Bornean tiger
The Bornean tiger or Borneo tiger is possibly an extinct tiger population that lived on the island of Borneo in prehistoric times.[1][2] A live Bornean tiger has not been conclusively recorded, but the indigenous Dayak people believe in its existence, and occasionally report sightings.[3][4]
| Bornean tiger | |
|---|---|
| Painting of a tiger at a Buddhist temple in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Suborder: | Feliformia |
| Family: | Felidae |
| Subfamily: | Pantherinae |
| Genus: | Panthera |
| Species: | P. tigris |
| Population: | Bornean tiger |
Characteristics edit
In Malaysia's Sarawak, about 750,000 animal bone fragments were excavated in Niah National Park between 1954 and 1966. A metacarpal bone fragment measuring more than 5 cm (2.0 in) was identified as being of a young tiger.[5] Two fossil bone fragments excavated at the Ille Cave on the island of Palawan in the Philippines were identified as being of a tiger. One fragment is a full basal phalanx bone of the second digit of the left manus measuring 46.44 mm (1.828 in); the other is the distal portion of a subterminal phalanx of the same digit and manus measuring 16.04 mm (0.631 in). These lengths are similar to those of living tigers from the Malay Peninsula and India.[6]
The Bornean tiger is considered to have been rather small in size.[7] According to the native people, it is bigger than a Bornean clouded leopard, and largely brown in colour with faint stripes.[3]
Behaviour and ecology edit
The Borneo tiger is thought to have preyed on ungulate species such as the Bornean bearded pig, the Bornean yellow muntjac and the sambar deer. According to the local Dayak, the tiger did not climb trees.[3]
Archaeological records edit
Archaeological excavations produced an upper canine tooth, a navicular and a metacarpal bone that were identified as being of a tiger. It has therefore been suggested that the tiger was present in Borneo during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene.[5] A bone fragment was also found in the Philippine island of Palawan. Archaeologists considered it unlikely that these fragments were traded between different regions during the Pleistocene.[6]
Borneo might have been connected to Palawan during the penultimate and previous glacial periods, judging from the molecular phylogeny of murids in the area.[8] Tiger parts were commonly used as amulets in South and Southeast Asia, so it is possible that the tiger parts found in Palawan were imported from elsewhere.[8][9]
It is also possible that the tiger crossed the Balabac Strait in the Middle Pleistocene, about 420,000–620,000 years ago, when the distance between Borneo and Palawan was shorter, and the sea level was lower, than today.[6] During this period, the relative sea level decreased to about −130 m (−430 ft) due to the expansion of ice sheets.[10][11][12] To date, no evidence exists for the tiger surviving in Palawan beyond 12,000 years ago.[6]
Alleged records edit
In 1975, Douchan Gersi claimed to have seen a tiger in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. He took two photographs of the animal.[13] These photos depict a tiger, but the authenticity of the photographs was doubted,[1] and its origin remains unclear.[3] It might have been an escaped captive animal.[13] In 1995, native people in Central Kalimantan claimed to have heard a tiger roar, and that they were able to distinguish between a tiger's roar and vocalisations of other animals.[3]
In culture edit
Natives of Borneo keep the memory of the tiger alive in their culture by treating its body parts as heirlooms; therefore, it has been suggested that the Bornean tiger survived longer than prehistoric times.[6] Tiger claws were used as protective amulets among the Kenyah, Ngaju and Iban peoples, possibly for important ceremonies or to be worn by individuals of prominent status; vocabulary referring to the animal's presence (but also in avoidance speech) is also attested, such as aso for 'dog' or buang / bohang for 'bear', as a replacement in Kayanic languages.[14] Tiger motifs are also seen depicted in traditional, ceremonial and modern carvings; additionally, tigers can be seen on weaved fabrics, such as mats and clothing, like the Iban pua kumbu.[14]
See also edit
- Prehistoric tigers: Panthera tigris soloensis
- Panthera tigris trinilensis
- Panthera tigris acutidens
References edit
- ^ a b Medway, L. (1977). "The Niah Excavations and an Assessment of the Impact of Early Man on Mammals in Borneo" (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 20 (1): 51–69.
- ^ Medway, L. (1977). Mammals of Borneo: field keys and an annotated checklist. Vol. 7. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.
- ^ a b c d e Meijaard, E. (1999). "The Bornean Tiger; Speculation on its existence". Cat News (30): 12–15.
- ^ Kitchener, A.C. & Yamaguchi, N. (2010). "What is a tiger? Biogeography, Morphology, and Taxonomy". In Tilson, R. & Nyhus, P.J. (eds.). Tigers of the world: The Science, Politics and Conservation of Panthera tigris. Cambridge: Academic Press. pp. 59–81. ISBN 978-0-8155-1570-8.
- ^ a b Piper, P. J.; R. J. Rabett, Earl of Cranbrook (2007). "Confirmation of the presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Borneo". Malayan Nature Journal. 59 (3): 259–267. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
- ^ a b c d e Piper, P. J.; Ochoa, J.; Lewis, H.; Paz, V.; Ronquillo, W. P. (2008). "The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: extinction in an island population". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 264 (1–2): 123–127. Bibcode:2008PPP...264..123P. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.003.
- ^ Kitchener, A. C. (1999). "Tiger distribution, phenotypic variation and conservation issues". In Seidensticker, J.; Jackson, P.; Christie, S. (eds.). Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–39. ISBN 0521648351.
- ^ a b Van der Geer, A.; Lyras, G.; De Vos, J.; Dermitzakis, M. (2011). "15 (The Philippines); 26 (Carnivores)". Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 220–347. ISBN 9781444391282.
- ^ Ochoa, J.; Piper, P. J. (2017). "Tiger". In Monks, G. (ed.). Climate Change and Human Responses: A Zooarchaeological Perspective. Springer Publishing. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-9-4024-1106-5.
- ^ Rohling, E. G.; Fenton, M.; Jorissen, F. G.; Bertrand, P.; Ganssen, G.; Caulet, J. P. (1998). "Magnitudes of sea-level lowstands of the past 500,000 years". Nature. 394 (6689): 162–165. Bibcode:1998Natur.394..162R. doi:10.1038/28134. S2CID 4421184.
- ^ Waelbroeck, C.; Labeyrie, L.; Michel, E.; Duplessy, J. C.; McManus, J. F.; Lambeck, K.; Balbon, E.; Labracherie, M. (2002). "Sea-level and deep water temperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records". Quaternary Science Reviews. 21 (1): 295–305. Bibcode:2002QSRv...21..295W. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00101-9.
- ^ Bintanja, R.; Van de Wal, R.S.W.; Oerlemans, J. (2006). "Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels over the past million years". Nature. 437 (7055): 125–128. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..125B. doi:10.1038/nature03975. PMID 16136140. S2CID 4347450.
- ^ a b Gersi, D. (1975). Dans la jungle de Bornéo (in French). Paris: Éditions G. P.
- ^ a b Sellato, B. (2019). The Other Tiger: History, Beliefs, and Rituals in Borneo. Temasek Working Paper No. 1. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies / Yusof Ishak Institute, Temasek History Research Center.