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Tiger versus lion

January 07, 2023

Historically, a comparison of the tiger (Panthera tigris) versus the lion (Panthera leo)[1][2] has been a popular topic of discussion by hunters,[3] naturalists,[4] artists and poets, and has inspired the popular imagination.[5][6] In the past, lions and tigers reportedly competed in the wilderness,[7] where their ranges overlapped in Eurasia.[1][8] The most common reported circumstance of their meeting is in captivity,[9] either deliberately[10] or by accident.[7]

A tiger cub playing with a lion cub

Opinions

In general, the lion is a social animal, while the tiger is solitary,[2] though at times, male lions are separate from the females,[11][12] and tigers socialise, usually for mating, and rarely for hunts.[13] There are differing scenarios regarding whether tigers would beat lions in fights, or vice-versa:[7][14]

Favoring the tiger

  • Craig Saffoe, a biologist and the curator of great cats at the National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C., said that the outcome of a given fight totally depended on the individuals, with their fighting style, physiology and history, but that he would bet on the tiger winning. He also reckoned that in a fight, the biggest cats — tigers, jaguars and lions — would come out on top against the likes of cougars, snow leopards, leopards, and cheetahs. Saffoe added that the most interesting match-up in his opinion might be between good-sized Bengal tigers and male jaguars, as both had roughly the same speed, temperament, size and strength.[15]

Favoring the lion

  • Dave Hoover, the animal trainer for Clyde Beatty-Cole Brothers Circus, mentions that he lost many tigers to male lions: "I have to keep the male lions from killing each other. I have to keep them from killing the tigers [...]. I have lost tigers."[16] Hoover had lions ganging up on his tigers: "Two lions killed one of his tigers during training in Ojus, Fla., in 1966",[17] and in another newspaper Hoover states he has trouble "keeping the lion from attacking the lone tiger".[18]

Coexistence in the Eurasian wilderness

According to Colin Tudge (2011), given that both cats hunt large herbivores, it is likely that they had been in competition in Asia. Despite their social nature, lions might have competed with tigers one-against-one, as they would with each other.[19] Apart from the possibility of competition, there are legends of Asiatic lions and tigers breeding to produce hybrid offspring, which would be ligers or tigons.[20] From the fossil record, besides genetics,[2][21][22] it would appear that the modern lion and tiger were present in Eurasia since the Pleistocene, when now-extinct relatives also existed there.[1][23][24] Additionally, in the days before Indian Independence, the Maharaja of Gwalior introduced African lions into his area, which is a habitat for Bengal tigers.[25]

Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger

As of the 21st century, India is the only country to have both wild lions and tigers, specifically Asiatic lions and Bengal tigers.[2][26] Though they do not share the same territory, they did in the past,[7][13][27] and there is a project mentioned below that could lead to their meeting in the wild.[28][29]

The possibility of conflict between lions and tigers had been raised in relation to India's Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project, which was meant to introduce the lions of Gir Forest in the State of Gujarat, to another reserve which is considered to be within the former range of the lion, that is Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh,[28] before December 2017.[30][31] Kuno was reported to contain some tigers that came from Ranthambore National Park, including one called 'T-38'.[7][29] Concerns were raised that the co-presence of lions and tigers would "trigger frequent clashes".[32] At the same, the American biologist Craig Packer and his students at the University of Minnesota considered that a group of lions (two to three males) would have a clear advantage over a tiger and a pack of lionesses (two to four females) would have a similar advantage over a tigress, despite the general advantage of the latter in weight or height. Coalitions of male lions usually fight as a group against territorial rivals, so he mentions that a tiger may have an advantage in a one-on-one encounter, but they also considered that the additional fighting experience and mane perhaps confer an advantage to a lone male lion since the tiger's fighting style evolved in the absence of a mane. Despite all of this, Craig Packer is of the opinion that for Asiatic lions to survive in an area with Bengal tigers, the lions would have to be moved there as intact groups rather than as individuals.[7] Although the habitats of Indian lions and tigers are similar means that they both live in conditions that favour solitary hunters of prey,[14] these lions are social like their African relatives,[33] and may form fighting groups, whereas tigers are usually solitary.[7]

The tiger reserves of Ranthambhore and Sariska in Rajasthan, Gir Forest and Kuno-Palpur are all located in the ecoregion of Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests.[34][35] In early 2019, a tiger trekked from Madhya Pradesh to Gujarat, before apparently dying there of starvation.[36] Otherwise, in Gujarat is the Dangs' Forest, which is a potential habit of the tiger.[25]

Reginald Innes Pocock (1939) mentioned that some people had the opinion that the tiger played a role in the near-extinction of the Indian lion, but he dismissed this view as 'fanciful'. According to him, there was evidence that tigers inhabited the Indian Subcontinent before lions. The tigers likely entered Northern India from the eastern end of the Himalayas, through Burma, and started spreading throughout the area, before the lions likely entered Northern India from Balochistan or Persia, and spread to places like the Bengal and the Nerbudda River. Because of that, before the presence of man could limit the spread of lions, tigers reached parts of India that lions did not reach. However, the presence of tigers throughout India did not stop the spread of lions there, in the first place, so Pocock said that it is unlikely that Bengal tigers played a role, significant or subordinate, in the near-extinction of the Indian lion, rather, that man was responsible for it,[13] as was the case with the decline in tigers' numbers.[1][2][24][13][27] As such, Pocock thought that it was unlikely that serious competition between them regularly occurred, and that even if Indian lions and tigers met, the chance that they would fight for survival was as good as the chance that they would choose to avoid each other, and that their chances of success, if they were to clash, were as good as each other's.[13]

Asiatic lion and Caspian tiger

Before the end of the 20th century, Asiatic lions[23] and Caspian tigers[21][24] had occurred in other Asian[19] or Eurasian nations, including Iran.[2][8][13][26] As such, there is a word for 'Lion',[1][2][8] which can also mean 'Tiger',[13][37] and is used in Iran, South Asia and other areas, that is Sher or Shir (Persian: شیر),[38] and its significance is discussed below. Not only did Heptner and Sludskiy talk about the lion and tiger both occurring in places like Iran, Anatolia and Transcaucasia, they also mentioned that the ranges of the lion and tiger often overlapped, occurring in riverine habitats which were abundant in prey like deer and wild boar.[1]

Observed fights

In the circuses of ancient Rome, exotic beasts were commonly pitted against each other,[10] including Barbary lions[2] and tigers.[40] A mosaic in the House of the Faun in Pompeii shows a fight between a lion and a tiger.[41] There are different accounts of which of these animals gained the victory.[citation needed] Although lions and tigers can be kept together in harmony in captivity,[42] fatal conflicts have also been recorded.[43]

In addition to historical recordings, clashes between lions and tigers were reported or even caught on camera[44] in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was not always clear which species regularly beat the other, according to Craig Packer (2015).[7]

In captivity

 
Lions and tiger in a cage at the 1904 World's Fair
  • In 1830, a tiger attacked a lion at a menagerie in Turin, Rome. Despite having been caught by surprise, the lion maneuvered the tiger onto its back and clamped fatal jaws on its throat.[45]
  • In 1911, Frank Bostock gave an account of a lion killing a tiger.[46]
  • In 1934, a fully grown African lion killed a mature Bengal tiger a short time after these circus animals were unloaded from the train and before trainers could separate them.[47]
  • In 1937, a vigorous lion and tiger fought in a German zoo, the lion died as a result.[48]
  • 3 June 1949, in Fitchburg when the Biller Brothers circus moved on to its next stop, it left behind the remains of a 1000 pound tiger. The tiger was killed the night before in a savage battle with a lion.[49]
  • At the South Perth Zoo in 1949, in a three-minute fight between a lion and a tiger, the lion killed the tiger. The fight occurred when the tiger put his head through a connecting slide. The lion caught the tiger by the throat, and, dragging it through the opening, killed it before the keepers arrived.[50]
  • In 1956, Roman Proske's black maned lion, Achmed jumped onto the back of a tiger though one of the trainers intervened by a fork hitting the lion, the tiger ended up killing the lion by a single bite.[51][52]
  • In 1959, the Maharaja of Gwalior experimented if lions could thrive in India despite their decline, the lions used were African specimens and defined as fine. After a single day the male lion was killed from a fight of one of the tigers, the previous pair of lions having already left the area by the time of the lion's death[53]
  • In September 2010, a Bengal tiger at the Ankara Zoo passed through a gap, between its cage and that of a lion, and killed it with a single paw swipe. "The tiger severed the lion's jugular vein in a single stroke with its paw, leaving the animal dying in a pool of blood," officials said. The tiger was also said to previously injured the lion a year before. However, despite being reported in local news at the time, the incident was reported in international media only in March 2011.[54]

Arts and literature

Art

Battles between the two were painted in the 18th and 19th centuries by Eugène Delacroix,[citation needed] George Stubbs[55] and James Ward. James Ward's paintings portrayed lion victories in accordance with the lion's symbolic value in Britain, and have been described as less realistic than Stubbs.[55]

The British Seringapatam medal shows a lion defeating a tiger in battle; the medal commemorated the British victory at the 1799 Battle of Seringapatam (in the town now known as Srirangapatna in India) over Tipu Sultan—who used tigers as emblems, as opposed to the British emblematic use of lions.[56]

Literature

In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Narada told Srinjaya that tigers were fiercer and more ruthless than lions.[57] Vedic literature depicted the lion, rather than the tiger, as the "king of the forest".[58]

The 15th-century book Anvâr-i Suhaylî (Persian: اَنوارِ سُهيلى, "Lights of the Canopus") talks about the lion and the tiger competing for dominance on the banks of the Tigris River, in the vicinity of Basrah.[59]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992) [1972]. Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of the Soviet Union]. Vol. II (Part 2). Washington, D.C., the U.S.A.: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 83–202. ISBN 90-04-08876-8.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Nowell, Kristin; Jackson, Peter (1996). Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 17–149. ISBN 2-8317-0045-0. (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  3. ^ José Ortega y Gasset (2007). Meditations on Hunting. ISBN 978-1-932098-53-2.
  4. ^ Ronald Tilson, Philip J. Nyhus (2010), "Tiger morphology", Tigers of the world, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-8155-1570-8
  5. ^ William Bridges (22 August 1959). "Lion vs. tiger: who'd win?". The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  6. ^ Thomas, Isabel (2006). Lion vs. Tiger. Raintree. ISBN 978-1-4109-2398-1.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Packer, Craig. "Frequently asked questions". University of Minnesota Lion Research Project. from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  8. ^ a b c Humphreys, P., Kahrom, E. (1999). "Lion". Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran. Avon: Images Publishing. pp. 77–80. ISBN 978-0951397763.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  9. ^ Clyde Beatty, Earl Wilson (1941), Jungle performers
  10. ^ a b Roland Auguet (1994). Cruelty and civilization: the Roman games. ISBN 978-0-415-10453-1.
  11. ^ Joslin, P. (1973). The Asiatic lion: a study of ecology and behaviour. University of Edinburgh, the U.K.: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources.
  12. ^ Meena, V. (2008). Reproductive strategy and behaviour of male Asiatic Lions. Dehradun, India: Wildlife Institute of India.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Panthera leo". The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. Vol. 1. London, England, the U.K.: Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp. 197–222.
  14. ^ a b Kailash, Sankhala (1978). Tiger: The Story Of The Indian Tiger. Collins. p. 119. ISBN 0-0021-6124-9. from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  15. ^ "Lion vs. Tiger: Which Cat Would Win Interspecies Fight?". The HuffPost. 7 November 2012.
  16. ^ "Run Away To The Circus?". The Pittsburgh Press. 29 October 1980. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  17. ^ "The Jokes Stop When Dave Walks Into the Cage". The News Journal. 4 May 1973. p. 3. Retrieved 8 November 2019 – via newspapers.com.
  18. ^ "Shy scribe gives nod to gentle Jumbo". The Morning News. 6 May 1967. p. 1. Retrieved 8 November 2019 – via newspapers.com.
  19. ^ a b Tudge, Colin (2011). Engineer In The Garden. Random House. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4464-6698-8.
  20. ^ Shi, Wei (2005). Growth and Behaviour: Epigenetic and Genetic Factors Involved in Hybrid Dysgenesis. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology. Vol. 11. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. p. 9. ISBN 91-554-6147-6.
  21. ^ a b Luo, S.-J.; Kim, J.-H.; Johnson, W. E.; van der Walt, J.; Martenson, J.; Yuhki, N.; Miquelle, D. G.; Uphyrkina, O.; Goodrich, J. M.; Quigley, H. B.; Tilson, R.; Brady, G.; Martelli, P.; Subramaniam, V.; McDougal, C.; Hean, S.; Huang, S.-Q.; Pan, W.; Karanth, U. K.; Sunquist, M.; Smith, J. L. D.; O'Brien, S. J. (2004). "Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (Panthera tigris)". PLOS Biology. 2 (12): e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442. PMC 534810. PMID 15583716.
  22. ^ Kitchener, A. C.; Dugmore, A. J. (2000). "Biogeographical change in the tiger, Panthera tigris". Animal Conservation. 3 (2): 113–124. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2000.tb00236.x. S2CID 86096562.
  23. ^ a b Haas, S.K.; Hayssen, V.; Krausman, P.R. (2005). (PDF). Mammalian Species. 762: 1–11. doi:10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 198968757. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2017.
  24. ^ a b c Mazák, V. (1981). "Panthera tigris". Mammalian Species (152): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504004. JSTOR 3504004.
  25. ^ a b Jhala, Y. V.; Qureshi, Q.; Sinha, P. R., eds. (2011). (PDF). New Delhi, Dehradun: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, and Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2012.
  26. ^ a b Shankaranarayanan, P.; Banerjee, M.; Kacker, R. K.; Aggarwal, R. K. & Singh, L. (1997). (PDF). Electrophoresis. 18 (9): 1693–1700. doi:10.1002/elps.1150180938. PMID 9378147. S2CID 41046139. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2013.
  27. ^ a b Karanth, K. U. (2003). . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 100 (2–3): 169–189. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012.
  28. ^ a b Preparations for the reintroduction of Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica into Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh, India Archived 4 June 2012 at archive.today by A.J.T. Johnsingh, S.P. Goyal, Qamar Qureshi; Cambridge Journals Online; Oryx (2007), 41: 93-96 Cambridge University Press; Copyright 2007 Fauna & Flora International; doi:10.1017/S0030605307001512; Published online by Cambridge University Press 05Mar2007
  29. ^ a b . The Times of India. 19 April 2013. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  30. ^ "Stalemate on translocation of Gir lions Kuno Palpur in Madhya Pradesh to be used as tiger habitat now". Hindustan Times. 7 December 2017. from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  31. ^ Sharma, R. (5 December 2017). "Tired of Gujarat reluctance on Gir lions, MP to release tigers in Kuno". The Times of India. from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  32. ^ "MP not fit for Asiatic lions, Gujarat tells PM". The Times of India. 19 June 2006. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2011. At a two-hour meeting of National Board of Wildlife presided by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh here, Govind Patel said the "presence of tigers in the Kuno Palpur sanctuary would trigger frequent clashes between the two carnivores over territories – tiger and lions—which can never co-exist in the same place."
  33. ^ Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002). Wild Cats of the World (1st ed.). Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. pp. 7–350. ISBN 978-0-22-677999-7.
  34. ^ "Khathiar-Gir Dry Deciduous Forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  35. ^ Jhala, Y. V.; Gopal, R.; Qureshi, Q., eds. (2008). (PDF). TR 08/001. National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, New Delhi; Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2013.
  36. ^ Kaushik, H. (9 March 2019). "Tiger that trekked from MP to Gujarat died of starvation: Post-mortem report". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  37. ^ "Kipling's list of names in the stories" 21 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, excerpted from volume XII of The Complete Works, Sussex edition, 1936.
  38. ^ Shahbazi, Shapur A. (2001). "Flags (of Persia)". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 10. from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  39. ^ Sevruguin, A. (1880). . National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden, The Netherlands; Stephen Arpee Collection. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  40. ^ Hoage, Robert J.; Roskell, Anne; Mansour, Jane (1996). "Menageries and Zoos to 1900". In Hoage, Robert J.; Deiss, William A. (eds.). New World, New Animals: From Menagerie to Zoological Park in the Nineteenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 8–18. ISBN 0-8018-5110-6.
  41. ^ Anthony King (2002). The natural history of Pompeii. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80054-9.
  42. ^ . 7 December 2009. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  43. ^ Uncle Ray (8 May 1952). "Tigers And Bears Are Found In Himalayas". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  44. ^ "Lion and tiger fight". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. 31 October 1930. from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  45. ^ David A. H. Wilson (2015). The Welfare of Performing Animals: A Historical Perspective. Springer. p. 133. ISBN 9783662458341. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  46. ^ "Lion and Tiger Fight to Death, Lion is Victor". Logansport Press. 16 November 1934. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  47. ^ "Tiger Killed The Lion German Zoo Specimens Resulted Death Two". 29 August 1937.
  48. ^ "The Mercury from Pottstown, Pennsylvania on June 3, 1949 · Page 8". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  49. ^ "Lion Kills Tiger". Examiner. 30 July 1949. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  50. ^ Proske, Roman (1956). Lions, Tigers, and Me. p. 16.
  51. ^ Lions, Tigers, and Me. p. 17.
  52. ^ One Man And A Thousand Tigers. Dodd, Mead & Company. 1959. p. 194.
  53. ^ "Tiger Kills Lion In Turkish Zoo". BBC News. 7 March 2011. from the original on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  54. ^ a b Frank McLynn (2006). 1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World. Canongate Books. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8021-4228-3. from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2016. George Stubbs, the most famous and original animal painter of his time who was just reaching his peak in 1759, liked to display combats of lion versus tiger, though he did not commit the egregious mistake made in James Ward's animal pictures painted later in the century where the lion symbolises Britain and the tiger India; in reality, as we know very clearly from the obscene animal fights staged by the Ancient Romans in the arena, the tiger would win every time
  55. ^ Maya Jasanoff (2007). Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in the East, 1750–1850. Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-42571-3. from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  56. ^ Prof. Muneo Tokunaga John D. Smith K M Ganguli. "Tiger in Hindu epic Mahabharatha". The Mahabharata in Sanskrit. Sacred Texts. pp. SECTION LXVIII. from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  57. ^ Mitra, S. (2005). Gir Forest and the saga of the Asiatic lion. New Delhi: Indus. ISBN 8-1738-7183-3.
  58. ^ Eastwick, Edward B (transl.) (1854). The Anvari Suhaili; or the Lights of Canopus Being the Persian version of the Fables of Pilpay; or the Book Kalílah and Damnah rendered into Persian by Husain Vá'iz U'L-Káshifí. Hertford: Stephen Austin, Bookseller to the East-India College. Retrieved 2 May 2017.

Further reading

  • Schnitzler, A.; Hermann, L. (19 August 2019). "Chronological distribution of the tiger Panthera tigris and the Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica in their common range in Asia". Mammal Review. Wiley Online Library. 49 (4): 340–353. doi:10.1111/mam.12166. S2CID 202040786.

January 07, 2023
tiger, versus, lion, historically, comparison, tiger, panthera, tigris, versus, lion, panthera, been, popular, topic, discussion, hunters, naturalists, artists, poets, inspired, popular, imagination, past, lions, tigers, reportedly, competed, wilderness, where. Historically a comparison of the tiger Panthera tigris versus the lion Panthera leo 1 2 has been a popular topic of discussion by hunters 3 naturalists 4 artists and poets and has inspired the popular imagination 5 6 In the past lions and tigers reportedly competed in the wilderness 7 where their ranges overlapped in Eurasia 1 8 The most common reported circumstance of their meeting is in captivity 9 either deliberately 10 or by accident 7 A tiger cub playing with a lion cub Contents 1 Opinions 1 1 Favoring the tiger 1 2 Favoring the lion 2 Coexistence in the Eurasian wilderness 2 1 Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger 2 2 Asiatic lion and Caspian tiger 3 Observed fights 3 1 In captivity 4 Arts and literature 4 1 Art 4 2 Literature 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingOpinions EditIn general the lion is a social animal while the tiger is solitary 2 though at times male lions are separate from the females 11 12 and tigers socialise usually for mating and rarely for hunts 13 There are differing scenarios regarding whether tigers would beat lions in fights or vice versa 7 14 Favoring the tiger Edit Craig Saffoe a biologist and the curator of great cats at the National Zoological Park in Washington D C said that the outcome of a given fight totally depended on the individuals with their fighting style physiology and history but that he would bet on the tiger winning He also reckoned that in a fight the biggest cats tigers jaguars and lions would come out on top against the likes of cougars snow leopards leopards and cheetahs Saffoe added that the most interesting match up in his opinion might be between good sized Bengal tigers and male jaguars as both had roughly the same speed temperament size and strength 15 Favoring the lion Edit Dave Hoover the animal trainer for Clyde Beatty Cole Brothers Circus mentions that he lost many tigers to male lions I have to keep the male lions from killing each other I have to keep them from killing the tigers I have lost tigers 16 Hoover had lions ganging up on his tigers Two lions killed one of his tigers during training in Ojus Fla in 1966 17 and in another newspaper Hoover states he has trouble keeping the lion from attacking the lone tiger 18 Coexistence in the Eurasian wilderness EditAccording to Colin Tudge 2011 given that both cats hunt large herbivores it is likely that they had been in competition in Asia Despite their social nature lions might have competed with tigers one against one as they would with each other 19 Apart from the possibility of competition there are legends of Asiatic lions and tigers breeding to produce hybrid offspring which would be ligers or tigons 20 From the fossil record besides genetics 2 21 22 it would appear that the modern lion and tiger were present in Eurasia since the Pleistocene when now extinct relatives also existed there 1 23 24 Additionally in the days before Indian Independence the Maharaja of Gwalior introduced African lions into his area which is a habitat for Bengal tigers 25 Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger Edit As of the 21st century India is the only country to have both wild lions and tigers specifically Asiatic lions and Bengal tigers 2 26 Though they do not share the same territory they did in the past 7 13 27 and there is a project mentioned below that could lead to their meeting in the wild 28 29 The possibility of conflict between lions and tigers had been raised in relation to India s Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project which was meant to introduce the lions of Gir Forest in the State of Gujarat to another reserve which is considered to be within the former range of the lion that is Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh 28 before December 2017 30 31 Kuno was reported to contain some tigers that came from Ranthambore National Park including one called T 38 7 29 Concerns were raised that the co presence of lions and tigers would trigger frequent clashes 32 At the same the American biologist Craig Packer and his students at the University of Minnesota considered that a group of lions two to three males would have a clear advantage over a tiger and a pack of lionesses two to four females would have a similar advantage over a tigress despite the general advantage of the latter in weight or height Coalitions of male lions usually fight as a group against territorial rivals so he mentions that a tiger may have an advantage in a one on one encounter but they also considered that the additional fighting experience and mane perhaps confer an advantage to a lone male lion since the tiger s fighting style evolved in the absence of a mane Despite all of this Craig Packer is of the opinion that for Asiatic lions to survive in an area with Bengal tigers the lions would have to be moved there as intact groups rather than as individuals 7 Although the habitats of Indian lions and tigers are similar means that they both live in conditions that favour solitary hunters of prey 14 these lions are social like their African relatives 33 and may form fighting groups whereas tigers are usually solitary 7 The tiger reserves of Ranthambhore and Sariska in Rajasthan Gir Forest and Kuno Palpur are all located in the ecoregion of Khathiar Gir dry deciduous forests 34 35 In early 2019 a tiger trekked from Madhya Pradesh to Gujarat before apparently dying there of starvation 36 Otherwise in Gujarat is the Dangs Forest which is a potential habit of the tiger 25 Reginald Innes Pocock 1939 mentioned that some people had the opinion that the tiger played a role in the near extinction of the Indian lion but he dismissed this view as fanciful According to him there was evidence that tigers inhabited the Indian Subcontinent before lions The tigers likely entered Northern India from the eastern end of the Himalayas through Burma and started spreading throughout the area before the lions likely entered Northern India from Balochistan or Persia and spread to places like the Bengal and the Nerbudda River Because of that before the presence of man could limit the spread of lions tigers reached parts of India that lions did not reach However the presence of tigers throughout India did not stop the spread of lions there in the first place so Pocock said that it is unlikely that Bengal tigers played a role significant or subordinate in the near extinction of the Indian lion rather that man was responsible for it 13 as was the case with the decline in tigers numbers 1 2 24 13 27 As such Pocock thought that it was unlikely that serious competition between them regularly occurred and that even if Indian lions and tigers met the chance that they would fight for survival was as good as the chance that they would choose to avoid each other and that their chances of success if they were to clash were as good as each other s 13 An Asiatic lion in Gir Forest Khathiar Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion Gujarat India Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh India T 12 the male Bengal tiger in Ranthambore National Park Khathiar Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion Rajasthan IndiaAsiatic lion and Caspian tiger Edit Before the end of the 20th century Asiatic lions 23 and Caspian tigers 21 24 had occurred in other Asian 19 or Eurasian nations including Iran 2 8 13 26 As such there is a word for Lion 1 2 8 which can also mean Tiger 13 37 and is used in Iran South Asia and other areas that is Sher or Shir Persian شیر 38 and its significance is discussed below Not only did Heptner and Sludskiy talk about the lion and tiger both occurring in places like Iran Anatolia and Transcaucasia they also mentioned that the ranges of the lion and tiger often overlapped occurring in riverine habitats which were abundant in prey like deer and wild boar 1 Men with a chained lion in Iran by Antoin Sevruguin c 1880 39 The Tigris River outside the city of Mosul in Iraq or Mesopotamia Both the lion and the tiger used to be present in this area 1 2 A Caspian tiger killed in northern Iran early 1940sObserved fights EditIn the circuses of ancient Rome exotic beasts were commonly pitted against each other 10 including Barbary lions 2 and tigers 40 A mosaic in the House of the Faun in Pompeii shows a fight between a lion and a tiger 41 There are different accounts of which of these animals gained the victory citation needed Although lions and tigers can be kept together in harmony in captivity 42 fatal conflicts have also been recorded 43 In addition to historical recordings clashes between lions and tigers were reported or even caught on camera 44 in the 19th and 20th centuries It was not always clear which species regularly beat the other according to Craig Packer 2015 7 In captivity Edit Lions and tiger in a cage at the 1904 World s Fair In 1830 a tiger attacked a lion at a menagerie in Turin Rome Despite having been caught by surprise the lion maneuvered the tiger onto its back and clamped fatal jaws on its throat 45 In 1911 Frank Bostock gave an account of a lion killing a tiger 46 In 1934 a fully grown African lion killed a mature Bengal tiger a short time after these circus animals were unloaded from the train and before trainers could separate them 47 In 1937 a vigorous lion and tiger fought in a German zoo the lion died as a result 48 3 June 1949 in Fitchburg when the Biller Brothers circus moved on to its next stop it left behind the remains of a 1000 pound tiger The tiger was killed the night before in a savage battle with a lion 49 At the South Perth Zoo in 1949 in a three minute fight between a lion and a tiger the lion killed the tiger The fight occurred when the tiger put his head through a connecting slide The lion caught the tiger by the throat and dragging it through the opening killed it before the keepers arrived 50 In 1956 Roman Proske s black maned lion Achmed jumped onto the back of a tiger though one of the trainers intervened by a fork hitting the lion the tiger ended up killing the lion by a single bite 51 52 In 1959 the Maharaja of Gwalior experimented if lions could thrive in India despite their decline the lions used were African specimens and defined as fine After a single day the male lion was killed from a fight of one of the tigers the previous pair of lions having already left the area by the time of the lion s death 53 In September 2010 a Bengal tiger at the Ankara Zoo passed through a gap between its cage and that of a lion and killed it with a single paw swipe The tiger severed the lion s jugular vein in a single stroke with its paw leaving the animal dying in a pool of blood officials said The tiger was also said to previously injured the lion a year before However despite being reported in local news at the time the incident was reported in international media only in March 2011 54 Arts and literature EditArt Edit Battles between the two were painted in the 18th and 19th centuries by Eugene Delacroix citation needed George Stubbs 55 and James Ward James Ward s paintings portrayed lion victories in accordance with the lion s symbolic value in Britain and have been described as less realistic than Stubbs 55 The British Seringapatam medal shows a lion defeating a tiger in battle the medal commemorated the British victory at the 1799 Battle of Seringapatam in the town now known as Srirangapatna in India over Tipu Sultan who used tigers as emblems as opposed to the British emblematic use of lions 56 Lion and Tiger Fighting by James Ward 1797 A Lion and Tiger in Combat by Johann Wenzel Peter circa 1809 The Seringapatam medal shows a lion defeating a tiger The British Lion s Vengeance on the Bengal Tiger Punch cartoon from 1857 German Die Gartenlaube lit The Gazebo 1858 page 689 from Leipzig in what is now Germany Painting by Jean Leon Gerome on the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire from 1863 In the bottom left are two lions and a tiger Sculptures of a tiger and lion fighting with the former dominating the latter by Emile Joseph Alexandre Gouget 1870 in Le musee d Art et d Industrie de la ville de Roubaix 19th century etching of a tamer in a cage of lions and tigers circa 1873Literature Edit In the Hindu epic Mahabharata Narada told Srinjaya that tigers were fiercer and more ruthless than lions 57 Vedic literature depicted the lion rather than the tiger as the king of the forest 58 The 15th century book Anvar i Suhayli Persian ا نوار س هيلى Lights of the Canopus talks about the lion and the tiger competing for dominance on the banks of the Tigris River in the vicinity of Basrah 59 See also EditCat Family Big cat List of largest cats Genus Panthera Lion baitingPopulations or subspecies of lions Northern lions Asiatic lion Barbary lion Southern lions Cape lion European lions Populations or subspecies of tigers Mainland Asian populations Bengal tiger Caspian tiger Indochinese tiger Malayan tiger Siberian tiger South China tiger Sunda island populations Bali tiger Bornean tiger Javan tiger Sumatran tigerReferences Edit a b c d e f g Heptner V G Sludskii A A 1992 1972 Mlekopitajuscie Sovetskogo Soiuza Moskva Vyssaia Skola Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol II Part 2 Washington D C the U S A Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation pp 83 202 ISBN 90 04 08876 8 a b c d e f g h i Nowell Kristin Jackson Peter 1996 Wild Cats Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan PDF Gland Switzerland IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group pp 17 149 ISBN 2 8317 0045 0 Archived PDF from the original on 7 August 2007 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Jose Ortega y Gasset 2007 Meditations on Hunting ISBN 978 1 932098 53 2 Ronald Tilson Philip J Nyhus 2010 Tiger morphology Tigers of the world Academic Press ISBN 978 0 8155 1570 8 William Bridges 22 August 1959 Lion vs tiger who d win The Spokesman Review Retrieved 28 February 2016 Thomas Isabel 2006 Lion vs Tiger Raintree ISBN 978 1 4109 2398 1 a b c d e f g h Packer Craig Frequently asked questions University of Minnesota Lion Research Project Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 Retrieved 28 June 2011 a b c Humphreys P Kahrom E 1999 Lion Lion and Gazelle The Mammals and Birds of Iran Avon Images Publishing pp 77 80 ISBN 978 0951397763 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Clyde Beatty Earl Wilson 1941 Jungle performers a b Roland Auguet 1994 Cruelty and civilization the Roman games ISBN 978 0 415 10453 1 Joslin P 1973 The Asiatic lion a study of ecology and behaviour University of Edinburgh the U K Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Meena V 2008 Reproductive strategy and behaviour of male Asiatic Lions Dehradun India Wildlife Institute of India a b c d e f g Pocock R I 1939 Panthera leo The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma Mammalia Vol 1 London England the U K Taylor and Francis Ltd pp 197 222 a b Kailash Sankhala 1978 Tiger The Story Of The Indian Tiger Collins p 119 ISBN 0 0021 6124 9 Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 Retrieved 17 November 2014 Lion vs Tiger Which Cat Would Win Interspecies Fight The HuffPost 7 November 2012 Run Away To The Circus The Pittsburgh Press 29 October 1980 Retrieved 16 November 2014 The Jokes Stop When Dave Walks Into the Cage The News Journal 4 May 1973 p 3 Retrieved 8 November 2019 via newspapers com Shy scribe gives nod to gentle Jumbo The Morning News 6 May 1967 p 1 Retrieved 8 November 2019 via newspapers com a b Tudge Colin 2011 Engineer In The Garden Random House p 42 ISBN 978 1 4464 6698 8 Shi Wei 2005 Growth and Behaviour Epigenetic and Genetic Factors Involved in Hybrid Dysgenesis Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology Vol 11 Uppsala Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis p 9 ISBN 91 554 6147 6 a b Luo S J Kim J H Johnson W E van der Walt J Martenson J Yuhki N Miquelle D G Uphyrkina O Goodrich J M Quigley H B Tilson R Brady G Martelli P Subramaniam V McDougal C Hean S Huang S Q Pan W Karanth U K Sunquist M Smith J L D O Brien S J 2004 Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers Panthera tigris PLOS Biology 2 12 e442 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 0020442 PMC 534810 PMID 15583716 Kitchener A C Dugmore A J 2000 Biogeographical change in the tiger Panthera tigris Animal Conservation 3 2 113 124 doi 10 1111 j 1469 1795 2000 tb00236 x S2CID 86096562 a b Haas S K Hayssen V Krausman P R 2005 Panthera leo PDF Mammalian Species 762 1 11 doi 10 1644 1545 1410 2005 762 0001 PL 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 198968757 Archived from the original PDF on 28 July 2017 a b c Mazak V 1981 Panthera tigris Mammalian Species 152 1 8 doi 10 2307 3504004 JSTOR 3504004 a b Jhala Y V Qureshi Q Sinha P R eds 2011 Status of tigers co predators and prey in India 2010 TR 2011 003 pp 302 PDF New Delhi Dehradun National Tiger Conservation Authority Govt of India and Wildlife Institute of India Archived from the original PDF on 20 January 2012 a b Shankaranarayanan P Banerjee M Kacker R K Aggarwal R K amp Singh L 1997 Genetic variation in Asiatic lions and Indian tigers PDF Electrophoresis 18 9 1693 1700 doi 10 1002 elps 1150180938 PMID 9378147 S2CID 41046139 Archived from the original PDF on 23 July 2013 a b Karanth K U 2003 Tiger ecology and conservation in the Indian subcontinent Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 100 2 3 169 189 Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 a b Preparations for the reintroduction of Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica into Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary Madhya Pradesh India Archived 4 June 2012 at archive today by A J T Johnsingh S P Goyal Qamar Qureshi Cambridge Journals Online Oryx 2007 41 93 96 Cambridge University Press Copyright 2007 Fauna amp Flora International doi 10 1017 S0030605307001512 Published online by Cambridge University Press 05Mar2007 a b Tigers moving from Rajasthan to Madhya Pradesh officials concerned The Times of India 19 April 2013 Archived from the original on 24 April 2013 Retrieved 7 February 2016 Stalemate on translocation of Gir lions Kuno Palpur in Madhya Pradesh to be used as tiger habitat now Hindustan Times 7 December 2017 Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 Retrieved 27 January 2018 Sharma R 5 December 2017 Tired of Gujarat reluctance on Gir lions MP to release tigers in Kuno The Times of India Archived from the original on 28 January 2018 Retrieved 27 January 2018 MP not fit for Asiatic lions Gujarat tells PM The Times of India 19 June 2006 Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 Retrieved 28 June 2011 At a two hour meeting of National Board of Wildlife presided by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh here Govind Patel said the presence of tigers in the Kuno Palpur sanctuary would trigger frequent clashes between the two carnivores over territories tiger and lions which can never co exist in the same place Sunquist M Sunquist F 2002 Wild Cats of the World 1st ed Chicago University Of Chicago Press pp 7 350 ISBN 978 0 22 677999 7 Khathiar Gir Dry Deciduous Forests Terrestrial Ecoregions World Wildlife Fund Retrieved 14 February 2017 Jhala Y V Gopal R Qureshi Q eds 2008 Status of the Tigers Co predators and Prey in India PDF TR 08 001 National Tiger Conservation Authority Govt of India New Delhi Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun Archived from the original PDF on 2 June 2013 Kaushik H 9 March 2019 Tiger that trekked from MP to Gujarat died of starvation Post mortem report The Times of India Retrieved 17 March 2019 Kipling s list of names in the stories Archived 21 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine excerpted from volume XII of The Complete Works Sussex edition 1936 Shahbazi Shapur A 2001 Flags of Persia Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol 10 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 10 March 2016 Sevruguin A 1880 Men with live lion National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden The Netherlands Stephen Arpee Collection Archived from the original on 26 March 2018 Retrieved 26 March 2018 Hoage Robert J Roskell Anne Mansour Jane 1996 Menageries and Zoos to 1900 In Hoage Robert J Deiss William A eds New World New Animals From Menagerie to Zoological Park in the Nineteenth Century Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press pp 8 18 ISBN 0 8018 5110 6 Anthony King 2002 The natural history of Pompeii Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 80054 9 Tiger lion and bear form unusual friendship 7 December 2009 Archived from the original on 22 October 2014 Retrieved 4 April 2018 Beatty Clyde October 1939 Which is the King of Beasts 563 Retrieved 16 November 2014 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Uncle Ray 8 May 1952 Tigers And Bears Are Found In Himalayas St Petersburg Times Retrieved 29 May 2017 Lion and tiger fight Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners Advocate 31 October 1930 Archived from the original on 25 November 2016 Retrieved 24 November 2016 David A H Wilson 2015 The Welfare of Performing Animals A Historical Perspective Springer p 133 ISBN 9783662458341 Retrieved 1 August 2019 Lion and Tiger Fight to Death Lion is Victor Logansport Press 16 November 1934 Retrieved 16 November 2014 Tiger Killed The Lion German Zoo Specimens Resulted Death Two 29 August 1937 The Mercury from Pottstown Pennsylvania on June 3 1949 A Page 8 Newspapers com Retrieved 27 June 2021 Lion Kills Tiger Examiner 30 July 1949 Retrieved 16 November 2014 Proske Roman 1956 Lions Tigers and Me p 16 Lions Tigers and Me p 17 One Man And A Thousand Tigers Dodd Mead amp Company 1959 p 194 Tiger Kills Lion In Turkish Zoo BBC News 7 March 2011 Archived from the original on 12 March 2011 Retrieved 14 March 2011 a b Frank McLynn 2006 1759 The Year Britain Became Master of the World Canongate Books p 163 ISBN 978 0 8021 4228 3 Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 Retrieved 26 September 2016 George Stubbs the most famous and original animal painter of his time who was just reaching his peak in 1759 liked to display combats of lion versus tiger though he did not commit the egregious mistake made in James Ward s animal pictures painted later in the century where the lion symbolises Britain and the tiger India in reality as we know very clearly from the obscene animal fights staged by the Ancient Romans in the arena the tiger would win every time Maya Jasanoff 2007 Edge of Empire Lives Culture and Conquest in the East 1750 1850 Random House ISBN 978 0 307 42571 3 Archived from the original on 31 January 2014 Retrieved 26 September 2016 Prof Muneo Tokunaga John D Smith K M Ganguli Tiger in Hindu epic Mahabharatha The Mahabharata in Sanskrit Sacred Texts pp SECTION LXVIII Archived from the original on 27 August 2016 Retrieved 15 June 2016 Mitra S 2005 Gir Forest and the saga of the Asiatic lion New Delhi Indus ISBN 8 1738 7183 3 Eastwick Edward B transl 1854 The Anvari Suhaili or the Lights of Canopus Being the Persian version of the Fables of Pilpay or the Book Kalilah and Damnah rendered into Persian by Husain Va iz U L Kashifi Hertford Stephen Austin Bookseller to the East India College Retrieved 2 May 2017 Further reading EditSchnitzler A Hermann L 19 August 2019 Chronological distribution of the tiger Panthera tigris and the Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica in their common range in Asia Mammal Review Wiley Online Library 49 4 340 353 doi 10 1111 mam 12166 S2CID 202040786 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tiger versus lion amp oldid 1130860058, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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