei The Galilean principle the laws of motion are the same in all inertial frames 1660 Blaise Pascal Pascal s law 1660 Robert Hooke Hooke s law 1662 Robert Boyle Boyle s law 1663 Otto von Guericke first Electrostatic generator 1676 Ole Romer Romer s determination of the speed of light traveling from the moons of Jupiter 1678 Christiaan Huygens mathematical wave theory of light published in his Treatise on Light 1687 Isaac Newton Newton s laws of motion and Newton s law of universal gravitation 8 18th century edit1738 Daniel Bernoulli First model of the Kinetic theory of gases 1745 46 Ewald Georg von Kleist and Pieter van Musschenbroek discovery of the Leyden jar 1752 Benjamin Franklin Kite experiment 1760 Joseph Louis Lagrange Lagrangian mechanics 1782 Antoine Lavoisier Conservation of mass 1785 Charles Augustin de Coulomb Coulomb s inverse square law for electric charges confirmed 9 19th century edit1800 Alessandro Volta discovery of voltaic pile 1801 Thomas Young Wave theory of light 1803 John Dalton Atomic theory of matter citation needed 1806 Thomas Young Kinetic energy 1814 Augustin Jean Fresnel Wave theory of light optical interference 1820 Andre Marie Ampere Jean Baptiste Biot and Felix Savart Evidence for electromagnetic interactions Biot Savart law 1822 Joseph Fourier Heat equation 1824 Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot Ideal gas cycle analysis Carnot cycle internal combustion engine 1826 Ampere s circuital law 1827 Georg Ohm Electrical resistance 1831 Michael Faraday Faraday s law of induction 1833 William Rowan Hamilton Hamiltonian mechanics 1838 Michael Faraday Lines of force 1838 Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Carl Friedrich Gauss Earth s magnetic field clarification needed 1842 43 William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin and Julius von Mayer Conservation of energy 1842 Christian Doppler Doppler effect 1845 Michael Faraday Faraday rotation interaction of light and magnetic field 1847 Hermann von Helmholtz amp James Prescott Joule Conservation of Energy 2 clarification needed 1850 51 William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin amp Rudolf Clausius Second law of thermodynamics 1857 Rudolf Clausius Introduced translational rotational and vibrational molecular motions 1857 Rudolf Clausius Introduced the concept of mean free path 1860 James Clerk Maxwell Introduced statistical mechanics with the Maxwell distribution 1861 Gustav Kirchhoff Black body 1861 62 Maxwell s equations 1863 Rudolf Clausius Entropy 1864 James Clerk Maxwell A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field electromagnetic radiation 1867 James Clerk Maxwell On the Dynamical Theory of Gases kinetic theory of gases 1871 89 Ludwig Boltzmann amp Josiah Willard Gibbs Statistical mechanics Boltzmann equation 1872 1873 Maxwell A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism 1884 Boltzmann derives Stefan radiation law citation needed 1887 Michelson Morley experiment 1887 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz Electromagnetic waves 1888 Johannes Rydberg Rydberg formula 1889 1892 Lorentz FitzGerald contraction 1893 Wilhelm Wien Wien s displacement law for black body radiation 1895 Wilhelm Rontgen X rays 1896 Henri Becquerel Radioactivity 1896 Pieter Zeeman Zeeman effect 1897 J J Thomson Electron discovered20th century edit1900 Max Planck Formula for black body radiation the quanta solution to radiation ultraviolet catastrophe 1904 J J Thomson s plum pudding model of the atom 1904 1905 Albert Einstein Special relativity proposes light quantum later named photon to explain the photoelectric effect Brownian motion Mass energy equivalence 1908 Hermann Minkowski Minkowski space 1911 Ernest Rutherford Discovery of the atomic nucleus Rutherford model 1911 Kamerlingh Onnes Superconductivity 1913 Niels Bohr Bohr model of the atom 1915 Albert Einstein General relativity 1916 Schwarzschild metric modeling gravity outside a large sphere 1919 Arthur Eddington Light bending confirmed evidence for general relativity 1919 1926 Kaluza Klein theory proposing unification of gravity and electromagnetism 1922 Alexander Friedmann proposes expanding universe 1922 37 Friedmann Lemaitre Robertson Walker metric cosmological model 1923 Stern Gerlach experiment 1923 Edwin Hubble Galaxies discovered 1923 Arthur Compton Particle nature of photons confirmed by observation of photon momentum 1924 Bose Einstein statistics 1924 Louis de Broglie De Broglie wave 1925 Werner Heisenberg Matrix mechanics 1925 27 Niels Bohr amp Max Planck Quantum mechanics 1925 Stellar structure understood citation needed 1926 Fermi Dirac Statistics 1926 Erwin Schrodinger Schrodinger Equation 1927 Werner Heisenberg Uncertainty principle 1927 Georges Lemaitre Big Bang 1927 Paul Dirac Dirac equation 1927 Max Born Born rule 1928 Paul Dirac proposes the antiparticle 1929 Edwin Hubble Expansion of the universe confirmed 1932 Carl David Anderson Antimatter discovered 1932 James Chadwick Neutron discovered 1933 Ernst Ruska Invention of the electron microscope 1935 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Chandrasekhar limit for black hole collapse 1937 Muon discovered by Carl David Anderson and Seth Neddermeyer 1938 Pyotr Kapitsa Superfluidity discovered 1938 Otto Hahn Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann Nuclear fission discovered 1938 39 Stellar fusion explains energy production in stars citation needed 1939 Uranium fission discovered 1941 Feynman path integral 1944 Theory of magnetism in 2D Ising model 1947 C F Powell Giuseppe Occhialini Cesar Lattes Pion discovered 1948 Richard Feynman Shinichiro Tomonaga Julian Schwinger Freeman Dyson Quantum electrodynamics 1948 Invention of the maser and laser by Charles Townes 1948 Feynman diagrams 1956 Electron neutrino discovered 1956 57 Parity violation proved by Chien Shiung Wu 1957 BCS theory explaining superconductivity 1959 60 Role of topology in quantum physics predicted and confirmed citation needed 1962 SU 3 theory of strong interactions 1962 Muon neutrino discovered 1963 Chien Shiung Wu confirms the conserved vector current theory for weak interactions 1963 Murray Gell Mann and George Zweig Quarks predicted 1964 Bell s Theorem initiates quantitative study of quantum entanglement 1964 CP violation discovered by James Cronin and Val Fitch 1967 Unification of weak interaction and electromagnetism electroweak theory 1967 Solar neutrino problem found 1967 Pulsars rotating neutron stars discovered 1968 Experimental evidence for quarks found 1968 Vera Rubin Dark matter theories 1970 73 Standard Model of elementary particles invented 1971 Helium 3 superfluidity 1971 75 Michael Fisher Kenneth G Wilson and Leo Kadanoff Renormalization group 1972 Black Hole Entropy 1974 Black hole radiation Hawking radiation predicted 1974 Charmed quark discovered 1975 Tau lepton found 1977 Bottom quark found 1977 Anderson localization recognised Nobel prize in 1977 Philip W Anderson Mott Van Fleck 1980 Strangeness as a signature of quark gluon plasma predicted 10 1980 Richard Feynman proposes quantum computing 1980 Quantum Hall effect 1981 Alan Guth Theory of cosmic inflation proposed dubious discuss 1982 Aspect experiment confirms violations of Bell s inequalities 1981 Fractional quantum Hall effect discovered 1983 Simulated annealing 1984 W and Z bosons directly observed 1984 First laboratory implementation of quantum cryptography 1987 High temperature superconductivity discovered in 1986 awarded Nobel prize in 1987 J Georg Bednorz and K Alexander Muller 1989 98 Quantum annealing 1993 Quantum teleportation of unknown states proposed 1994 Shor s algorithm discovered initiating the serious study of quantum computation 1994 97 Matrix models M theory 1995 Wolfgang Ketterle Bose Einstein condensate observed 1995 Top quark discovered 1995 2000 Econophysics and Kinetic exchange models of markets 1997 Juan Maldacena proposed the AdS CFT correspondence 1998 Accelerating expansion of the universe discovered by the Supernova Cosmology Project and the High Z Supernova Search Team 1998 Atmospheric neutrino oscillation established 1999 Lene Vestergaard Hau Slow light experimentally demonstrated21st century edit2000 Quark gluon plasma found 11 2000 Tau neutrino found 2001 Solar neutrino oscillation observed resolving the solar neutrino problem 2003 WMAP observations of cosmic microwave background 2004 Exceptional properties of graphene discovered 2007 Giant magnetoresistance recognized Nobel prize Albert Fert and Peter Grunberg 2008 16 year study of stellar orbits around Sagittarius A provides strong evidence for a supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way galaxy 2009 Planck begins observations of cosmic microwave background 2012 Higgs boson found by the Compact Muon Solenoid 12 and ATLAS 13 experiments at the Large Hadron Collider 2015 Gravitational waves are observed 2016 Topological order topological phase transitions and order recognized Nobel prize David J Thouless F Duncan M Haldane and J Michael Kosterlitz 2019 First image of a black hole 2023 Experimental evidence of stochastic Gravitational wave background 14 2023 First image of the Milky Way in neutrinos instead of light 15 See also editPhysics List of timelines List of unsolved problems in physicsReferences edit Rovelli Carlo 2023 Anaximander and the Nature of Science Allen Lane ISBN 978 0 241 63504 9 Rovelli Carlo 2015 Aristotle s Physics A Physicist s Look Journal of the American Philosophical Association 1 23 40 arXiv 1312 4057 doi 10 1017 apa 2014 11 Russell Bertrand History of Western Philosophy 2004 p 215 Van der Waerden B L 1987 The Heliocentric System in Greek Persian and Hindu Astronomy Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 500 1 528 Bibcode 1987NYASA 500 525V doi 10 1111 j 1749 6632 1987 tb37224 x S2CID 222087224 Marchant Jo 2022 10 18 First known map of night sky found hidden in Medieval parchment Nature 610 7933 613 614 Bibcode 2022Natur 610 613M doi 10 1038 d41586 022 03296 1 PMID 36258126 S2CID 252994351 Hero s Shortest Path Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations Harvard University Retrieved 2024 02 13 Hero s Principle states that light undergoing a reflection from a plane surface will follow the path of least distance Pines Shlomo 1986 Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science vol 2 Brill Publishers p 203 ISBN 965 223 626 8 American Heritage Dictionary January 2005 The American Heritage Science Dictionary Houghton Mifflin Harcourt p 428 ISBN 978 0 618 45504 1 John L Heilbron 14 February 2003 The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science Oxford University Press p 235 ISBN 978 0 19 974376 6 Rafelski Johann 2020 Discovery of Quark Gluon Plasma Strangeness Diaries The European Physical Journal Special Topics 229 1 1 140 arXiv 1911 00831 Bibcode 2020EPJST 229 1R doi 10 1140 epjst e2019 900263 x ISSN 1951 6355 New State of Matter created at CERN CERN Retrieved 2020 05 22 CMS collaboration 2012 Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC Physics Letters B 716 1 30 61 arXiv 1207 7235 Bibcode 2012PhLB 716 30C doi 10 1016 j physletb 2012 08 021 ATLAS collaboration 2012 Observation of a New Particle in the Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC Physics Letters B 716 1 1 29 arXiv 1207 7214 Bibcode 2012PhLB 716 1A doi 10 1016 j physletb 2012 08 020 S2CID 119169617 Researchers Capture Gravitational Wave Background with Pulsar Antennae American Physical Society Physics Magazine June 29 2023 Retrieved 2024 02 13 Four PTA collaborations have delivered evidence for a stochastic background of nanohertz gravitational waves Palivela Ananya June 30 2023 IceCube creates first image of Milky Way in neutrinos Astronomy com Retrieved 2024 02 13 IceCube Neutrino Observatory this array has now allowed astronomers to image the Milky Way not using light but particles Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries amp oldid 1222986044, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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