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Diyu (simplified Chinese: 地狱; traditional Chinese: 地獄; pinyin: dìyù; lit. 'earth prison') is the realm of the dead or "hell" in Chinese mythology. It is loosely based on a combination of the Buddhist concept of Naraka, traditional Chinese beliefs about the afterlife, and a variety of popular expansions and reinterpretations of these two traditions. The concept parallels purgatory in certain Christian denomininations.
Diyu
Illustration from the Jade Record: Tortures being meted out in the Sixth Court of Hell
Diyu is typically depicted as a subterranean maze with various levels and chambers, to which souls are taken after death to atone for the sins they committed when they were alive. The exact number of levels in Diyu and their associated deities differ between Buddhist and Taoist interpretations. Some speak of three to four "courts"; others mention "Ten Courts of Hell", each of which is ruled by a judge (collectively known as the Ten Yama Kings); other Chinese legends speak of the "Eighteen Levels of Hell". Each court deals with a different aspect of atonement and different punishments; most legends claim that sinners are subjected to gruesome tortures until their "deaths", after which they are restored to their original state for the torture to be repeated.
Abi (阿鼻; Ābí; A1-pi2), "Avīci", the hell of uninterrupted torture, last and deepest of the Eight Hot Narakas.
Zugen (足跟; Zúgēn; Tsu2-ken1), "Heel".
Fengdu Cheng (丰都城; 酆都城; Fēngdū Chéng; Feng1-tu1 Ch'eng2), a reference to the Fengdu Ghost City.
Conceptionsedit
Dead of the underworld depicted in a Qing dynasty Water and Land Ritual painting.Depiction of the punishments of Diyu at the Hell Museum, Bao Gong Temple, Singapore.
Some early Chinese societies speak of people going to Mount Tai, Jiuyuan, Jiuquan or Fengdu after death.[4][5] At present, Fengdu and the temples on Mount Tai have been rebuilt into tourist attractions, incorporating artistic depictions of hell and the afterlife.[citation needed] Some Chinese folk religion planchette writings, such as the Taiwanese novel Journeys to the Under-World, say that new hells with new punishments are created as the world changes and that there is a City of Innocent Deaths (枉死城) designed to house those who died with grievances that have yet to be redressed.[6]
Other terminology related to Diyu includes:
Naihe Bridge (奈何桥; 奈何橋; Nàihé Qiáo; Nai4-ho2 Ch'iao2), "Bridge of Helplessness", a bridge every soul has to cross before being reincarnated, they are said to drink the Mengpo soup (孟婆汤) at Naihe Qiao so they will forget everything in their current lives and prepare for reincarnation.
Wang Xiang Tai (望乡台; 望鄉臺; Wàng Xiāng Tái; Wang4 Hsiang1 T'ai2), "Home-Viewing Pavilion", a pavilion every soul passes by on his/her journey to the Underworld. From there, they can see their families and loved ones in the world of the living.
Youdu (Chinese: 幽都; pinyin: Yōu Dū; Wade–Giles: You1-du1), the capital city of Diyu, generally conceived as being similar to a typical Chinese capital city, such as Chang'an, but surrounded by and pervaded with darkness.
Youguo (油锅; 油鍋; Yóu Guō; You2-kuo1), "Oil Cauldron", one of the tortures in hell.
Santu (三涂; 三塗; Sān Tú; San1-t'u2), the "Three Tortures": Fire Torture (火涂; 火塗; Huǒ Tú; Huo3-t'u2), Blade Torture (刀涂; 刀塗; Dāo Tú; Tao1-t'u2), Blood Torture (血涂; 血塗; Xuě Tú; Hsüeh3-t'u2; 'spilling of blood').
Ten Courts of Yanluoedit
The concept of the "Ten Courts of Yanluo" (十殿閻羅) began after Chinese folk religion was influenced by Buddhism. In this variation of Chinese mythology, there are 12,800 hells located under the earth – eight dark hells, eight cold hells and 84,000 miscellaneous hells located at the edge of the universe. All will go to Diyu after death but the period of time one spends in Diyu is not forever – it depends on the severity of the sins one committed. After receiving due punishment, one will eventually be sent for reincarnation. Diyu is divided into ten courts, each overseen by a Yanwang. Souls pass from stage to stage at the decision of a different judge. The "Ten Courts of Yanluo" is also known as the Ten Courts of Yanwang (十殿阎王), Ten Lords of Minggong (冥宫十王), Ten Courts of Yan-jun (十殿阎君), Ten-Lords of Difu (地府十王), and Ten-Lords of Mingfu (冥府十王).
Ming dynasty (16th century) glazed earthenware figurines representing three of the ten Yanwang or Yama Kings.
Stoneware figure from a judgement group, holding records of evil deeds. From China, Ming Dynasty, 16th century CE. The British Museum.
Stoneware figure from a judgement group, holding a slim record of good deeds. From China, Ming Dynasty, 16th century CE. The British Museum.
Eighteen levels of Helledit
The headless ghost of Yue Fei confronting the recently deceased spirit of Qin Hui in the Sixth Court. The plaque held by the attendant on the left reads: "Qin Hui's ten wicked crimes." From a 19th-century Chinese Hell Scroll.
The concept of the eighteen hells started in the Tang dynasty. The Buddhist text Sutra on Questions about Hell (問地獄經) mentioned 134 worlds of hell, but was simplified to the Eighteen Levels of Hell in the Sutra on the Eighteen Hells (十八泥犁經) for convenience. Some literature refers to eighteen types of hells or to eighteen hells for each type of punishment.
Some religious or literature books say that wrongdoers who were not punished when they were alive are punished in the hells after death. Sinners feel pain and agony just like living humans when they are subjected to the tortures listed below. They cannot "die" from the torture because when the ordeal is over, their bodies will be restored to their original states for the torture to be repeated.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
The eighteen hells vary from narrative to narrative but some commonly mentioned tortures include: being steamed; being fried in oil cauldrons; being sawed into half; being run over by vehicles; being pounded in a mortar and pestle; being ground in a mill; being crushed by boulders; being made to shed blood by climbing trees or mountains of knives; having sharp objects driven into their bodies; having hooks pierced into their bodies and being hung upside down; drowning in a pool of filthy blood; being left naked in the freezing cold; being set aflame or cast into infernos; being tied naked to a bronze cylinder with a fire lit at its base; being forced to consume boiling liquids; tongue ripping; eye gouging; teeth extraction; heart digging; disembowelment; skinning; being trampled, gored, mauled, eaten, stung, bitten, pecked, etc., by animals.
Naraka (Buddhism), the Buddhist concept of Hell which is related to the Chinese concept of Diyu
Yama (East Asia), the wrathful deity who rules Hell in Buddhist mythology
Ksitigarbha, a bodhisattva who vowed never to achieve buddhahood until the hells are emptied
Maudgalyayana, one of the Buddha's disciples and the protagonist of the Chinese tale Mulian Rescues His Mother
Meng Po, a deity who serves souls a potion that makes them forget their past lives before they go for reincarnation.She awaits the dead souls at the entrance of the 9th round Fengdu.
^ [Collection of Buddhist Texts about Hell]]. read.goodweb.cn/ (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
^萧登福 [Xiao, Dengfu] (August 1988). [Conceptions of "Hell" in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties (Part 1)]. 东方杂志 [Eastern Magazine] (in Chinese). 22 (2): 34–40. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
^萧登福 [Xiao, Dengfu] (August 1988). [Conceptions of "Hell" in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties (Part 2)]. 东方杂志 [Eastern Magazine] (in Chinese). 22 (3): 23–30. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
^印順法師 [Yinshun]. [Hua Yu Collection Volume 4]. www.yinshun.org.tw (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
^ [Origins of the Worship of Mount Tai and the Deity of the Eastern Mountain Mount Tai]. www.taishanly.com (in Chinese). 3 March 2008. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
^ [3. Rehabilitating the Souls of the Dead in the City of Innocent Deaths]. tienton.myweb.hinet.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
^Xue, Fucheng. Yong'an Biji (Notebook of Yong An).
^ [Near-death Experience (Six Parts)]. 佛教淨土宗.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
^敦煌文献中的《还魂记》写本 ） [Manuscript of Huan Hun Ji among the Dunhuang Manuscripts]. The Grottoes of Dunhuang Information Network (in Chinese). Retrieved 8 January 2015.
^潘重規 [Pan, Chonggui] (1994). 九、唐太宗入冥記 [Volume 6: Chapter 9: Emperor Taizong of Tang's Journey to the Underworld]. Dunhuang Bian Wenji Xinshu 敦煌變文集新書 (in Chinese). China: 文津出版社 [Wen Jin Publishing House]. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
^黎澍 [Li, Shu] (March 2006). 慧淨法師 [Huijing] (ed.). 地獄見聞錄 [Records of Observations of Hell] (in Chinese) (3rd ed.). Taipei: 淨土宗文教基金會 [Pure Land Sect Foundation]. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
[18 Levels of Hell: See which level you will end up in]. xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). 12 July 2005. Archived from the original on October 22, 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
佛說十八泥犁經 [The Buddha speaks about the eighteen hells] (PDF). ccbs.ntu.edu.tw (in Chinese). College of Liberal Arts, Digital Library & Museum of Buddhist Studies.
April 14, 2024
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Di Yu redirects here For the legendary founder of the Xia dynasty see Yu the Great This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Diyu news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article September 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Diyu simplified Chinese 地狱 traditional Chinese 地獄 pinyin diyu lit earth prison is the realm of the dead or hell in Chinese mythology It is loosely based on a combination of the Buddhist concept of Naraka traditional Chinese beliefs about the afterlife and a variety of popular expansions and reinterpretations of these two traditions The concept parallels purgatory in certain Christian denomininations DiyuIllustration from the Jade Record Tortures being meted out in the Sixth Court of HellChinese nameTraditional Chinese地獄Simplified Chinese地狱TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyindiyuIPA ti y Burmese nameBurmeseငရ Nga YeTibetan nameTibetanདམ ལ བ TranscriptionsWylieDmyal BaVietnamese nameVietnamese alphabetĐịa ngụcChữ Han地獄Thai nameThainrkRTGSNarokKorean nameHangul지옥Hanja地獄TranscriptionsRevised RomanizationJiogMcCune ReischauerJiokMongolian nameMongolian CyrillicTam Tam Mongolian scriptᠲᠠᠮTranscriptionsSASM GNCTamJapanese nameKanji地獄TranscriptionsRomanizationJigokuMalay nameMalayNerakaLao nameLaoນະຮ ກ Na HokKhmer nameKhmerនរក Nɔrʊek Sinhalese nameSinhaleseන රය nỉayaDiyu is typically depicted as a subterranean maze with various levels and chambers to which souls are taken after death to atone for the sins they committed when they were alive The exact number of levels in Diyu and their associated deities differ between Buddhist and Taoist interpretations Some speak of three to four courts others mention Ten Courts of Hell each of which is ruled by a judge collectively known as the Ten Yama Kings other Chinese legends speak of the Eighteen Levels of Hell Each court deals with a different aspect of atonement and different punishments most legends claim that sinners are subjected to gruesome tortures until their deaths after which they are restored to their original state for the torture to be repeated Contents 1 Alternative names 2 Conceptions 3 Ten Courts of Yanluo 4 Eighteen levels of Hell 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksAlternative names editAmong the more common Chinese names for the Underworld are Difu Chinese 地府 pinyin Difǔ Wade Giles Ti4 fu3 Earth Mansion Huangquan 黄泉 黃泉 Huangquan Huang2 ch uan2 Yellow Springs Yinjian 阴间 陰間 Yinjian Yin1 chien1 Yin dimension Land of Shade Yinfu 阴府 陰府 Yinfǔ Yin1 fu3 Shady Mansion Yinsi 阴司 陰司 Yinsi Yin1 szu1 Shady Office Senluo Dian 森罗殿 森羅殿 Senluodian Sen1 lo2 Tien4 Court of Senluo Yanluo Dian 阎罗殿 閻羅殿 Yanluodian Yan2 lo2 Tien4 Court of Yanluo Jiuquan 九泉 Jiǔquan Chiu3 ch uan2 Nine Springs Zhongquan 重泉 Zhongquan Chung4 ch uan2 Heavy Spring Quanlu 泉路 Quanlu Ch uan2 lu4 Road to the Spring Youming 幽冥 Yōuming Yu1 ming2 Serene Darkness Yourang 幽壤 Yōurǎng Yu1 jang3 Serene Land Huokang 火炕 Huǒkang Huo3 kang4 Fire Pit Jiuyou 九幽 Jiǔyōu Chiu3 yu1 Nine Serenities Jiuyuan 九原 Jiǔyuan Chiu3 yuan2 Nine Origins Mingfu 冥府 Mingfǔ Ming2 fu3 Dark Mansion Mingjie 冥界 Mingjie Ming2 chieh4 Dark Realm Underworld Kujing 苦境 Kǔjing K u3 ching4 Dire Straits Place of Grievance Abi 阿鼻 Abi A1 pi2 Avici the hell of uninterrupted torture last and deepest of the Eight Hot Narakas Zugen 足跟 Zugen Tsu2 ken1 Heel Fengdu Cheng 丰都城 酆都城 Fengdu Cheng Feng1 tu1 Ch eng2 a reference to the Fengdu Ghost City Conceptions edit nbsp Dead of the underworld depicted in a Qing dynasty Water and Land Ritual painting nbsp Depiction of the punishments of Diyu at the Hell Museum Bao Gong Temple Singapore According to ideas from Taoism citation needed Buddhism 1 2 3 and traditional Chinese folk religion Diyu is a purgatory that serves to punish and renew spirits in preparation for reincarnation Many deities whose names and purposes are the subject of conflicting accounts are associated with Diyu Some early Chinese societies speak of people going to Mount Tai Jiuyuan Jiuquan or Fengdu after death 4 5 At present Fengdu and the temples on Mount Tai have been rebuilt into tourist attractions incorporating artistic depictions of hell and the afterlife citation needed Some Chinese folk religion planchette writings such as the Taiwanese novel Journeys to the Under World say that new hells with new punishments are created as the world changes and that there is a City of Innocent Deaths 枉死城 designed to house those who died with grievances that have yet to be redressed 6 Other terminology related to Diyu includes Naihe Bridge 奈何桥 奈何橋 Naihe Qiao Nai4 ho2 Ch iao2 Bridge of Helplessness a bridge every soul has to cross before being reincarnated they are said to drink the Mengpo soup 孟婆汤 at Naihe Qiao so they will forget everything in their current lives and prepare for reincarnation Wang Xiang Tai 望乡台 望鄉臺 Wang Xiang Tai Wang4 Hsiang1 T ai2 Home Viewing Pavilion a pavilion every soul passes by on his her journey to the Underworld From there they can see their families and loved ones in the world of the living Youdu Chinese 幽都 pinyin Yōu Du Wade Giles You1 du1 the capital city of Diyu generally conceived as being similar to a typical Chinese capital city such as Chang an but surrounded by and pervaded with darkness Youguo 油锅 油鍋 You Guō You2 kuo1 Oil Cauldron one of the tortures in hell Santu 三涂 三塗 San Tu San1 t u2 the Three Tortures Fire Torture 火涂 火塗 Huǒ Tu Huo3 t u2 Blade Torture 刀涂 刀塗 Dao Tu Tao1 t u2 Blood Torture 血涂 血塗 Xue Tu Hsueh3 t u2 spilling of blood Ten Courts of Yanluo editThe concept of the Ten Courts of Yanluo 十殿閻羅 began after Chinese folk religion was influenced by Buddhism In this variation of Chinese mythology there are 12 800 hells located under the earth eight dark hells eight cold hells and 84 000 miscellaneous hells located at the edge of the universe All will go to Diyu after death but the period of time one spends in Diyu is not forever it depends on the severity of the sins one committed After receiving due punishment one will eventually be sent for reincarnation Diyu is divided into ten courts each overseen by a Yanwang Souls pass from stage to stage at the decision of a different judge The Ten Courts of Yanluo is also known as the Ten Courts of Yanwang 十殿阎王 Ten Lords of Minggong 冥宫十王 Ten Courts of Yan jun 十殿阎君 Ten Lords of Difu 地府十王 and Ten Lords of Mingfu 冥府十王 Ten Yanluo Lords Title Family name Chinese calendarBirthday In charge of see the Cold and Hot Narakas for details Notes1 King Qin guang秦廣王 Jiang蔣 1st day 2nd month Life and death and fortunes of all humans Believed to be Jiang Ziwen2 King Chujiang楚江王 Li歷 1st day 3rd month Sanjiva Arbuda3 King Songdi宋帝王 Yu余 8th day 2nd month Kalasutra Nirarbuda4 King Wuguan五官王 Lu呂 18th 2nd month Saṃghata Aṭaṭa5 King Yanluo閻羅王 Bao包 8th 1st month Raurava Hahava Believed to be Bao Zheng6 King Biancheng卞城王 Bi畢 8th day 3rd month Maharaurava Huhuva and City of Innocent Deaths7 King Taishan泰山王 Dong董 27th day 3rd month Tapana Utpala8 King Dushi都市王 Huang黃 1st day 4th month Pratapana Padma9 King Pingdeng平等王 Lu陸 8th day 4th month Avici Mahapadma10 King Zhuanlun轉輪王 Xue薛 17th day 4th month Sending souls for reincarnation nbsp Entrance to the Ten Courts of Hell attraction in Haw Par Villa Singapore The Ox Headed right and Horse Faced left Hell Guards stand guard at the entrance nbsp Ming dynasty 16th century glazed earthenware figurines representing three of the ten Yanwang or Yama Kings nbsp Stoneware figure from a judgement group holding records of evil deeds From China Ming Dynasty 16th century CE The British Museum nbsp Stoneware figure from a judgement group holding a slim record of good deeds From China Ming Dynasty 16th century CE The British Museum Eighteen levels of Hell edit nbsp The headless ghost of Yue Fei confronting the recently deceased spirit of Qin Hui in the Sixth Court The plaque held by the attendant on the left reads Qin Hui s ten wicked crimes From a 19th century Chinese Hell Scroll The concept of the eighteen hells started in the Tang dynasty The Buddhist text Sutra on Questions about Hell 問地獄經 mentioned 134 worlds of hell but was simplified to the Eighteen Levels of Hell in the Sutra on the Eighteen Hells 十八泥犁經 for convenience Some literature refers to eighteen types of hells or to eighteen hells for each type of punishment Some religious or literature books say that wrongdoers who were not punished when they were alive are punished in the hells after death Sinners feel pain and agony just like living humans when they are subjected to the tortures listed below They cannot die from the torture because when the ordeal is over their bodies will be restored to their original states for the torture to be repeated 7 8 9 10 11 12 The eighteen hells vary from narrative to narrative but some commonly mentioned tortures include being steamed being fried in oil cauldrons being sawed into half being run over by vehicles being pounded in a mortar and pestle being ground in a mill being crushed by boulders being made to shed blood by climbing trees or mountains of knives having sharp objects driven into their bodies having hooks pierced into their bodies and being hung upside down drowning in a pool of filthy blood being left naked in the freezing cold being set aflame or cast into infernos being tied naked to a bronze cylinder with a fire lit at its base being forced to consume boiling liquids tongue ripping eye gouging teeth extraction heart digging disembowelment skinning being trampled gored mauled eaten stung bitten pecked etc by animals Eighteen Hells Version 1 Version 2 As mentioned in Journey to the West1 Hell of Tongue Ripping拔舌地獄 Naraka Hell泥犁地獄 Hell of Hanging Bars吊筋獄2 Hell of Scissors剪刀地獄 Hell of the Mountain of Knives刀山地獄 Hell of the Wrongful Dead幽枉獄3 Hell of Trees of Knives鐵樹地獄 Hell of Boiling Sand沸沙地獄 Hell of the Pit of Fire火坑獄4 Hell of Mirrors of Retribution孽镜地狱 Hell of Boiling Faeces沸屎地獄 Fengdu Hell酆都獄5 Hell of Steaming蒸籠地獄 Hell of Darkened Bodies黑身地獄 Hell of Tongue Ripping拔舌獄6 Hell of Copper Pillars銅柱地獄 Hell of Fiery Chariots火車地獄 Hell of Skinning剝皮獄7 Hell of the Mountain of Knives刀山地獄 Hell of Cauldrons鑊湯地獄 Hell of Grinding磨捱獄8 Hell of the Mountain of Ice冰山地獄 Hell of Iron Beds鐵床地獄 Hell of Pounding碓搗獄9 Hell of Oil Cauldrons油鍋地獄 Hell of Cover Mountains蓋山地獄 Hell of Dismemberment by Vehicles車崩獄10 Hell of the Pit of Cattle牛坑地獄 Hell of Ice寒冰地獄 Hell of Ice寒冰獄11 Hell of Boulder Crushing石壓地獄 Hell of Skinning剝皮地獄 Hell of Moulting脫殼獄12 Hell of Mortars and Pestles舂臼地獄 Hell of Beasts畜生地獄 Hell of Disembowelment抽腸獄13 Hell of the Pool of Blood血池地獄 Hell of Weapons刀兵地獄 Hell of Oil Cauldrons油鍋獄14 Hell of the Wrongful Dead枉死地獄 Hell of Iron Mills鐵磨地獄 Hell of Darkness黑暗獄15 Hell of Dismemberment磔刑地獄 Hell of Dismemberment磔刑地獄 Hell of the Mountain of Knives刀山獄16 Hell of the Mountain of Fire火山地獄 Hell of Iron Books鐵冊地獄 Hell of the Pool of Blood血池獄17 Hell of Mills石磨地獄 Hell of Maggots蛆蟲地獄 Avici Hell阿鼻獄18 Hell of Sawing刀鋸地獄 Hell of Molten Copper烊銅地獄 Hell of Weighing Scales秤桿獄See also editChinese mythological geography Naraka Buddhism the Buddhist concept of Hell which is related to the Chinese concept of Diyu Yama East Asia the wrathful deity who rules Hell in Buddhist mythology Ksitigarbha a bodhisattva who vowed never to achieve buddhahood until the hells are emptied Maudgalyayana one of the Buddha s disciples and the protagonist of the Chinese tale Mulian Rescues His Mother Meng Po a deity who serves souls a potion that makes them forget their past lives before they go for reincarnation She awaits the dead souls at the entrance of the 9th round Fengdu Ox Head and Horse Face hell guards in Chinese mythology Heibai Wuchang hell guards in Chinese mythology Ghost Festival a traditional Buddhist and Taoist festival celebrated in some Asian countries Hell money joss paper designed to resemble banknotes and meant to be burnt as offerings to the dead Hell Scroll Nara National Museum a Japanese scroll depicting hells kept at the Nara National Museum Journeys to the Under World a Taiwanese novel narrating a journey through DiyuReferences edit 诸经佛说地狱集要 Collection of Buddhist Texts about Hell read goodweb cn in Chinese Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 Retrieved 8 January 2015 萧登福 Xiao Dengfu August 1988 汉魏六朝佛教之 地狱 说 上 Conceptions of Hell in the Han Wei and Six Dynasties Part 1 东方杂志 Eastern Magazine in Chinese 22 2 34 40 Archived from the original on 2 January 2015 Retrieved 8 January 2015 萧登福 Xiao Dengfu August 1988 汉魏六朝佛教之 地狱 说 下 Conceptions of Hell in the Han Wei and Six Dynasties Part 2 东方杂志 Eastern Magazine in Chinese 22 3 23 30 Archived from the original on 2 January 2015 Retrieved 8 January 2015 印順法師 Yinshun 華雨集第四冊 Hua Yu Collection Volume 4 www yinshun org tw in Chinese Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 Retrieved 8 January 2015 泰山崇拜与东岳泰山神的形成 Origins of the Worship of Mount Tai and the Deity of the Eastern Mountain Mount Tai www taishanly com in Chinese 3 March 2008 Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 8 January 2015 三 枉死城亡魂戒改 3 Rehabilitating the Souls of the Dead in the City of Innocent Deaths tienton myweb hinet net in Chinese Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 Retrieved 8 January 2015 Xue Fucheng Yong an Biji Notebook of Yong An 瀕死經驗 六則 Near death Experience Six Parts 佛教淨土宗 net in Chinese Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 8 January 2015 敦煌文献中的 还魂记 写本 Manuscript of Huan Hun Ji among the Dunhuang Manuscripts The Grottoes of Dunhuang Information Network in Chinese Retrieved 8 January 2015 潘重規 Pan Chonggui 1994 九 唐太宗入冥記 Volume 6 Chapter 9 Emperor Taizong of Tang s Journey to the Underworld Dunhuang Bian Wenji Xinshu 敦煌變文集新書 in Chinese China 文津出版社 Wen Jin Publishing House Retrieved 8 January 2015 黎澍 Li Shu March 2006 慧淨法師 Huijing ed 地獄見聞錄 Records of Observations of Hell in Chinese 3rd ed Taipei 淨土宗文教基金會 Pure Land Sect Foundation Retrieved 8 January 2015 泰国上校真实因果轮回见证External links edit18層地獄 看看你會進幾層 18 Levels of Hell See which level you will end up in xinhuanet com in Chinese 12 July 2005 Archived from the original on October 22 2007 Retrieved 8 January 2015 佛說十八泥犁經 The Buddha speaks about the eighteen hells PDF ccbs ntu edu tw in Chinese College of Liberal Arts Digital Library amp Museum of Buddhist Studies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Diyu amp oldid 1214496563 Ten Courts of Hell, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
