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François Jacob

November 30, 2023

François Jacob (17 June 1920 – 19 April 2013) was a French biologist who, together with Jacques Monod, originated the idea that control of enzyme levels in all cells occurs through regulation of transcription. He shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Jacques Monod and André Lwoff.[2][5][6][1]

François Jacob

ForMemRS
Born(1920-06-17)17 June 1920[2]
Nancy, France
Died19 April 2013(2013-04-19) (aged 92)[2]
Paris, France
Alma materUniversity of Paris
Known forOperon model[3][4]
Spouse(s)Lise Bloch (4 children)
Geneviève Barrier
​
(m. 1999)​
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsMolecular biology

Early years edit

Jacob was born the only child of Simon, a merchant, and Thérèse (Franck) Jacob, in Nancy, France. An inquisitive child, he learned to read at a young age. Albert Franck, Jacob's maternal grandfather, a four-star general, was Jacob's childhood role model. At seven he entered the Lycée Carnot, where he was schooled for the next ten years; in his autobiography, he describes his impression of it: "a cage". He was antagonized by rightist youth at the Lycée Carnot around 1934. He describes his father as a "conformist in religion", while his mother and other family members important in his childhood were secular Jews; shortly after his bar mitzvah, he became an atheist.[7]

Though interested (and talented) in physics and mathematics, Jacob was horrified at the prospect of spending two additional years in "an even more draconian regime" to prepare for higher study at the Polytechnique. Instead, after observing a surgical operation that cemented his "slight interest" in medicine, he entered medical school.[8]

During the German occupation of France—and on the heels of his mother's death—Jacob left France for Great Britain to join the war effort. Jacob, who had only completed his second year of medical studies, joined the medical company of the French 2nd Armored Division in 1940. He was injured in a German air attack in 1944 and returned to now-liberated Paris on 1 August 1944.[9] For his wartime service, he was awarded France's WWII highest decoration for valor, the Cross of Liberation, as well as Légion d'honneur and croix de guerre.

After his recovery, Jacob returned to medical school and began researching tyrothricin[10] and learning the methods of bacteriology in the process. He completed a thesis he described as "replicating American work" on the effectiveness of the antibiotic against local infections, and became a medical doctor in 1947. Though attracted to research as a career, he was discouraged by his own perceived ignorance after attending a microbiology congress that summer. Instead, he took a position at the Cabanel Center, where he had done his thesis research; his new work entailed the manufacture of an antibiotic, tyrothricin. Later, the center was contracted to convert gunpowder factories for penicillin production (though this proved impossible).[11]

Also in this period, he met and began courting his future wife, Lise Bloch.[12] Jacob remarried in 1999 to Geneviève Barrier.[13]

Research edit

In 1961 Jacob and Monod explored the idea that the control of enzyme expression levels in cells is a result of regulation of transcription of DNA sequences. Their experiments and ideas gave impetus to the emerging field of molecular developmental biology, and of transcriptional regulation in particular.

For many years it had been known that bacterial and other cells could respond to external conditions by regulating levels of their key metabolic enzymes, and/or the activity of these enzymes. For instance, if a bacterium finds itself in a broth containing lactose, rather than the simpler sugar glucose, it must adapt itself to the need to 1) import lactose, 2) cleave lactose to its constituents glucose and galactose, and 3) convert the galactose to glucose. It was known that cells ramp up their production of the enzymes that do these steps when exposed to lactose, rather than wastefully producing these enzymes all the time. Studies of enzyme activity control were progressing through theories of the (allosteric) action of small molecules on the enzyme molecule itself (switching it on or off), but the method of controlling the enzyme production was not well understood at the time.

With the earlier determination of the structure and central importance of DNA, it became clear that all proteins were being produced in some way from its genetic code, and that this step might form a key control point. Jacob and Monod made key experimental and theoretical discoveries that demonstrated that in the case of the lactose system outlined above (in the bacterium E. coli), there are specific proteins that are devoted to repressing the transcription of the DNA to its product (RNA, which in turn is decoded into protein).

This repressor (the lac repressor) is made in all cells, binding directly to DNA at the genes it controls, and physically preventing the transcription apparatus from gaining access to the DNA. In the presence of lactose, some of the lactose is converted to allolactose, which binds to the repressor making it no longer able to bind to DNA, and the transcriptional repression is lifted. In this way, a robust feedback loop is constructed that allows the set of lactose-digesting proteins products to be made only when they are needed.

Jacob and Monod extended this repressor model to all genes in all organisms in their initial exuberance. The regulation of gene activity has developed into a very large sub-discipline of molecular biology, and in truth exhibits enormous variety in mechanism and many levels of complexity. Current researchers find regulatory events at every conceivable level of the processes that express genetic information. In the relatively simple genome of baker's yeast, (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), 405 of its 6,419 protein-encoding genes are directly involved in transcriptional control, compared to 1,938 that are enzymes.

Honours and awards edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Morange, Michel (2017). "François Jacob. 17 June 1920 – 19 April 2013". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 63: 345–361. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2016.0021. ISSN 0080-4606.
  2. ^ a b c Morange, Michel (2013). "François Jacob (1920–2013) French freedom fighter who helped to uncover how genes are regulated". Nature. 497 (7450): 440. Bibcode:2013Natur.497..440M. doi:10.1038/497440a. PMID 23698437.
  3. ^ Jacob, F.; Perrin, D.; Sánchez, C.; Monod, J. (February 1960). [Operon: a group of genes with the expression coordinated by an operator] (PDF). Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences [fr] (Facsimile version reprinted in 2005). 250 (6): 1727–1729. ISSN 0001-4036. PMID 14406329. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
  4. ^ Jacob, F. O. (2011). "The Birth of the Operon". Science. 332 (6031): 767. Bibcode:2011Sci...332..767J. doi:10.1126/science.1207943. PMID 21566161.
  5. ^ a b Jacob, F.; Girard, M. (1998). "Andre Michel Lwoff. 8 May 1902–30 September 1994". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 44: 255–263. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1998.0017. ISSN 0080-4606. PMID 11623983.
  6. ^ . The Raw Story. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  7. ^ Jacob, The Statue Within, pp 20–57. Quotes from pp 42 and 53.
  8. ^ Jacob, The Statue Within, pp 84–88. Quote from p 86
  9. ^ Jacob, The Statue Within, pp 98–165
  10. ^ Jacob, "The Statue Within", pp 194–95
  11. ^ Jacob, The Statue Within, pp 166–199
  12. ^ Jacob, The Statue Within, pp 199–206
  13. ^ Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1963–1970. World Scientific Pub Co Inc. 1999. ISBN 978-9810234126.
  14. ^ "Francois Jacob". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  15. ^ "Francois Jacob". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  16. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 13 September 2022.

Bibliography edit

  • Jacob, François; E. L. Wollman. Sexuality and the Genetics of Bacteria. Academic Press, 1961 OCLC 251900319
  • Jacob, François. The Possible & The Actual. Pantheon Books, 1982 ISBN 9780295958880
  • Jacob, François. The Statue Within: An Autobiography by, translated from the 1987 French edition by Franklin Philip. Basic Books, 1988. ISBN 978-0-465-08223-0; new edition: 9780879694760
  • Jacob, François. The Logic of Life. translated from the 1976 French edition by Princeton University Press, 1993 ISBN 0394472462
  • Jacob, François. Of Flies, Mice and Men, translated from the French edition and published by Harvard University Press, 1998 ISBN 9780674631113
  • Jacob, F.; Perrin, D.; Sánchez, C.; Monod, J.; Edelstein, S. (2005). "The operon: A group of genes with expression coordinated by an operator. C.R.Acad. Sci. Paris 250 (1960) 1727–1729". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 328 (6): 514–520. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.04.005. PMID 15999435.
  • Ullmann, A.; Jacob, F.; Monod, J. (1968). "On the subunit structure of wild-type versus complemented beta-galactosidase of Escherichia coli". Journal of Molecular Biology. 32 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(68)90140-X. PMID 4868117.
  • Ullmann, A.; Jacob, F.; Monod, J. (1967). "Characterization by in vitro complementation of a peptide corresponding to an operator-proximal segment of the beta-galactosidase structural gene of Escherichia coli". Journal of Molecular Biology. 24 (2): 339–343. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(67)90341-5. PMID 5339877.
  • Ullmann, A.; Perrin, D.; Jacob, F.; Monod, J. (1965). "Identification, by in vitro complementation and purification, of a peptide fraction of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase". Journal of Molecular Biology. 12 (3): 918–923. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(65)80338-2. PMID 4285628.
  • Willson, C.; Perrin, D.; Cohn, M.; Jacob, F.; Monod, J. (1964). "Non-Inducible Mutants of the Regulator Gene in the "lactose" System of Escherichia Coli". Journal of Molecular Biology. 8 (4): 582–592. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(64)80013-9. PMID 14153528.
  • Jacob, F.; Ullman, A.; Monod, J. (1964). "The Promotor, A Genetic Element Necessary to the Expression of an Operon". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. 258: 3125–3128. PMID 14143651.
  • Jacob, F.; Monod, J. (1964). "Biochemical and Genetic Mechanisms of Regulation in the Bacterial Cell". Bulletin de la Société de Chimie Biologique. 46: 1499–1532. PMID 14270538.
  • Monod, J.; Changeux, J.; Jacob, F. (1963). "Allosteric proteins and cellular control systems". Journal of Molecular Biology. 6 (4): 306–329. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(63)80091-1. PMID 13936070.
  • Jacob, F.; Sussman, R.; Monod, J. (1962). "On the nature of the repressor ensuring the immunity of lysogenic bacteria". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. 254: 4214–4216. PMID 14036499.
  • Jacob, F.; Monod, J. (1961). "Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins". Journal of Molecular Biology. 3 (3): 318–356. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(61)80072-7. PMID 13718526. S2CID 19804795.
  • Monod, J.; Jacob, F. (1961). "Teleonomic mechanisms in cellular metabolism, growth, and differentiation". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 26: 389–401. doi:10.1101/sqb.1961.026.01.048. PMID 14475415.
  • Perrin, D.; Jacob, F.; Monod, J. (1960). "Induced biosynthesis of a genetically modified protein not presenting affinity for the inductor". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. 251: 155–157. PMID 13734531.
  • Buttin, G.; Jacob, F.; Monod, J. (1960). "Constituent synthesis of galactokinase following the development of lambda bacteriophages in Escherichia coli K 12". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. 250: 2471–2473. PMID 13806544.
  • Jacob, F.; Perrin, D.; Sánchez, C.; Monod, J. (February 1960). [Operon: a group of genes with the expression coordinated by an operator] (PDF). Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (Facsimile version reprinted in 2005). 250 (6): 1727–1729. ISSN 0001-4036. PMID 14406329. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
  • Jacob, F.; Monod, J. (1959). "Genes of structure and genes of regulation in the biosynthesis of proteins". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. 249: 1282–1284. PMID 14406327.
  • Pardee, A.; Jacob, F.; Monod, J. (1958). "The role of the inducible alleles and the constitutive alleles in the synthesis of beta-galactosidase in zygotes of Escherichia coli". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. 246 (21): 3125–3128. PMID 13547552.
  • Jacob, F.; Torriani, A.; Monod, J. (1951). "Effect of ultraviolet rays on the biosynthesis of galactosidase and on the multiplication of T2 bacteriophage in Escherichia coli". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. 233 (20): 1230–1232. PMID 14905606.

External links edit

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to François Jacob.
  • François Jacob on Nobelprize.org  
  • François Jacob tells his life story at Web of Stories (video)
  • L'Académie française (in French)

November 30, 2023
françois, jacob, june, 1920, april, 2013, french, biologist, together, with, jacques, monod, originated, idea, that, control, enzyme, levels, cells, occurs, through, regulation, transcription, shared, 1965, nobel, prize, medicine, with, jacques, monod, andré, . Francois Jacob 17 June 1920 19 April 2013 was a French biologist who together with Jacques Monod originated the idea that control of enzyme levels in all cells occurs through regulation of transcription He shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Jacques Monod and Andre Lwoff 2 5 6 1 Francois JacobForMemRSBorn 1920 06 17 17 June 1920 2 Nancy FranceDied19 April 2013 2013 04 19 aged 92 2 Paris FranceAlma materUniversity of ParisKnown forOperon model 3 4 Spouse s Lise Bloch 4 children Genevieve Barrier m 1999 wbr AwardsMendel Medal 1962 Grand Prix Charles Leopold Mayer 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965 ForMemRS 1973 1 Sir Hans Krebs Medal 1982 Scientific careerFieldsMolecular biology Contents 1 Early years 2 Research 3 Honours and awards 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksEarly years editJacob was born the only child of Simon a merchant and Therese Franck Jacob in Nancy France An inquisitive child he learned to read at a young age Albert Franck Jacob s maternal grandfather a four star general was Jacob s childhood role model At seven he entered the Lycee Carnot where he was schooled for the next ten years in his autobiography he describes his impression of it a cage He was antagonized by rightist youth at the Lycee Carnot around 1934 He describes his father as a conformist in religion while his mother and other family members important in his childhood were secular Jews shortly after his bar mitzvah he became an atheist 7 Though interested and talented in physics and mathematics Jacob was horrified at the prospect of spending two additional years in an even more draconian regime to prepare for higher study at the Polytechnique Instead after observing a surgical operation that cemented his slight interest in medicine he entered medical school 8 During the German occupation of France and on the heels of his mother s death Jacob left France for Great Britain to join the war effort Jacob who had only completed his second year of medical studies joined the medical company of the French 2nd Armored Division in 1940 He was injured in a German air attack in 1944 and returned to now liberated Paris on 1 August 1944 9 For his wartime service he was awarded France s WWII highest decoration for valor the Cross of Liberation as well as Legion d honneur and croix de guerre After his recovery Jacob returned to medical school and began researching tyrothricin 10 and learning the methods of bacteriology in the process He completed a thesis he described as replicating American work on the effectiveness of the antibiotic against local infections and became a medical doctor in 1947 Though attracted to research as a career he was discouraged by his own perceived ignorance after attending a microbiology congress that summer Instead he took a position at the Cabanel Center where he had done his thesis research his new work entailed the manufacture of an antibiotic tyrothricin Later the center was contracted to convert gunpowder factories for penicillin production though this proved impossible 11 Also in this period he met and began courting his future wife Lise Bloch 12 Jacob remarried in 1999 to Genevieve Barrier 13 Research editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message In 1961 Jacob and Monod explored the idea that the control of enzyme expression levels in cells is a result of regulation of transcription of DNA sequences Their experiments and ideas gave impetus to the emerging field of molecular developmental biology and of transcriptional regulation in particular For many years it had been known that bacterial and other cells could respond to external conditions by regulating levels of their key metabolic enzymes and or the activity of these enzymes For instance if a bacterium finds itself in a broth containing lactose rather than the simpler sugar glucose it must adapt itself to the need to 1 import lactose 2 cleave lactose to its constituents glucose and galactose and 3 convert the galactose to glucose It was known that cells ramp up their production of the enzymes that do these steps when exposed to lactose rather than wastefully producing these enzymes all the time Studies of enzyme activity control were progressing through theories of the allosteric action of small molecules on the enzyme molecule itself switching it on or off but the method of controlling the enzyme production was not well understood at the time With the earlier determination of the structure and central importance of DNA it became clear that all proteins were being produced in some way from its genetic code and that this step might form a key control point Jacob and Monod made key experimental and theoretical discoveries that demonstrated that in the case of the lactose system outlined above in the bacterium E coli there are specific proteins that are devoted to repressing the transcription of the DNA to its product RNA which in turn is decoded into protein This repressor the lac repressor is made in all cells binding directly to DNA at the genes it controls and physically preventing the transcription apparatus from gaining access to the DNA In the presence of lactose some of the lactose is converted to allolactose which binds to the repressor making it no longer able to bind to DNA and the transcriptional repression is lifted In this way a robust feedback loop is constructed that allows the set of lactose digesting proteins products to be made only when they are needed Jacob and Monod extended this repressor model to all genes in all organisms in their initial exuberance The regulation of gene activity has developed into a very large sub discipline of molecular biology and in truth exhibits enormous variety in mechanism and many levels of complexity Current researchers find regulatory events at every conceivable level of the processes that express genetic information In the relatively simple genome of baker s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 405 of its 6 419 protein encoding genes are directly involved in transcriptional control compared to 1 938 that are enzymes Honours and awards edit1962 Grand Prix Charles Leopold Mayer by the Academie des Sciences 1964 elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 14 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Andre Lwoff 5 and Jacques Monod 1969 elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences 15 1969 elected to the American Philosophical Society 16 1973 Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ForMemRS 1 1996 Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science 1996 Academie francaise Seat 38See also editList of Jewish Nobel laureatesReferences edit a b c Morange Michel 2017 Francois Jacob 17 June 1920 19 April 2013 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 63 345 361 doi 10 1098 rsbm 2016 0021 ISSN 0080 4606 a b c Morange Michel 2013 Francois Jacob 1920 2013 French freedom fighter who helped to uncover how genes are regulated Nature 497 7450 440 Bibcode 2013Natur 497 440M doi 10 1038 497440a PMID 23698437 Jacob F Perrin D Sanchez C Monod J February 1960 L operon groupe de genes a expression coordonnee par un operateur Operon a group of genes with the expression coordinated by an operator PDF Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l Academie des sciences fr Facsimile version reprinted in 2005 250 6 1727 1729 ISSN 0001 4036 PMID 14406329 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 27 August 2015 Jacob F O 2011 The Birth of the Operon Science 332 6031 767 Bibcode 2011Sci 332 767J doi 10 1126 science 1207943 PMID 21566161 a b Jacob F Girard M 1998 Andre Michel Lwoff 8 May 1902 30 September 1994 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 44 255 263 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1998 0017 ISSN 0080 4606 PMID 11623983 Nobel winning biologist Francois Jacob dies at 92 The Raw Story Archived from the original on 9 September 2014 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Jacob The Statue Within pp 20 57 Quotes from pp 42 and 53 Jacob The Statue Within pp 84 88 Quote from p 86 Jacob The Statue Within pp 98 165 Jacob The Statue Within pp 194 95 Jacob The Statue Within pp 166 199 Jacob The Statue Within pp 199 206 Nobel Lectures Physiology or Medicine 1963 1970 World Scientific Pub Co Inc 1999 ISBN 978 9810234126 Francois Jacob American Academy of Arts amp Sciences Retrieved 13 September 2022 Francois Jacob www nasonline org Retrieved 13 September 2022 APS Member History search amphilsoc org Retrieved 13 September 2022 Bibliography editJacob Francois E L Wollman Sexuality and the Genetics of Bacteria Academic Press 1961 OCLC 251900319 Jacob Francois The Possible amp The Actual Pantheon Books 1982 ISBN 9780295958880 Jacob Francois The Statue Within An Autobiography by translated from the 1987 French edition by Franklin Philip Basic Books 1988 ISBN 978 0 465 08223 0 new edition 9780879694760 Jacob Francois The Logic of Life translated from the 1976 French edition by Princeton University Press 1993 ISBN 0394472462 Jacob Francois Of Flies Mice and Men translated from the French edition and published by Harvard University Press 1998 ISBN 9780674631113 Jacob F Perrin D Sanchez C Monod J Edelstein S 2005 The operon A group of genes with expression coordinated by an operator C R Acad Sci Paris 250 1960 1727 1729 Comptes Rendus Biologies 328 6 514 520 doi 10 1016 j crvi 2005 04 005 PMID 15999435 Ullmann A Jacob F Monod J 1968 On the subunit structure of wild type versus complemented beta galactosidase of Escherichia coli Journal of Molecular Biology 32 1 1 13 doi 10 1016 0022 2836 68 90140 X PMID 4868117 Ullmann A Jacob F Monod J 1967 Characterization by in vitro complementation of a peptide corresponding to an operator proximal segment of the beta galactosidase structural gene of Escherichia coli Journal of Molecular Biology 24 2 339 343 doi 10 1016 0022 2836 67 90341 5 PMID 5339877 Ullmann A Perrin D Jacob F Monod J 1965 Identification by in vitro complementation and purification of a peptide fraction of Escherichia coli beta galactosidase Journal of Molecular Biology 12 3 918 923 doi 10 1016 S0022 2836 65 80338 2 PMID 4285628 Willson C Perrin D Cohn M Jacob F Monod J 1964 Non Inducible Mutants of the Regulator Gene in the lactose System of Escherichia Coli Journal of Molecular Biology 8 4 582 592 doi 10 1016 S0022 2836 64 80013 9 PMID 14153528 Jacob F Ullman A Monod J 1964 The Promotor A Genetic Element Necessary to the Expression of an Operon Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l Academie des Sciences 258 3125 3128 PMID 14143651 Jacob F Monod J 1964 Biochemical and Genetic Mechanisms of Regulation in the Bacterial Cell Bulletin de la Societe de Chimie Biologique 46 1499 1532 PMID 14270538 Monod J Changeux J Jacob F 1963 Allosteric proteins and cellular control systems Journal of Molecular Biology 6 4 306 329 doi 10 1016 S0022 2836 63 80091 1 PMID 13936070 Jacob F Sussman R Monod J 1962 On the nature of the repressor ensuring the immunity of lysogenic bacteria Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l Academie des Sciences 254 4214 4216 PMID 14036499 Jacob F Monod J 1961 Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins Journal of Molecular Biology 3 3 318 356 doi 10 1016 S0022 2836 61 80072 7 PMID 13718526 S2CID 19804795 Monod J Jacob F 1961 Teleonomic mechanisms in cellular metabolism growth and differentiation Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 26 389 401 doi 10 1101 sqb 1961 026 01 048 PMID 14475415 Perrin D Jacob F Monod J 1960 Induced biosynthesis of a genetically modified protein not presenting affinity for the inductor Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l Academie des Sciences 251 155 157 PMID 13734531 Buttin G Jacob F Monod J 1960 Constituent synthesis of galactokinase following the development of lambda bacteriophages in Escherichia coli K 12 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l Academie des Sciences 250 2471 2473 PMID 13806544 Jacob F Perrin D Sanchez C Monod J February 1960 L operon groupe de genes a expression coordonnee par un operateur Operon a group of genes with the expression coordinated by an operator PDF Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l Academie des Sciences Facsimile version reprinted in 2005 250 6 1727 1729 ISSN 0001 4036 PMID 14406329 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 27 August 2015 Jacob F Monod J 1959 Genes of structure and genes of regulation in the biosynthesis of proteins Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l Academie des Sciences 249 1282 1284 PMID 14406327 Pardee A Jacob F Monod J 1958 The role of the inducible alleles and the constitutive alleles in the synthesis of beta galactosidase in zygotes of Escherichia coli Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l Academie des Sciences 246 21 3125 3128 PMID 13547552 Jacob F Torriani A Monod J 1951 Effect of ultraviolet rays on the biosynthesis of galactosidase and on the multiplication of T2 bacteriophage in Escherichia coli Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l Academie des Sciences 233 20 1230 1232 PMID 14905606 External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Francois Jacob Francois Jacob on Nobelprize org nbsp Francois Jacob tells his life story at Web of Stories video L Academie francaise in French Discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Francois Jacob amp oldid 1181378398, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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