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Sydney Brenner

April 05, 2023

Sydney Brenner CH FRS FMedSci MAE (13 January 1927 – 5 April 2019)[15][16] was a South African biologist. In 2002, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with H. Robert Horvitz and Sir John E. Sulston.[1] Brenner made significant contributions to work on the genetic code, and other areas of molecular biology while working in the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England. He established the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for the investigation of developmental biology,[2][17] and founded the Molecular Sciences Institute in Berkeley, California, United States.[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

Sydney Brenner

CH FRS FMedSci MAE
Born(1927-01-13)13 January 1927
Germiston, Transvaal, Union of South Africa
Died5 April 2019(2019-04-05) (aged 92)
Singapore
Other namesUncle Syd[1]
CitizenshipSouth Africa
Alma mater
Known forGenetics of Caenorhabditis elegans[2][3]
Spouse
May Covitz
​
​
(m. 1952; died 2010)​
[4]
Children3
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsBiology
Institutions
ThesisThe physical chemistry of cell processes: a study of bacteriophage resistance in Escherichia coli, strain B (1954)
Doctoral advisorCyril Hinshelwood[10][11]
Doctoral students
InfluencesFred Sanger[14]
InfluencedToby Gibson
Websitesalk.edu/faculty/brenner.html

Education and early life

Brenner was born in the town of Germiston in the then Transvaal (today in Gauteng), South Africa, on 13 January 1927.[4] His parents, Leah[26] (née Blecher) and Morris Brenner, were Jewish immigrants. His father, a cobbler, came to South Africa from Lithuania in 1910, and his mother from Riga, Latvia, in 1922. He had one sister, Phyllis.[27][28]

He was educated at Germiston High School[4] and the University of the Witwatersrand. Having joined university at the age of 15, it was noted during his second year that he would be too young to qualify for the practice of medicine at the conclusion of his six-year medical course, and he was therefore allowed to complete a Bachelor of Science degree in Anatomy and Physiology. He stayed on for two more years doing an Honours degree and then an MSc degree, supporting himself by working part-time as a laboratory technician. During this time he was taught by Joel Mandelstam, Raymond Dart and Robert Broom. His master thesis was in the field of cytogenetics. In 1951 he received the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBCh) degree.[27]

Brenner received an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 which enabled him to complete a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil)[11] degree at the University of Oxford as a postgraduate student of Exeter College, Oxford, supervised by Cyril Hinshelwood.[29]

Career and research

Following his DPhil, Brenner did postdoctoral research at the University of California, Berkeley.[30] He spent the next 20 years at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology[31] in Cambridge. There, during the 1960s, he contributed to molecular biology, then an emerging field. In 1976 he joined the Salk Institute in California.[4]

Together with Jack Dunitz, Dorothy Hodgkin, Leslie Orgel, and Beryl M. Oughton, he was one of the first people in April 1953 to see the model of the structure of DNA, constructed by Francis Crick and James Watson; at the time he and the other scientists were working at the University of Oxford's Chemistry Department. All were impressed by the new DNA model, especially Brenner, who subsequently worked with Crick in the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge and the newly opened Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB). According to Beryl Oughton, later Rimmer, they all travelled together in two cars once Dorothy Hodgkin announced to them that they were off to Cambridge to see the model of the structure of DNA.[32]

Brenner made several seminal contributions to the emerging field of molecular biology in the 1960s (see Phage group). The first was to prove that all overlapping genetic coding sequences were impossible. This insight separated the coding function from structural constraints as proposed in a clever code by George Gamow. This led Francis Crick to propose the concept of a hypothetical molecule (later identified as transfer RNA or tRNA) that transfer the genetic information from RNA to proteins. Brenner gave the name "adaptor hypothesis" in 1955.[33] The physical separation between the anticodon and the amino acid on a tRNA is the basis for the unidirectional flow of information in coded biological systems. This is commonly known as the central dogma of molecular biology, i.e. information flows from nucleic acid to protein and never from protein to nucleic acid. Following this adaptor insight, Brenner conceived of the concept of messenger RNA during an April 1960 conversation with Crick and François Jacob, and together with Jacob and Matthew Meselson went on to prove its existence later that summer.[34] Then, with Crick, Leslie Barnett, and Richard J. Watts-Tobin, Brenner genetically demonstrated the triplet nature of the code of protein translation through the Crick, Brenner, Barnett, Watts-Tobin et al. experiment of 1961,[35] which discovered frameshift mutations. Brenner collaborating with Sarabhai, Stretton and Bolle in 1964, using amber mutants defective in the bacteriophage T4D major head protein, showed that the nucleotide sequence of the gene is co-linear with the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide chain.[36]

Together with the decoding work of Marshall Warren Nirenberg and others, the discovery of the triplet nature of the genetic code was critical to deciphering the code.[37] Barnett helped set up Sydney Brenner's laboratory in Singapore, many years later.[38][39]

 
Esther Lederberg, Gunther Stent, Sydney Brenner and Joshua Lederberg pictured in 1965

Brenner, with George Pieczenik,[40] created the first computer matrix analysis of nucleic acids using TRAC, which Brenner continued to use. Crick, Brenner, Klug and Pieczenik returned to their early work on deciphering the genetic code with a pioneering paper on the origin of protein synthesis, where constraints on mRNA and tRNA co-evolved allowing for a five-base interaction with a flip of the anticodon loop, and thereby creating a triplet code translating system without requiring a ribosome. This model requires a partially overlapping code.[41] The published scientific paper is extremely rare in that its collaborators include three authors who independently became Nobel laureates.[42]

Brenner then focused on establishing a free-living roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for the investigation of animal development including neural development. He chose this 1-millimeter-long soil roundworm mainly because it is simple, is easy to grow in bulk populations, and turned out to be quite convenient for genetic analysis. One of the key methods for identifying important function genes was the screen for roundworms that had some functional defect, such as being uncoordinated, leading to the identification of new sets of proteins, such as the set of UNC proteins. For this work, he shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with H. Robert Horvitz and John Sulston. The title of his Nobel lecture in December 2002, "Nature's Gift to Science", is a homage to this nematode; in it, he considered that having chosen the right organism turned out to be as important as having addressed the right problems to work on.[43] In fact, the C. elegans community has grown rapidly in recent decades with researchers working on a wide spectrum of problems.[44]

Brenner founded the Molecular Sciences Institute in Berkeley, California in 1996.[8] As of 2015 he was associated with the Salk Institute, the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, the Singapore Biomedical Research Council, the Janelia Farm Research Campus, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.[8] In August 2005, Brenner was appointed president of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology.[45] He was also on the Board of Scientific Governors at The Scripps Research Institute,[46] as well as being Professor of Genetics there.[7] A scientific biography of Brenner was written by Errol Friedberg in the US, for publication by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press in 2010.[21]

Known for his penetrating scientific insight and acerbic wit, Brenner, for many years, authored a regular column ("Loose Ends") in the journal Current Biology.[47][48] This column was so popular that "Loose ends from Current Biology", a compilation, was published by Current Biology Ltd.[49] and became a collectors' item. Brenner wrote "A Life in Science",[50] a paperback published by BioMed Central. He is also noted for his generosity with ideas and the great number of students and colleagues his ideas have stimulated.[51][52][53][54]

In 2017, Brenner co-organized a seminal lecture series in Singapore describing ten logarithmic scales of time from the Big Bang to the present, spanning the appearance of multicellular life forms, the evolution of humans, and the emergence of language, culture and technology.[55] Prominent scientists and thinkers, including W. Brian Arthur, Svante Pääbo, Helga Nowotny and Jack Szostak, spoke during the lecture series. In 2018, the lectures were adapted into a popular science book titled Sydney Brenner's 10-on-10: The Chronicles of Evolution, published by Wildtype Books.[56]

Brenner also gave four lectures on the history of molecular biology, its impact on neuroscience and the great scientific questions that lie ahead.[57] The lectures were adapted into the book, In the Spirit of Science: Lectures by Sydney Brenner on DNA, Worms and Brains.[58]

American plan and European plan

The "American plan" and "European plan" were proposed by Sydney Brenner as competing models for the way brain cells determine their neural functions.[18][59][60] According to the European plan (sometimes referred to as the British plan), the function of cells is determined by their genetic lineage. According to the American plan, a cell's function is determined by the function of its neighbours after cell migration. Further research has shown that most species follow some combination of these methods, albeit in varying degrees, to transfer information to new cells.[61][62]

Awards and honours

Brenner received numerous awards and honours, including:[63][64]

Personal life

Brenner was married to May Brenner (née Covitz, subsequently Balkind)[4] from December 1952 until her death in January 2010;[4] their children include Belinda, Carla, Stefan, and his stepson Jonathan Balkind from his wife's first marriage to Marcus Balkind. He lived in Ely, Cambridgeshire.[75][76] He was an atheist.[77]

Brenner died on 5 April 2019, in Singapore, at the age of 92.[1][78][79]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Friedberg, Errol (2019). "Sydney Brenner (1927–2019) Mischievous steward of molecular biology's golden age". Nature. 568 (7753): 459. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01192-9. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 30988427.
  2. ^ a b Brenner, Sydney (1974). "The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans". Genetics. 77 (1): 71–94. doi:10.1093/genetics/77.1.71. PMC 1213120. PMID 4366476.
  3. ^ Sulston, J.; Brenner, S. (1974). "The DNA of Caenorhabditis elegans". Genetics. 77 (1): 95–104. doi:10.1093/genetics/77.1.95. PMC 1213121. PMID 4858229.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Anon (2015). "Brenner, Sydney". Who's Who. ukwhoswho.com (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U8635. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (subscription required)
  5. ^ a b "Sydney Brenner EMBO profile". people.embo.org. Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Organization.
  6. ^ Louis-Jeantet Prize
  7. ^ a b . scripps.edu. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012.
  8. ^ a b c . hhmi.org. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007.
  9. ^ "Research Units | Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University OIST". Oist.jp. 1 February 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  10. ^ Thompson, H. (1973). "Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 1897-1967". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 19: 374–431. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1973.0015. PMID 11615727. S2CID 12385145.
  11. ^ a b Brenner, Syndney (1954). The physical chemistry of cell processes: a study of bacteriophage resistance in Escherichia coli, strain B (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 775695643. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.672365.
  12. ^ Rubin, Gerald Mayer (1974). Studies on 5.8 S Ribosomal RNA (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. OCLC 500553465. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.471132.
  13. ^ White, John Graham (1974). Computer Aided Reconstruction of the Nervous System of Caenorhabditis Elegans (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. OCLC 180702071. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.477040.
  14. ^ Elizabeth Dzeng (2014). . kingsreview.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015.
  15. ^ Wade, Nicholas (5 April 2019). "Sydney Brenner, a Decipherer of the Genetic Code, Is Dead at 92". The New York Times.
  16. ^ White, John; Bretscher, Mark S. (2020). "Sydney Brenner. 13 January 1927—5 April 2019". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 69: 78–108. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2020.0022. S2CID 221399685.
  17. ^ Hodgkin, JA; Brenner, S (1977). "Mutations causing transformation of sexual phenotype in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans". Genetics. 86 (2 Pt. 1): 275–87. doi:10.1093/genetics/86.2.275. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1213677. PMID 560330.
  18. ^ a b The Science Times Book of the Brain 1998. Edited by Nicholas Wade. The Lyons Press
  19. ^ Horace Freeland Judson The Eighth Day of Creation (1979), pp. 10–11 Makers of the Revolution in Biology; Penguin Books 1995, first published by Jonathan Cape, 1977; ISBN 0-14-017800-7.
  20. ^ Brenner, S.; Elgar, G.; Sanford, R.; Macrae, A.; Venkatesh, B.; Aparicio, S. (1993). "Characterization of the pufferfish (Fugu) genome as a compact model vertebrate genome". Nature. 366 (6452): 265–68. Bibcode:1993Natur.366..265B. doi:10.1038/366265a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 8232585. S2CID 2715056.
  21. ^ a b "Sydney Brenner: A Biography" by Errol Friedberg, pub. CSHL Press October 2010, ISBN 0-87969-947-7.
  22. ^ de Chadarevian, Soraya (2009). "Interview with Sydney Brenner". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 40 (1): 65–71. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.12.008. ISSN 1369-8486. PMID 19268875.
  23. ^ Friedberg, Errol C. (2008). "Sydney Brenner". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 9 (1): 8–9. doi:10.1038/nrm2320. ISSN 1471-0072. PMID 18159633. S2CID 1037231.
  24. ^ Sydney Brenner's publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required)
  25. ^ "Sydney Brenner publications". Google Scholar. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
  26. ^ "Errol C. Friedberg. Sydney Brenner: A Biography" (PDF). cshlpress.com.
  27. ^ a b "Sydney Brenner, Biographical". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  28. ^ "Brenner, Sydney (1927– ) World of Microbiology and Immunology". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  29. ^ "Dr Sydney Brenner". Exeter College. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  30. ^ "Sydney Brenner: Senior Distinguished Fellow of the Crick-Jacobs Center". Salk Institute.
  31. ^ John Finch; 'A Nobel Fellow on Every Floor', Medical Research Council 2008; ISBN 978-1-84046-940-0
    This book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.
  32. ^ Olby, Robert, Francis Crick: Hunter of Life's Secrets, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2009, Chapter 10, pg. 181; ISBN 978-0-87969-798-3
  33. ^ Crick, Francis (1955). "On Degenerate Templates and the Adaptor Hypothesis: A Note for the RNA Tie Club". National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  34. ^ Cobb, Matthew (29 June 2015). "Who discovered messenger RNA?". Current Biology. 25 (13): R526–R532. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.032. PMID 26126273.
  35. ^ Crick, Francis; Barnett, Leslie; Brenner, Sydney; Watts-Tobin, Richard J (1961). "General nature of the genetic code for proteins". Nature. 192 (4809): 1227–32. Bibcode:1961Natur.192.1227C. doi:10.1038/1921227a0. PMID 13882203. S2CID 4276146.
  36. ^ Sarabhai AS, Stretton AO, Brenner S, Bolle A. Co-linearity of the gene with the polypeptide chain. Nature. 1964 Jan 4;201:13-7. doi: 10.1038/201013a0. PMID 14085558
  37. ^ Goldstein, Bob (30 May 2019). "The Thrill of Defeat: What Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner taught me about being scooped". Nautilus. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  38. ^ Kaplish, L. (19 February 2014). "Uncovering a scientific life in the archives". Wellcome Library blog. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  39. ^ Lloyd-Evans, L. P. M. (January 2005). A Study into the Prospects for Marine Biotechnology Development in the United Kingdom (PDF) (Report). Vol. 2 – Background & Appendices. Foresight Marine Panel Marine Biotechnology Group. p. 237. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  40. ^ "Letter by Brenner (primary source)" (PDF). rutgers.edu.
  41. ^ Crick, FH; Brenner, S; Klug, A; Pieczenik, G (December 1976). "A speculation on the origin of protein synthesis". Origins of Life. 7 (4): 389–97. Bibcode:1976OrLi....7..389C. doi:10.1007/BF00927934. PMID 1023138. S2CID 42319222.
  42. ^ Crick won a Nobel prize in 1962, Brenner in 2002, and Klug in 1982. However, this is not the only case. See Barton, D. H. R.; Jeger, O.; Prelog, V.; Woodward, R. B. (March 1954). "The constitutions of cevine and some related alkaloids". Experientia. 10 (3): 81–90. doi:10.1007/BF02158513. PMID 13161888. S2CID 27430632. Barton (1969), Prelog (1975) and Woodward (1965) all became Nobel winners.
  43. ^ Sydney Brenner on Nobelprize.org   including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2002 Nature's Gift to Science
  44. ^ Brenner, Sydney (1 June 2009). "In the Beginning Was the Worm …". Genetics. 182 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1534/genetics.109.104976. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 2691750. PMID 19506024.
  45. ^ . Oist.jp. 12 January 2010. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  46. ^ Profile, Scripps.edu; accessed 28 July 2016.
  47. ^ "Library: Sydney Brenner's Loose Ends". cell.com.
  48. ^ Brenner, Sydney (1994). "Loose Ends". Current Biology. 4 (1): 88. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00023-3. ISSN 0960-9822.
  49. ^ Loose ends from Current Biology (1997) ISBN 1 85922 325 7
  50. ^ A Life in Science (2001) ISBN 0-9540278-0-9
  51. ^ Brenner, Sydney. "Coming from Eastern European stock" – via www.webofstories.com.
  52. ^ "Sydney Brenner interviewed by Alan Macfarlane, 2007-08-23 (film)". alanmacfarlane.com.
  53. ^ "Genomes Tell Us About the Past: Sydney Brenner". iBiology.org.
  54. ^ "The Sydney Brenner papers". Wellcome Library. 25 October 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  55. ^ "10-on-10: The Chronicles of Evolution".
  56. ^ Sydney Brenner's 10-on-10: The Chronicles of Evolution. Wildtype Books. 9 November 2018. ISBN 978-9811187186.
  57. ^ "Sydney Brenner's lectures".
  58. ^ Brenner, Sydney; Sejnowski, Terrence (2018). In the Spirit of Science: Lectures by Sydney Brenner on DNA, Worms and Brains. World Scientific Publishing Co. doi:10.1142/11029. ISBN 978-981-3271-73-9.
  59. ^ Gilbert, S.F. (2000). "The Developmental Mechanics of Cell Specification". Developmental Biology. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-243-6.
  60. ^ McKay, R. (1997). "The Origins of the Central Nervous System". In Gage, F.H.; Christen, Y. (eds.). Isolation, Characterization and Utilization of CNS Stem Cells. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 169–170. ISBN 978-3-642-80308-6.
  61. ^ Marcus, Gary Fred (2004). The Birth of the Mind: How a Tiny Number of Genes Creates the Complexities of Human Thought. Basic Books. p. 64. ISBN 9780465044054.
  62. ^ Rensberger, Boyce (1998). Life Itself: Exploring the Realm of the Living Cell. Oxford University Press. p. 162. ISBN 9780195125009.
  63. ^ "Sydney Brenner CV" (PDF). ETH Zurich. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  64. ^ "Sydney Brenner Curriculum Vitae". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  65. ^ "Sydney Brenner".
  66. ^ "Sydney Brenner".
  67. ^ "All Gairdner Winners". The Canada Gairdner Awards. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  68. ^ "APS Member History".
  69. ^ "2002 Nobel Prize". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
  70. ^ . dandavidprize.org. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
  71. ^ March of Dimes and Richard B. Johnston, Jr., MD Prize in Developmental Biology Awardees (PDF), retrieved 5 April 2019
  72. ^ Sudhausi, Walter; Kiontke, Karin (25 April 2007). "Comparison of the cryptic nematode species Caenorhabditis brenneri sp. n" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1456: 45–62. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1456.1.2.
  73. ^ "Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience". University of the Witwatersrand. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
  74. ^ "There's a New Squid in Town". Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University OIST. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  75. ^ "Loose Ends" : Collection of Loose Ends/False Starts columns by 'Uncle Syd.' from January 1994 to December 2000 (Current Biology, 1997) ISBN 1859223257
  76. ^ 'My Life in Science', with Lewis Wolpert, edited by Errol C. Friedberg and Eleanor Lawrence, BioMed Central, 2001; ISBN 0-9540278-0-9
  77. ^ István Hargittai; Magdolna Hargittai (2006). Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists. p. 32. ISBN 9781908977533.
  78. ^ Shuzhen, Sim (5 April 2019). "Sydney Brenner, 'father of the worm' and decoder of DNA, dies at 92". asianscientist.com.
  79. ^ "Sydney Brenner (1927–2019)". MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.

Further reading

  • Soraya De Chadarevian; Designs For Life: Molecular Biology After World War II, CUP 2002, 444 pp; ISBN 0-521-57078-6
  • Francis Crick; What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery (Basic Books reprint edition, 1990) ISBN 0-465-09138-5
  • Georgina Ferry; 'Max Perutz and the Secret of Life', (Chatto & Windus 2007) 352pp, ISBN 978-0-7011-7695-2. For uncaptioned picture.
  • Robert Olby; Francis Crick: Hunter of Life's Secrets, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN 978-0-87969-798-3, published on 25 August 2009.
  • Max Perutz; What a Time I am Having: Selected Letters., CSHL Press 2008, 506pp ISBN 978-0-87969-864-5. For captioned picture.
  • Matt Ridley; Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code (Eminent Lives) first published in June 2006 in the US and then in the UK September 2006, by HarperCollins Publishers; 192 pp, ISBN 0-06-082333-X; in paperback, by Atlas Books (with index), ISBN 978-0-00-721331-3.
  • Sydney Brenner Collection Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives
  • Lewis Wolpert; How We Live and Why We Die, Faber and Faber 2009, 240 pp; ISBN 978-0-571-23912-2

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sydney Brenner.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Sydney Brenner.
  • Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 23 August 2007 (video)
  • Sydney Brenner on Nobelprize.org   including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2002 Nature's Gift to Science

April 05, 2023
sydney, brenner, fmedsci, january, 1927, april, 2019, south, african, biologist, 2002, shared, nobel, prize, physiology, medicine, with, robert, horvitz, john, sulston, brenner, made, significant, contributions, work, genetic, code, other, areas, molecular, bi. Sydney Brenner CH FRS FMedSci MAE 13 January 1927 5 April 2019 15 16 was a South African biologist In 2002 he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with H Robert Horvitz and Sir John E Sulston 1 Brenner made significant contributions to work on the genetic code and other areas of molecular biology while working in the Medical Research Council MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge England He established the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for the investigation of developmental biology 2 17 and founded the Molecular Sciences Institute in Berkeley California United States 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Sydney BrennerCH FRS FMedSci MAEBorn 1927 01 13 13 January 1927Germiston Transvaal Union of South AfricaDied5 April 2019 2019 04 05 aged 92 SingaporeOther namesUncle Syd 1 CitizenshipSouth AfricaAlma materUniversity of the Witwatersrand MSc MBBCh University of Oxford DPhil Known forGenetics of Caenorhabditis elegans 2 3 SpouseMay Covitz m 1952 died 2010 wbr 4 Children3AwardsEMBO Membership 1964 5 William Bate Hardy Prize 1969 Mendel Medal 1970 Albert Lasker Medical Research Award 1971 Royal Medal 1974 Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences 1977 Gairdner Foundation International Award 1978 Krebs Medal 1980 Rosenstiel Award 1986 Louis Jeantet Prize for Medicine 1987 6 Harvey Prize 1987 Genetics Society of America Medal 1987 Kyoto Prize 1990 Copley Medal 1991 Gairdner Foundation International Award 1991 King Faisal International Prize in Medicine 1992 Max Delbruck Medal 1994 Novartis Drew Award 2001 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 Dan David Prize 2002 Scientific careerFieldsBiologyInstitutionsUniversity of the Witwatersrand University of Cambridge 4 University of California Berkeley Molecular Sciences Institute Scripps Research Institute 7 Salk Institute for Biological Studies Howard Hughes Medical Institute 8 Laboratory of Molecular Biology Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology 9 ThesisThe physical chemistry of cell processes a study of bacteriophage resistance in Escherichia coli strain B 1954 Doctoral advisorCyril Hinshelwood 10 11 Doctoral studentsGerald M Rubin 12 John G White 13 InfluencesFred Sanger 14 InfluencedToby GibsonWebsitesalk wbr edu wbr faculty wbr brenner wbr html Contents 1 Education and early life 2 Career and research 2 1 American plan and European plan 3 Awards and honours 4 Personal life 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksEducation and early life EditBrenner was born in the town of Germiston in the then Transvaal today in Gauteng South Africa on 13 January 1927 4 His parents Leah 26 nee Blecher and Morris Brenner were Jewish immigrants His father a cobbler came to South Africa from Lithuania in 1910 and his mother from Riga Latvia in 1922 He had one sister Phyllis 27 28 He was educated at Germiston High School 4 and the University of the Witwatersrand Having joined university at the age of 15 it was noted during his second year that he would be too young to qualify for the practice of medicine at the conclusion of his six year medical course and he was therefore allowed to complete a Bachelor of Science degree in Anatomy and Physiology He stayed on for two more years doing an Honours degree and then an MSc degree supporting himself by working part time as a laboratory technician During this time he was taught by Joel Mandelstam Raymond Dart and Robert Broom His master thesis was in the field of cytogenetics In 1951 he received the Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery MBBCh degree 27 Brenner received an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 which enabled him to complete a Doctor of Philosophy DPhil 11 degree at the University of Oxford as a postgraduate student of Exeter College Oxford supervised by Cyril Hinshelwood 29 Career and research EditFollowing his DPhil Brenner did postdoctoral research at the University of California Berkeley 30 He spent the next 20 years at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology 31 in Cambridge There during the 1960s he contributed to molecular biology then an emerging field In 1976 he joined the Salk Institute in California 4 Together with Jack Dunitz Dorothy Hodgkin Leslie Orgel and Beryl M Oughton he was one of the first people in April 1953 to see the model of the structure of DNA constructed by Francis Crick and James Watson at the time he and the other scientists were working at the University of Oxford s Chemistry Department All were impressed by the new DNA model especially Brenner who subsequently worked with Crick in the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge and the newly opened Medical Research Council MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology LMB According to Beryl Oughton later Rimmer they all travelled together in two cars once Dorothy Hodgkin announced to them that they were off to Cambridge to see the model of the structure of DNA 32 Brenner made several seminal contributions to the emerging field of molecular biology in the 1960s see Phage group The first was to prove that all overlapping genetic coding sequences were impossible This insight separated the coding function from structural constraints as proposed in a clever code by George Gamow This led Francis Crick to propose the concept of a hypothetical molecule later identified as transfer RNA or tRNA that transfer the genetic information from RNA to proteins Brenner gave the name adaptor hypothesis in 1955 33 The physical separation between the anticodon and the amino acid on a tRNA is the basis for the unidirectional flow of information in coded biological systems This is commonly known as the central dogma of molecular biology i e information flows from nucleic acid to protein and never from protein to nucleic acid Following this adaptor insight Brenner conceived of the concept of messenger RNA during an April 1960 conversation with Crick and Francois Jacob and together with Jacob and Matthew Meselson went on to prove its existence later that summer 34 Then with Crick Leslie Barnett and Richard J Watts Tobin Brenner genetically demonstrated the triplet nature of the code of protein translation through the Crick Brenner Barnett Watts Tobin et al experiment of 1961 35 which discovered frameshift mutations Brenner collaborating with Sarabhai Stretton and Bolle in 1964 using amber mutants defective in the bacteriophage T4D major head protein showed that the nucleotide sequence of the gene is co linear with the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide chain 36 Together with the decoding work of Marshall Warren Nirenberg and others the discovery of the triplet nature of the genetic code was critical to deciphering the code 37 Barnett helped set up Sydney Brenner s laboratory in Singapore many years later 38 39 Esther Lederberg Gunther Stent Sydney Brenner and Joshua Lederberg pictured in 1965 Brenner with George Pieczenik 40 created the first computer matrix analysis of nucleic acids using TRAC which Brenner continued to use Crick Brenner Klug and Pieczenik returned to their early work on deciphering the genetic code with a pioneering paper on the origin of protein synthesis where constraints on mRNA and tRNA co evolved allowing for a five base interaction with a flip of the anticodon loop and thereby creating a triplet code translating system without requiring a ribosome This model requires a partially overlapping code 41 The published scientific paper is extremely rare in that its collaborators include three authors who independently became Nobel laureates 42 Brenner then focused on establishing a free living roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for the investigation of animal development including neural development He chose this 1 millimeter long soil roundworm mainly because it is simple is easy to grow in bulk populations and turned out to be quite convenient for genetic analysis One of the key methods for identifying important function genes was the screen for roundworms that had some functional defect such as being uncoordinated leading to the identification of new sets of proteins such as the set of UNC proteins For this work he shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with H Robert Horvitz and John Sulston The title of his Nobel lecture in December 2002 Nature s Gift to Science is a homage to this nematode in it he considered that having chosen the right organism turned out to be as important as having addressed the right problems to work on 43 In fact the C elegans community has grown rapidly in recent decades with researchers working on a wide spectrum of problems 44 Brenner founded the Molecular Sciences Institute in Berkeley California in 1996 8 As of 2015 update he was associated with the Salk Institute the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology the Singapore Biomedical Research Council the Janelia Farm Research Campus and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute 8 In August 2005 Brenner was appointed president of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology 45 He was also on the Board of Scientific Governors at The Scripps Research Institute 46 as well as being Professor of Genetics there 7 A scientific biography of Brenner was written by Errol Friedberg in the US for publication by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press in 2010 21 Known for his penetrating scientific insight and acerbic wit Brenner for many years authored a regular column Loose Ends in the journal Current Biology 47 48 This column was so popular that Loose ends from Current Biology a compilation was published by Current Biology Ltd 49 and became a collectors item Brenner wrote A Life in Science 50 a paperback published by BioMed Central He is also noted for his generosity with ideas and the great number of students and colleagues his ideas have stimulated 51 52 53 54 In 2017 Brenner co organized a seminal lecture series in Singapore describing ten logarithmic scales of time from the Big Bang to the present spanning the appearance of multicellular life forms the evolution of humans and the emergence of language culture and technology 55 Prominent scientists and thinkers including W Brian Arthur Svante Paabo Helga Nowotny and Jack Szostak spoke during the lecture series In 2018 the lectures were adapted into a popular science book titled Sydney Brenner s 10 on 10 The Chronicles of Evolution published by Wildtype Books 56 Brenner also gave four lectures on the history of molecular biology its impact on neuroscience and the great scientific questions that lie ahead 57 The lectures were adapted into the book In the Spirit of Science Lectures by Sydney Brenner on DNA Worms and Brains 58 American plan and European plan Edit The American plan and European plan were proposed by Sydney Brenner as competing models for the way brain cells determine their neural functions 18 59 60 According to the European plan sometimes referred to as the British plan the function of cells is determined by their genetic lineage According to the American plan a cell s function is determined by the function of its neighbours after cell migration Further research has shown that most species follow some combination of these methods albeit in varying degrees to transfer information to new cells 61 62 Awards and honours EditBrenner received numerous awards and honours including 63 64 Fellow of King s College Cambridge since 1959 4 Elected an EMBO Member in 1964 5 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society FRS of London in 1965 4 Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1966 65 William Bate Hardy Prize in 1969 Albert Lasker Medical Research Award in 1971 Royal Medal from the Royal Society in 1974 Elected member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1977 66 Gairdner Foundation International Award in 1978 and again in 1991 67 Elected member of the American Philosophical Society in 1979 68 Krebs Medal in 1980 Novartis Medal and Prize of the Biochemical Society in 1980 Rosenstiel Award in 1986 Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in 1986 Harvey Prize in 1987 Genetics Society of America Medal in 1987 Kyoto Prize in 1990 Copley Medal in 1991 King Faisal International Prize in Medicine in 1992 The Dendrobium Sydney Brenner named in 1998 on the occasion of his visit to Singapore s National Orchid Garden the prior year Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2002 69 Dan David Prize in 2002 70 directed by Professor Gad Barzilai March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology in 2002 71 In recognition of his pioneering role in starting what is now a global research community that work on C elegans another closely related nematode was given the scientific name Caenorhabditis brenneri 72 The National Science and Technology Medal by the Agency for Science Technology and Research awarded Brenner in 2006 for his distinguished and strategic contributions to the development of Singapore s scientific capability and culture particularly in the biomedical sciences sector In 2008 the University of the Witwatersrand named the Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience SBIMB in his honour 73 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun in 2017 In 2019 a newly discovered species of bobtail squid Euprymna brenneri was named in his honour 74 Personal life EditBrenner was married to May Brenner nee Covitz subsequently Balkind 4 from December 1952 until her death in January 2010 4 their children include Belinda Carla Stefan and his stepson Jonathan Balkind from his wife s first marriage to Marcus Balkind He lived in Ely Cambridgeshire 75 76 He was an atheist 77 Brenner died on 5 April 2019 in Singapore at the age of 92 1 78 79 See also EditList of Jewish Nobel laureatesReferences Edit a b c Friedberg Errol 2019 Sydney Brenner 1927 2019 Mischievous steward of molecular biology s golden age Nature 568 7753 459 doi 10 1038 d41586 019 01192 9 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 30988427 a b Brenner Sydney 1974 The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans Genetics 77 1 71 94 doi 10 1093 genetics 77 1 71 PMC 1213120 PMID 4366476 Sulston J Brenner S 1974 The DNA of Caenorhabditis elegans Genetics 77 1 95 104 doi 10 1093 genetics 77 1 95 PMC 1213121 PMID 4858229 a b c d e f g h i Anon 2015 Brenner Sydney Who s Who ukwhoswho com online Oxford University Press ed A amp C Black an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc doi 10 1093 ww 9780199540884 013 U8635 Subscription or UK public library membership required subscription required a b Sydney Brenner EMBO profile people embo org Heidelberg European Molecular Biology Organization Louis Jeantet Prize a b Sydney Brenner PhD scripps edu Archived from the original on 2 February 2012 a b c Janelia Farm Sydney Brenner hhmi org Archived from the original on 27 December 2007 Research Units Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University OIST Oist jp 1 February 2016 Retrieved 1 December 2016 Thompson H 1973 Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 1897 1967 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 19 374 431 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1973 0015 PMID 11615727 S2CID 12385145 a b Brenner Syndney 1954 The physical chemistry of cell processes a study of bacteriophage resistance in Escherichia coli strain B DPhil thesis University of Oxford OCLC 775695643 EThOS uk bl ethos 672365 Rubin Gerald Mayer 1974 Studies on 5 8 S Ribosomal RNA PhD thesis University of Cambridge OCLC 500553465 EThOS uk bl ethos 471132 White John Graham 1974 Computer Aided Reconstruction of the Nervous System of Caenorhabditis Elegans PhD thesis University of Cambridge OCLC 180702071 EThOS uk bl ethos 477040 Elizabeth Dzeng 2014 How Academia and Publishing are Destroying Scientific Innovation A Conversation with Sydney Brenner kingsreview co uk Archived from the original on 5 February 2015 Wade Nicholas 5 April 2019 Sydney Brenner a Decipherer of the Genetic Code Is Dead at 92 The New York Times White John Bretscher Mark S 2020 Sydney Brenner 13 January 1927 5 April 2019 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 69 78 108 doi 10 1098 rsbm 2020 0022 S2CID 221399685 Hodgkin JA Brenner S 1977 Mutations causing transformation of sexual phenotype in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans Genetics 86 2 Pt 1 275 87 doi 10 1093 genetics 86 2 275 ISSN 0016 6731 PMC 1213677 PMID 560330 a b The Science Times Book of the Brain 1998 Edited by Nicholas Wade The Lyons Press Horace Freeland Judson The Eighth Day of Creation 1979 pp 10 11 Makers of the Revolution in Biology Penguin Books 1995 first published by Jonathan Cape 1977 ISBN 0 14 017800 7 Brenner S Elgar G Sanford R Macrae A Venkatesh B Aparicio S 1993 Characterization of the pufferfish Fugu genome as a compact model vertebrate genome Nature 366 6452 265 68 Bibcode 1993Natur 366 265B doi 10 1038 366265a0 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 8232585 S2CID 2715056 a b Sydney Brenner A Biography by Errol Friedberg pub CSHL Press October 2010 ISBN 0 87969 947 7 de Chadarevian Soraya 2009 Interview with Sydney Brenner Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 40 1 65 71 doi 10 1016 j shpsc 2008 12 008 ISSN 1369 8486 PMID 19268875 Friedberg Errol C 2008 Sydney Brenner Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 9 1 8 9 doi 10 1038 nrm2320 ISSN 1471 0072 PMID 18159633 S2CID 1037231 Sydney Brenner s publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database subscription required Sydney Brenner publications Google Scholar Retrieved 28 September 2008 Errol C Friedberg Sydney Brenner A Biography PDF cshlpress com a b Sydney Brenner Biographical nobelprize org Retrieved 6 April 2019 Brenner Sydney 1927 World of Microbiology and Immunology encyclopedia com Retrieved 27 July 2016 Dr Sydney Brenner Exeter College Retrieved 6 April 2019 Sydney Brenner Senior Distinguished Fellow of the Crick Jacobs Center Salk Institute John Finch A Nobel Fellow on Every Floor Medical Research Council 2008 ISBN 978 1 84046 940 0This book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge Olby Robert Francis Crick Hunter of Life s Secrets Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 2009 Chapter 10 pg 181 ISBN 978 0 87969 798 3 Crick Francis 1955 On Degenerate Templates and the Adaptor Hypothesis A Note for the RNA Tie Club National Library of Medicine Retrieved 21 July 2022 Cobb Matthew 29 June 2015 Who discovered messenger RNA Current Biology 25 13 R526 R532 doi 10 1016 j cub 2015 05 032 PMID 26126273 Crick Francis Barnett Leslie Brenner Sydney Watts Tobin Richard J 1961 General nature of the genetic code for proteins Nature 192 4809 1227 32 Bibcode 1961Natur 192 1227C doi 10 1038 1921227a0 PMID 13882203 S2CID 4276146 Sarabhai AS Stretton AO Brenner S Bolle A Co linearity of the gene with the polypeptide chain Nature 1964 Jan 4 201 13 7 doi 10 1038 201013a0 PMID 14085558 Goldstein Bob 30 May 2019 The Thrill of Defeat What Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner taught me about being scooped Nautilus Retrieved 21 January 2021 Kaplish L 19 February 2014 Uncovering a scientific life in the archives Wellcome Library blog Retrieved 5 April 2019 Lloyd Evans L P M January 2005 A Study into the Prospects for Marine Biotechnology Development in the United Kingdom PDF Report Vol 2 Background amp Appendices Foresight Marine Panel Marine Biotechnology Group p 237 Retrieved 5 April 2019 Letter by Brenner primary source PDF rutgers edu Crick FH Brenner S Klug A Pieczenik G December 1976 A speculation on the origin of protein synthesis Origins of Life 7 4 389 97 Bibcode 1976OrLi 7 389C doi 10 1007 BF00927934 PMID 1023138 S2CID 42319222 Crick won a Nobel prize in 1962 Brenner in 2002 and Klug in 1982 However this is not the only case See Barton D H R Jeger O Prelog V Woodward R B March 1954 The constitutions of cevine and some related alkaloids Experientia 10 3 81 90 doi 10 1007 BF02158513 PMID 13161888 S2CID 27430632 Barton 1969 Prelog 1975 and Woodward 1965 all became Nobel winners Sydney Brenner on Nobelprize org including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2002 Nature s Gift to Science Brenner Sydney 1 June 2009 In the Beginning Was the Worm Genetics 182 2 413 415 doi 10 1534 genetics 109 104976 ISSN 0016 6731 PMC 2691750 PMID 19506024 Dr Sydney Brenner Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University OIST Oist jp 12 January 2010 Archived from the original on 18 December 2015 Retrieved 1 December 2016 Profile Scripps edu accessed 28 July 2016 Library Sydney Brenner s Loose Ends cell com Brenner Sydney 1994 Loose Ends Current Biology 4 1 88 doi 10 1016 S0960 9822 00 00023 3 ISSN 0960 9822 Loose ends from Current Biology 1997 ISBN 1 85922 325 7 A Life in Science 2001 ISBN 0 9540278 0 9 Brenner Sydney Coming from Eastern European stock via www webofstories com Sydney Brenner interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 2007 08 23 film alanmacfarlane com Genomes Tell Us About the Past Sydney Brenner iBiology org The Sydney Brenner papers Wellcome Library 25 October 2016 Retrieved 1 December 2016 10 on 10 The Chronicles of Evolution Sydney Brenner s 10 on 10 The Chronicles of Evolution Wildtype Books 9 November 2018 ISBN 978 9811187186 Sydney Brenner s lectures Brenner Sydney Sejnowski Terrence 2018 In the Spirit of Science Lectures by Sydney Brenner on DNA Worms and Brains World Scientific Publishing Co doi 10 1142 11029 ISBN 978 981 3271 73 9 Gilbert S F 2000 The Developmental Mechanics of Cell Specification Developmental Biology Sunderland MA Sinauer Associates ISBN 978 0 87893 243 6 McKay R 1997 The Origins of the Central Nervous System In Gage F H Christen Y eds Isolation Characterization and Utilization of CNS Stem Cells Berlin Heidelberg Springer Verlag pp 169 170 ISBN 978 3 642 80308 6 Marcus Gary Fred 2004 The Birth of the Mind How a Tiny Number of Genes Creates the Complexities of Human Thought Basic Books p 64 ISBN 9780465044054 Rensberger Boyce 1998 Life Itself Exploring the Realm of the Living Cell Oxford University Press p 162 ISBN 9780195125009 Sydney Brenner CV PDF ETH Zurich Retrieved 6 April 2019 Sydney Brenner Curriculum Vitae NobelPrize org Retrieved 6 April 2019 Sydney Brenner Sydney Brenner All Gairdner Winners The Canada Gairdner Awards Retrieved 5 April 2019 APS Member History 2002 Nobel Prize nobelprize org Retrieved 28 September 2008 Dan David Prize laureate 2002 Sydney Brenner dandavidprize org Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 Retrieved 28 September 2008 March of Dimes and Richard B Johnston Jr MD Prize in Developmental Biology Awardees PDF retrieved 5 April 2019 Sudhausi Walter Kiontke Karin 25 April 2007 Comparison of the cryptic nematode species Caenorhabditis brenneri sp n PDF Zootaxa 1456 45 62 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 1456 1 2 Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience University of the Witwatersrand Retrieved 28 September 2008 There s a New Squid in Town Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University OIST 11 December 2019 Retrieved 15 February 2020 Loose Ends Collection of Loose Ends False Starts columns by Uncle Syd from January 1994 to December 2000 Current Biology 1997 ISBN 1859223257 My Life in Science with Lewis Wolpert edited by Errol C Friedberg and Eleanor Lawrence BioMed Central 2001 ISBN 0 9540278 0 9 Istvan Hargittai Magdolna Hargittai 2006 Candid Science VI More Conversations with Famous Scientists p 32 ISBN 9781908977533 Shuzhen Sim 5 April 2019 Sydney Brenner father of the worm and decoder of DNA dies at 92 asianscientist com Sydney Brenner 1927 2019 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology 5 April 2019 Retrieved 6 April 2019 Further reading EditSoraya De Chadarevian Designs For Life Molecular Biology After World War II CUP 2002 444 pp ISBN 0 521 57078 6 Francis Crick What Mad Pursuit A Personal View of Scientific Discovery Basic Books reprint edition 1990 ISBN 0 465 09138 5 Georgina Ferry Max Perutz and the Secret of Life Chatto amp Windus 2007 352pp ISBN 978 0 7011 7695 2 For uncaptioned picture Robert Olby Francis Crick Hunter of Life s Secrets Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press ISBN 978 0 87969 798 3 published on 25 August 2009 Max Perutz What a Time I am Having Selected Letters CSHL Press 2008 506pp ISBN 978 0 87969 864 5 For captioned picture Matt Ridley Francis Crick Discoverer of the Genetic Code Eminent Lives first published in June 2006 in the US and then in the UK September 2006 by HarperCollins Publishers 192 pp ISBN 0 06 082333 X in paperback by Atlas Books with index ISBN 978 0 00 721331 3 Sydney Brenner Collection Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives Lewis Wolpert How We Live and Why We Die Faber and Faber 2009 240 pp ISBN 978 0 571 23912 2External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sydney Brenner Wikiquote has quotations related to Sydney Brenner Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 23 August 2007 video Sydney Brenner on Nobelprize org including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2002 Nature s Gift to Science Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sydney Brenner amp oldid 1147340382, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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