Slovene declension

This page describes the declension of nouns, adjectives and pronouns in Slovene. For information on Slovene grammar in general, see Slovene grammar.

This article follows the tonal orthography. For the conversion into pitch orthography, see Slovene national phonetic transcription.

Grammatical categories edit

Nouns are declined for six cases and three numbers. Adjectives and most pronouns additionally decline for three genders.

Cases edit

There are six cases (the Slovene names are given in brackets):

Nominative (imenovalnik or nominativ)
Genitive (rodilnik or genitiv)
Dative (dajalnik or dativ)
Accusative (tožilnik or akuzativ)
Locative (mestnik or lokativ)
Instrumental (orodnik or instrumental)

Traditionally, the cases are given in the order above. They are also usually numbered accordingly: the nominative case is the first case, the genitive the second, and so on.

The nouns are usually listed and sorted by their nominative singular form, but declension is defined by the genitive singular form. For this reason, genitive singular form is commonly written with the nominative. Where it is not otherwise noted, the second form is in genitive singular form.

Vocative edit

Vocative (zvalnik or vokativ) was used with the original endings in Slovene up to the 18th century by, for example Janez Svetokriški, but has now received the endings of the nominative case. Some words, however, kept the vocative form, such as oče (instead of the nominative *otь̀cь) 'father'. Colloquially, vocative endings are still present, but the current use is taken from Serbo-Croatian.

While having the same endings, it is still tonemically different from the nominative case, always having circumflex accent, but because of its similarity with nominative, it is often omitted from declension tables or is considered a special case of nominative, called 'addressive nominative' (ogovorni imenovalnik) in Slovene literature.

Numbers edit

Slovene has three numbers:

Singular (ednina), which refers to one object.
Dual (dvojina), which refers to a pair of objects.
Plural (množina), which refers to more than two objects.

There is, however, an exception to that rule. Plural is used instead of dual for nouns that represent things that usually come in pairs (such as body parts, socks, twins, and parents), except if one wants to stress that the noun relates to both parts and after words that signify a pair (such as oba 'both', etc. ):

Starše sem vprašal, če lahko grem ven. (I asked parents if I can go out.) – plural is used.
Na vpisnico se morata podpisati oba starša. (Both parents have to sign the application.) – dual is used.

Genders edit

A noun in Slovene can have one of the following three genders:

Masculine (moški, abbreviated m. sp.); divided further into animate (accusative singular equals genitive) and inanimate (accusative singular equals nominative) in the first and fourth masculine declension, and in first adjective declension.
Feminine (ženski, abbreviated ž. sp.)
Neuter (srednji, abbreviated sr. sp.); which is in some dialects masculinized or feminized.

Native speakers usually identify a gender by placing a demonstrative pronoun tisti 'that' in front of it. Since some nouns can only have a singular form and some only a plural form (extremely rarely also only dual, such as ribi 'pisces'), both singular and plural endings must be remembered. Note that the feminine singular and neuter plural endings are the same so the number must be determined first.

Non-native speakers in most cases determine try to determine gender from the ending of a noun in nominative singular.

Masculine nouns typically end in a consonant, although a few end in a vowel, mostly in -a, -o and -i (some names, letters, nominalized adjectives etc.).
Feminine nouns usually end in -a; these are the "a-stem" nouns. A number of feminine nouns end in a consonant; these are mostly "i-stem" and "v-stem" nouns.
The vast majority of neuter nouns end in -o or -e, but second and third neuter declension end with a variety of sounds since they have a null ending in nominative case.

Declensions edit

Declensions are divided differently in international and Slovene literature. In Slovene literature, the declensions are defined by the ending in genitive singular, but in international literature, the nouns are often divided by the stem (the same way as in Proto-Slavic), which are more numerous. Thus, they can be considered as a subdivision of the declension. The stem declensions that are a subdivision of the main declension are a result of a stem lengthening alteration (premena), or is a subpattern (podvzorec).

There are four different noun declension for every gender in Slovene and two for the adjectives. Besides the name, the identifying ending (ending in genitive singular) is written:

Masculine:

First masculine declension; ending -a, -u, or -e (word dȃn)
- Masculine o-/e-stem declension
- Masculine t-stem declension
- Masculine n-stem declension
- Masculine j-stem declension
Second masculine declension (masculine a-stem declension); ending -e (except dȃn)
Third masculine declension (masculine declension without endings); ending -ø
Fourth masculine declension (masculine i-/e-stem declension); ending -ega

Feminine:

First feminine declension; ending -e, genitive plural ending is not -ih
- Feminine a-stem declension
- Feminine r-stem declension
- Feminine v-stem declension
- Feminine n-stem declension
Second feminine declension (feminine i-stem declension); ending -i
Third feminine declension (feminine declensions without endings); ending -ø
Fourth feminine declension (feminine i-/e-stem declension); ending -e, genitive plural ending -ih

Neuter:

First neuter declension; ending -a
- Neuter o-/e-stem declension
- Neuter n-stem declension
- Neuter s-stem declension
- Neuter t-stem declension
Second neuter declension (neuter a-stem declension); ending -e
Third neuter declension (neuter declension without endings); ending -ø
Fourth neuter declension (neuter i-/e-stem declension); ending -ega

Adjective:

First adjective declension (adjective declension with endings); ending -ega
Second adjective declension (adjective declension without endings); ending -ø

Accentual types edit

There are four different accentual types:

Fixed (nepremični), where the stress is always on the same stem syllable.
Mobile (premični), where the stress is on different stem syllables.
Ending (končniški), where the stress is always on the ending.
Mixed (mešani), where the stress is sometimes on the stem and sometimes on the ending.

In first masculine, second feminine and first adjectival declension, accentual types affect the endings in some cases.

Some words can also change accent from fixed to mixed in one number or in only one case. These nouns follow accent changes of the fixed type, except where they change to mixed type (they follow mixed accentuation). Some nouns can also change the accentuation after certain prepositions. These forms are always circumflex (for example, primẹ̑r, accusative singular primẹ̑r, but after na, it changes into na prȋmer).

Degrees of comparison edit

There is a three-stage and two-stage comparison in Slovene.

The three-stage comparison has the following degrees:

Positive (osnovnik or pozitiv)
Comparative (primernik or komparativ)
Superlative (presežnik or superlativ)

The two-stage declension has the following degrees:

Positive (osnovnik or pozitiv)
Elative (pridvignjena stopnja or elativ)

Animacy edit

Masculine nouns and adjectives are divided between animate and inanimate nouns.

Animate nouns are nouns that represent a living or mythological being (Francọ̑z 'French', rȁk 'crab', dȗh 'ghost') and words that originally had that meaning, but have a different one now (vipȃvec (a type of wine), francọ̑z 'monkey wrench', Oriọ̑n 'Orion'). In this category are also card names and suits, and some names of cars and mushrooms, such as as 'ace', pȋk 'club', gọ̑lf (Golf, a Volkswagen car), and gobȃn 'bolete'. The word duh is animate when it means 'ghost' or 'mentality'. Some diminutives are animate, even if they represent an inanimate object (for example, stolček 'little chair' ). Names of space objects that are named after gods are either animate or inanimate (e. g. Merkur 'Mercury')

This distinction is also applied to all words that modify the noun, such as adjectives, determiners and the like. Thus, adjectives in the masculine accusative singular will have either the form of the nominative (no ending or -i), or the form of the genitive (-ega).

Nouns, nominal pronouns, nominalized adjectives edit

The declensions for nouns, nominal pronouns, and nominalized adjectives can be split by gender, as gender and declension pattern coincide. The dual and plural are not distinguished in the genitive and locative cases of nouns; the plural form is used for the dual as well. For neuter nouns, the nominative and accusative forms are always the same, in all numbers.

Nominal and nominalized pronouns also follow this inflection patterns, however most of them are irregular. For irregularities among pronouns, see the pronouns section.

First Masculine declension edit

First masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -a (korȃk korȃka), -u (mọ̑st mostȗ), and the noun dan (dȃn dnẹ̑). The vast majority of masculine nouns are declined following this inflection pattern. It is so common that masculine nouns following the second (and some following the third and the fourth) can be declined following the pattern of the first.

Masculine nouns are further divided between animate and inanimate nouns. This difference is only significant for the accusative singular.

For inanimate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the nominative singular. For example, stȍl 'chair', genitive singular stóla, accusative singular stȍl.
For animate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the genitive singular. For example, fȁnt 'boy', genitive singular fánta, accusative singular fánta.

Masculine o-/e-stem declension edit

The standard declension of first masculine declension is the o-stem declension. O-stem nouns are divided between "hard" and "soft" stems, see the main Slovene grammar article for the meaning of these terms.

First masculine declension endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Hard declension			Soft declension
Nominative	-	-a	-i	-	-a	-i
Genitive	-a	-ov	-ov	-a	-ev	-ev
Dative	-u / -i (styl.)	-oma	-om	-u / -i (styl.)	-ema	-em
Accusative	nom or gen	-a	-e	nom or gen	-a	-e
Locative	-u / -i (styl.)	-ih	-ih	-u / -i (styl.)	-ih	-ih
Instrumental	-om	-oma	-i	-em	-ema	-i
Vocative	-	-a	-i	-	-a	-i
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

Masculine t-stem declension edit

Proper names ending in -e normally follow this declension like the noun otročȅ 'kid', adding the infix -t- before the endings. For example, Zvọ̑ne Zvọ̑neta (a male name). This declension also follow some other nouns ending in -e if it represents hypocoristicity (fantȅ fantẹ́ta 'boy, immature man'). The noun oče 'father' also follows this declension.

Some historic Greek names, such as Ksenofọ̑n 'Xenophon' and Ȃjas 'Ajax the Great', also follow this inflection pattern, however, it is also common to already have a t-stem in nominative singular (Ksenofọ̑n/Ksenofọ̑nt Ksenofọ̑nta, Ȃjas/Ajant Ajanta).

In speech or in writing of lower register, nouns that have the ending -o in nominative singular, such as Márko (a male name) and sȋnko 'little son' also follow this inflection pattern (Márko Márkota, sȋnko sȋnkota). In dialectal speeches this also happens to proper nouns ending in -a, such as Míha and Lúka, and the a is in some dialects changed to e (Míha Míhata/Míheta, Lúka Lúkata/Lúketa), although in some dialects these words can be lengthened with another consonant, for example, with n in Carinthian dialects (Márko Márkona, Lúka Lukana).

Masculine n-stem declension edit

A few nouns ending in -elj have a stem ending in -eljn- rather than dropping the fill vowel. For example, nágelj nágeljna 'carnation' and Fráncelj Fránceljna (a male name). These nouns can be also declined normally (nágelj náglja, Fráncelj Fránclja), however, that is less common.

Some Latin names ending in -o can also follow this inflection pattern, such as Kȃto Katọ̑na 'Cato', but the n can be already added in nominative singular (Kȃton Katọ̑na).

Masculine j-stem declension edit

Nouns, of which the pronunciation of the stem ends in /ɾ/ or a vowel (not to be confused with a noun having a vowel ending in nominative singular), the stem, when followed by an ending, has an added -j- at the end, such as tȃksi tȃksija 'taxi' and redár redárja 'security guard at a public event'.

There are exceptions, though. Monosyllabic words follow the o-stem declension (mȋr mirȗ 'peace'), except cār cārja 'tsar', and similarly also stȃr (old way of measuring cereal), júr 'bolete, 1000 units of currency' and fȃr 'priest'. Nouns derived from verbs, such as gȏvor 'speech', vȋr 'source' and prodȍr 'penetration' also follow o-stem declension. The same is true for nouns that have a fill vowel, followed by /ɾ/, such as vẹ̑ter vẹ̑tra 'wind' and blȃgor blȃgra 'well-being'. Compound nouns that have a non-j-stem noun (such as dvogȏvor dvogȏvora 'dialogue' and pȍdodbȍr pȍdodbóra 'subcommittee') are also excluded, except names that end in -mir, such as Vlȃdimir (a male name) and Čȓtomir, which can be declined either way (Vlȃdimir Vlȃdimira/Vlȃdimirja, Čȓtomir Čȓtomira/Čȓtomirja). Some nouns that end in r and silent e can also be declined either way (Tesnière Slovene pronunciation: [tɛnˈjɛ́ːɾ] 'Tesnière' Tesnièra Slovene pronunciation: [tɛnˈjɛ́ːra]/Tesnièrja [tɛnˈjɛ́ːrja], Shakespeare Slovene pronunciation: [ˈʃéːkspiɾ] Shakespeara Slovene pronunciation: [ˈʃéːkspira]/Shakespearja [ˈʃéːkspirja]) 'Shakespeare. Some nouns, such as Madžȃr 'Hungar', sẹ́ver 'north', and Alžir 'Algiers' also follow the o-stem declension. Note that in loanwords, the vowel can be written differently than expected, such as Disney [ˈdíːzni] Disneyja [ˈdíːznija]'Disney' (but Broadway Slovene pronunciation: [ˈbróːdvɛj] Broadwaya [ˈbróːdveja] 'Broadway'). Note that Latin and Greek words can have an ending that ends with a consonant in nominative singular, but they are still j-stem nouns (Ovidius Ovidija 'Ovid').

Nouns ending in non-silent r or vowel, followed by a silent consonant also follow this declension, but the /j/ is only pronounced and not written: (Dumas [diˈmáː] Dumasa [diˈmáːja]) 'Dumas'.

Alternations and other exceptions of the first masculine declension edit

First masculine declension has many alternations:

A relatively small number of masculine nouns have a nominative (and accusative, if inanimate) singular an ending -a (slúga (mostly the nouns that can also follow second masculine declination) 'servant'), -e (finȃle 'final'), -o (Márko (a male name), or -u (Enẹ̑scu 'Enescu'). Sometimes, but not always, the suffixes in Latin loanwords -as, -es, -is, -os, -us, and -um are considered an ending. Examples of this include Leonȋdas Leonȋda 'Leonidas', Ȃvgijas Ȃvgija 'Augeas', Aristọ̄teles Aristọ̄tela 'Aristotle', Juvenȃlis Juvenȃla 'Juvenal', Arhȋlos Arhȋloha 'Archilochus', Tȃcitus Tȃcita 'Tacitus, and Tarẹ̑ntum Tarẹ̑nta 'Taranto'. These suffixes can be omitted (Leonȋd, Aristọ̄tel, Juvenȃl etc.), but if we do so, the stems that end with a vowel must be lengthened with a j, even in nominative case (Ȃvgij 'Augeas', Menelȃj 'Menelaus', Lívij 'Livius', etc.). The lengthening of the stem is also present in other cases if one does not decide to omit the suffix. Other times, the suffix is considered as a part of the stem, such as Rọ̑dos Rọ̑dosa 'Rhodes', and some can be declined both ways, such as ọ̑bolos ọ̑bola/ọ̑bolosa 'Obol' and alpinẹ̑tum alpinẹ̑ta/alpinẹ̑tuma 'Alpine botanical garden'. Modern Greek names are considered not to have an ending in nominative (Makȃrios Makariosa 'Macarios').
The surname Nepos can have alternatively a stem Nepot- in other cases (Nẹ̑pos Nẹ̑pota).
some monosyllabic nouns have an -u ending in genitive singular (mọ̑st mostȗ 'bridge', rọ̑d rodȗ 'lineage').
Many nouns have the stem shortened in cases where the ending is not a null ending (as it is nominative singular), mainly because they have a fill vowel, which is there to ease the pronunciation. The change can be evident in writing, pronunciation, or both:
- In writing, -e at the end of the stem is omitted in some loanwords Wilde Slovene pronunciation: [ˈʋáːjlt] Wilda Slovene pronunciation: [ˈʋáːjlda] 'Wilde' and Laforgue Slovene pronunciation: [laˈfóːrg] Lafforgua [laˈfóːrga] 'Laforgue', but not in cases where that would affect the pronunciation of preceding letters, such as in Wallace [ˈwáːləs]/[ˈváːlis] Wallacea [ʋálisa] 'Wallace' and George [ˈdʒóːɾdʒ] Georgea [ˈdʒóːɾdʒa] 'George', except if it is preventing the nasalisation of the consonant + m/n that precede it, such as Lamartine [lamaɾˈtíːn] Lamartina [lamaɾˈtíːna] 'Lamartine'. If e is followed by other letters, it is kept in all cases, whether it is pronounced or not (Holmes [xóːlms] Holmesa [xóːlmsa] 'Holmes' and Jacques [ʒáːk] Jacquesa [ʒáːka] 'Jacques').
- In pronunciation, when the sound is not written with an e or o, such as in žánr žánra and fílm fílma.
- In both vhen the sound is written by its own letter, usually with an e, but also with a or o, such as pósəł pósla 'business' and sejəm sejma 'fair'. In loanwords from other Slavic languages, fill vowels are preserved if the removal would break other grammatical rules. Examples include Muromec Muromca 'Muromets', Dudok Dudka 'Dudok', Čapek Čapka 'Čapek', Kragujevac Kragujevca 'Kragujevac', and Zadar Zadra 'Zadar', but not Lev 'Leo', because Lev Lva would violate other grammatical rules, so it is declined as Lev Leva. The omission of the sound is also present in some non-Slavic loanwords, such as München [ˈmýːnxən]/[ˈmíːŋxən] Münchna [ˈmíːŋxna] 'Munich', ráster rástra 'raster', but sometimes the sound is preserved in all cases, where it is transformen into /e/ or /o/, such as Ȃndersen Ȃndersena 'Andersen' and Olafsson [ˈóːlafsɔn] Olafssona [ˈóːlafsɔna] 'Ólafsson'.
In the 19th century the ending -i was often used in the dative/locative singular instead of -u. For example, nominative óče 'father', dative/locative očẹ́ti. Nowadays this ending is considered archaic or dialectal.
Nouns ending in -io (such as radio [ˈɾáːdijɔ]/[ˈɾàːdijɔ] 'radio') usually follow the soft inflection pattern radio instrumental singular radiem.
Names ending in a vowel and consonant that is not pronounced are j-stem nouns, and can be written following hard or soft declension, but always pronounced as in soft declension. The added -j- is not written, only pronounced (Marat [maˈɾáː] instrumental singular Maratem/Maratom [maˈɾáːjɛm] 'Marat'). Same happens to those ending in r and a silent consonant (Macquart [makˈáːɾ] instrumental singular Macquartem/Macquartom [makˈáːɾjɛm] 'Macquart').
Some nouns have the stem lengthened with -ov- in dual and plural, except in genitive case (for example wikt-grȃd nominative dual gradȏva 'castle', grȍb nominative dual grobȏva "grave"). These are usually monosyllabic nouns.
Some nouns have the ending -je in the nominative plural instead of -i. This is a remnant of the Common Slavic masculine i-stem inflection, which was mostly lost in Slovene except for this ending. For example: študȅnt 'student', nominative plural študéntje, gospọ̑d 'sir, lord', nominative plural gospọ̑dje, kmȅt 'farmer', nominative plural kmẹ́tje, etc. Usually, the regular form is also allowed, but rarely preferred.
Some nouns (mostly those that have an ending -u in genitive singular) have a null ending in genitive dual/plural (lȃs, genitive plural lás 'hair', zọ̑b genitive plural zọ́b 'tooth'). Some can be declined either way (vọ̑z, genitive plural vozóv/vọ̑z).
About special stressed endings in plural, see mixed accent nouns.
Few nouns show the effects of the Slavic second palatalisation in some of the plural forms:
- otrȍk: nominative plural otróci, locative dual/plural otrọ̄cih 'child'.
- vȏlk: nominative plural volcjẹ̑ 'wolf'. But this form is rare, the usual nominative plural is volkȏvi.
Many forms of the noun dȃn 'day' have two stems, a shorter one with only the consonants dn-, and a longer one dnẹ̑v-. The longer stem declines as a regular o-stem, while the shorter one has a unique set of endings not shared with any other noun. The formal, most appropriate declension, is a mix of both (the forms in brackets are colloquial):

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	dȃn	dnẹ̑va, dnȋ	dnẹ̑vi
Genitive	dnẹ̑va, dnẹ̑	(dnẹ̑vov), dní	(dnẹ̑vov), dní
Dative	dnẹ̑vu, dnẹ̑vu (styl.)	(dnẹ̑voma), dnẹ̑ma	(dnẹ̑vom), dnẹ̑m
Accusative	dȃn	dnẹ̑va, dnȋ	dnẹ̑ve, dnȋ
Locative	dnẹ̑vu, dnẹ̑vu (styl.)	(dnẹ̑vih), dnẹ́h	(dnẹ̑vih), dnẹ́h
Instrumental	dnẹ̑vom, dnẹ̑m	(dnẹ̑voma), dnẹ̑ma	dnẹ̑vi, (dnẹ̑mi)
Vocative	dȃn	dnẹ̑va, dnȋ	dnẹ̑vi
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

The masculine noun člóvek 'human, person' is suppletive. In the plural, the stem ljud- is used, which follows the mobile-accent o-stem declension:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	člóvek	človẹ́ka	ljudjẹ̑
Genitive	človẹ́ka	ljudí	ljudí
Dative	človẹ́ku / človẹ́ki (styl.)	človẹ́koma	ljudẹ̑m
Accusative	človẹ́ka	človẹ́ka	ljudȋ
Locative	človẹ́ku / človẹ́ki (styl.)	ljudẹ́h	ljudẹ́h
Instrumental	človẹ́kom	človẹ́koma	ljudmí
Vocative	člȏvek	človẹ̑ka	ljudjẹ̑

Fixed accent nouns edit

Circumflex nouns have circumflex accent in all cases, however, the acute accent changes considerably.

Nouns that have circumflex accent in nominative and genitive singular have long circumflex accent in all cases, except the nouns where the stressed vowel changes (e. g. okȍv, dȏm); these follow mixed accent changes. Nouns that can also have mixed accent also follow the same rules, except if they have a null ending in genitive dual/plural; then they have all plural forms except vocative acute, but change to circumflex if used as an adverb and preceded by a preposition: lȃs 'hair', nominative plural lási, genitive plural lás, locative plural lásih.

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Long → long			Short → long			Can also have mixed accent, genitive plural -ø
Nominative	korȃk	korȃka	korȃki	blagoslȍv	blagoslȏva	blagoslȏvi	lȃs	lȃsa	lási
Genitive	korȃka	korȃkov	korȃkov	blagoslȏva	blagoslȏvov	blagoslȏvov	lȃsa	lás	lás
Dative	korȃku / korȃki (styl.)	korȃkoma	korȃkom	blagoslȏvu / blagoslȏvi (styl.)	blagoslȏvoma	blagoslȏvom	lȃsu / lȃsi (styl.)	lȃsoma	lásom
Accusative	korȃk	korȃka	korȃke	blagoslȍv	blagoslȏva	blagoslȏve	lȃs	lȃsa	láse
Locative	korȃku / korȃki (styl.)	korȃkih	korȃkih	blagoslȏvu / blagoslȏvi (styl.)	blagoslȏvih	blagoslȏvih	lȃsu / lȃsi (styl.)	lásih	lásih
Instrumental	korȃkom	korȃkoma	korȃki	blagoslȏvom	blagoslȏvoma	blagoslȏvi	lȃsom	lȃsoma	lási
Vocative	korȃk	korȃka	korȃki	blagoslȍv	blagoslȏva	blagoslȏvi	lȃs	lȃsa	lȃsi

Nouns that have long acute accent in nominative and genitive singular have circumflex accent in vocative and allow both in genitive, locative and instrumental plural, and locative dual. In collocations which are used as an adverb, and where the word lost the original meaning, the noun is only allowed to have circumflex accent in accusative and locative plural (e. g. v hrȋbe / v hrȋbih 'on a mountain (lit. in mountains)'):

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	kováč	kováča	kováči
Genitive	kováča	kovāčev	kovāčev
Dative	kováču / kováči (styl.)	kováčema	kováčem
Accusative	kováča	kováča	kováče
Locative	kováču / kováči (styl.)	kovāčih	kovāčih
Instrumental	kováčem	kováčema	kovāči
Vocative	kovȃč	kovȃča	kovȃči
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

Nouns that have short acute accent in nominative and genitive singular follow the same rules as long acute accented words, but all accents are short:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	stə̀bər	stə̀bra	stə̀bri
Genitive	stə̀bra	stə̄brov	stə̄brov
Dative	stə̀bru / stə̀bri (styl.)	stə̀broma	stə̀brom
Accusative	stə̀ber	stə̀bra	stə̀bre
Locative	stə̀bru / stə̀bri (styl.)	stə̄brih	stə̄brih
Instrumental	stə̀brom	stə̀broma	stə̄bri
Vocative	stə̏ber	stə̏bra	stə̏bri
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

Nouns that have circumflex accent in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular allow both forms in locative and dative singular when preceded by a preposition. The only exception are words in which open-mid vowel changes into a close-mid vowel. In these cases, it further depends which ending does it have in genitive plural. In collocations which are used as an adverb, and where the word lost the original meaning, the noun is only allowed to have circumflex accent in accusative and locative plural. (Note that due to simplicity, only the forms that are affected by this rule are shown; for example, kȍnj can also be declined without the change into close-mid vowel.)

	Short → long			Short → short			Genitive plural ending -ø			Genitive plural ending -ov
	Short → long			Short → short			Open-mid → close-mid
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	fantȅ	fantẹ́ta	fantẹ́ti	pȓst	pŕsta	pŕsti	kȍnj	kónja	kónji	stȍl	stóla	stóli
Genitive	fantẹ́ta	fantẹ̄tov	fantẹ̄tov	pŕsta	pr̄stov	pr̄stov	kónja	kọ́nj	kọ́nj	stóla	arch. stọ́lov	arch. stọ́lov
Dative	fantẹ́tu / fantẹ̄tu (with prep.)	fantẹ́toma	fantẹ́tom	pŕstu / pr̄stu	pŕstoma	pŕstom	kọ́nju / kọ̑nju (with prep.)	kónjema	kónjem	arch. stọ́lu / stọ̑lu (with prep.)	stóloma	stólom
Accusative	fantẹ́ta	fantẹ́ta	fantẹ́te	pȓst	pŕsta	pŕste	kónja	kónja	kónje	stóla	stóla	stóle
Locative	fantẹ̄tu	fantẹ̄tih	fantẹ̄tih	pr̄stu	pr̄stih	pr̄stih	kọ̑nju	kọ̄njih	kọ̄njih	stọ̑lu	stọ̑lih	stọ̑lih
Instrumental	fantẹ́tom	fantẹ́toma	fantẹ̄ti	pŕstom	pŕstoma	pr̄sti	kónjem	kónjema	arch. kọ́nji	stólu	stóloma	arch. stọ́li
Vocative	fantȅ	fantẹ̑ta	fantẹ̑ti	pȓst	pȓsta	pȓsti	kȍnj	kȏnja	kȏnji	stȍl	stȏla	stȏli

Mobile accent nouns edit

Mobile accent nouns transfer the stress to the following syllable in all cases but nominative, vocative, and accusative (if the same as nominative) singular.

Nouns that have circumflex accent in genitive singular, although rare, have circumflex accent in all forms:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	dȗal	duȃla	duȃli
Genitive	duȃla	duȃlov	duȃlov
Dative	duȃlu / duȃli (styl.)	duȃloma	duȃlom
Accusative	dȗal	duȃla	duȃle
Locative	duȃlu / duȃli (styl.)	duȃlih	duȃlih
Instrumental	duȃlom	duȃloma	duȃli
Vocative	dȗal	duȃla	duȃli
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

Nouns that have acute accent in genitive singular change the accent the same way as fixed accent nouns with circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular when the stress is on the latter syllable and have acute accent when the stress in on the original syllable:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	rázred	razrẹ́da	razrẹ́di
Genitive	razrẹ́da	razrẹ̄dov	razrẹ̄dov
Dative	razrẹ́du / razrẹ̄du (with prep.)	razrẹ́doma	razrẹ́dom
Accusative	rázred	razrẹ́da	razrẹ́de
Locative	razrẹ̄du	razrẹ̄dih	razrẹ̄dih
Instrumental	razrẹ́dom	razrẹ́doma	razrẹ̄di
Vocative	rȃzred	razrẹ̑da	razrẹ̑di
note: dative and locative can also have a stylistically marked ending -i.

Ending accent nouns edit

Short ending vowels are always circumflex while long ending ones follow the same pattern as mixed accent nouns that have circumflex accent in nominative singular and when the accent is on the stem, the accent is long and acute. There is a slight difference between soft and hard stems in genitive dual/plural, because soft declension only allows short circumflex accent whereas hard declension allows long acute and short circumflex.

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Plural
	Hard			Soft
Nominative	pə̏s	psȁ	psȉ	dobrcȉ
Genitive	psȁ	psȍv / psóv	psȍv / psóv	dobrcȅv
Dative	psȕ / psȉ (styl.)	psóma / psomȁ (styl.)	psȍm	dobrcȅm
Accusative	psȁ	psȁ	psȅ	dobrcȅ
Locative	psȕ / psȉ (styl.)	psȉh	psȉh	dobrcȉh
Instrumental	psȍm	psóma / psomȁ (styl.)	psȉ	dobrcȉ
Vocative	pȅs	psȁ	psȉ	dobrcȉ
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

Mixed accent nouns edit

For the mixed accent nouns with long accent, many different factors determine the accent. The accent is usually circumflex, except in these cases:

Genitive dual/plural, locative dual/plural and instrumental is acute if the accent is on the last syllable: člóvek 'human', genitive plural ljudí, dȃr 'gift', genitive plural daróv, lȃs 'hair', genitive plural lás (but grȃd 'castle', locative plural gradȏvih). This happens in genitive case in all words, no matter the ending, and in words that do not have -ov lengthening in locative and instrumental. Those without the infix do not have an ending in genitive plural, dative plural ending is -ẹ̑m instead of -om / -em, accusative plural is still -ẹ̑, locative dual/plural ending -ẹ́h istead of -ih, instrumental plural -mí instead of -i, and dative and instrumental dual ending is -ẹ̑ma instead of -oma / -ema. This rule does not necessarily apply to irregular nouns.
Stressed vowel in nominative plural ending -je is close-mid (-jẹ̑): lȃs 'hair', nominative plural lasjẹ̑, mȏž 'man', nominative plural možjẹ̑.
Dative and locative singular is acute if the stressed vowel is open-mid (e or o): gnȏj 'manure' gnóju.
When used as an adverb, uncountable nouns or nouns that have ending -ẹ́h in locative dual/plural (those that do not lengthen the stem) allow both accents in locative singular. Words that can also have a form with open-mid vowel in locative singular.
Nouns that allow both the stem or the ending to be accented usually have the stem accented when preceded by a preposition and have the ending accented when they are not.
Dative and instrumental dual can have the accent either on the ending or the stem. If the accent is on the stem, it is long.
Nouns that switch accent only in plural on in only one case follow fixed accent changes when the accent does not shift.
Nouns can also colloquially have fixed accent. See fixed accent for that.

Here are declensions for some mixed accent nouns, but keep in mind that they have several different changes and only relevant forms are written:

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular
	Stem lengthening with -ov			Nominative plural -jẹ̑, genitive plural -ø			Open-mid vowel in locative singular, uncountable
Nominative	grȃd	gradȏva	gradȏvi	mọ̑ž	možȃ	možjẹ̑	gnọ̑j
Genitive	gradȗ*	gradóv	gradóv	možȃ	mọ́ž	mọ́ž	gnojȃ
Dative	grȃdu	gradȏvoma	gradȏvom	mọ̑žu	možẹ̑ma / možȏma	možẹ̑m	gnọ̑ju / gnóju**
Accusative	grȃd	gradȏva	gradȏve	možȃ	možȃ	možẹ̑	gnọ̑j
Locative	grȃdu	gradȏvih	gradȏvih	mọ̑žu	možẹ́h	možẹ́h	gnọ̑ju / gnóju
Instrumental	grȃdom	gradȏvoma	gradȏvi	mọ̑žem	možẹ̑ma / možȏma	možmí	gnọ̑jem
Vocative	grȃd	gradȏva	gradȏvi	mọ̑ž	možȃ	možjẹ̑	gnọ̑j
	Irregular			Irregular
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	lȃs	lȃsa	lasjẹ̑	brẹ̑g	brẹ̑ga	brẹ̑gi / bregȏvi
Genitive	lasȗ	lás	lás	brẹ̑ga	brẹ̑gov	brẹ̑gov
Dative	lȃsu	lȃsoma	lasẹ̑m	brẹ̑gu	brẹ̑goma	brẹ̑gom / bregȏvom
Accusative	lȃs	lȃsa	lasẹ̑	brẹ̑g	brẹ̑ga	brẹ̑ge / brẹ̑gove
Locative	lȃsu	lasẹ́h	lasẹ́h	brẹ̑gu / brẹ̄gu (used as an adverb)	brẹ̑gih / bregȏvih / bregẹ́h	brẹ̑gih / bregȏvih / bregẹ́h
Instrumental	lȃsom	lȃsoma	lasmí	brẹ̑gom	brẹ̑goma	brẹ̑gi / bregȏvi
Vocative	lȃs	lȃsa	lasjẹ̑	brẹ̑g	brẹ̑ga	brẹ̑gi / bregȏvi
Genitive singular ending -u does not affect the accent or other endings. *The form is given as an example in Slovenski pravopis, the book by which Slovene is regulated, however in the same book, it is not listed as an appropriate form of the word.

Mixed accent nouns with short accent follow the same pattern as ending accent nouns (including the difference bətween soft and hard stems), except in nominative and vocative (and accusative if the same as nominative) singular, and dative and instrumental dual, where the accent is on the stem and acute if long:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	bə̏t	bətȁ	bətȉ
Genitive	bətȁ	bətȍv / bətóv	bətȍv / bətóv
Dative	bətȕ / bətȉ (styl.)	bȅtoma	bətȍm
Accusative	bə̏t	bətȁ	bətȅ
Locative	bətȕ / bətȉ (styl.)	bətȉh	bətȉh
Instrumental	bətȍm	bȅtoma	bətȉ
Vocative	bȅt	bətȁ	bətȉ
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

Second masculine declension (masculine a-stem declension) edit

Second masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -e (slúga slúge), except the noun dan (dȃn dnẹ̑).

Second masculine declension has the same endings as first feminine declension, however, not all alterations apply here. Animate and inanimate nouns are not declined differently, but the words that modify the noun still have those distinctions.

All nouns following the second masculine declension can also follow first masculine declension, but keeping the ending in nominative singular. They can also be feminized in dual and plural, following first feminine declension (essentially, the endings do not change).

Second masculine declension endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-a	-i	-e
Genitive	-e	-	-
Dative	-i	-ama	-am
Accusative	-o	-i	-e
Locative	-i	-ah	-ah
Instrumental	-o	-ama	-ami
Vocative	-a	-i	-e

Alternations and other exceptions of the second masculine declension edit

In nominative singular, some words, such as kamikȃze 'kamikaze', have an -e ending.
In genitive dual and genitive plural, nouns ending in consonant + j, have an i inserted between, such as delovọ̑dja genitive plural delovọ̑dij.

Accent edit

Second masculine declension follow only fixed accent nouns. These can be circumflex or acute.

Circumflex nouns are always circumflex:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	vọ̑jvoda	vọ̑jvodi	vọ̑jvode
Genitive	vọ̑jvode	vọ̑jvod	vọ̑jvod
Dative	vọ̑jvodi	vọ̑jvodama	vọ̑jvodam
Accusative	vọ̑jvodo	vọ̑jvodi	vọ̑jvode
Locative	vọ̑jvodi	vọ̑jvodah	vọ̑jvodah
Instrumental	vọ̑jvodo	vọ̑jvodama	vọ̑jvodami
Vocative	vọ̑jvoda	vọ̑jvodi	vọ̑jvode

Acute accent changes into circumflex in genitive dual/plural and vocative case and is either acute or circumflex in instrumental singular:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	slúga	slúgi	slúge
Genitive	slúge	slȗg	slȗg
Dative	slúgi	slúgama	slúgam
Accusative	slúgo	slúgi	slúge
Locative	slúgi	slúgah	slúgah
Instrumental	slūgo	slúgama	slúgami
Vocative	slȗga	slȗgi	slȗge

Third masculine declension (masculine declension without endings) edit

Third masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular (or in any other case) ending is a null ending (-). This includes all letters, as well as some other words, such as nebọ́digatrẹ́ba 'menace', jȍj/jọ̑j 'oh', and čačačȃ 'Cha-cha-cha'. There are, however, only a handful of words that feel natural to be declined this way; for many of them, it is preferred to be declined following the first masculine declension. Alternations of the first declension must then be applied, and since all consonant letters are usually pronounced as consonant + ə̏, all letters, except for X [ˈíːks] and Y [ˈíːpsilɔn] must follow the j-stem version of the first declension (K K-ja). Exceptions are F, L, M, N, R, S, and Š, which can also be pronounced [ˈɛ́f], [ˈɛ́l], [ˈɛ́m], [ˈɛ́n], [ˈɛ́ɾ], [ˈɛ́s], and [ˈɛ́ʃ], respectively and can therefore follow the o-stem version (F F-ja/F-a), and the pronunciacion changes accordingly. Although there is a hyphen between the letter and j, keep in mind that j ist still part of the stem, not the ending.

Third masculine declension endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-	-	-
Genitive	-	-	-
Dative	-	-	-
Accusative	-	-	-
Locative	-	-	-
Instrumental	-	-	-
Vocative	-	-	-

Alternations and other exceptions of the third masculine declension edit

Most of the time, nouns nebọ́digatrẹ́ba 'menace' and nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba 'menaces' are considered one irregular noun istead of two nouns that only have a singular and a plural form, respectively. In that case, the infix -ga- is changed to -jih- in dual and plural. The infix is actually a personal pronoun ȍn 'he' in genitive case, but the dual form is still nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba, and not with an infix -ju- as would be expected:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	nebọ́digatrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Genitive	nebọ́digatrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Dative	nebọ́digatrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Accusative	nebọ́digatrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Locative	nebọ́digatrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Instrumental	nebọ́digatrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Vocative	nebọ̑digatrẹ̑ba	nebọ̑dijihtrẹ̑ba	nebọ̑dijihtrẹ̑ba

Accent edit

Words declined this way always have fixed accent, which is the same throughout, no matter if it is circumflex or acute, long or short. The only exception is vocative, where the accent is circumflex.

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Circumflex			Acute			Short
Nominative	kojnẹ̑	kojnẹ̑	kojnẹ̑	cáker	cáker	cáker	kȁnt	kȁnt	kȁnt
Genitive	kojnẹ̑	kojnẹ̑	kojnẹ̑	cáker	cáker	cáker	kȁnt	kȁnt	kȁnt
Dative	kojnẹ̑	kojnẹ̑	kojnẹ̑	cáker	cáker	cáker	kȁnt	kȁnt	kȁnt
Accusative	kojnẹ̑	kojnẹ̑	kojnẹ̑	cáker	cáker	cáker	kȁnt	kȁnt	kȁnt
Locative	kojnẹ̑	kojnẹ̑	kojnẹ̑	cáker	cáker	cáker	kȁnt	kȁnt	kȁnt
Instrumental	kojnẹ̑	kojnẹ̑	kojnẹ̑	cáker	cáker	cáker	kȁnt	kȁnt	kȁnt
Vocative	kojnẹ̑	kojnẹ̑	kojnẹ̑	cȃker	cȃker	cȃker	kȁnt	kȁnt	kȁnt

Fourth masculine declension (masculine i-/e-stem declension) edit

Fourth masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -ega. The nouns following this declension were derived from an adjective, and are therefore nominalized adjectives. They are derived from the definite forms of the adjective, hence the ending -i in nominative singular. This declension also differentiates between animate and inanimate nouns in the same way as the first one. The declension is the same as declension for masculine adjectives.

Some masculine nominalized adjectives, mostly proper nouns, are declined using first male declension. In addition, most of them have a null ending - in nominative singular, only rarely do they have an ending -i. Examples include Mẹ̑den Mẹ̑dena 'Meden', Raztrẹ̑sen Raztrẹ̑senega 'Raztresen', tráven trávna 'April, May' etc.

Names in other languages ending in [-ski] (or similarly look like definite adjectives) that are from non-Slavic languages are declined using the first declension (Tedẹ̑schi Tedẹ̑schija 'Tedeschi, McClọ̑sky McClọ̑skyja 'McClosky', Kreisky Kreiskyja/Kreiskega 'Kreisky') and those from Slavic languages are declined using the fourth declension (Vranȋtzky Vranȋtzkega 'Vranitzky', Hradẹ̑tzky Hradẹ̑tzkega 'Hradetzky' etc.

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-i	-a	-i
Genitive	-ega	-ih	-ih
Dative	-emu	-ima	-im
Accusative	-ega	-a	-e
Locative	-em	-ih	-ih
Instrumental	-im	ima	-imi
Vocative	-i	-a	-i

Alternations and other exceptions of the fourth masculine declension edit

The -i sound in nominative singular and plural is in some loanwords written with y, but not in other cases (Chomsky, nominative plural Chomsky, instrumental singular Chomskim).
Vast majority nouns are declined as animate (Nedeljski, accusative singular Nedeljskega 'a Sunday issue of the newspaper Dnevnik').
Other irregularities that adjectives and adjectival pronouns possess also apply here.
For the different endings in nominative singular, see first adjective declension.

Accent edit

These nouns decline the same way as definite masculine forms of adjectives following the first adjectival declension do. Therefore, only fixed and ending accentual types exist. For accent changes when nominalizing, see § Accent of nomnalized adjectives.

First feminine declension edit

First feminine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -e (lípa lípe), except if genitive plural has an ending -ih (dežȗrna genitive plural dežȗrnih), those follow the fourth feminine declension. Those ending in [-əu̯] and nouns máti 'mother' and hčȋ 'daughter' also follow this declension. In plural, genitive case has a null ending (víle vȋl 'pitchfork').

The first feminine declension is the most common pattern for feminine nouns. There is no distinction between hard and soft stems (the declension used in modern Slovene was historically the soft one and the merge happened in Alpine Slavic).

Feminine a-stem declension edit

The standard declension of first feminine declension is the a-stem declension.

Feminine a-stem declension endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-a	-i	-e
Genitive	-e	-	-
Dative	-i	-ama	-am
Accusative	-o	-i	-e
Locative	-i	-ah	-ah
Instrumental	-o	-ama	-ami
Vocative	-a	-i	-e

Feminine r-stem declension edit

This declension subtype follow only the nouns máti 'mother' and hči 'daughter'. They have a different stem in nominative singular than in other cases and numbers. (mati matere, hči hčere). There are also minor changes to the endings in singular.

Feminine r-stem declension endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-i	-i	-e
Genitive	-e	-	-
Dative	-i	-ama	-am
Accusative	-	-i	-e
Locative	-i	-ah	-ah
Instrumental	-jo	-ama	-ami
Vocative	-i	-i	-e

Feminine v-stem declension edit

A small number of feminine nouns belongs to the feminine v-stem declension, with the ending -əv (in which the -ə- is a fill vowel). These inflect as r-stems, but with the i-stem instrumental singular ending -ijo and have a null ending in nominative singular. Many nouns in this group can colloquially also inflect as regular a-stems, with the nominative singular ending in -va and accusative and instrumental singular in -vo.

Feminine v-stem declension endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-	-i	-e
Genitive	-e	-	-
Dative	-i	-ama	-am
Accusative	-	-i	-e
Locative	-i	-ah	-ah
Instrumental	-ijo	-ama	-ami
Vocative	-	-i	-e

Feminine n-stem declension edit

Only few nouns have their stems lengthend with -n, except in nominative singular. The most common example is Jȗno (Jȗno Junọ̑ne), which can also be declined following the third feminine declension (Juno Juno 'Juno') or as an a-stem noun (Junọ̑na Junọ̑ne). The endings are the same as for a-stem nouns. N-stem declension did not exist in Proto-Slavic (at least not for feminine nouns) and it evolved later.

Alternations and other exceptions of the first feminine declension edit

Some nouns have ending -e (Melpomene Melpomene 'Melpomene'), silent -e (Marguerite [maɾgaˈɾíːt] Marguerite [maɾgaˈɾíːte] 'Marguerite'), -o (Klȋo Klȋe 'Clio'), or a null ending (Artẹ̑mis Artẹ̑mide 'Artemis'), but most of them also have regularvernacular versions (Melpomena, Margerita, Artemida). The non-vernacular versions can also be declined following the third feminine declension.
Latin and Greek names can change the stem from -s to -d (Artẹ̑mis Artẹ̑mide) 'Artemis', -n (Salamȋs Salamȋne 'Salamis'), or -r (Cȇres Cȇrere 'Ceres'). These also have vernacular versions for nominative singular (Artẹ̑mida, Salamȋna, Cȇrera).
Mixed accent nouns have in nominative dual (along with the usual ending -i) ending -e that is accented (vóda vóde/vodẹ̄, nominative dual vódi/vodẹ̑).
Some mixed accent nouns can in gentitive dual/plural also have ending -a (vóda genitive dual/plural vód/vodā 'stream, lake', cẹ́rkəv genitive dual/plural cẹ̑rkəv/cerkvā 'church') or -i (besẹ̑da genitive dual/plural besedī 'word')
Nouns ending in a sonorant have an added fill vowel in genitive dual/plural. The fill vowel is usually /ə/, except before -j-, where the fill vowel is /i/. In some words, the fill vowel is not written, only pronounced (note that lj and nj represent only one sound when not followed by a vowel): dẹ́kla genitive dual/plural dẹ̑kəl 'maidservant', lādja genitive dual/plural lȃdij 'ship', zémlja genitive dual/plural zēməlj 'soil'.
Nouns of which the stem ends in a vowel also have an added -j in genitive dual/plural if without an ending: ọ̑boa genitive dual/plural ọ̑boj etc.
The noun gospá 'lady, madam' is irregular and has acute accent on all the endings except in vocative.

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	gospá	gospẹ́	gospẹ́
Genitive	gospẹ́	gospá	gospá
Dative	gospẹ́ / gospẹ́j (styl.)	gospẹ́ma	gospẹ́m
Accusative	gospọ́	gospẹ́	gospẹ́
Locative	gospẹ́ / gospẹ́j (styl.)	gospẹ́h	gospẹ́h
Instrumental	gospọ́	gospẹ́ma	gospẹ́mi
Vocative	gospȃ	gospẹ̑	gospẹ̑
styl. – stylistically marked

Fixed accent nouns edit

Circumflex nouns are always circumflex:

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Long			Short
Nominative	slȗžba	slȗžbi	slȗžbe	də̏ska	də̏ski	də̏ske
Genitive	slȗžbe	slȗžb	slȗžb	də̏ske	də̏sk	də̏sk
Dative	slȗžbi	slȗžbama	slȗžbam	də̏ski	də̏skama	də̏skam
Accusative	slȗžbo	slȗžbi	slȗžbe	də̏sko	də̏ski	də̏ske
Locative	slȗžbi	slȗžbah	slȗžbah	də̏ski	də̏skah	də̏skah
Instrumental	slȗžbo	slȗžbama	slȗžbami	də̏sko	də̏skama	də̏skami
Vocative	slȗžba	slȗžbi	slȗžbe	də̏ska	də̏ski	də̏ske

Acute nouns have circumflex accent in vocative, genitive dual/plural and instrumental singular. When used as an adverb, accusative and instrumental singular can only be circumflex, and nouns that can also have mixed accent also have accusative plural circumflex:

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Long			Short
Nominative	lípa	lípi	lípe	dèska [də̀ska]	dèski	dèske
Genitive	lípe	lȋp	lȋp	dèske	dèsk	dèsk
Dative	lípi	lípama	lípam	dèski	dèskama	dèskam
Accusative	lípo	lípi	lípe	dèsko	dèski	dèske
Locative	lípi	lípah	lípah	dèski	dèskah	dèskah
Instrumental	lȋpo	lípama	lípami	dèsko	dèskama	dèskami
Vocative	lȋpa	lȋpi	lȋpe	dèska	dèski	dèske

Acute nouns allow both tones in instrumental singular if the stressed vowel is open-mid:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	kóšnja	kóšnji	kóšnje
Genitive	kóšnje	kȏšenj	kȏšenj
Dative	kóšnji	kóšnjama	kóšnjam
Accusative	kóšnjo	kóšnji	kóšnje
Locative	kóšnji	kóšnjah	kóšnjah
Instrumental	kōšnjo	kóšnjama	kóšnjami
Vocative	kȏšnja	kȏšnji	kȏšnje

r-stem and v-stem nouns change the accent a bit differently; circumflex nouns are still circumflex in all cases, but acute ones change to circumflex in vocative, instrumental singular and genitive dual/plural. If the nouns also allow mixed accent, then the mixed accent declension follows the same rules:

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Circumflex			Acute
Nominative	podražȋtəv	podražȋtvi	podražȋtve	cẹ́rkəv	cẹ́rkvi	cẹ́rkve
Genitive	podražȋtve	podražȋtəv	podražȋtəv	cẹ́rkve	cẹ̑rkəv	cẹ̑rkəv
Dative	podražȋtvi	podražȋtvama	podražȋtvam	cẹ́rkvi	cẹ́rkvama	cẹ́rkvam
Accusative	podražȋtəv	podražȋtvi	podražȋtve	cẹ́rkəv	cẹ́rkvi	cẹ́rkve
Locative	podražȋtvi	podražȋtvah	podražȋtvah	cẹ́rkvi	cẹ́rkvah	cẹ́rkvah
Instrumental	podražȋtvijo	podražȋtvama	podražȋtvami	cẹ̑rkvijo	cẹ́rkvama	cẹ́rkvami
Vocative	podražȋtəv	podražȋtvi	podražȋtve	cẹ̑rkəv	cẹ̑rkvi	cẹ̑rkve

Mobile accent nouns edit

Mobile accent nouns are very rare and are always circumflex:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	Jȗno	Junọ̑ni	Junọ̑ne
Genitive	Junọ̑ne	Junọ̑n	Junọ̑n
Dative	Junọ̑ni	Junọ̑nama	Junọ̑nam
Accusative	Junọ̑no	Junọ̑ni	Junọ̑ne
Locative	Junọ̑ni	Junọ̑nah	Junọ̑nah
Instrumental	Junọ̑no	Junọ̑nama	Junọ̑nam
Vocative	Jȗno	Junọ̑ni	Junọ̑ne

Ending accent nouns edit

These nouns are short and circumflex, except if the accent is long; then they follow the same pattern as mixed accent nouns, but genitive dual/plural is circumflex if there is a null ending. The pattern is the same for words of which stems do not have a vowel and words which have the optional stress before the meglȁ → mègla shift.

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	stezȁ [stəzȁ]	stezȉ / stezẹ̑ (styl.)	stezȅ / stezẹ̑
Genitive	stezȅ / stezẹ̄ (styl.)	stȅz / stezá	stȅz / stezá
Dative	stezȉ	stezȃma	stezȁm
Accusative	stezȍ / stezọ̑ (styl.)	stezȉ / stezẹ̑ (styl.)	stezȅ / stezẹ̑
Locative	stezȉ	stezȁh	stezȁh
Instrumental	stezȍ / stezọ́ (styl.)	stezȃma	stezȃmi
Vocative	stezȁ	stezȉ / stezẹ̑ (styl.)	stezȅ / stezẹ̑
styl. – stylistically marked

Mixed accent nouns edit

These nouns can only be acute in nominative singular, but the stressed endings are acute, except genitive case, where both forms are allowed and in instrumental singular, where it is acute. In genitive dual/plural, they usually have an ending -a or -i, but if they do not, the vowel is acute, or acute or circumflex if it is a fill vowel /a/. All words can also have fixed accent, but nouns that in genitive dual/plural have a null ending have the same form as in the mixed accent.

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Genitive plural -a / -i			Genitive plural -ø			Genitive plural has a fill vowel
Nominative	góra	góri / gorẹ̑ (styl.)	gorẹ̑	nóga	nógi / nogẹ̑ (styl.)	nogẹ̑	óvca	óvci / ovcẹ̑ (styl.)	ovcẹ̑
Genitive	gorẹ̄	gorā	gorā	nogẹ̄	nọ́g	nọ́g	ovcẹ̄	ovāc	ovāc
Dative	góri	gorȃma	gorȁm	nógi	nogȃma	nogȁm	óvci	ovcȃma	ovcȁm
Accusative	gorọ̑	góri / gorẹ̑ (styl.)	gorẹ̑	nogọ̑	nógi / nogẹ̑ (styl.)	nogẹ̑	ovcọ̑	óvci / ovcẹ̑ (styl.)	ovcẹ̑
Locative	góri	gorȁh	gorȁh	nógi	nogȁh	nogȁh	óvci	ovcȁh	ovcȁh
Instrumental	gorọ́	gorȃma	gorȃmi	nogọ́	nogȃma	nogȃmi	ovcọ́	ovcȃma	ovcȃmi
Vocative	gȏra	gȏri / gorẹ̑ (styl.)	gorẹ̑	nȏgo	nȏgi / nogẹ̑ (styl.)	nogẹ̑	ȏvca	ȏvci / ovcẹ̑ (styl.)	ovcẹ̑

Second feminine declension (feminine i-stem declension) edit

The second feminine declension is less common. It is used primarily by the widely productive abstract noun suffix -ost, but a fair number of other nouns (mostly of Common Slavic origin) also follow it. The endings, however are different if the noun follows the mixed or ending accentual type that if the accent is always on the stem.

Second feminine declension endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Fixed and mobile accent			Ending and mixed accent
Nominative	-	-i	-i	-	-i	-i
Genitive	-i	-i	-i	-i	-i	-i
Dative	-i	-ma / -imi	-im	-i	-ema	-em
Accusative	-	-i	-i	-	-i	-i
Locative	-i	-ih	-ih	-i	-eh	-eh
Instrumental	-jo	-ma / -imi	-mi	-jo	-ema	-mi
Vocative	-	-i	-i	-	-i	-i

Alternations and other exceptions of the second feminine declension edit

Nouns with stems that end in a non-sonorant consonant and a sonorant have a fill vowel inserted between them in nominative and accusative singular and add i at the end of their stem in cases when the ending does not begin with a vowel (instrumental in all numbers and dative dual), such as mȋsəł mȋsli, instrumental singular mȋslijo, dative/instrumental dual mȋslima, instrumental plural mȋslimi 'thought' and svȋsli dative plural svȋslima 'hayloft'.
Nouns with stems ending in -j have an ending -o in instrumental singular (pọ́stelj instrumental singular pọ̄steljo 'bed' (archaically)).
When used as an adverb, some also change the accent e. g. na pọ̑mlad 'in the spring', s pọ̑ti/s potȋ '[to move something] off the way'
The feminine noun krȋ 'blood' follows the mixed accent type, but replaces the final -v with -i in the nominative and accusative singular.

	Singular
Nominative	krȋ
Genitive	krvȋ
Dative	kŕvi
Accusative	krȋ
Locative	kŕvi
Instrumental	krvjọ́
Vocative	krȋ

Fixed accent nouns edit

Nouns that are circumflex in nomnative and genitive singular have circumflex accent in all cases, and the short accent becomes long:

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Long → long			Short → long
Nominative	pošȃst	pošȃsti	pošȃsti	nȉt	nȋti	nȋti
Genitive	pošȃsti	pošȃsti	pošȃsti	nȋti	nȋti	nȋti
Dative	pošȃsti	pošȃstma / pošȃstima	pošȃstim	nȋti	nȋtma / nȋtima	nȋtim
Accusative	pošȃst	pošȃsti	pošȃsti	nȉt	nȋti	nȋti
Locative	pošȃsti	pošȃstih	pošȃstih	nȋti	nȋtih	nȋtih
Instrumental	pošȃstjo	pošȃstma / pošȃstima	pošȃstmi	nȋtjo	nȋtma / nȋtima	nȋtmi
Vocative	pošȃst	pošȃsti	pošȃsti	nȉt	nȋti	nȋti

Nouns that are acute in nominative and genitive singular follow two patterns, depending if the stress in (in that case) on the second to last syllable or is already before, which in regular nouns translates into whether the stress in on the penultimate on the last syllable in nominative singular:

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Stress on the penultimate syllable			Stress on the last syllable
Nominative	stárost	stárosti	stárosti	lúč	lúči	lúči
Genitive	stárosti	stárosti	stárosti	lúči	lūči	lūči
Dative	stárosti	stárostma / stárostima	stárostim	lúči	lūčma / lúčima	lúčim
Accusative	stárost	stárosti	stárosti	lúč	lúči	lúči
Locative	stárosti	stárostih	stárostih	lúči	lūčih	lūčih
Instrumental	stārostjo	stárostma / stárostima	stárostmi	lȗčjo	lūčma / lúčima	lūčmi
Vocative	stȃrost	stȃrosti	stȃrosti	lȗč	lȗči	lȗči

Noun that are circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular change the accent very similarly to acute nouns. Vocative and Instrumental singular is circumflex, genitive dual/plural allows both accents, and locative dual/plural, instrumental dual and plural, and dative dual also allow both accents if the penultimate syllable is stressed.

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	mȉš	míši	míši
Genitive	míši	mīši	mīši
Dative	míši	mīšma /	míšima	míšim
Accusative	mȉš	míši	míši
Locative	míši	mīših	mīših
Instrumental	mȋšjo	mīšma / míšima	mīšmi
Vocative	mȉš	mȋši	mȋši

Mobile accent nouns edit

These nouns can be either circumflex or acute in nominative singular, but all of them are circumflex in all other forms:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	senóžet	senožẹ̑ti	senožẹ̑ti
Genitive	senožẹ̑ti	senožẹ̑ti	senožẹ̑ti
Dative	senožẹ̑ti	senožẹ̑tma / senožẹ̑tima	senožẹ̑tim
Accusative	senóžet	senožẹ̑ti	senožẹ̑ti
Locative	senožẹ̑ti	senožẹ̑tih	senožẹ̑tih
Instrumental	senožẹ̑tjo	senožẹ̑tma / senožẹ̑tima	senožẹ̑tmi
Vocative	senȏžet	senožẹ̑ti	senožẹ̑ti

Ending accent nouns edit

There are two subtypes. The first one is not purely ending accent as it has accent on the stem in dative and locative singular and appears if a long fill vowel is stressed in nominative singular. In that case the e and o accented on the stem are open-mid. The other form is present if short fill vowel is stressed in nominative singular.

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Long fill vowel			Short fill vowel (/ə/)
Nominative	ravȃn	ravnȋ	ravnȋ	debə̏r	debrȋ	debrȋ
Genitive	ravnȋ	ravnī	ravnī	debrȋ	debrī	debrī
Dative	rávni	ravnẹ̄ma	ravnẹ̄m	debrȉ	debrẹ̄ma	debrẹ̄m
Accusative	ravȃn	ravnȋ	ravnȋ	debə̏r	debrȋ	debrȋ
Locative	rávni	ravnẹ́h	ravnẹ́h	debrȉ	debrẹ́h	debrẹ́h
Instrumental	ravnjọ́	ravnẹ̄ma	ravnmí	debrijọ́	debrẹ̄ma	debrmí
Vocative	ravȃn	ravnȋ	ravnȋ	debə̏r	debrȋ	debrȋ

Mixed accent nouns edit

These nouns can only be circumflex and follow the same pattern as ending accent nouns with long as a fill vowel. If the accent is on e or o in dative singular, the vowels are open-mid.

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	stvȃr	stvarȋ	stvarȋ
Genitive	stvarȋ	stvarī	stvarī
Dative	stvári	stvarẹ̄ma	stvarẹ̄m
Accusative	stvȃr	stvarȋ	stvarȋ
Locative	stvári	stvarẹ́h	stvarẹ́h
Instrumental	stvarjọ́	starẹ̄ma	stvarmí
Vocative	stvȃr	stvarȋ	stvarȋ

Third feminine declension (feminine declension without endings) edit

Third feminine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular (or in any other case) ending is a null ending (-). This declension follow surnames of women (but those ending in -a can also follow first feminine declension), female names, which do not have an ending -a or -e in nominative singular (except most of the Latin and Greek names), such as Kȃrin, Ȋnes, and KȊti, acronyms that keep the feminine gender of the word(s) they represent and do not end in an unstressed a (SAZȖ SAZU 'Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts' and ZDA ZDȂ) 'USA', diminutives of female names and common nouns ending in -i (Ȃni Ȃni (a female name), Mȃlči Mȃlči (a female name), mȃmi mȃmi 'mommy', bȃbi bȃbi 'granny'), and some other words, such as spẹ̄cies spẹ̄cies.

Third feminine declension ending
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-	-	-
Genitive	-	-	-
Dative	-	-	-
Accusative	-	-	-
Locative	-	-	-
Instrumental	-	-	-
Vocative	-	-	-

Alternations and other exceptions of the third feminine declension edit

Some names can also follow first feminine declension (Rȗth Rȗthe/Rȗth 'Ruth')
Sometimes, nouns nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba 'menace', nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba 'two menaces', and nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba 'menaces' are considered one irregular noun istead of three nouns that only have a singular, dual, and a plural form, respectively. In that case, the infix -je- is changed to -ju- in dual and to -jih- in plural. The infix is actually a personal pronoun óna 'she' in genitive case:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Genitive	nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Dative	nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Accusative	nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Locative	nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Instrumental	nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba	nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba
Vocative	nebọ̑dijetrẹ̑ba	nebọ̑dijutrẹ̑ba	nebọ̑dijihtrẹ̑ba

Accent edit

Words declined this way always have fixed accent, which is the same throughout, no matter if it is circumflex or acute, long or short. The only exception is vocative, where the accent is circumflex.

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Circumflex			Acute			Short
Nominative	pọ̑lis	pọ̑lis	pọ̑lis	spẹ́cies	spẹ́cies	spẹ́cies	pietȁ	pietȁ	pietȁ
Genitive	pọ̑lis	pọ̑lis	pọ̑lis	spẹ́cies	spẹ́cies	spẹ́cies	pietȁ	pietȁ	pietȁ
Dative	pọ̑lis	pọ̑lis	pọ̑lis	spẹ́cies	spẹ́cies	spẹ́cies	pietȁ	pietȁ	pietȁ
Accusative	pọ̑lis	pọ̑lis	pọ̑lis	spẹ́cies	spẹ́cies	spẹ́cies	pietȁ	pietȁ	pietȁ
Locative	pọ̑lis	pọ̑lis	pọ̑lis	spẹ́cies	spẹ́cies	spẹ́cies	pietȁ	pietȁ	pietȁ
Instrumental	pọ̑lis	pọ̑lis	pọ̑lis	spẹ́cies	spẹ́cies	spẹ́cies	pietȁ	pietȁ	pietȁ
Vocative	pọ̑lis	pọ̑lis	pọ̑lis	spẹ̑cies	spẹ̑cies	spẹ̑cies	pietȁ	pietȁ	pietȁ

Fourth feminine declension (feminine i-/e-stem declension) edit

Fourth feminine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -e and genitive dual/plural is -ih. The nouns following this declension were derived from an adjective, and are therefore nominalized adjectives. The declension is the same as declension for definite feminine adjectives.

Fourth feminine declension endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-a	-i	-e
Genitive	-e	-ih	-ih
Dative	-i	-ima	-im
Accusative	-o	-i	-e
Locative	-i	-ih	-ih
Instrumental	-o	-ima	-imi
Vocative	-a	-i	-e

This declension does not seem to have any alterations.

Accent edit

These nouns decline the same way as definite masculine forms of adjectives following the first adjectival declension do. Therefore, only fixed and ending accentual types exist. For accent changes when nominalizing, see § Accent of nomnalized adjectives.

First neuter declension edit

The vast majority of neuter nouns follow the first neuter declension. This declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -a. These can have in nominative singular ending -o (following hard o-stem declension), -e (following soft o-stem declension), or a null ending (following one of the other declension subtypes), but in these cases, the stem ends in -e or -o.

Neuter o-/e-stem declension edit

The neuter o-stem declension closely resembles its masculine counterpart. The nominative and accusative always have the same form, however, with endings that differ from the masculine nouns. The genitive dual/plural has no ending like in the feminine a-stems. The neuter o-stems are divided between "hard" and "soft" stems, like the masculines.

Neuter o-stem endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Hard declension			Soft declension
Nominative	-o	-i	-a	-e	-i	-a
Genitive	-a	-	-	-a	-	-
Dative	-u / -i (styl.)	-oma	-om	-u / -i (styl.)	-ema	-em
Accusative	-o	-i	-a	-e	-i	-a
Locative	-u / -i (styl.)	-ih	-ih	-u / -i (styl.)	-ih	-ih
Instrumental	-om	-oma	-i	-em	-ema	-i
Vocative	-o	-i	-a	-e	-i	-a
styl. – the form is stylistically marked.

Neuter n-, s- and t-stem declensions edit

A small group of neuter nouns follow the neuter n-stem, neuter s-stem or neuter t-stem declensions. These use the same endings as the o-stems (except in nominative and accusative singular), but there is an additional consonant infix (-n-, -s-, -t-) that is present in all forms except the nominative/accusative singular. The n-stem and t-stem are soft in nominative/accusative singular, while in most s-stem nouns, the stem -e before the infix changes into -o. Since these nouns in nominative/accusative singular already end in -e/-o, there is a null ending.

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	n-stem			s-stem (o → e)			s-stem (e → e)			t-stem
Nominative	imẹ̑	imẹ̑ni	imẹ̑na	telọ̑	telẹ̑si	telẹ̑sa	ojẹ̑	ojẹ̑si	ojẹ̑sa	deklȅ	deklẹ́ti	deklẹ̑ta
Genitive	imẹ̑na	imẹ̑n	imẹ̑n	telẹ̑sa	telẹ̑s	telẹ̑s	ojẹ̑sa	ojẹ̑s	ojẹ̑s	deklẹ́ta	deklẹ̑t	deklẹ̑t
Dative	imẹ̑nu / imẹ̑ni (styl.)	imẹ̑noma	imẹ̑nom	telẹ̑su / telẹ̑si (styl.)	telẹ̑soma	telẹ̑som	ojẹ̑su / ojẹ̑si (styl.)	ojẹ̑soma	ojẹ̑som	deklẹ̄tu / deklẹ̄ti (styl.)	deklẹ̄toma	deklẹ̑tom
Accusative	imẹ̑	imẹ̑ni	imẹ̑na	telọ̑	telẹ̑si	telẹ̑sa	ojẹ̑	ojẹ̑si	ojẹ̑sa	deklȅ	deklẹ́ti	deklẹ̑ta
Locative	imẹ̑nu / imẹ̑ni (styl.)	imẹ̑nih	imẹ̑nih	telẹ̑su / telẹ̑si (styl.)	telẹ̑sih	telẹ̑sih	ojẹ̑su / ojẹ̑si (styl.)	ojẹ̑sih	ojẹ̑sih	deklẹ̄tu / deklẹ̄ti (styl.)	deklẹ̑tih	deklẹ̑tih
Instrumental	imẹ̑nom	imẹ̑noma	imẹ̑ni	telẹ̑som	telẹ̑soma	telẹ̑si	ojẹ̑som	ojẹ̑soma	ojẹ̑si	deklẹ́tom	deklẹ̄toma	deklẹ̑ti
Vocative	imẹ̑	imẹ̑ni	imẹ̑na	telọ̑	telẹ̑si	telẹ̑sa	ojẹ̑	ojẹ̑si	ojẹ̑sa	deklȅ	deklẹ́ti	deklẹ̑ta
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

Alternations and other exceptions of the first neuter declension edit

In mixed accentual types, unstressed e and o can either become /e/ or /o/, /ɛ/ or /ɔ/, or both (srebrọ̑ dative singular srẹ̄bru/srēbru 'silver', mesọ̑ dative singular mẹ̄su/mēsu 'meat').
In the 19th century the ending -i was often used in the dative/locative singular instead of -u. For example, nominative mọ̑rje 'sea', dative/locative mọ̑rji. Nowadays this ending is considered archaic or dialectal.
Some nouns with a stressed /ɛ/ or /ɔ/ can also have dual and plural forms with /e/ or /o/, such as ókno 'window', nominative plural ókna/ȏkna/ọ́kna and rébro 'rib', nominative plural rébra/rȇbra/rẹ́bra/rẹ̑bra.
Nouns ending in a non-sonorant consonant and a sonorant or a sonorant followed by -r, -lj, or -nj, have a fill vowel /ə/ or /i/, if the stem ends in -j, when there is a null ending (ókno genitive plural óken 'window', poslọ̑pje genitive plural poslọ̑pij 'building')
A few neuter s-stem nouns show the effects of the Slavic first palatalisation in the forms with the infix -es-:
- The noun okọ̑ 'eye' has the stem očẹ̑s-. It also has a shorter plural stem oč- when referring to human eyes. This stem is feminine rather than neuter, and follows the mixed i-stem declension.
- The noun uhọ̑ 'ear' has the stem ušẹ́s-, with a change in accent type. The genitive plural allows both accents.
- The noun igọ̑ 'yoke' has the stem ižẹ̑s-.
Nouns without a vowel in the stem add a fill vowel /ə/ in genitive dual/plural. Noun dnȍ 'bottom' has an ending -ov or, as tlȁ, has a fill vowel -a- (tlȁ tál/táł, dnȍ dnȍv/dán), but the -ovversion is preferred. Noun dnȍ is also irregular in locative where it is either dnȉh or dnẹ́h (dnȉh is preferred) and noun tlȁ is also irregular in locative and instrumental (nominative plural tlȁ locative plural tlẹ́h instrumental plural tlẹ́mi/tlí).
Noun dŕva 'firewood' is also irregular, having two forms for locative and instrumental: nominative plural dŕva locative plural drvẹ́h/dr̄vih, instrumental plural drvmí/dŕvi. The irregular forms are preferred.
Some nouns, such as črevọ̑ 'intestine' (stem črevẹ̑s-) lose the infix in the plural: črẹ́va.

Fixed accent nouns edit

Note that all these nouns have the same accent on dative and locative forms with ending in -i.

Circumflex nouns are always circumflex, except in plural, where the ones that lose the infix are acute in nominative/accusative plural and follow acute accentuation in other cases:

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	o-stem			s/t/n-stem			Loses the infix			Irregular (plural archaic)
Nominative	sọ̑nce	sọ̑nci	sọ̑nca	kolọ̑	kolẹ̑si	kolẹ̑sa	črevọ̑	črevẹ̑si	črẹ́va	okọ̑	očẹ̑si	ọ̑ka
Genitive	sọ̑nca	sọ̑nc	sọ̑nc	kolẹ̑sa	kolẹ̑s	kolẹ̑s	črevẹ̑sa	črẹ̑v	črẹ̑v	očẹ̑s	ọ̑k	ọ̑k
Dative	sọ̑ncu	sọ̑ncema	sọ̑ncem	kolẹ̑su	kolẹ̑soma	kolẹ̑som	črevẹ̑su	črevẹ̑soma	črẹ̑vom	očẹ̑su	očẹ̑soma	ọ̑kom
Accusative	sọ̑nce	sọ̑nci	sọ̑nca	kolọ̑	kolẹ̑si	kolẹ̑sa	črevọ̑	črevẹ̑si	črẹ́va	okọ̑	očẹ̑si	ọ̑ka
Locative	sọ̑ncu	sọ̑ncih	sọ̑ncih	kolẹ̑su	kolẹ̑sih	kolẹ̑sih	črevẹ̑su	črẹ̑vih	črẹ̑vih	očẹ̑su	ọ̑kih	ọ̑kih
Instrumental	sọ̑ncem	sọ̑ncema	sọ̑nci	kolẹ̑som	kolẹ̑soma	kolẹ̑si	črevẹ̑som	črevẹ̑soma	črẹ̑vi	očẹ̑som	očẹ̑soma	ọ̑ki
Vocative	sọ̑nce	sọ̑nci	sọ̑nca	kolọ̑	kolẹ̑si	kolẹ̑sa	črevọ̑	črevẹ̑si	črẹ̑va	okọ̑	očẹ̑si	ọ̑ka

Nouns that are circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive plural allow both accents in locative and dative singular after preposition and in dual. They are circumflex in plural and acute in other forms in singular. The exception is the word uhọ̑, which is acute in other forms, except in vocative, where it is circumflex and genitive dual/plural, where it can also be circumflex:

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Short → long			Long → long
Nominative	deklȅ	deklẹ̄ti	deklẹ̑ta	uhọ̑	ušẹ́si	ušẹ́sa
Genitive	deklẹ́ta	deklẹ̑t	deklẹ̑t	ušẹ́sa	ušẹ̄s	ušẹ̄s
Dative	deklẹ́tu / deklẹ̄tu (+ prep.)	deklẹ̄toma	deklẹ̑tom	ušẹ́su	ušẹ́soma	ušẹ́som
Accusative	deklȅ	deklẹ̄ti	deklẹ̑ta	uhọ̑	ušẹ́si	ušẹ́sa
Locative	deklẹ̄tu	deklẹ̑tih	deklẹ̑tih	ušẹ́su	ušẹ́sih	ušẹ́sih
Instrumental	deklẹ́tom	deklẹ̄toma	deklẹ̑ti	ušẹ́som	ušẹ́soma	ušẹ́si
Vocative	deklȅ	deklẹ̑ti	deklẹ̑ta	uhọ̑	ušẹ̑si	ušẹ̑sa

Most acute nouns have circumflex accent in plural and allow both accents in dual, except in vocative, where it is always circumflex:

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	o-stem			s/t/n-stem
Nominative	kopíto	kopīti	kopȋta	víme	vīmeni	vȋmena
Genitive	kopíta	kopȋt	kopȋt	vímena	vȋmen	vȋmen
Dative	kopítu	kopītoma	kopȋtom	vímenu	vīmenoma	vȋmenom
Accusative	kopíto	kopīti	kopȋta	víme	vīmeni	vȋmena
Locative	kopítu	kopȋtih	kopȋtih	vímenu	vȋmenih	vȋmenih
Instrumental	kopítom	kopītoma	kopȋti	vímenom	vīmenoma	vȋmeni
Vocative	kopȋto	kopȋti	kopȋta	vȋme	vȋmeni	vȋmena

Acute nouns that are stressed on an open-mid vowel in nominative singular, diminiutives ending in -ce in nominative singular, plurale tantum, and noun jájce are, if composed of two syllables, acute in nominative/genitive plural or allow both if the stressed vowel is open-mid. If the noun is composed of more than three syllables, then they allow both accents no matter the stressed vowel. Those that are acute or open-mid vowel in nominative/accusative plural (except close-mid vowel in nouns that can also be declined with an open-mid vowel) are circumflex or acute in genitive and locative dual/plural, and instrumental plural, except if the stressed vowel is open-mid (in that case the accent is circumflex in genitive dual/plural) or if the stem ends in -č or -r followed or preceded by at least one other consonant; these are circumflex in genitive and locative dual/plural, and instrumental plural. Dative plural is in all nouns accented the same as nominative plural. The accent in dual is either that of the singular or that of the plural form:

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Two syllables			More than two syllables			Open-mid vowel, two syllables
Nominative	jájce	jájci	jájca	nakoválce	nakovālci	nakovālca	ókno	ōkni	ōkna / ọ́kna
Genitive	jájca	jājc	jājc	nakoválca	nakovȃlc	nakovȃlc	ókno	ȏken / ọ́ken	ȏken / ọ́ken
Dative	jájcu	jájcema	jájcem	nakoválcu	nakovālcema	nakovālcem	óknu	ōknoma	ōknom / ọ́knom
Accusative	jájce	jájci	jájca	nakoválce	nakovālci	nakovālca	ókno	ōkni	ōkna / ọ́kna
Locative	jájcu	jājcih	jājcih	nakoválcu	nakovȃlcih	nakovȃlcih	óknu	ōknih / ọ́knih	ōknih / ọ́knih
Instrumental	jájcem	jājcema	jājci	nakoválcem	nakovālcema	nakovȃlci	óknom	ōknoma	ōkni / ọ́kni
Vocative	jȃjce	jȃjci	jȃjca	nakovȃlce	nakovȃlci	nakovȃlca	ȏkno	ȏkni	ȏkna / ọ̑kna
	Open-mid vowel, more than two syllables			Stem ending in -č or -r + cons.
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	rešéto	rešēti	rešēta / rešẹ̄ta	rébro	rébri	rēbra / rẹ́bra
Genitive	rešéta	rešȇt / rešẹ̄t	rešȇt / rešẹ̄t	rébra	rȇber / rẹ̑ber	rȇber / rẹ̑ber
Dative	rešétu	rešētoma	rešētom / rešẹ̄tom	rébru	rébroma	rēbrom / rẹ́brom
Accusative	rešéto	rešēti	rešēta / rešẹ̄ta	rébro	rébri	rēbra / rẹ́bra
Locative	rešétu	rešētih / rešẹ̄tih	rešētih / rešẹ̄tih	rébru	rȇbrih / rẹ̑brih	rȇbrih / rẹ̑brih
Instrumental	rešétom	rešētoma	rešēti / rešẹ̄ti	rébrom	rébroma	rȇbri / rẹ̑bri
Vocative	rešȇto	rešȇti	rešȇta / rešẹ̑ta	rȇbro	rȇbri	rȇbra / rẹ̑bra

Plurale tantum can additionally follow one of these two accent changes:

	Plural	Plural
	V́	V́ V̄
Nominative	vráta	ústa
Genitive	vrát	ūst
Dative	vrátom	ústom
Accusative	vráta	ústa
Locative	vrátih	ústih
Instrumental	vráti	ústi
Vocative	vrȃta	ȗsta

Nouns stégno and lẹ́to change the accent irregularly. Stégno is circumflex in plural with close-mid vowel (alongside the regular open-mid vowel), even though it would be expected to be acute, and lẹ́to can only be acute in nominative and accusative plural:

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	stégno			lẹ́to
Nominative	stégno	stēgni	stēgna / stẹ̑gna	lẹ́to	lẹ́ti	lẹ̑ta
Genitive	stégna	stȇgen / stẹ̑gen	stȇgen / stẹ̑gen	lẹ́ta	lẹ̑t	lẹ̑t
Dative	stégnu	stēgnoma	stēgnom / stẹ̑gnom	lẹ́tu	lẹ̄toma	lẹ̑tom
Accusative	stégno	stēgni	stēgna / stẹ̑gna	lẹ́to	lẹ́ti	lẹ̑ta
Locative	stégnu	stēgnih / stẹ̑gnih	stēgnih / stẹ̑gnih	lẹ́tu	lẹ̑tih	lẹ̑tih
Instrumental	stégnom	stēgnoma	stēgni / stẹ̑gni	lẹ́tom	lẹ̄toma	lẹ̑ti
Vocative	stȇgno	stȇgni	stȇgna / stẹ̑gna	lẹ̑to	lẹ̑ti	lẹ̑ta

Mobile accent nouns edit

These nouns are always acute in nominative singular, but can either be circumflex or acute in genitive singular. The circumflex stay circumflex in all other cases while acute ones further decline as fixed accent nouns which have short circumflex accent in nominative singular and are acute in genitive singular:

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Circumflex			Acute
Nominative	bédro	bedrẹ̑si	bedrẹ̑sa	téle	telẹ̄ti	telẹ̑ta
Genitive	bedrẹ̑sa	bedrẹ̑s	bedrẹ̑s	telẹ́ta	telẹ̑t	telẹ̑t
Dative	bedrẹ̑su / bedrẹ̑si (styl.)	bedrẹ̑soma	bedrẹ̑som	telẹ́tu / telẹ̄tu (+ prep.) / telẹ́ti (styl.) / telẹ̄ti (+ prep., styl.)	telẹ̄toma	telẹ̑tom
Accusative	bédro	bedrẹ̑si	bedrẹ̑sa	téle	telẹ̄ti	telẹ̑ta
Locative	bedrẹ̑su / bedrẹ̑si (styl.)	bedrẹ̑sih	bedrẹ̑sih	telẹ̄tu / telẹ̄ti (styl.)	telẹ̑tih	telẹ̑tih
Instrumental	bedrẹ̑som	bedrẹ̑soma	bedrẹ̑si	telẹ́tom	telẹ̄toma	telẹ̑ti
Vocative	bȇdro	bedrẹ̑si	bedrẹ̑sa	tȇle	telẹ̑ti	telẹ̑ta
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

Ending accent nouns edit

These nouns always have short accent, except in dative and instrumental singular, where the accent is the same (but acute if long) as their fixed accent counterparts (if the stem has a fill vowel, then the noun can also be declined as a fixed accent noun), or is long circumflex (acute according to Slovenski pravopis) open-mid o or long circumflex (acute according to Slovenski pravopis) closed-mid e if the stem does not have a vowel. Long vowel is also the fill vowel a in genitive dual/plural and if nouns have special ending in plural and some dual cases. These are dative plural ending is -ẹ̑m instead of -om / -em, locative dual/plural ending -ẹ́h istead of -ih, instrumental plural -mí / -ẹ̄mi instead of -i, and dative and instrumental dual ending is -ẹ̑ma instead of -oma / -ema. Nouns, where the accent is not on the last syllable in genitive dual/plural, allow both accents in that case.

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Plural
	Regular			Special endings			Special endings
Nominative	zlȍ	zlȉ	zlȁ	tlȍ	tlȉ	tlȁ	drvȁ
Genitive	zlȁ	zȅl	zȅl	tlȁ	tál	tál	dŕv
Dative	zlȕ / zlȉ (styl.)	zlȏma / zlóma	zlȍm	tlȕ / tlȉ (styl.)	tlȏma / tlóma	tlȍm	drvȍm
Accusative	zlȍ	zlȉ	zlȁ	tlȍ	tlȉ	tlȁ	drvȁ
Locative	zlȕ / zlȉ (styl.)	zlȉh	zlȉh	tlȕ / tlȉ (styl.)	tlẹ́h	tlẹ́h	drvẹ́h
Instrumental	zlȍm	zlȏma / zlóma	zlȉ	tlȍm	tlȏma / tlóma	tlẹ̄mi	drvmí
Vocative	zlȍ	zlȉ	zlȁ	tlȍ	tlȉ	tlȁ	drvȁ
styl. – the form is stylistically marked

Mixed accent nouns edit

Mixed accent nouns are always circumflex, except open-mid e and o allow both accents. Slovenski pravopis dictates that also closed-mid e and o allow both accents, but the Dictionary of Slovene written language does not. The same rules also apply to dative and genitive forms ending in -i, not written below due to simplicity.

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular
	Regular			Open-mid vowel
Nominative	blagọ̑	blȃgi	blȃga	prosọ̑
Genitive	blagȃ	blȃg	blȃg	prosȃ
Dative	blȃgu	blȃgoma	blȃgom	prōsu / prọ̑su (prọ́su)
Accusative	blagọ̑	blȃgi	blȃga	prosọ̑
Locative	blȃgu	blȃgih	blȃgih	prōsu / prọ̑su (prọ́su)
Instrumental	blȃgom	blȃgoma	blȃgi	prōsom / prọ̑som (prọ́som)
Vocative	blagọ̑	blȃgi	blȃga	prosọ̑

Second neuter declension (neuter a-stem declension) edit

Second neuter declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -e. In modern Slovene, only pronouns jȁz 'I', tȋ 'you', and se(be), which is a reflexive personal pronoun are considered to follow this declension. Therefore, for the accent, endings, and alternations, see those three pronouns in the pronouns section.

Third neuter declension (neuter declension without endings) edit

Third neuter declension follow nouns whose genitive singular (or in any other case) ending is a null ending (-). This declension follow all nominalized cardinal numerals (when expressed with a number or a word) and verbs that are used as a noun (dóbro jẹ́sti dóbrega jẹ́sti 'eat well', but only a handful of other words, such as domȃ in the phrase ljubo doma kdor ga ima 'home sweet home'. This declension does not seem to have any alterations.

Third neuter declension endings
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-	-	-
Genitive	-	-	-
Dative	-	-	-
Accusative	-	-	-
Locative	-	-	-
Instrumental	-	-	-
Vocative	-	-	-

Accent edit

These accents can only have fixed accent, which does not change, except the acute accent changes into circumflex in vocative.

	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Circumflex			Acute			Short
Nominative	trȋ	trȋ	trȋ	éna	éna	éna	nȉč	nȉč	nȉč
Genitive	trȋ	trȋ	trȋ	éna	éna	éna	nȉč	nȉč	nȉč
Dative	trȋ	trȋ	trȋ	éna	éna	éna	nȉč	nȉč	nȉč
Accusative	trȋ	trȋ	trȋ	éna	éna	éna	nȉč	nȉč	nȉč
Locative	trȋ	trȋ	trȋ	éna	éna	éna	nȉč	nȉč	nȉč
Instrumental	trȋ	trȋ	trȋ	éna	éna	éna	nȉč	nȉč	nȉč
Vocative	trȋ	trȋ	trȋ	ȇna	ȇna	ȇna	nȉč	nȉč	nȉč

Fourth neuter declension (neuter i-/e-stem declension) edit

Fourth neuter declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -ega. The nouns following this declension were derived from an adjective, and are therefore nominalized adjectives. The declension is the same as declension for neuter adjectives. Most of these nouns are geographical names and only have a singular form. This declension also differentiates between hard and soft stems, but only in nominative and accusative singular.

Fourth neuter declension
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
	Hard			Soft
Nominative	-o	-i	-a	-e	-i	-a
Genitive	-ega	-ih	-ih	-ega	-ih	-ih
Dative	-emu	-ima	-im	-emu	-ima	-im
Accusative	-o	-i	-a	-e	-i	-a
Locative	-em	-ih	-ih	-em	-ih	-ih
Instrumental	-im	-ima	-imi	-im	-ima	-imi
Vocative	-o	-i	-a	-e	-i	-a

This declension does not seem to have any alterations.

Accent edit

These nouns decline the same way as definite feminine forms of adjectives following the first adjectival declension do. Therefore, only fixed and ending accentual types exist. For accent changes when nominalizing, see § Accent of nomnalized adjectives.

Nouns that switch gender edit

Some masculine nouns of Latin origin can be apart from being declined regularly in plural declined following the first neuter declension, such as frikatȋv 'fricative', nominative plural frikativa, genitive plural frikativ. The normal declension is usually preferred.
Some neuter geographical names einding in -sko or -ško (Dolẹ̑njsko, Norvẹ̑ško) follow neuter declension in some cases and feminine in other. Neuter declension is mostly present only in locative after preposition na. These nouns however, are commonly split into two versions, one following the feminine declension and one following neuter declension:

	Singular	Singular
	Feminine gender	Neuter gender
Nominative	Dolẹ́njska	Dolẹ̑njsko
Genitive	Dolẹ́njske	Dolẹ̑njskega
Dative	Dolẹ́njski	Dolẹ̑njskemu
Accusative	Dolẹ́njsko / Dolẹ̑njsko (used as an adverb)	Dolẹ̑njsko
Locative	Dolẹ́njski	Dolẹ̑njskem
Instrumental	Dolẹ̑njsko	Dolẹ̑njskim
Vocative	Dolẹ̑njska	Dolẹ̑njsko

Some mixed-accented neuter nouns can become masculine (along with the usual declension) in dual and plural, having an -ov- infix and following first masculine declension.
Nouns following second masculine declension can be feminine or masculine in dual and plural, but in either case they decline the same, as described above.
Noun okọ̑ when meaning 'eye' has plural očȋ, which further declines as a regular feminine i-stem noun with mixed accent.
Noun pọ̄t has a stylistically marked plural and dual forms following neuter o-stem declension: pọ̑ti and pọ̑ta.
Noun deklȅ is in vast majority of examples neuter, but can also dialectally or archaically be feminine, but still following the same declension.

Nouns composed of two or more words edit

When a noun composed of two or more words, sometimes all words are declined as they would be if alone, but there are additional rules.

Proper & common nouns edit

If all parts of a proper nouns grammatically match then all of them are declined, such as Ivan Cankar Ivana Cankarja 'Ivan Cankar' and Mokro Polje Mokrega Polja 'Mokro Polje'. The exception are surnames of females, which in most cases follow third declensions and have the same ending in all cases (Majda Vrhovnik Majde Vrhovnik 'Majda Vrhovnik'), but surnames following female declensions (usually ending in -a) can be also declined following the original declension (Ana Kopriva Ane Kopriva/Ane Koprive 'Ana Kopriva'). If both females and males with the same surname are mentioned, the surname is declined following original declension if the last name listed is male and follow the exception if the last name listed is female, but both first names are declined as they would normally: Pino in Pia Mlakar → Pina in Pie Mlakar (last listed first name is female) and Pia in Pino Mlakar → Pie in Pina Mlakarja (last listed first name is male). In combination of two names, such as Šmarje - Sap 'Šmarje–Sap' and Gozd - Martuljek 'Gozd Martuljek', both nouns are declined (Šmarje - Sapa, Gozda - Martuljka).

If a part of the composed noun does not grammatically match, it usually follows third declensions, such as Hotel Turist (hotel named "Turist") Hotela Turista, except in some rare cases, such as Založba Lipa (publishing house named "Lipa") Založbe Lipe. If the first part of a compound loanword is considered an adjective or is considered not to be able to stan by itself, then this part also follows third declensions, such as Downing Street Downing Streeta 'Down Street', Kon Tiki Kon Tikija 'Kon Tiki', Monte Carlo Monte Carla 'Monte Carlo', U Tant U Tanta 'U Thant', Mao Cetung Mao Cetunga 'Mao Zedong', but some can be declined following the usual declension or the third, such as Rio de Janeiro Ria de Janeira/Rio de Janeira 'Rio de Janeiro'. Some of these names can also be shortened to only the first word, which in that case follows the usual declension Rio Ria 'Rio de Janeiro' and Mao Maa 'Mao'. Compound loanword nouns with unusual endings for their gender or number follow third declensions: Pickwick Papers Pickwick Papers 'Pickwhick Papers', École des Hautes Études École des Hautes Études 'École des Hautes Études'. Part of nouns, called predimki in Slovene (lit. forenames), part between the name and surname, which was originally usually an article, also follow third declensions: fra Bartolo fra Bartola, Dos Passos Dos Passosa. Some other common words that fall into this category are also van, von, de, Don, O', Las, Los, La, and M'.

When a common noun has a proper noun as a modifier, the proper noun in some cases follows the usual declension and sometimes the third: mesto Ljubljana mesta Ljubljane (the city of Ljubljana), reka Soča reke Soče (the Soča river), as opposed to kraj Mostec kraja Mostec (the town of Mostec), gostilna Gorjanc gostilne Gorjanc (a restaurant named "Gorjanc"). Some can be declined both ways, such as podjetje Iskra podjetja Iskra/podjetja Iskre (Iskra company).

Vernacular & Vernacularized nouns edit

In those cases, all words are declined as usual, such as črno zlato črnega zlata 'coal' and človek žaba človeka žabe, nominative plural ljudje žabe 'frogman', except when they are part of the same word written apart where the first part follows third declensions, such as vikend hiša 'holiday cottage' vikend hiše and žiro račun 'deposit account' žiro računa. In these cases, writing words together is favored (vikendhiša, žiroračun)

Non-vernacularized nouns edit

Nouns that are not fully integrated in Slovene (are not fully vernacularized) are split into two categories: quoted (citatne) and semi-quoted (polcitatne), depending on how much they are integrated.

All parts of masculine semi-quoted nouns are usually declined following the usual inflection pattern, which is either first, second, or fourth masculine declension, but some that have an unusual ending follow the third masculine declension: [[Sympathetic nervous system|nervus sympathicus]] nervusa sympathicusa, but [[curriculum vitae|curriculum vitae]] curriculuma vitae. Feminine semi-quoted nouns ending in -a in nominative singular are declined following the first feminine declension and others follow the third: [[alma mater|alma mater]] alme mater and [[Smilax aspera|Smilax aspera]] Smilax aspere.

Quoted nouns are declined as originally in the language they were borrowed from: [[alma mater|alma mater]] almae matris, [[curriculum vitae|curriculum vitae]] curriculi vitae, [[first lady|first lady]] first lady, nominative plural first ladies. This declension is always stylistically marked.

Masculinization and feminization of neuter nouns edit

Neuter nouns are either masculinized or feminized across a large part of the Slovene-speaking territory. Masculinization occurs in Upper Carniolan, Lower Sava Valley, Central Savinja, Horjul, Škofja Loka, Poljane, Selca, Črni Vrh, Ebriach, North Pohorje-Remšnik, and Mežica dialects, Kranjska Gora subdialect, and in parts of Rosen Valley, Juan Valley, Lower Carniolan, Central Styrian, and South Pohorje dialects. It is most commonly present in singular, and less in dual and plural. Masculinization varies from nouns binding with masculine forms of adjectives to completely change the declension, such as in Lower Sava Valley dialect. In that case nouns following the first neuter declension change to following first masculine, those following second neuter to following second masculine declension those following the third neuter to third masculine and those following fourth neuter to fourth masculine. Masculinized nouns following first declension have in genitive dual/plural a null ending, which is also present in some other masculine nouns. Mixed and mobile accentual type generally turns into fixed. Those following fourth declension have a null ending in nominative singular. The t-, s-, and n-stem nouns usually have the long stem in all cases.

Feminization of neuter nouns occurs in eastern Carinthian, northern Styrian, and many Panonian dialects. Feminization is the most common in plural, but is also very common in singular in dual. Similarly to masculinization, nouns following the first neuter declension change to following the first feminine, those following the second neuter to second feminine, those following the third neuter to third feminine and those following fourth neuter to fourth feminine. Mobile and mixed accentual type generally turn into fixed. The t-, s-, and n-stem nouns usually have the short stems in all cases, which is furthermore shortened, without the last o/e. The accent also changes accordingly to one syllable before, if the final o/e was accented.

Adjectives, adjectival pronouns, numerals edit

Adjective declension is simpler than noun declension, as there are only two different inflection patterns. The first declension is the same as fourth noun declension for each case, while the second adjective declension is the same as third noun declensions (have a null ending in all cases). Adjectives can have all four accentual types. Adjectives can be compared in two ways, having three degrees of comparison in the first comparison (positive, comparative, superlative) and the second having two (positive and elative) and can be declined either by affixes or by adding other an adverb before it.

Declension of adjectival pronouns and irregular numerals is detailed in the pronouns and irregular numerals section.

Definite and indefinite adjectives edit

Adjectives in Slovene distinguish between indefinite and definite meanings. They correspond in meaning to the distinction between the English indefinite article a, referring to an unknown thing, and the definite article the, referring to a known thing. The definite form is also used in fixed noun phrases, where the combination of adjective and noun are to be understood as a single concept. Apart from that, they are also used under the following conditions:

After possessive adjectives: posameznikov denarni prispevek 'individual's financial contribution'.
After demonstrative pronouns, and the pronouns və̏s (except when meaning 'completely') (after tȃ, all forms become circumflex, except open-mid e and o allow both accents, and nȍv and mlȃd are irregular and are acute): njegov / ta denarni prispevek 'his / this financial contribution'.
When the adjective denotes a special type of the noun: poprȃvni izpȋt 'retake exam', mȃterni jézik 'mother tongue'.
When nominalized: Dežurni je tu. 'The doctor on-call (lit. on duty) is here.'; some proper nouns are exceptions.

The corresponding interrogative word for indefinite adjectives is kākšen and for definite adjectives katẹ̄ri for definite adjectives. Thus, definite forms behave like relational adjectives, which already mostly have an -i ending.

Definite adjectives have an ending -i in nominative and vocative singular. All other forms are usually the same for regular adjectives, acting as both indefinite and definite adjective, but adjectives that do not have fixed accent and some irregular adjectives change the stem or the accent, so all forms are differentiated.

For some adjectives, however, there are more differences between the indefinite and definite declensions:

If the indefinite declension has acute accent, but circumflex accent in the feminine singular, the definite declension has acute accent throughout: prídni, síti, bogáti, blázni, feminine nominative singular prídna, síta, bogáta, blázna.
If the indefinite declension is mixed, mobile or end-accented, the definite declension has fixed accent: bẹ́li, góli, tèmni. The only exception is when the stem does not have a vowel. Then it has ending accent.
Some acute-stem adjectives (e.g. stȁr) switch to circumflex accentuation in the definite declension: stȃri.
The adjective vélik (with stem velík-) can additionally have circumflex accent on the stem and a close-mid vowel in the definite declension: vẹ̑liki.
The adjective mȃjhen changes the stem to mȃli.

In addition, not all adjectives have definite and indefinite form. Adjectives ending in -ov/-ev (bratov, borovničev) or -in (sestrin), adjectival pronouns, and adjectives and numerals ending in -i (slovenski, kmečki, neki, kateri) are (except some pronouns) definite by meaning, but only those ending in -i decline as definite adjectives, others decline as indefinite forms.

First adjective declension (adjective declension with endings) edit

Most of the adjectives follow the first declension, which changes the endings when declined. These adjectives, when nominalized, follow fourth declensions. The endings can be split into three groups of cases:

The nominative and accusative, which are like the o-stems of masculine and neuter nouns, and the a-stems of feminine nouns. Like in nouns, a distinction is made between hard and soft stems, but this is only relevant for the neuter nominative/accusative singular, which has -o for hard stems and -e for soft stems.
The other feminine singular cases, which also follow the a-stems of nouns.
The remaining cases, which have endings unique to adjectives. These are the same for all three genders in the dual and plural.

The accusative singular is different if the adjective stays directly before the noun or not. In the latter case, masculine form allows only genitive ending, feminine only accusative and neuter allows both endings.

The masculine accusative singular before the adjective is like either the nominative or the genitive, as in masculine nouns. Which form is used depends on which form the accompanying noun uses, which in turn depends on whether the noun is animate or inanimate.

First adjective declension endings
Hard
		Singular			Dual			Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	indef.	-	-a	-o	-a	-i		-i	-e	-a
Nominative	def.	-i	-a	-o	-a	-i		-i	-e	-a
Genitive		-ega	-e	-ega	-ih			-ih
Dative		-emu	-i	-emu	-ima			-im
Accusative	+ noun	nom or gen	-o	-o	-a	-i		-e	-e	-a
Accusative	− noun	-ega	-o	-o / -ega	-a	-i		-e	-e	-a
Locative		-em	-i	-em	-ih			-ih
Instrumental		-im	-o	-im	-ima			-imi
Vocative	indef.	-	-a	-o	-a	-i		-i	-e	-a
Vocative	def.	-i	-a	-o	-a	-i		-i	-e	-a
Soft
		Singular			Dual			Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	indef.	-	-a	-e	-a	-i		-i	-e	-a
Nominative	def.	-i	-a	-e	-a	-i		-i	-e	-a
Genitive		-ega	-e	-ega	-ih			-ih
Dative		-emu	-i	-emu	-ima			-im
Accusative	+ noun	nom or gen	-o	-e	-a	-i		-e	-e	-a
Accusative	− noun	-ega	-o	-e / -ega	-a	-i		-e	-e	-a
Locative		-em	-i	-em	-ih			-ih
Instrumental		-im	-o	-im	-ima			-imi
Vocative	indef.	-	-a	-e	-a	-i		-i	-e	-a
Vocative	def.	-i	-a	-e	-a	-i		-i	-e	-a

Alternations and other exceptions of the first adjective declension edit

Adjectives with mixed accent also have a form with an ending -e in nominative and accusative dual in feminine and neuter gender in addition to the usual -i: bẹ́l 'white', nominative dual: belẹ̑/belȋ/bẹ́li.
A fill vowel in nominate singular when there is a null ending in some adjectives.

Fixed accent adjectives edit

Adjectives do not nearly change the accent as much when declined as nouns, however there are six different ways that can happen:

If the adjective is long circumflex (or short if ə is accented) in nominative singular masculine and feminine form, then it is circumflex in all other forms.

		Singular			Dual			Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	indef.	vesẹ̑ł	vesẹ̑la	vesẹ̑lo	vesẹ̑la	vesẹ̑li		vesẹ̑li	vesẹ̑le	vesẹ̑la
Nominative	def.	vesẹ̑li	vesẹ̑la	vesẹ̑lo	vesẹ̑la	vesẹ̑li		vesẹ̑li	vesẹ̑le	vesẹ̑la
Genitive		vesẹ̑lega	vesẹ̑le	vesẹ̑lega	vesẹ̑lih			vesẹ̑lih
Dative		vesẹ̑lemu	vesẹ̑li	vesẹ̑lemu	vesẹ̑lima			vesẹ̑lim
Accusative	+ noun	nom or gen	vesẹ̑lo	vesẹ̑lo	vesẹ̑la	vesẹ̑li		vesẹ̑le	vesẹ̑le	vesẹ̑la
Accusative	− noun	vesẹ̑lega	vesẹ̑lo	vesẹ̑lo / vesẹ̑lega	vesẹ̑la	vesẹ̑li		vesẹ̑le	vesẹ̑le	vesẹ̑la
Locative		vesẹ̑lem	vesẹ̑li	vesẹ̑lem	vesẹ̑lih			vesẹ̑lih
Instrumental		vesẹ̑lim	vesẹ̑lo	vesẹ̑lim	vesẹ̑lima			vesẹ̑limi
Vocative	indef.	vesẹ̑ł	vesẹ̑la	vesẹ̑lo	vesẹ̑la	vesẹ̑li		vesẹ̑li	vesẹ̑le	vesẹ̑la
Vocative	def.	vesẹ̑li	vesẹ̑la	vesẹ̑lo	vesẹ̑la	vesẹ̑li		vesẹ̑li	vesẹ̑le	vesẹ̑la

If the adjective is long acute (or short if ə is accented) in nominative singular masculine and feminine form, then it is acute in all other forms, except in vocative, where it is circumflex.

		Singular			Dual			Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	indef.	lísast	lísasta	lísasto	lísasta	lísasti		lísasti	lísaste	lísasta
Nominative	def.	lísasti	lísasta	lísasto	lísasta	lísasti		lísasti	lísaste	lísasta
Genitive		lísastega	lísaste	lísastega	lísastih			lísastih
Dative		lísastemu	lísasti	lísastemu	lísastima			lísastim
Accusative	+ noun	nom or gen	lísasto	lísasto	lísasta	lísasti		lísaste	lísaste	lísasta
Accusative	− noun	lísastega	lísasto	lísasto / lísastega	lísasta	lísasti		lísaste	lísaste	lísasta
Locative		lísastem	lísasti	lísastem	lísastih			lísastih
Instrumental		lísastim	lísasto	lísastim	lísastima			lísastimi
Vocative	indef.	lȋsast	lȋsasta	lȋsasto	lȋsasta	lȋsasti		lȋsasti	lȋsaste	lȋsasta
Vocative	def.	lȋsasti	lȋsasta	lȋsasto	lȋsasta	lȋsasti		lȋsasti	lȋsaste	lȋsasta

If the adjective is long circumflex (or short if ə is accented) in nominative singular masculine form, but acute in feminine form, then it is acute in all other forms, except in vocative case, where it is circumflex.

		Singular			Dual			Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	indef.	ljubeznȋv	ljubezníva	ljubeznívo	ljubezníva	ljubeznívi		ljubeznívi	ljubezníve	ljubezníva
Nominative	def.	ljubeznívi	ljubezníva	ljubeznívo	ljubezníva	ljubeznívi		ljubeznívi	ljubezníve	ljubezníva
Genitive		ljubeznívega	ljubezníve	ljubeznívega	ljubeznívih			ljubeznívih
Dative		ljubeznívemu	ljubeznívi	ljubeznívemu	ljubeznívima			ljubeznívim
Accusative	+ noun	nom or gen	ljubeznívo	ljubeznívo	ljubezníva	ljubeznívi		ljubezníve	ljubezníve	ljubezníva
Accusative	− noun	ljubeznívega	ljubeznívo	ljubeznívo / ljubeznívega	ljubezníva	ljubeznívi		ljubezníve	ljubezníve	ljubezníva
Locative		ljubeznívem	ljubeznívi	ljubeznívem	ljubeznívih			ljubeznívih
Instrumental		ljubeznívim	ljubeznívo	ljubeznívim	ljubeznívima			ljubeznívimi
Vocative	indef.	ljubeznȋv	ljubeznȋva	ljubeznȋvo	ljubeznȋva	ljubeznȋvi		ljubeznȋvi	ljubeznȋve	ljubeznȋva
Vocative	def.	ljubeznȋvi	ljubeznȋva	ljubeznȋvo	ljubeznȋva	ljubeznȋvi		ljubeznȋvi	ljubeznȋve	ljubeznȋva

If the adjective is long acute (or short if ə is accented) in nominative singular masculine form, but circumflex in feminine form, then it is acute in all masculine and neuter forms, but allows both accents in other feminine singular forms. The same applies if nominative singular feminine form allows both accents.

		Singular			Dual			Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	indef.	prídən	prȋdna	prídno	prídna	prídni		prídni	prídne	prídna
Nominative	def.	prídni	prȋdna	prídno	prídna	prídni		prídni	prídne	prídna
Genitive		prídnega	prīdne	prídnega	prídnih			prídnih
Dative		prídnemu	prīdni	prídnemu	prídnima			prídnim
Accusative	+ noun	nom or gen	prīdno	prídno	prídna	prídni		prídne	prídne	prídna
Accusative	− noun	prídnega	prīdno	prídno / prídnega	prídna	prídni		prídne	prídne	prídna
Locative		prídnem	prīdni	prídnem	prídnih			prídnih
Instrumental		prídnim	prīdno	prídnim	prídnima			prídnimi
Vocative	indef.	prȋdən	prȋdna	prȋdno	prȋdna	prȋdni		prȋdni	prȋdne	prȋdna
Vocative	def.	prȋdni	prȋdna	prȋdno	prȋdna	prȋdni		prȋdni	prȋdne	prȋdna

If the adjective is short circumflex and ə is not stressed in nominative singular masculine form, and long circumflex in feminine form, then it is acute in all other masculine and neuter forms, but allows both accents in other feminine singular forms. The same applies if nominative singular feminine form allows both accents. The exception is surȍv, which is only circumflex in all forms.

		Singular			Dual			Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	indef.	sȉt	sȋta	síto	síta	síti		síti	síte	síta
Nominative	def.	síti	sȋta	síto	síta	síti		síti	síte	síta
Genitive		sítega	sīte	sítega	sítih			sítih
Dative		sítemu	sīti	sítemu	sítima			sítim
Accusative	+ noun	nom or gen	sīto	síto	síta	síti		síte	síte	síta
Accusative	− noun	sítega	sīto	síto / sítega	síta	síti		síte	síte	síta
Locative		sítem	sīti	sítem	sítih			sítih
Instrumental		sítim	sīto	sítim	sítima			sítimi
Vocative	indef.	sȉt	sȋta	sȋto	sȋta	sȋti		sȋti	sȋte	sȋta
Vocative	def.	sȋti	sȋta	sȋto	sȋta	sȋti		sȋti	sȋte	sȋta

		Singular			Dual			Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	indef.	surȍv	surȏva	surȏvo	surȏva	surȏvi		surȏvi	surȏve	surȏva
Nominative	def.	surȏvi	surȏva	surȏvo	surȏva	surȏvi		surȏvi	surȏve	surȏva
Genitive		surȏvega	surȏve	surȏvega	surȏvih			surȏvih
Dative		surȏvemu	surȏvi	surȏvemu	surȏvima			surȏvim
Accusative	+ noun	nom or gen	surȏvo	surȏvo	surȏva	surȏvi		surȏve	surȏve	surȏva
Accusative	− noun	surȏvega	surȏvo	surȏvo / surȏvega	surȏva	surȏvi		surȏve	surȏve	surȏva
Locative		surȏvem	surȏvi	surȏvem	surȏvih			surȏvih
Instrumental		surȏvim	surȏvo	surȏvim	surȏvima			surȏvimi
Vocative	indef.	surȍv	surȏva	surȏvo	surȏva	surȏvi		surȏvi	surȏve	surȏva
Vocative	def.	surȏvi	surȏva	surȏvo	surȏva	surȏvi		surȏvi	surȏve	surȏva

If the adjective is short circumflex and ə is not stressed in nominative singular masculine form, but long acute in feminine form, then it is acute in all other forms.

		Singular			Dual			Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	indef.	zelȅn	zeléna	zeléno	zeléna	zeléni		zeléni	zeléne	zeléna
Nominative	def.	zeléni	zeléna	zeléno	zeléna	zeléni		zeléni	zeléne	zeléna
Genitive		zelénega	zeléne	zelénega	zelénih			zelénih
Dative		zelénemu	zeléni	zelénemu	zelénima			zelénim
Accusative	+ noun	nom or gen	zeléno	zeléno	zeléna	zeléni		zeléne	zeléne January 01, 1970 Latest articles January 15, 2023 Hofmeyria atavus January 07, 2023 Hofmeister series January 07, 2023 Hog Island (California) January 05, 2023 Hog maw December 26, 2022 Hogan Yancey January 08, 2023 Hogarth Kingeekuk Sr. Memorial School January 11, 2023 Hogg Robinson January 08, 2023 Hogfather January 07, 2023 Hoh Khai Mun January 07, 2023 Hohenkirchen Most Read January 13, 2023 Kontrol January 07, 2023 Koo Kam December 30, 2022 Koochiching County, Minnesota January 02, 2023 Kool Aid Man January 06, 2023 Kool Kojak slovene, declension, this, page, describes, declension, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, slovene, information, slovene, grammar, general, slovene, grammar, this, article, follows, tonal, orthography, conversion, into, pitch, orthography, slovene, national, phoneti. This page describes the declension of nouns adjectives and pronouns in Slovene For information on Slovene grammar in general see Slovene grammar This article follows the tonal orthography For the conversion into pitch orthography see Slovene national phonetic transcription Contents 1 Grammatical categories 1 1 Cases 1 1 1 Vocative 1 2 Numbers 1 3 Genders 1 4 Declensions 1 5 Accentual types 1 6 Degrees of comparison 1 7 Animacy 2 Nouns nominal pronouns nominalized adjectives 2 1 First Masculine declension 2 1 1 Masculine o e stem declension 2 1 2 Masculine t stem declension 2 1 3 Masculine n stem declension 2 1 4 Masculine j stem declension 2 1 5 Alternations and other exceptions of the first masculine declension 2 1 6 Fixed accent nouns 2 1 7 Mobile accent nouns 2 1 8 Ending accent nouns 2 1 9 Mixed accent nouns 2 2 Second masculine declension masculine a stem declension 2 2 1 Alternations and other exceptions of the second masculine declension 2 2 2 Accent 2 3 Third masculine declension masculine declension without endings 2 3 1 Alternations and other exceptions of the third masculine declension 2 3 2 Accent 2 4 Fourth masculine declension masculine i e stem declension 2 4 1 Alternations and other exceptions of the fourth masculine declension 2 4 2 Accent 2 5 First feminine declension 2 5 1 Feminine a stem declension 2 5 2 Feminine r stem declension 2 5 3 Feminine v stem declension 2 5 4 Feminine n stem declension 2 5 5 Alternations and other exceptions of the first feminine declension 2 5 6 Fixed accent nouns 2 5 7 Mobile accent nouns 2 5 8 Ending accent nouns 2 5 9 Mixed accent nouns 2 6 Second feminine declension feminine i stem declension 2 6 1 Alternations and other exceptions of the second feminine declension 2 6 2 Fixed accent nouns 2 6 3 Mobile accent nouns 2 6 4 Ending accent nouns 2 6 5 Mixed accent nouns 2 7 Third feminine declension feminine declension without endings 2 7 1 Alternations and other exceptions of the third feminine declension 2 7 2 Accent 2 8 Fourth feminine declension feminine i e stem declension 2 8 1 Accent 2 9 First neuter declension 2 9 1 Neuter o e stem declension 2 9 2 Neuter n s and t stem declensions 2 9 3 Alternations and other exceptions of the first neuter declension 2 9 4 Fixed accent nouns 2 9 5 Mobile accent nouns 2 9 6 Ending accent nouns 2 9 7 Mixed accent nouns 2 10 Second neuter declension neuter a stem declension 2 11 Third neuter declension neuter declension without endings 2 11 1 Accent 2 12 Fourth neuter declension neuter i e stem declension 2 12 1 Accent 2 13 Nouns that switch gender 2 14 Nouns composed of two or more words 2 14 1 Proper amp common nouns 2 14 2 Vernacular amp Vernacularized nouns 2 14 3 Non vernacularized nouns 2 15 Masculinization and feminization of neuter nouns 3 Adjectives adjectival pronouns numerals 3 1 Definite and indefinite adjectives 3 2 First adjective declension adjective declension with endings 3 2 1 Alternations and other exceptions of the first adjective declension 3 2 2 Fixed accent adjectives 3 2 3 Mobile accent adjectives 3 2 4 Ending accent adjectives 3 2 5 Mixed accent adjectives 3 2 6 Mobile amp mixed accent adjectives 3 3 Second adjective declension adjective declension without endings 3 3 1 Accent 3 4 Words that can follow both declensions 3 5 Formation of adverbs 3 6 Comparison 3 6 1 Comparison of adverbs 3 7 Accent of nominalized adjectives 4 Pronouns 4 1 Nominal Pronouns 4 1 1 Personal pronouns 4 1 1 1 Use of pronouns as a subject stressed amp undstressed forms 4 1 2 Interrogative nominal pronouns 4 1 3 Relative nominal pronouns 4 1 4 Relative indefinite pronouns 4 1 5 Indefinite nominal pronouns 4 1 6 Negative nominal pronouns 4 1 7 Universal nominal pronouns 4 1 8 Manifold nominal pronouns 4 1 9 Unspecified nominal pronouns 4 2 Adjectival pronouns 4 2 1 Relative unspecified adjectival pronouns and demonstrative pronouns ending in le 4 2 2 ta ves and oba 4 3 Numerals 5 Dialectal and obsolete declension changes 5 1 Declension with tone changes 6 References 6 1 General 6 2 Dialectal declension 6 3 Obsolete features 6 4 ExamplesGrammatical categories editNouns are declined for six cases and three numbers Adjectives and most pronouns additionally decline for three genders Cases edit There are six cases the Slovene names are given in brackets Nominative imenovalnik or nominativ Genitive rodilnik or genitiv Dative dajalnik or dativ Accusative tozilnik or akuzativ Locative mestnik or lokativ Instrumental orodnik or instrumental Traditionally the cases are given in the order above They are also usually numbered accordingly the nominative case is the first case the genitive the second and so on The nouns are usually listed and sorted by their nominative singular form but declension is defined by the genitive singular form For this reason genitive singular form is commonly written with the nominative Where it is not otherwise noted the second form is in genitive singular form Vocative edit Vocative zvalnik or vokativ was used with the original endings in Slovene up to the 18th century by for example Janez Svetokriski but has now received the endings of the nominative case Some words however kept the vocative form such as oce instead of the nominative ot c father Colloquially vocative endings are still present but the current use is taken from Serbo Croatian While having the same endings it is still tonemically different from the nominative case always having circumflex accent but because of its similarity with nominative it is often omitted from declension tables or is considered a special case of nominative called addressive nominative ogovorni imenovalnik in Slovene literature Numbers edit Slovene has three numbers Singular ednina which refers to one object Dual dvojina which refers to a pair of objects Plural mnozina which refers to more than two objects There is however an exception to that rule Plural is used instead of dual for nouns that represent things that usually come in pairs such as body parts socks twins and parents except if one wants to stress that the noun relates to both parts and after words that signify a pair such as oba both etc Starse sem vprasal ce lahko grem ven I asked parents if I can go out plural is used Na vpisnico se morata podpisati oba starsa Both parents have to sign the application dual is used Genders edit A noun in Slovene can have one of the following three genders Masculine moski abbreviated m sp divided further into animate accusative singular equals genitive and inanimate accusative singular equals nominative in the first and fourth masculine declension and in first adjective declension Feminine zenski abbreviated z sp Neuter srednji abbreviated sr sp which is in some dialects masculinized or feminized Native speakers usually identify a gender by placing a demonstrative pronoun tisti that in front of it Since some nouns can only have a singular form and some only a plural form extremely rarely also only dual such as ribi pisces both singular and plural endings must be remembered Note that the feminine singular and neuter plural endings are the same so the number must be determined first Non native speakers in most cases determine try to determine gender from the ending of a noun in nominative singular Masculine nouns typically end in a consonant although a few end in a vowel mostly in a o and i some names letters nominalized adjectives etc Feminine nouns usually end in a these are the a stem nouns A number of feminine nouns end in a consonant these are mostly i stem and v stem nouns The vast majority of neuter nouns end in o or e but second and third neuter declension end with a variety of sounds since they have a null ending in nominative case Declensions edit Declensions are divided differently in international and Slovene literature In Slovene literature the declensions are defined by the ending in genitive singular but in international literature the nouns are often divided by the stem the same way as in Proto Slavic which are more numerous Thus they can be considered as a subdivision of the declension The stem declensions that are a subdivision of the main declension are a result of a stem lengthening alteration premena or is a subpattern podvzorec There are four different noun declension for every gender in Slovene and two for the adjectives Besides the name the identifying ending ending in genitive singular is written Masculine First masculine declension ending a u or e word dȃn Masculine o e stem declension Masculine t stem declension Masculine n stem declension Masculine j stem declension Second masculine declension masculine a stem declension ending e except dȃn Third masculine declension masculine declension without endings ending o Fourth masculine declension masculine i e stem declension ending ega Feminine First feminine declension ending e genitive plural ending is not ih Feminine a stem declension Feminine r stem declension Feminine v stem declension Feminine n stem declension Second feminine declension feminine i stem declension ending i Third feminine declension feminine declensions without endings ending o Fourth feminine declension feminine i e stem declension ending e genitive plural ending ih Neuter First neuter declension ending a Neuter o e stem declension Neuter n stem declension Neuter s stem declension Neuter t stem declension Second neuter declension neuter a stem declension ending e Third neuter declension neuter declension without endings ending o Fourth neuter declension neuter i e stem declension ending ega Adjective First adjective declension adjective declension with endings ending ega Second adjective declension adjective declension without endings ending o Accentual types edit There are four different accentual types Fixed nepremicni where the stress is always on the same stem syllable Mobile premicni where the stress is on different stem syllables Ending koncniski where the stress is always on the ending Mixed mesani where the stress is sometimes on the stem and sometimes on the ending In first masculine second feminine and first adjectival declension accentual types affect the endings in some cases Some words can also change accent from fixed to mixed in one number or in only one case These nouns follow accent changes of the fixed type except where they change to mixed type they follow mixed accentuation Some nouns can also change the accentuation after certain prepositions These forms are always circumflex for example primẹ r accusative singular primẹ r but after na it changes into na prȋmer Degrees of comparison edit There is a three stage and two stage comparison in Slovene The three stage comparison has the following degrees Positive osnovnik or pozitiv Comparative primernik or komparativ Superlative preseznik or superlativ The two stage declension has the following degrees Positive osnovnik or pozitiv Elative pridvignjena stopnja or elativ Animacy edit Masculine nouns and adjectives are divided between animate and inanimate nouns Animate nouns are nouns that represent a living or mythological being Francọ z French rȁk crab dȗh ghost and words that originally had that meaning but have a different one now vipȃvec a type of wine francọ z monkey wrench Oriọ n Orion In this category are also card names and suits and some names of cars and mushrooms such as as ace pȋk club gọ lf Golf a Volkswagen car and gobȃn bolete The word duh is animate when it means ghost or mentality Some diminutives are animate even if they represent an inanimate object for example stolcek little chair Names of space objects that are named after gods are either animate or inanimate e g Merkur Mercury This distinction is also applied to all words that modify the noun such as adjectives determiners and the like Thus adjectives in the masculine accusative singular will have either the form of the nominative no ending or i or the form of the genitive ega Nouns nominal pronouns nominalized adjectives editThe declensions for nouns nominal pronouns and nominalized adjectives can be split by gender as gender and declension pattern coincide The dual and plural are not distinguished in the genitive and locative cases of nouns the plural form is used for the dual as well For neuter nouns the nominative and accusative forms are always the same in all numbers Nominal and nominalized pronouns also follow this inflection patterns however most of them are irregular For irregularities among pronouns see the pronouns section First Masculine declension edit First masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is a korȃk korȃka u mọ st mostȗ and the noun dan dȃn dnẹ The vast majority of masculine nouns are declined following this inflection pattern It is so common that masculine nouns following the second and some following the third and the fourth can be declined following the pattern of the first Masculine nouns are further divided between animate and inanimate nouns This difference is only significant for the accusative singular For inanimate nouns the accusative singular is identical to the nominative singular For example stȍl chair genitive singular stola accusative singular stȍl For animate nouns the accusative singular is identical to the genitive singular For example fȁnt boy genitive singular fanta accusative singular fanta Masculine o e stem declension edit nbsp Wiktionary has a category on Slovene masculine hard o stem nouns nbsp Wiktionary has a category on Slovene masculine soft o stem nouns The standard declension of first masculine declension is the o stem declension O stem nouns are divided between hard and soft stems see the main Slovene grammar article for the meaning of these terms First masculine declension endings Hard declension Soft declension Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative a i a i Genitive a ov ov a ev ev Dative u i styl oma om u i styl ema em Accusative nom or gen a e nom or gen a e Locative u i styl ih ih u i styl ih ih Instrumental om oma i em ema i Vocative a i a i styl the form is stylistically marked Masculine t stem declension edit Proper names ending in e normally follow this declension like the noun otrocȅ kid adding the infix t before the endings For example Zvọ ne Zvọ neta a male name This declension also follow some other nouns ending in e if it represents hypocoristicity fantȅ fantẹ ta boy immature man The noun oce father also follows this declension Some historic Greek names such as Ksenofọ n Xenophon and Ȃjas Ajax the Great also follow this inflection pattern however it is also common to already have a t stem in nominative singular Ksenofọ n Ksenofọ nt Ksenofọ nta Ȃjas Ajant Ajanta In speech or in writing of lower register nouns that have the ending o in nominative singular such as Marko a male name and sȋnko little son also follow this inflection pattern Marko Markota sȋnko sȋnkota In dialectal speeches this also happens to proper nouns ending in a such as Miha and Luka and the a is in some dialects changed to e Miha Mihata Miheta Luka Lukata Luketa although in some dialects these words can be lengthened with another consonant for example with n in Carinthian dialects Marko Markona Luka Lukana Masculine n stem declension edit A few nouns ending in elj have a stem ending in eljn rather than dropping the fill vowel For example nagelj nageljna carnation and Francelj Franceljna a male name These nouns can be also declined normally nagelj naglja Francelj Franclja however that is less common Some Latin names ending in o can also follow this inflection pattern such as Kȃto Katọ na Cato but the n can be already added in nominative singular Kȃton Katọ na Masculine j stem declension edit Nouns of which the pronunciation of the stem ends in ɾ or a vowel not to be confused with a noun having a vowel ending in nominative singular the stem when followed by an ending has an added j at the end such as tȃksi tȃksija taxi and redar redarja security guard at a public event There are exceptions though Monosyllabic words follow the o stem declension mȋr mirȗ peace except car carja tsar and similarly also stȃr old way of measuring cereal jur bolete 1000 units of currency and fȃr priest Nouns derived from verbs such as gȏvor speech vȋr source and prodȍr penetration also follow o stem declension The same is true for nouns that have a fill vowel followed by ɾ such as vẹ ter vẹ tra wind and blȃgor blȃgra well being Compound nouns that have a non j stem noun such as dvogȏvor dvogȏvora dialogue and pȍdodbȍr pȍdodbora subcommittee are also excluded except names that end in mir such as Vlȃdimir a male name and Cȓtomir which can be declined either way Vlȃdimir Vlȃdimira Vlȃdimirja Cȓtomir Cȓtomira Cȓtomirja Some nouns that end in r and silent e can also be declined either way Tesniere Slovene pronunciation tɛnˈjɛ ːɾ Tesniere Tesniera Slovene pronunciation tɛnˈjɛ ːra Tesnierja tɛnˈjɛ ːrja Shakespeare Slovene pronunciation ˈʃeːkspiɾ Shakespeara Slovene pronunciation ˈʃeːkspira Shakespearja ˈʃeːkspirja Shakespeare Some nouns such as Madzȃr Hungar sẹ ver north and Alzir Algiers also follow the o stem declension Note that in loanwords the vowel can be written differently than expected such as Disney ˈdiːzni Disneyja ˈdiːznija Disney but Broadway Slovene pronunciation ˈbroːdvɛj Broadwaya ˈbroːdveja Broadway Note that Latin and Greek words can have an ending that ends with a consonant in nominative singular but they are still j stem nouns Ovidius Ovidija Ovid Nouns ending in non silent r or vowel followed by a silent consonant also follow this declension but the j is only pronounced and not written Dumas diˈmaː Dumasa diˈmaːja Dumas Alternations and other exceptions of the first masculine declension edit First masculine declension has many alternations A relatively small number of masculine nouns have a nominative and accusative if inanimate singular an ending a sluga mostly the nouns that can also follow second masculine declination servant e finȃle final o Marko a male name or u Enẹ scu Enescu Sometimes but not always the suffixes in Latin loanwords as es is os us and um are considered an ending Examples of this include Leonȋdas Leonȋda Leonidas Ȃvgijas Ȃvgija Augeas Aristọ teles Aristọ tela Aristotle Juvenȃlis Juvenȃla Juvenal Arhȋlos Arhȋloha Archilochus Tȃcitus Tȃcita Tacitus and Tarẹ ntum Tarẹ nta Taranto These suffixes can be omitted Leonȋd Aristọ tel Juvenȃl etc but if we do so the stems that end with a vowel must be lengthened with a j even in nominative case Ȃvgij Augeas Menelȃj Menelaus Livij Livius etc The lengthening of the stem is also present in other cases if one does not decide to omit the suffix Other times the suffix is considered as a part of the stem such as Rọ dos Rọ dosa Rhodes and some can be declined both ways such as ọ bolos ọ bola ọ bolosa Obol and alpinẹ tum alpinẹ ta alpinẹ tuma Alpine botanical garden Modern Greek names are considered not to have an ending in nominative Makȃrios Makariosa Macarios The surname Nepos can have alternatively a stem Nepot in other cases Nẹ pos Nẹ pota some monosyllabic nouns have an u ending in genitive singular mọ st mostȗ bridge rọ d rodȗ lineage Many nouns have the stem shortened in cases where the ending is not a null ending as it is nominative singular mainly because they have a fill vowel which is there to ease the pronunciation The change can be evident in writing pronunciation or both In writing e at the end of the stem is omitted in some loanwords Wilde Slovene pronunciation ˈʋaːjlt Wilda Slovene pronunciation ˈʋaːjlda Wilde and Laforgue Slovene pronunciation laˈfoːrg Lafforgua laˈfoːrga Laforgue but not in cases where that would affect the pronunciation of preceding letters such as in Wallace ˈwaːles ˈvaːlis Wallacea ʋalisa Wallace and George ˈdʒoːɾdʒ Georgea ˈdʒoːɾdʒa George except if it is preventing the nasalisation of the consonant m n that precede it such as Lamartine lamaɾˈtiːn Lamartina lamaɾˈtiːna Lamartine If e is followed by other letters it is kept in all cases whether it is pronounced or not Holmes xoːlms Holmesa xoːlmsa Holmes and Jacques ʒaːk Jacquesa ʒaːka Jacques In pronunciation when the sound is not written with an e or o such as in zanr zanra and film filma In both vhen the sound is written by its own letter usually with an e but also with a or o such as posel posla business and sejem sejma fair In loanwords from other Slavic languages fill vowels are preserved if the removal would break other grammatical rules Examples include Muromec Muromca Muromets Dudok Dudka Dudok Capek Capka Capek Kragujevac Kragujevca Kragujevac and Zadar Zadra Zadar but not Lev Leo because Lev Lva would violate other grammatical rules so it is declined as Lev Leva The omission of the sound is also present in some non Slavic loanwords such as Munchen ˈmyːnxen ˈmiːŋxen Munchna ˈmiːŋxna Munich raster rastra raster but sometimes the sound is preserved in all cases where it is transformen into e or o such as Ȃndersen Ȃndersena Andersen and Olafsson ˈoːlafsɔn Olafssona ˈoːlafsɔna olafsson In the 19th century the ending i was often used in the dative locative singular instead of u For example nominative oce father dative locative ocẹ ti Nowadays this ending is considered archaic or dialectal Nouns ending in io such as radio ˈɾaːdijɔ ˈɾaːdijɔ radio usually follow the soft inflection pattern radio instrumental singular radiem Names ending in a vowel and consonant that is not pronounced are j stem nouns and can be written following hard or soft declension but always pronounced as in soft declension The added j is not written only pronounced Marat maˈɾaː instrumental singular Maratem Maratom maˈɾaːjɛm Marat Same happens to those ending in r and a silent consonant Macquart makˈaːɾ instrumental singular Macquartem Macquartom makˈaːɾjɛm Macquart Some nouns have the stem lengthened with ov in dual and plural except in genitive case for example wikt grȃd nominative dual gradȏva castle grȍb nominative dual grobȏva grave These are usually monosyllabic nouns Some nouns have the ending je in the nominative plural instead of i This is a remnant of the Common Slavic masculine i stem inflection which was mostly lost in Slovene except for this ending For example studȅnt student nominative plural studentje gospọ d sir lord nominative plural gospọ dje kmȅt farmer nominative plural kmẹ tje etc Usually the regular form is also allowed but rarely preferred Some nouns mostly those that have an ending u in genitive singular have a null ending in genitive dual plural lȃs genitive plural las hair zọ b genitive plural zọ b tooth Some can be declined either way vọ z genitive plural vozov vọ z About special stressed endings in plural see mixed accent nouns Few nouns show the effects of the Slavic second palatalisation in some of the plural forms otrȍk nominative plural otroci locative dual plural otrọ cih child vȏlk nominative plural volcjẹ wolf But this form is rare the usual nominative plural is volkȏvi Many forms of the noun dȃn day have two stems a shorter one with only the consonants dn and a longer one dnẹ v The longer stem declines as a regular o stem while the shorter one has a unique set of endings not shared with any other noun The formal most appropriate declension is a mix of both the forms in brackets are colloquial Singular Dual Plural Nominative dȃn dnẹ va dnȋ dnẹ vi Genitive dnẹ va dnẹ dnẹ vov dni dnẹ vov dni Dative dnẹ vu dnẹ vu styl dnẹ voma dnẹ ma dnẹ vom dnẹ m Accusative dȃn dnẹ va dnȋ dnẹ ve dnȋ Locative dnẹ vu dnẹ vu styl dnẹ vih dnẹ h dnẹ vih dnẹ h Instrumental dnẹ vom dnẹ m dnẹ voma dnẹ ma dnẹ vi dnẹ mi Vocative dȃn dnẹ va dnȋ dnẹ vi styl the form is stylistically marked The masculine noun clovek human person is suppletive In the plural the stem ljud is used which follows the mobile accent o stem declension Singular Dual Plural Nominative clovek clovẹ ka ljudjẹ Genitive clovẹ ka ljudi ljudi Dative clovẹ ku clovẹ ki styl clovẹ koma ljudẹ m Accusative clovẹ ka clovẹ ka ljudȋ Locative clovẹ ku clovẹ ki styl ljudẹ h ljudẹ h Instrumental clovẹ kom clovẹ koma ljudmi Vocative clȏvek clovẹ ka ljudjẹ Fixed accent nouns edit Circumflex nouns have circumflex accent in all cases however the acute accent changes considerably Nouns that have circumflex accent in nominative and genitive singular have long circumflex accent in all cases except the nouns where the stressed vowel changes e g okȍv dȏm these follow mixed accent changes Nouns that can also have mixed accent also follow the same rules except if they have a null ending in genitive dual plural then they have all plural forms except vocative acute but change to circumflex if used as an adverb and preceded by a preposition lȃs hair nominative plural lasi genitive plural las locative plural lasih Long long Short long Can also have mixed accent genitive plural o Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative korȃk korȃka korȃki blagoslȍv blagoslȏva blagoslȏvi lȃs lȃsa lasi Genitive korȃka korȃkov korȃkov blagoslȏva blagoslȏvov blagoslȏvov lȃsa las las Dative korȃku korȃki styl korȃkoma korȃkom blagoslȏvu blagoslȏvi styl blagoslȏvoma blagoslȏvom lȃsu lȃsi styl lȃsoma lasom Accusative korȃk korȃka korȃke blagoslȍv blagoslȏva blagoslȏve lȃs lȃsa lase Locative korȃku korȃki styl korȃkih korȃkih blagoslȏvu blagoslȏvi styl blagoslȏvih blagoslȏvih lȃsu lȃsi styl lasih lasih Instrumental korȃkom korȃkoma korȃki blagoslȏvom blagoslȏvoma blagoslȏvi lȃsom lȃsoma lasi Vocative korȃk korȃka korȃki blagoslȍv blagoslȏva blagoslȏvi lȃs lȃsa lȃsi Nouns that have long acute accent in nominative and genitive singular have circumflex accent in vocative and allow both in genitive locative and instrumental plural and locative dual In collocations which are used as an adverb and where the word lost the original meaning the noun is only allowed to have circumflex accent in accusative and locative plural e g v hrȋbe v hrȋbih on a mountain lit in mountains Singular Dual Plural Nominative kovac kovaca kovaci Genitive kovaca kovacev kovacev Dative kovacu kovaci styl kovacema kovacem Accusative kovaca kovaca kovace Locative kovacu kovaci styl kovacih kovacih Instrumental kovacem kovacema kovaci Vocative kovȃc kovȃca kovȃci styl the form is stylistically marked Nouns that have short acute accent in nominative and genitive singular follow the same rules as long acute accented words but all accents are short Singular Dual Plural Nominative ste ber ste bra ste bri Genitive ste bra ste brov ste brov Dative ste bru ste bri styl ste broma ste brom Accusative ste ber ste bra ste bre Locative ste bru ste bri styl ste brih ste brih Instrumental ste brom ste broma ste bri Vocative ste ber ste bra ste bri styl the form is stylistically marked Nouns that have circumflex accent in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular allow both forms in locative and dative singular when preceded by a preposition The only exception are words in which open mid vowel changes into a close mid vowel In these cases it further depends which ending does it have in genitive plural In collocations which are used as an adverb and where the word lost the original meaning the noun is only allowed to have circumflex accent in accusative and locative plural Note that due to simplicity only the forms that are affected by this rule are shown for example kȍnj can also be declined without the change into close mid vowel Short long Short short Open mid close mid Genitive plural ending o Genitive plural ending ov Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative fantȅ fantẹ ta fantẹ ti pȓst pŕsta pŕsti kȍnj konja konji stȍl stola stoli Genitive fantẹ ta fantẹ tov fantẹ tov pŕsta pr stov pr stov konja kọ nj kọ nj stola arch stọ lov arch stọ lov Dative fantẹ tu fantẹ tu with prep fantẹ toma fantẹ tom pŕstu pr stu pŕstoma pŕstom kọ nju kọ nju with prep konjema konjem arch stọ lu stọ lu with prep stoloma stolom Accusative fantẹ ta fantẹ ta fantẹ te pȓst pŕsta pŕste konja konja konje stola stola stole Locative fantẹ tu fantẹ tih fantẹ tih pr stu pr stih pr stih kọ nju kọ njih kọ njih stọ lu stọ lih stọ lih Instrumental fantẹ tom fantẹ toma fantẹ ti pŕstom pŕstoma pr sti konjem konjema arch kọ nji stolu stoloma arch stọ li Vocative fantȅ fantẹ ta fantẹ ti pȓst pȓsta pȓsti kȍnj kȏnja kȏnji stȍl stȏla stȏli Mobile accent nouns edit Mobile accent nouns transfer the stress to the following syllable in all cases but nominative vocative and accusative if the same as nominative singular Nouns that have circumflex accent in genitive singular although rare have circumflex accent in all forms Singular Dual Plural Nominative dȗal duȃla duȃli Genitive duȃla duȃlov duȃlov Dative duȃlu duȃli styl duȃloma duȃlom Accusative dȗal duȃla duȃle Locative duȃlu duȃli styl duȃlih duȃlih Instrumental duȃlom duȃloma duȃli Vocative dȗal duȃla duȃli styl the form is stylistically marked Nouns that have acute accent in genitive singular change the accent the same way as fixed accent nouns with circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular when the stress is on the latter syllable and have acute accent when the stress in on the original syllable Singular Dual Plural Nominative razred razrẹ da razrẹ di Genitive razrẹ da razrẹ dov razrẹ dov Dative razrẹ du razrẹ du with prep razrẹ doma razrẹ dom Accusative razred razrẹ da razrẹ de Locative razrẹ du razrẹ dih razrẹ dih Instrumental razrẹ dom razrẹ doma razrẹ di Vocative rȃzred razrẹ da razrẹ di note dative and locative can also have a stylistically marked ending i Ending accent nouns edit Short ending vowels are always circumflex while long ending ones follow the same pattern as mixed accent nouns that have circumflex accent in nominative singular and when the accent is on the stem the accent is long and acute There is a slight difference between soft and hard stems in genitive dual plural because soft declension only allows short circumflex accent whereas hard declension allows long acute and short circumflex Hard Soft Singular Dual Plural Plural Nominative pe s psȁ psȉ dobrcȉ Genitive psȁ psȍv psov psȍv psov dobrcȅv Dative psȕ psȉ styl psoma psomȁ styl psȍm dobrcȅm Accusative psȁ psȁ psȅ dobrcȅ Locative psȕ psȉ styl psȉh psȉh dobrcȉh Instrumental psȍm psoma psomȁ styl psȉ dobrcȉ Vocative pȅs psȁ psȉ dobrcȉ styl the form is stylistically marked Mixed accent nouns edit For the mixed accent nouns with long accent many different factors determine the accent The accent is usually circumflex except in these cases Genitive dual plural locative dual plural and instrumental is acute if the accent is on the last syllable clovek human genitive plural ljudi dȃr gift genitive plural darov lȃs hair genitive plural las but grȃd castle locative plural gradȏvih This happens in genitive case in all words no matter the ending and in words that do not have ov lengthening in locative and instrumental Those without the infix do not have an ending in genitive plural dative plural ending is ẹ m instead of om em accusative plural is still ẹ locative dual plural ending ẹ h istead of ih instrumental plural mi instead of i and dative and instrumental dual ending is ẹ ma instead of oma ema This rule does not necessarily apply to irregular nouns Stressed vowel in nominative plural ending je is close mid jẹ lȃs hair nominative plural lasjẹ mȏz man nominative plural mozjẹ Dative and locative singular is acute if the stressed vowel is open mid e or o gnȏj manure gnoju When used as an adverb uncountable nouns or nouns that have ending ẹ h in locative dual plural those that do not lengthen the stem allow both accents in locative singular Words that can also have a form with open mid vowel in locative singular Nouns that allow both the stem or the ending to be accented usually have the stem accented when preceded by a preposition and have the ending accented when they are not Dative and instrumental dual can have the accent either on the ending or the stem If the accent is on the stem it is long Nouns that switch accent only in plural on in only one case follow fixed accent changes when the accent does not shift Nouns can also colloquially have fixed accent See fixed accent for that Here are declensions for some mixed accent nouns but keep in mind that they have several different changes and only relevant forms are written Stem lengthening with ov Nominative plural jẹ genitive plural o Open mid vowel in locative singular uncountable Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Nominative grȃd gradȏva gradȏvi mọ z mozȃ mozjẹ gnọ j Genitive gradȗ gradov gradov mozȃ mọ z mọ z gnojȃ Dative grȃdu gradȏvoma gradȏvom mọ zu mozẹ ma mozȏma mozẹ m gnọ ju gnoju Accusative grȃd gradȏva gradȏve mozȃ mozȃ mozẹ gnọ j Locative grȃdu gradȏvih gradȏvih mọ zu mozẹ h mozẹ h gnọ ju gnoju Instrumental grȃdom gradȏvoma gradȏvi mọ zem mozẹ ma mozȏma mozmi gnọ jem Vocative grȃd gradȏva gradȏvi mọ z mozȃ mozjẹ gnọ j Irregular Irregular Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative lȃs lȃsa lasjẹ brẹ g brẹ ga brẹ gi bregȏvi Genitive lasȗ las las brẹ ga brẹ gov brẹ gov Dative lȃsu lȃsoma lasẹ m brẹ gu brẹ goma brẹ gom bregȏvom Accusative lȃs lȃsa lasẹ brẹ g brẹ ga brẹ ge brẹ gove Locative lȃsu lasẹ h lasẹ h brẹ gu brẹ gu used as an adverb brẹ gih bregȏvih bregẹ h brẹ gih bregȏvih bregẹ h Instrumental lȃsom lȃsoma lasmi brẹ gom brẹ goma brẹ gi bregȏvi Vocative lȃs lȃsa lasjẹ brẹ g brẹ ga brẹ gi bregȏvi Genitive singular ending u does not affect the accent or other endings The form is given as an example in Slovenski pravopis the book by which Slovene is regulated however in the same book it is not listed as an appropriate form of the word Mixed accent nouns with short accent follow the same pattern as ending accent nouns including the difference between soft and hard stems except in nominative and vocative and accusative if the same as nominative singular and dative and instrumental dual where the accent is on the stem and acute if long Singular Dual Plural Nominative be t betȁ betȉ Genitive betȁ betȍv betov betȍv betov Dative betȕ betȉ styl bȅtoma betȍm Accusative be t betȁ betȅ Locative betȕ betȉ styl betȉh betȉh Instrumental betȍm bȅtoma betȉ Vocative bȅt betȁ betȉ styl the form is stylistically marked Second masculine declension masculine a stem declension edit Second masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is e sluga sluge except the noun dan dȃn dnẹ Second masculine declension has the same endings as first feminine declension however not all alterations apply here Animate and inanimate nouns are not declined differently but the words that modify the noun still have those distinctions All nouns following the second masculine declension can also follow first masculine declension but keeping the ending in nominative singular They can also be feminized in dual and plural following first feminine declension essentially the endings do not change Second masculine declension endings Singular Dual Plural Nominative a i e Genitive e Dative i ama am Accusative o i e Locative i ah ah Instrumental o ama ami Vocative a i e Alternations and other exceptions of the second masculine declension edit In nominative singular some words such as kamikȃze kamikaze have an e ending In genitive dual and genitive plural nouns ending in consonant j have an i inserted between such as delovọ dja genitive plural delovọ dij Accent edit Second masculine declension follow only fixed accent nouns These can be circumflex or acute Circumflex nouns are always circumflex Singular Dual Plural Nominative vọ jvoda vọ jvodi vọ jvode Genitive vọ jvode vọ jvod vọ jvod Dative vọ jvodi vọ jvodama vọ jvodam Accusative vọ jvodo vọ jvodi vọ jvode Locative vọ jvodi vọ jvodah vọ jvodah Instrumental vọ jvodo vọ jvodama vọ jvodami Vocative vọ jvoda vọ jvodi vọ jvode Acute accent changes into circumflex in genitive dual plural and vocative case and is either acute or circumflex in instrumental singular Singular Dual Plural Nominative sluga slugi sluge Genitive sluge slȗg slȗg Dative slugi slugama slugam Accusative slugo slugi sluge Locative slugi slugah slugah Instrumental slugo slugama slugami Vocative slȗga slȗgi slȗge Third masculine declension masculine declension without endings edit Third masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular or in any other case ending is a null ending This includes all letters as well as some other words such as nebọ digatrẹ ba menace jȍj jọ j oh and cacacȃ Cha cha cha There are however only a handful of words that feel natural to be declined this way for many of them it is preferred to be declined following the first masculine declension Alternations of the first declension must then be applied and since all consonant letters are usually pronounced as consonant e all letters except for X ˈiːks and Y ˈiːpsilɔn must follow the j stem version of the first declension K K ja Exceptions are F L M N R S and S which can also be pronounced ˈɛ f ˈɛ l ˈɛ m ˈɛ n ˈɛ ɾ ˈɛ s and ˈɛ ʃ respectively and can therefore follow the o stem version F F ja F a and the pronunciacion changes accordingly Although there is a hyphen between the letter and j keep in mind that j ist still part of the stem not the ending Third masculine declension endings Singular Dual Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Locative Instrumental Vocative Alternations and other exceptions of the third masculine declension edit Most of the time nouns nebọ digatrẹ ba menace and nebọ dijihtrẹ ba menaces are considered one irregular noun istead of two nouns that only have a singular and a plural form respectively In that case the infix ga is changed to jih in dual and plural The infix is actually a personal pronoun ȍn he in genitive case but the dual form is still nebọ dijihtrẹ ba and not with an infix ju as would be expected Singular Dual Plural Nominative nebọ digatrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba Genitive nebọ digatrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba Dative nebọ digatrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba Accusative nebọ digatrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba Locative nebọ digatrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba Instrumental nebọ digatrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba Vocative nebọ digatrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba Accent edit Words declined this way always have fixed accent which is the same throughout no matter if it is circumflex or acute long or short The only exception is vocative where the accent is circumflex Circumflex Acute Short Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative kojnẹ kojnẹ kojnẹ caker caker caker kȁnt kȁnt kȁnt Genitive kojnẹ kojnẹ kojnẹ caker caker caker kȁnt kȁnt kȁnt Dative kojnẹ kojnẹ kojnẹ caker caker caker kȁnt kȁnt kȁnt Accusative kojnẹ kojnẹ kojnẹ caker caker caker kȁnt kȁnt kȁnt Locative kojnẹ kojnẹ kojnẹ caker caker caker kȁnt kȁnt kȁnt Instrumental kojnẹ kojnẹ kojnẹ caker caker caker kȁnt kȁnt kȁnt Vocative kojnẹ kojnẹ kojnẹ cȃker cȃker cȃker kȁnt kȁnt kȁnt Fourth masculine declension masculine i e stem declension edit Fourth masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is ega The nouns following this declension were derived from an adjective and are therefore nominalized adjectives They are derived from the definite forms of the adjective hence the ending i in nominative singular This declension also differentiates between animate and inanimate nouns in the same way as the first one The declension is the same as declension for masculine adjectives Some masculine nominalized adjectives mostly proper nouns are declined using first male declension In addition most of them have a null ending in nominative singular only rarely do they have an ending i Examples include Mẹ den Mẹ dena Meden Raztrẹ sen Raztrẹ senega Raztresen traven travna April May etc Names in other languages ending in ski or similarly look like definite adjectives that are from non Slavic languages are declined using the first declension Tedẹ schi Tedẹ schija Tedeschi McClọ sky McClọ skyja McClosky Kreisky Kreiskyja Kreiskega Kreisky and those from Slavic languages are declined using the fourth declension Vranȋtzky Vranȋtzkega Vranitzky Hradẹ tzky Hradẹ tzkega Hradetzky etc Singular Dual Plural Nominative i a i Genitive ega ih ih Dative emu ima im Accusative ega a e Locative em ih ih Instrumental im ima imi Vocative i a i Alternations and other exceptions of the fourth masculine declension edit The i sound in nominative singular and plural is in some loanwords written with y but not in other cases Chomsky nominative plural Chomsky instrumental singular Chomskim Vast majority nouns are declined as animate Nedeljski accusative singular Nedeljskega a Sunday issue of the newspaper Dnevnik Other irregularities that adjectives and adjectival pronouns possess also apply here For the different endings in nominative singular see first adjective declension Accent edit These nouns decline the same way as definite masculine forms of adjectives following the first adjectival declension do Therefore only fixed and ending accentual types exist For accent changes when nominalizing see Accent of nomnalized adjectives First feminine declension edit First feminine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is e lipa lipe except if genitive plural has an ending ih dezȗrna genitive plural dezȗrnih those follow the fourth feminine declension Those ending in eu and nouns mati mother and hcȋ daughter also follow this declension In plural genitive case has a null ending vile vȋl pitchfork The first feminine declension is the most common pattern for feminine nouns There is no distinction between hard and soft stems the declension used in modern Slovene was historically the soft one and the merge happened in Alpine Slavic Feminine a stem declension edit nbsp Wiktionary has a category on Slovene feminine a stem nouns The standard declension of first feminine declension is the a stem declension Feminine a stem declension endings Singular Dual Plural Nominative a i e Genitive e Dative i ama am Accusative o i e Locative i ah ah Instrumental o ama ami Vocative a i e Feminine r stem declension edit This declension subtype follow only the nouns mati mother and hci daughter They have a different stem in nominative singular than in other cases and numbers mati matere hci hcere There are also minor changes to the endings in singular Feminine r stem declension endings Singular Dual Plural Nominative i i e Genitive e Dative i ama am Accusative i e Locative i ah ah Instrumental jo ama ami Vocative i i e Feminine v stem declension edit nbsp Wiktionary has a category on Slovene feminine v stem nouns A small number of feminine nouns belongs to the feminine v stem declension with the ending ev in which the e is a fill vowel These inflect as r stems but with the i stem instrumental singular ending ijo and have a null ending in nominative singular Many nouns in this group can colloquially also inflect as regular a stems with the nominative singular ending in va and accusative and instrumental singular in vo Feminine v stem declension endings Singular Dual Plural Nominative i e Genitive e Dative i ama am Accusative i e Locative i ah ah Instrumental ijo ama ami Vocative i e Feminine n stem declension edit Only few nouns have their stems lengthend with n except in nominative singular The most common example is Jȗno Jȗno Junọ ne which can also be declined following the third feminine declension Juno Juno Juno or as an a stem noun Junọ na Junọ ne The endings are the same as for a stem nouns N stem declension did not exist in Proto Slavic at least not for feminine nouns and it evolved later Alternations and other exceptions of the first feminine declension edit Some nouns have ending e Melpomene Melpomene Melpomene silent e Marguerite maɾgaˈɾiːt Marguerite maɾgaˈɾiːte Marguerite o Klȋo Klȋe Clio or a null ending Artẹ mis Artẹ mide Artemis but most of them also have regularvernacular versions Melpomena Margerita Artemida The non vernacular versions can also be declined following the third feminine declension Latin and Greek names can change the stem from s to d Artẹ mis Artẹ mide Artemis n Salamȋs Salamȋne Salamis or r Cȇres Cȇrere Ceres These also have vernacular versions for nominative singular Artẹ mida Salamȋna Cȇrera Mixed accent nouns have in nominative dual along with the usual ending i ending e that is accented voda vode vodẹ nominative dual vodi vodẹ Some mixed accent nouns can in gentitive dual plural also have ending a voda genitive dual plural vod voda stream lake cẹ rkev genitive dual plural cẹ rkev cerkva church or i besẹ da genitive dual plural besedi word Nouns ending in a sonorant have an added fill vowel in genitive dual plural The fill vowel is usually e except before j where the fill vowel is i In some words the fill vowel is not written only pronounced note that lj and nj represent only one sound when not followed by a vowel dẹ kla genitive dual plural dẹ kel maidservant ladja genitive dual plural lȃdij ship zemlja genitive dual plural zemelj soil Nouns of which the stem ends in a vowel also have an added j in genitive dual plural if without an ending ọ boa genitive dual plural ọ boj etc The noun gospa lady madam is irregular and has acute accent on all the endings except in vocative Singular Dual Plural Nominative gospa gospẹ gospẹ Genitive gospẹ gospa gospa Dative gospẹ gospẹ j styl gospẹ ma gospẹ m Accusative gospọ gospẹ gospẹ Locative gospẹ gospẹ j styl gospẹ h gospẹ h Instrumental gospọ gospẹ ma gospẹ mi Vocative gospȃ gospẹ gospẹ styl stylistically marked Fixed accent nouns edit Circumflex nouns are always circumflex Long Short Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative slȗzba slȗzbi slȗzbe de ska de ski de ske Genitive slȗzbe slȗzb slȗzb de ske de sk de sk Dative slȗzbi slȗzbama slȗzbam de ski de skama de skam Accusative slȗzbo slȗzbi slȗzbe de sko de ski de ske Locative slȗzbi slȗzbah slȗzbah de ski de skah de skah Instrumental slȗzbo slȗzbama slȗzbami de sko de skama de skami Vocative slȗzba slȗzbi slȗzbe de ska de ski de ske Acute nouns have circumflex accent in vocative genitive dual plural and instrumental singular When used as an adverb accusative and instrumental singular can only be circumflex and nouns that can also have mixed accent also have accusative plural circumflex Long Short Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative lipa lipi lipe deska de ska deski deske Genitive lipe lȋp lȋp deske desk desk Dative lipi lipama lipam deski deskama deskam Accusative lipo lipi lipe desko deski deske Locative lipi lipah lipah deski deskah deskah Instrumental lȋpo lipama lipami desko deskama deskami Vocative lȋpa lȋpi lȋpe deska deski deske Acute nouns allow both tones in instrumental singular if the stressed vowel is open mid Singular Dual Plural Nominative kosnja kosnji kosnje Genitive kosnje kȏsenj kȏsenj Dative kosnji kosnjama kosnjam Accusative kosnjo kosnji kosnje Locative kosnji kosnjah kosnjah Instrumental kōsnjo kosnjama kosnjami Vocative kȏsnja kȏsnji kȏsnje r stem and v stem nouns change the accent a bit differently circumflex nouns are still circumflex in all cases but acute ones change to circumflex in vocative instrumental singular and genitive dual plural If the nouns also allow mixed accent then the mixed accent declension follows the same rules Circumflex Acute Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative podrazȋtev podrazȋtvi podrazȋtve cẹ rkev cẹ rkvi cẹ rkve Genitive podrazȋtve podrazȋtev podrazȋtev cẹ rkve cẹ rkev cẹ rkev Dative podrazȋtvi podrazȋtvama podrazȋtvam cẹ rkvi cẹ rkvama cẹ rkvam Accusative podrazȋtev podrazȋtvi podrazȋtve cẹ rkev cẹ rkvi cẹ rkve Locative podrazȋtvi podrazȋtvah podrazȋtvah cẹ rkvi cẹ rkvah cẹ rkvah Instrumental podrazȋtvijo podrazȋtvama podrazȋtvami cẹ rkvijo cẹ rkvama cẹ rkvami Vocative podrazȋtev podrazȋtvi podrazȋtve cẹ rkev cẹ rkvi cẹ rkve Mobile accent nouns edit Mobile accent nouns are very rare and are always circumflex Singular Dual Plural Nominative Jȗno Junọ ni Junọ ne Genitive Junọ ne Junọ n Junọ n Dative Junọ ni Junọ nama Junọ nam Accusative Junọ no Junọ ni Junọ ne Locative Junọ ni Junọ nah Junọ nah Instrumental Junọ no Junọ nama Junọ nam Vocative Jȗno Junọ ni Junọ ne Ending accent nouns edit These nouns are short and circumflex except if the accent is long then they follow the same pattern as mixed accent nouns but genitive dual plural is circumflex if there is a null ending The pattern is the same for words of which stems do not have a vowel and words which have the optional stress before the meglȁ megla shift Singular Dual Plural Nominative stezȁ stezȁ stezȉ stezẹ styl stezȅ stezẹ Genitive stezȅ stezẹ styl stȅz steza stȅz steza Dative stezȉ stezȃma stezȁm Accusative stezȍ stezọ styl stezȉ stezẹ styl stezȅ stezẹ Locative stezȉ stezȁh stezȁh Instrumental stezȍ stezọ styl stezȃma stezȃmi Vocative stezȁ stezȉ stezẹ styl stezȅ stezẹ styl stylistically marked Mixed accent nouns edit These nouns can only be acute in nominative singular but the stressed endings are acute except genitive case where both forms are allowed and in instrumental singular where it is acute In genitive dual plural they usually have an ending a or i but if they do not the vowel is acute or acute or circumflex if it is a fill vowel a All words can also have fixed accent but nouns that in genitive dual plural have a null ending have the same form as in the mixed accent Genitive plural a i Genitive plural o Genitive plural has a fill vowel Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative gora gori gorẹ styl gorẹ noga nogi nogẹ styl nogẹ ovca ovci ovcẹ styl ovcẹ Genitive gorẹ gora gora nogẹ nọ g nọ g ovcẹ ovac ovac Dative gori gorȃma gorȁm nogi nogȃma nogȁm ovci ovcȃma ovcȁm Accusative gorọ gori gorẹ styl gorẹ nogọ nogi nogẹ styl nogẹ ovcọ ovci ovcẹ styl ovcẹ Locative gori gorȁh gorȁh nogi nogȁh nogȁh ovci ovcȁh ovcȁh Instrumental gorọ gorȃma gorȃmi nogọ nogȃma nogȃmi ovcọ ovcȃma ovcȃmi Vocative gȏra gȏri gorẹ styl gorẹ nȏgo nȏgi nogẹ styl nogẹ ȏvca ȏvci ovcẹ styl ovcẹ Second feminine declension feminine i stem declension edit nbsp Wiktionary has a category on Slovene feminine i stem nouns The second feminine declension is less common It is used primarily by the widely productive abstract noun suffix ost but a fair number of other nouns mostly of Common Slavic origin also follow it The endings however are different if the noun follows the mixed or ending accentual type that if the accent is always on the stem Second feminine declension endings Fixed and mobile accent Ending and mixed accent Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative i i i i Genitive i i i i i i Dative i ma imi im i ema em Accusative i i i i Locative i ih ih i eh eh Instrumental jo ma imi mi jo ema mi Vocative i i i i Alternations and other exceptions of the second feminine declension edit Nouns with stems that end in a non sonorant consonant and a sonorant have a fill vowel inserted between them in nominative and accusative singular and add i at the end of their stem in cases when the ending does not begin with a vowel instrumental in all numbers and dative dual such as mȋsel mȋsli instrumental singular mȋslijo dative instrumental dual mȋslima instrumental plural mȋslimi thought and svȋsli dative plural svȋslima hayloft Nouns with stems ending in j have an ending o in instrumental singular pọ stelj instrumental singular pọ steljo bed archaically When used as an adverb some also change the accent e g na pọ mlad in the spring s pọ ti s potȋ to move something off the way The feminine noun krȋ blood follows the mixed accent type but replaces the final v with i in the nominative and accusative singular Singular Nominative krȋ Genitive krvȋ Dative kŕvi Accusative krȋ Locative kŕvi Instrumental krvjọ Vocative krȋ Fixed accent nouns edit Nouns that are circumflex in nomnative and genitive singular have circumflex accent in all cases and the short accent becomes long Long long Short long Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative posȃst posȃsti posȃsti nȉt nȋti nȋti Genitive posȃsti posȃsti posȃsti nȋti nȋti nȋti Dative posȃsti posȃstma posȃstima posȃstim nȋti nȋtma nȋtima nȋtim Accusative posȃst posȃsti posȃsti nȉt nȋti nȋti Locative posȃsti posȃstih posȃstih nȋti nȋtih nȋtih Instrumental posȃstjo posȃstma posȃstima posȃstmi nȋtjo nȋtma nȋtima nȋtmi Vocative posȃst posȃsti posȃsti nȉt nȋti nȋti Nouns that are acute in nominative and genitive singular follow two patterns depending if the stress in in that case on the second to last syllable or is already before which in regular nouns translates into whether the stress in on the penultimate on the last syllable in nominative singular Stress on the penultimate syllable Stress on the last syllable Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative starost starosti starosti luc luci luci Genitive starosti starosti starosti luci luci luci Dative starosti starostma starostima starostim luci lucma lucima lucim Accusative starost starosti starosti luc luci luci Locative starosti starostih starostih luci lucih lucih Instrumental starostjo starostma starostima starostmi lȗcjo lucma lucima lucmi Vocative stȃrost stȃrosti stȃrosti lȗc lȗci lȗci Noun that are circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular change the accent very similarly to acute nouns Vocative and Instrumental singular is circumflex genitive dual plural allows both accents and locative dual plural instrumental dual and plural and dative dual also allow both accents if the penultimate syllable is stressed Singular Dual Plural Nominative mȉs misi misi Genitive misi misi misi Dative misi misma misima misim Accusative mȉs misi misi Locative misi misih misih Instrumental mȋsjo misma misima mismi Vocative mȉs mȋsi mȋsi Mobile accent nouns edit These nouns can be either circumflex or acute in nominative singular but all of them are circumflex in all other forms Singular Dual Plural Nominative senozet senozẹ ti senozẹ ti Genitive senozẹ ti senozẹ ti senozẹ ti Dative senozẹ ti senozẹ tma senozẹ tima senozẹ tim Accusative senozet senozẹ ti senozẹ ti Locative senozẹ ti senozẹ tih senozẹ tih Instrumental senozẹ tjo senozẹ tma senozẹ tima senozẹ tmi Vocative senȏzet senozẹ ti senozẹ ti Ending accent nouns edit There are two subtypes The first one is not purely ending accent as it has accent on the stem in dative and locative singular and appears if a long fill vowel is stressed in nominative singular In that case the e and o accented on the stem are open mid The other form is present if short fill vowel is stressed in nominative singular Long fill vowel Short fill vowel e Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative ravȃn ravnȋ ravnȋ debe r debrȋ debrȋ Genitive ravnȋ ravni ravni debrȋ debri debri Dative ravni ravnẹ ma ravnẹ m debrȉ debrẹ ma debrẹ m Accusative ravȃn ravnȋ ravnȋ debe r debrȋ debrȋ Locative ravni ravnẹ h ravnẹ h debrȉ debrẹ h debrẹ h Instrumental ravnjọ ravnẹ ma ravnmi debrijọ debrẹ ma debrmi Vocative ravȃn ravnȋ ravnȋ debe r debrȋ debrȋ Mixed accent nouns edit These nouns can only be circumflex and follow the same pattern as ending accent nouns with long as a fill vowel If the accent is on e or o in dative singular the vowels are open mid Singular Dual Plural Nominative stvȃr stvarȋ stvarȋ Genitive stvarȋ stvari stvari Dative stvari stvarẹ ma stvarẹ m Accusative stvȃr stvarȋ stvarȋ Locative stvari stvarẹ h stvarẹ h Instrumental stvarjọ starẹ ma stvarmi Vocative stvȃr stvarȋ stvarȋ Third feminine declension feminine declension without endings edit Third feminine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular or in any other case ending is a null ending This declension follow surnames of women but those ending in a can also follow first feminine declension female names which do not have an ending a or e in nominative singular except most of the Latin and Greek names such as Kȃrin Ȋnes and KȊti acronyms that keep the feminine gender of the word s they represent and do not end in an unstressed a SAZȖ SAZU Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts and ZDA ZDȂ USA diminutives of female names and common nouns ending in i Ȃni Ȃni a female name Mȃlci Mȃlci a female name mȃmi mȃmi mommy bȃbi bȃbi granny and some other words such as spẹ cies spẹ cies Third feminine declension ending Singular Dual Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Locative Instrumental Vocative Alternations and other exceptions of the third feminine declension edit Some names can also follow first feminine declension Rȗth Rȗthe Rȗth Ruth Sometimes nouns nebọ dijetrẹ ba menace nebọ dijutrẹ ba two menaces and nebọ dijihtrẹ ba menaces are considered one irregular noun istead of three nouns that only have a singular dual and a plural form respectively In that case the infix je is changed to ju in dual and to jih in plural The infix is actually a personal pronoun ona she in genitive case Singular Dual Plural Nominative nebọ dijetrẹ ba nebọ dijutrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba Genitive nebọ dijetrẹ ba nebọ dijutrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba Dative nebọ dijetrẹ ba nebọ dijutrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba Accusative nebọ dijetrẹ ba nebọ dijutrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba Locative nebọ dijetrẹ ba nebọ dijutrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba Instrumental nebọ dijetrẹ ba nebọ dijutrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba Vocative nebọ dijetrẹ ba nebọ dijutrẹ ba nebọ dijihtrẹ ba Accent edit Words declined this way always have fixed accent which is the same throughout no matter if it is circumflex or acute long or short The only exception is vocative where the accent is circumflex Circumflex Acute Short Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative pọ lis pọ lis pọ lis spẹ cies spẹ cies spẹ cies pietȁ pietȁ pietȁ Genitive pọ lis pọ lis pọ lis spẹ cies spẹ cies spẹ cies pietȁ pietȁ pietȁ Dative pọ lis pọ lis pọ lis spẹ cies spẹ cies spẹ cies pietȁ pietȁ pietȁ Accusative pọ lis pọ lis pọ lis spẹ cies spẹ cies spẹ cies pietȁ pietȁ pietȁ Locative pọ lis pọ lis pọ lis spẹ cies spẹ cies spẹ cies pietȁ pietȁ pietȁ Instrumental pọ lis pọ lis pọ lis spẹ cies spẹ cies spẹ cies pietȁ pietȁ pietȁ Vocative pọ lis pọ lis pọ lis spẹ cies spẹ cies spẹ cies pietȁ pietȁ pietȁ Fourth feminine declension feminine i e stem declension edit Fourth feminine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is e and genitive dual plural is ih The nouns following this declension were derived from an adjective and are therefore nominalized adjectives The declension is the same as declension for definite feminine adjectives Fourth feminine declension endings Singular Dual Plural Nominative a i e Genitive e ih ih Dative i ima im Accusative o i e Locative i ih ih Instrumental o ima imi Vocative a i e This declension does not seem to have any alterations Accent edit These nouns decline the same way as definite masculine forms of adjectives following the first adjectival declension do Therefore only fixed and ending accentual types exist For accent changes when nominalizing see Accent of nomnalized adjectives First neuter declension edit The vast majority of neuter nouns follow the first neuter declension This declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is a These can have in nominative singular ending o following hard o stem declension e following soft o stem declension or a null ending following one of the other declension subtypes but in these cases the stem ends in e or o Neuter o e stem declension edit nbsp Wiktionary has a category on Slovene neuter hard o stem nouns nbsp Wiktionary has a category on Slovene neuter soft o stem nouns The neuter o stem declension closely resembles its masculine counterpart The nominative and accusative always have the same form however with endings that differ from the masculine nouns The genitive dual plural has no ending like in the feminine a stems The neuter o stems are divided between hard and soft stems like the masculines Neuter o stem endings Hard declension Soft declension Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative o i a e i a Genitive a a Dative u i styl oma om u i styl ema em Accusative o i a e i a Locative u i styl ih ih u i styl ih ih Instrumental om oma i em ema i Vocative o i a e i a styl the form is stylistically marked Neuter n s and t stem declensions edit nbsp Wiktionary has a category on Slovene neuter n stem nouns nbsp Wiktionary has a category on Slovene neuter s stem nouns nbsp Wiktionary has a category on Slovene neuter t stem nouns A small group of neuter nouns follow the neuter n stem neuter s stem or neuter t stem declensions These use the same endings as the o stems except in nominative and accusative singular but there is an additional consonant infix n s t that is present in all forms except the nominative accusative singular The n stem and t stem are soft in nominative accusative singular while in most s stem nouns the stem e before the infix changes into o Since these nouns in nominative accusative singular already end in e o there is a null ending n stem s stem o e s stem e e t stem Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative imẹ imẹ ni imẹ na telọ telẹ si telẹ sa ojẹ ojẹ si ojẹ sa deklȅ deklẹ ti deklẹ ta Genitive imẹ na imẹ n imẹ n telẹ sa telẹ s telẹ s ojẹ sa ojẹ s ojẹ s deklẹ ta deklẹ t deklẹ t Dative imẹ nu imẹ ni styl imẹ noma imẹ nom telẹ su telẹ si styl telẹ soma telẹ som ojẹ su ojẹ si styl ojẹ soma ojẹ som deklẹ tu deklẹ ti styl deklẹ toma deklẹ tom Accusative imẹ imẹ ni imẹ na telọ telẹ si telẹ sa ojẹ ojẹ si ojẹ sa deklȅ deklẹ ti deklẹ ta Locative imẹ nu imẹ ni styl imẹ nih imẹ nih telẹ su telẹ si styl telẹ sih telẹ sih ojẹ su ojẹ si styl ojẹ sih ojẹ sih deklẹ tu deklẹ ti styl deklẹ tih deklẹ tih Instrumental imẹ nom imẹ noma imẹ ni telẹ som telẹ soma telẹ si ojẹ som ojẹ soma ojẹ si deklẹ tom deklẹ toma deklẹ ti Vocative imẹ imẹ ni imẹ na telọ telẹ si telẹ sa ojẹ ojẹ si ojẹ sa deklȅ deklẹ ti deklẹ ta styl the form is stylistically marked Alternations and other exceptions of the first neuter declension edit In mixed accentual types unstressed e and o can either become e or o ɛ or ɔ or both srebrọ dative singular srẹ bru srebru silver mesọ dative singular mẹ su mesu meat In the 19th century the ending i was often used in the dative locative singular instead of u For example nominative mọ rje sea dative locative mọ rji Nowadays this ending is considered archaic or dialectal Some nouns with a stressed ɛ or ɔ can also have dual and plural forms with e or o such as okno window nominative plural okna ȏkna ọ kna and rebro rib nominative plural rebra rȇbra rẹ bra rẹ bra Nouns ending in a non sonorant consonant and a sonorant or a sonorant followed by r lj or nj have a fill vowel e or i if the stem ends in j when there is a null ending okno genitive plural oken window poslọ pje genitive plural poslọ pij building A few neuter s stem nouns show the effects of the Slavic first palatalisation in the forms with the infix es The noun okọ eye has the stem ocẹ s It also has a shorter plural stem oc when referring to human eyes This stem is feminine rather than neuter and follows the mixed i stem declension The noun uhọ ear has the stem usẹ s with a change in accent type The genitive plural allows both accents The noun igọ yoke has the stem izẹ s Nouns without a vowel in the stem add a fill vowel e in genitive dual plural Noun dnȍ bottom has an ending ov or as tlȁ has a fill vowel a tlȁ tal tal dnȍ dnȍv dan but the ov version is preferred Noun dnȍ is also irregular in locative where it is either dnȉh or dnẹ h dnȉh is preferred and noun tlȁ is also irregular in locative and instrumental nominative plural tlȁ locative plural tlẹ h instrumental plural tlẹ mi tli Noun dŕva firewood is also irregular having two forms for locative and instrumental nominative plural dŕva locative plural drvẹ h dr vih instrumental plural drvmi dŕvi The irregular forms are preferred Some nouns such as crevọ intestine stem crevẹ s lose the infix in the plural crẹ va Fixed accent nouns edit Note that all these nouns have the same accent on dative and locative forms with ending in i Circumflex nouns are always circumflex except in plural where the ones that lose the infix are acute in nominative accusative plural and follow acute accentuation in other cases o stem s t n stem Loses the infix Irregular plural archaic Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative sọ nce sọ nci sọ nca kolọ kolẹ si kolẹ sa crevọ crevẹ si crẹ va okọ ocẹ si ọ ka Genitive sọ nca sọ nc sọ nc kolẹ sa kolẹ s kolẹ s crevẹ sa crẹ v crẹ v ocẹ s ọ k ọ k Dative sọ ncu sọ ncema sọ ncem kolẹ su kolẹ soma kolẹ som crevẹ su crevẹ soma crẹ vom ocẹ su ocẹ soma ọ kom Accusative sọ nce sọ nci sọ nca kolọ kolẹ si kolẹ sa crevọ crevẹ si crẹ va okọ ocẹ si ọ ka Locative sọ ncu sọ ncih sọ ncih kolẹ su kolẹ sih kolẹ sih crevẹ su crẹ vih crẹ vih ocẹ su ọ kih ọ kih Instrumental sọ ncem sọ ncema sọ nci kolẹ som kolẹ soma kolẹ si crevẹ som crevẹ soma crẹ vi ocẹ som ocẹ soma ọ ki Vocative sọ nce sọ nci sọ nca kolọ kolẹ si kolẹ sa crevọ crevẹ si crẹ va okọ ocẹ si ọ ka Nouns that are circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive plural allow both accents in locative and dative singular after preposition and in dual They are circumflex in plural and acute in other forms in singular The exception is the word uhọ which is acute in other forms except in vocative where it is circumflex and genitive dual plural where it can also be circumflex Short long Long long Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative deklȅ deklẹ ti deklẹ ta uhọ usẹ si usẹ sa Genitive deklẹ ta deklẹ t deklẹ t usẹ sa usẹ s usẹ s Dative deklẹ tu deklẹ tu prep deklẹ toma deklẹ tom usẹ su usẹ soma usẹ som Accusative deklȅ deklẹ ti deklẹ ta uhọ usẹ si usẹ sa Locative deklẹ tu deklẹ tih deklẹ tih usẹ su usẹ sih usẹ sih Instrumental deklẹ tom deklẹ toma deklẹ ti usẹ som usẹ soma usẹ si Vocative deklȅ deklẹ ti deklẹ ta uhọ usẹ si usẹ sa Most acute nouns have circumflex accent in plural and allow both accents in dual except in vocative where it is always circumflex o stem s t n stem Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative kopito kopiti kopȋta vime vimeni vȋmena Genitive kopita kopȋt kopȋt vimena vȋmen vȋmen Dative kopitu kopitoma kopȋtom vimenu vimenoma vȋmenom Accusative kopito kopiti kopȋta vime vimeni vȋmena Locative kopitu kopȋtih kopȋtih vimenu vȋmenih vȋmenih Instrumental kopitom kopitoma kopȋti vimenom vimenoma vȋmeni Vocative kopȋto kopȋti kopȋta vȋme vȋmeni vȋmena Acute nouns that are stressed on an open mid vowel in nominative singular diminiutives ending in ce in nominative singular plurale tantum and noun jajce are if composed of two syllables acute in nominative genitive plural or allow both if the stressed vowel is open mid If the noun is composed of more than three syllables then they allow both accents no matter the stressed vowel Those that are acute or open mid vowel in nominative accusative plural except close mid vowel in nouns that can also be declined with an open mid vowel are circumflex or acute in genitive and locative dual plural and instrumental plural except if the stressed vowel is open mid in that case the accent is circumflex in genitive dual plural or if the stem ends in c or r followed or preceded by at least one other consonant these are circumflex in genitive and locative dual plural and instrumental plural Dative plural is in all nouns accented the same as nominative plural The accent in dual is either that of the singular or that of the plural form Two syllables More than two syllables Open mid vowel two syllables Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative jajce jajci jajca nakovalce nakovalci nakovalca okno ōkni ōkna ọ kna Genitive jajca jajc jajc nakovalca nakovȃlc nakovȃlc okno ȏken ọ ken ȏken ọ ken Dative jajcu jajcema jajcem nakovalcu nakovalcema nakovalcem oknu ōknoma ōknom ọ knom Accusative jajce jajci jajca nakovalce nakovalci nakovalca okno ōkni ōkna ọ kna Locative jajcu jajcih jajcih nakovalcu nakovȃlcih nakovȃlcih oknu ōknih ọ knih ōknih ọ knih Instrumental jajcem jajcema jajci nakovalcem nakovalcema nakovȃlci oknom ōknoma ōkni ọ kni Vocative jȃjce jȃjci jȃjca nakovȃlce nakovȃlci nakovȃlca ȏkno ȏkni ȏkna ọ kna Open mid vowel more than two syllables Stem ending in c or r cons Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative reseto reseti reseta resẹ ta rebro rebri rebra rẹ bra Genitive reseta resȇt resẹ t resȇt resẹ t rebra rȇber rẹ ber rȇber rẹ ber Dative resetu resetoma resetom resẹ tom rebru rebroma rebrom rẹ brom Accusative reseto reseti reseta resẹ ta rebro rebri rebra rẹ bra Locative resetu resetih resẹ tih resetih resẹ tih rebru rȇbrih rẹ brih rȇbrih rẹ brih Instrumental resetom resetoma reseti resẹ ti rebrom rebroma rȇbri rẹ bri Vocative resȇto resȇti resȇta resẹ ta rȇbro rȇbri rȇbra rẹ bra Plurale tantum can additionally follow one of these two accent changes V V V Plural Plural Nominative vrata usta Genitive vrat ust Dative vratom ustom Accusative vrata usta Locative vratih ustih Instrumental vrati usti Vocative vrȃta ȗsta Nouns stegno and lẹ to change the accent irregularly Stegno is circumflex in plural with close mid vowel alongside the regular open mid vowel even though it would be expected to be acute and lẹ to can only be acute in nominative and accusative plural stegno lẹ to Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative stegno stegni stegna stẹ gna lẹ to lẹ ti lẹ ta Genitive stegna stȇgen stẹ gen stȇgen stẹ gen lẹ ta lẹ t lẹ t Dative stegnu stegnoma stegnom stẹ gnom lẹ tu lẹ toma lẹ tom Accusative stegno stegni stegna stẹ gna lẹ to lẹ ti lẹ ta Locative stegnu stegnih stẹ gnih stegnih stẹ gnih lẹ tu lẹ tih lẹ tih Instrumental stegnom stegnoma stegni stẹ gni lẹ tom lẹ toma lẹ ti Vocative stȇgno stȇgni stȇgna stẹ gna lẹ to lẹ ti lẹ ta Mobile accent nouns edit These nouns are always acute in nominative singular but can either be circumflex or acute in genitive singular The circumflex stay circumflex in all other cases while acute ones further decline as fixed accent nouns which have short circumflex accent in nominative singular and are acute in genitive singular Circumflex Acute Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative bedro bedrẹ si bedrẹ sa tele telẹ ti telẹ ta Genitive bedrẹ sa bedrẹ s bedrẹ s telẹ ta telẹ t telẹ t Dative bedrẹ su bedrẹ si styl bedrẹ soma bedrẹ som telẹ tu telẹ tu prep telẹ ti styl telẹ ti prep styl telẹ toma telẹ tom Accusative bedro bedrẹ si bedrẹ sa tele telẹ ti telẹ ta Locative bedrẹ su bedrẹ si styl bedrẹ sih bedrẹ sih telẹ tu telẹ ti styl telẹ tih telẹ tih Instrumental bedrẹ som bedrẹ soma bedrẹ si telẹ tom telẹ toma telẹ ti Vocative bȇdro bedrẹ si bedrẹ sa tȇle telẹ ti telẹ ta styl the form is stylistically marked Ending accent nouns edit These nouns always have short accent except in dative and instrumental singular where the accent is the same but acute if long as their fixed accent counterparts if the stem has a fill vowel then the noun can also be declined as a fixed accent noun or is long circumflex acute according to Slovenski pravopis open mid o or long circumflex acute according to Slovenski pravopis closed mid e if the stem does not have a vowel Long vowel is also the fill vowel a in genitive dual plural and if nouns have special ending in plural and some dual cases These are dative plural ending is ẹ m instead of om em locative dual plural ending ẹ h istead of ih instrumental plural mi ẹ mi instead of i and dative and instrumental dual ending is ẹ ma instead of oma ema Nouns where the accent is not on the last syllable in genitive dual plural allow both accents in that case Regular Special endings Special endings Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Plural Nominative zlȍ zlȉ zlȁ tlȍ tlȉ tlȁ drvȁ Genitive zlȁ zȅl zȅl tlȁ tal tal dŕv Dative zlȕ zlȉ styl zlȏma zloma zlȍm tlȕ tlȉ styl tlȏma tloma tlȍm drvȍm Accusative zlȍ zlȉ zlȁ tlȍ tlȉ tlȁ drvȁ Locative zlȕ zlȉ styl zlȉh zlȉh tlȕ tlȉ styl tlẹ h tlẹ h drvẹ h Instrumental zlȍm zlȏma zloma zlȉ tlȍm tlȏma tloma tlẹ mi drvmi Vocative zlȍ zlȉ zlȁ tlȍ tlȉ tlȁ drvȁ styl the form is stylistically marked Mixed accent nouns edit Mixed accent nouns are always circumflex except open mid e and o allow both accents Slovenski pravopis dictates that also closed mid e and o allow both accents but the Dictionary of Slovene written language does not The same rules also apply to dative and genitive forms ending in i not written below due to simplicity Regular Open mid vowel Singular Dual Plural Singular Nominative blagọ blȃgi blȃga prosọ Genitive blagȃ blȃg blȃg prosȃ Dative blȃgu blȃgoma blȃgom prōsu prọ su prọ su Accusative blagọ blȃgi blȃga prosọ Locative blȃgu blȃgih blȃgih prōsu prọ su prọ su Instrumental blȃgom blȃgoma blȃgi prōsom prọ som prọ som Vocative blagọ blȃgi blȃga prosọ Second neuter declension neuter a stem declension edit Second neuter declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is e In modern Slovene only pronouns jȁz I tȋ you and se be which is a reflexive personal pronoun are considered to follow this declension Therefore for the accent endings and alternations see those three pronouns in the pronouns section Third neuter declension neuter declension without endings edit Third neuter declension follow nouns whose genitive singular or in any other case ending is a null ending This declension follow all nominalized cardinal numerals when expressed with a number or a word and verbs that are used as a noun dobro jẹ sti dobrega jẹ sti eat well but only a handful of other words such as domȃ in the phrase ljubo doma kdor ga ima home sweet home This declension does not seem to have any alterations Third neuter declension endings Singular Dual Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Locative Instrumental Vocative Accent edit These accents can only have fixed accent which does not change except the acute accent changes into circumflex in vocative Circumflex Acute Short Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative trȋ trȋ trȋ ena ena ena nȉc nȉc nȉc Genitive trȋ trȋ trȋ ena ena ena nȉc nȉc nȉc Dative trȋ trȋ trȋ ena ena ena nȉc nȉc nȉc Accusative trȋ trȋ trȋ ena ena ena nȉc nȉc nȉc Locative trȋ trȋ trȋ ena ena ena nȉc nȉc nȉc Instrumental trȋ trȋ trȋ ena ena ena nȉc nȉc nȉc Vocative trȋ trȋ trȋ ȇna ȇna ȇna nȉc nȉc nȉc Fourth neuter declension neuter i e stem declension edit Fourth neuter declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is ega The nouns following this declension were derived from an adjective and are therefore nominalized adjectives The declension is the same as declension for neuter adjectives Most of these nouns are geographical names and only have a singular form This declension also differentiates between hard and soft stems but only in nominative and accusative singular Fourth neuter declension Hard Soft Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative o i a e i a Genitive ega ih ih ega ih ih Dative emu ima im emu ima im Accusative o i a e i a Locative em ih ih em ih ih Instrumental im ima imi im ima imi Vocative o i a e i a This declension does not seem to have any alterations Accent edit These nouns decline the same way as definite feminine forms of adjectives following the first adjectival declension do Therefore only fixed and ending accentual types exist For accent changes when nominalizing see Accent of nomnalized adjectives Nouns that switch gender edit Some masculine nouns of Latin origin can be apart from being declined regularly in plural declined following the first neuter declension such as frikatȋv fricative nominative plural frikativa genitive plural frikativ The normal declension is usually preferred Some neuter geographical names einding in sko or sko Dolẹ njsko Norvẹ sko follow neuter declension in some cases and feminine in other Neuter declension is mostly present only in locative after preposition na These nouns however are commonly split into two versions one following the feminine declension and one following neuter declension Feminine gender Neuter gender Singular Singular Nominative Dolẹ njska Dolẹ njsko Genitive Dolẹ njske Dolẹ njskega Dative Dolẹ njski Dolẹ njskemu Accusative Dolẹ njsko Dolẹ njsko used as an adverb Dolẹ njsko Locative Dolẹ njski Dolẹ njskem Instrumental Dolẹ njsko Dolẹ njskim Vocative Dolẹ njska Dolẹ njsko Some mixed accented neuter nouns can become masculine along with the usual declension in dual and plural having an ov infix and following first masculine declension Nouns following second masculine declension can be feminine or masculine in dual and plural but in either case they decline the same as described above Noun okọ when meaning eye has plural ocȋ which further declines as a regular feminine i stem noun with mixed accent Noun pọ t has a stylistically marked plural and dual forms following neuter o stem declension pọ ti and pọ ta Noun deklȅ is in vast majority of examples neuter but can also dialectally or archaically be feminine but still following the same declension Nouns composed of two or more words edit When a noun composed of two or more words sometimes all words are declined as they would be if alone but there are additional rules Proper amp common nouns edit If all parts of a proper nouns grammatically match then all of them are declined such as Ivan Cankar Ivana Cankarja Ivan Cankar and Mokro Polje Mokrega Polja Mokro Polje The exception are surnames of females which in most cases follow third declensions and have the same ending in all cases Majda Vrhovnik Majde Vrhovnik Majda Vrhovnik but surnames following female declensions usually ending in a can be also declined following the original declension Ana Kopriva Ane Kopriva Ane Koprive Ana Kopriva If both females and males with the same surname are mentioned the surname is declined following original declension if the last name listed is male and follow the exception if the last name listed is female but both first names are declined as they would normally Pino in Pia Mlakar Pina in Pie Mlakar last listed first name is female and Pia in Pino Mlakar Pie in Pina Mlakarja last listed first name is male In combination of two names such as Smarje Sap Smarje Sap and Gozd Martuljek Gozd Martuljek both nouns are declined Smarje Sapa Gozda Martuljka If a part of the composed noun does not grammatically match it usually follows third declensions such as Hotel Turist hotel named Turist Hotela Turista except in some rare cases such as Zalozba Lipa publishing house named Lipa Zalozbe Lipe If the first part of a compound loanword is considered an adjective or is considered not to be able to stan by itself then this part also follows third declensions such as Downing Street Downing Streeta Down Street Kon Tiki Kon Tikija Kon Tiki Monte Carlo Monte Carla Monte Carlo U Tant U Tanta U Thant Mao Cetung Mao Cetunga Mao Zedong but some can be declined following the usual declension or the third such as Rio de Janeiro Ria de Janeira Rio de Janeira Rio de Janeiro Some of these names can also be shortened to only the first word which in that case follows the usual declension Rio Ria Rio de Janeiro and Mao Maa Mao Compound loanword nouns with unusual endings for their gender or number follow third declensions Pickwick Papers Pickwick Papers Pickwhick Papers Ecole des Hautes Etudes Ecole des Hautes Etudes Ecole des Hautes Etudes Part of nouns called predimki in Slovene lit forenames part between the name and surname which was originally usually an article also follow third declensions fra Bartolo fra Bartola Dos Passos Dos Passosa Some other common words that fall into this category are also van von de Don O Las Los La and M When a common noun has a proper noun as a modifier the proper noun in some cases follows the usual declension and sometimes the third mesto Ljubljana mesta Ljubljane the city of Ljubljana reka Soca reke Soce the Soca river as opposed to kraj Mostec kraja Mostec the town of Mostec gostilna Gorjanc gostilne Gorjanc a restaurant named Gorjanc Some can be declined both ways such as podjetje Iskra podjetja Iskra podjetja Iskre Iskra company Vernacular amp Vernacularized nouns edit In those cases all words are declined as usual such as crno zlato crnega zlata coal and clovek zaba cloveka zabe nominative plural ljudje zabe frogman except when they are part of the same word written apart where the first part follows third declensions such as vikend hisa holiday cottage vikend hise and ziro racun deposit account ziro racuna In these cases writing words together is favored vikendhisa ziroracun Non vernacularized nouns edit Nouns that are not fully integrated in Slovene are not fully vernacularized are split into two categories quoted citatne and semi quoted polcitatne depending on how much they are integrated All parts of masculine semi quoted nouns are usually declined following the usual inflection pattern which is either first second or fourth masculine declension but some that have an unusual ending follow the third masculine declension Sympathetic nervous system nervus sympathicus nervusa sympathicusa but curriculum vitae curriculum vitae curriculuma vitae Feminine semi quoted nouns ending in a in nominative singular are declined following the first feminine declension and others follow the third alma mater alma mater alme mater and Smilax aspera Smilax aspera Smilax aspere Quoted nouns are declined as originally in the language they were borrowed from alma mater alma mater almae matris curriculum vitae curriculum vitae curriculi vitae first lady first lady first lady nominative plural first ladies This declension is always stylistically marked Masculinization and feminization of neuter nouns edit Neuter nouns are either masculinized or feminized across a large part of the Slovene speaking territory Masculinization occurs in Upper Carniolan Lower Sava Valley Central Savinja Horjul Skofja Loka Poljane Selca Crni Vrh Ebriach North Pohorje Remsnik and Mezica dialects Kranjska Gora subdialect and in parts of Rosen Valley Juan Valley Lower Carniolan Central Styrian and South Pohorje dialects It is most commonly present in singular and less in dual and plural Masculinization varies from nouns binding with masculine forms of adjectives to completely change the declension such as in Lower Sava Valley dialect In that case nouns following the first neuter declension change to following first masculine those following second neuter to following second masculine declension those following the third neuter to third masculine and those following fourth neuter to fourth masculine Masculinized nouns following first declension have in genitive dual plural a null ending which is also present in some other masculine nouns Mixed and mobile accentual type generally turns into fixed Those following fourth declension have a null ending in nominative singular The t s and n stem nouns usually have the long stem in all cases Feminization of neuter nouns occurs in eastern Carinthian northern Styrian and many Panonian dialects Feminization is the most common in plural but is also very common in singular in dual Similarly to masculinization nouns following the first neuter declension change to following the first feminine those following the second neuter to second feminine those following the third neuter to third feminine and those following fourth neuter to fourth feminine Mobile and mixed accentual type generally turn into fixed The t s and n stem nouns usually have the short stems in all cases which is furthermore shortened without the last o e The accent also changes accordingly to one syllable before if the final o e was accented Adjectives adjectival pronouns numerals editAdjective declension is simpler than noun declension as there are only two different inflection patterns The first declension is the same as fourth noun declension for each case while the second adjective declension is the same as third noun declensions have a null ending in all cases Adjectives can have all four accentual types Adjectives can be compared in two ways having three degrees of comparison in the first comparison positive comparative superlative and the second having two positive and elative and can be declined either by affixes or by adding other an adverb before it Declension of adjectival pronouns and irregular numerals is detailed in the pronouns and irregular numerals section Definite and indefinite adjectives edit Adjectives in Slovene distinguish between indefinite and definite meanings They correspond in meaning to the distinction between the English indefinite article a referring to an unknown thing and the definite article the referring to a known thing The definite form is also used in fixed noun phrases where the combination of adjective and noun are to be understood as a single concept Apart from that they are also used under the following conditions After possessive adjectives posameznikov denarni prispevek individual s financial contribution After demonstrative pronouns and the pronouns ve s except when meaning completely after tȃ all forms become circumflex except open mid e and o allow both accents and nȍv and mlȃd are irregular and are acute njegov ta denarni prispevek his this financial contribution When the adjective denotes a special type of the noun poprȃvni izpȋt retake exam mȃterni jezik mother tongue When nominalized Dezurni je tu The doctor on call lit on duty is here some proper nouns are exceptions The corresponding interrogative word for indefinite adjectives is kaksen and for definite adjectives katẹ ri for definite adjectives Thus definite forms behave like relational adjectives which already mostly have an i ending Definite adjectives have an ending i in nominative and vocative singular All other forms are usually the same for regular adjectives acting as both indefinite and definite adjective but adjectives that do not have fixed accent and some irregular adjectives change the stem or the accent so all forms are differentiated For some adjectives however there are more differences between the indefinite and definite declensions If the indefinite declension has acute accent but circumflex accent in the feminine singular the definite declension has acute accent throughout pridni siti bogati blazni feminine nominative singular pridna sita bogata blazna If the indefinite declension is mixed mobile or end accented the definite declension has fixed accent bẹ li goli temni The only exception is when the stem does not have a vowel Then it has ending accent Some acute stem adjectives e g stȁr switch to circumflex accentuation in the definite declension stȃri The adjective velik with stem velik can additionally have circumflex accent on the stem and a close mid vowel in the definite declension vẹ liki The adjective mȃjhen changes the stem to mȃli In addition not all adjectives have definite and indefinite form Adjectives ending in ov ev bratov borovnicev or in sestrin adjectival pronouns and adjectives and numerals ending in i slovenski kmecki neki kateri are except some pronouns definite by meaning but only those ending in i decline as definite adjectives others decline as indefinite forms First adjective declension adjective declension with endings edit Most of the adjectives follow the first declension which changes the endings when declined These adjectives when nominalized follow fourth declensions The endings can be split into three groups of cases The nominative and accusative which are like the o stems of masculine and neuter nouns and the a stems of feminine nouns Like in nouns a distinction is made between hard and soft stems but this is only relevant for the neuter nominative accusative singular which has o for hard stems and e for soft stems The other feminine singular cases which also follow the a stems of nouns The remaining cases which have endings unique to adjectives These are the same for all three genders in the dual and plural The accusative singular is different if the adjective stays directly before the noun or not In the latter case masculine form allows only genitive ending feminine only accusative and neuter allows both endings The masculine accusative singular before the adjective is like either the nominative or the genitive as in masculine nouns Which form is used depends on which form the accompanying noun uses which in turn depends on whether the noun is animate or inanimate First adjective declension endings Hard Singular Dual Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative indef a o a i i e a def i Genitive ega e ega ih ih Dative emu i emu ima im Accusative noun nom or gen o o a i e e a noun ega o ega Locative em i em ih ih Instrumental im o im ima imi Vocative indef a o a i i e a def i Soft Singular Dual Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative indef a e a i i e a def i Genitive ega e ega ih ih Dative emu i emu ima im Accusative noun nom or gen o e a i e e a noun ega e ega Locative em i em ih ih Instrumental im o im ima imi Vocative indef a e a i i e a def i Alternations and other exceptions of the first adjective declension edit Adjectives with mixed accent also have a form with an ending e in nominative and accusative dual in feminine and neuter gender in addition to the usual i bẹ l white nominative dual belẹ belȋ bẹ li A fill vowel in nominate singular when there is a null ending in some adjectives Fixed accent adjectives edit Adjectives do not nearly change the accent as much when declined as nouns however there are six different ways that can happen If the adjective is long circumflex or short if e is accented in nominative singular masculine and feminine form then it is circumflex in all other forms Singular Dual Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative indef vesẹ l vesẹ la vesẹ lo vesẹ la vesẹ li vesẹ li vesẹ le vesẹ la def vesẹ li Genitive vesẹ lega vesẹ le vesẹ lega vesẹ lih vesẹ lih Dative vesẹ lemu vesẹ li vesẹ lemu vesẹ lima vesẹ lim Accusative noun nom or gen vesẹ lo vesẹ lo vesẹ la vesẹ li vesẹ le vesẹ le vesẹ la noun vesẹ lega vesẹ lo vesẹ lega Locative vesẹ lem vesẹ li vesẹ lem vesẹ lih vesẹ lih Instrumental vesẹ lim vesẹ lo vesẹ lim vesẹ lima vesẹ limi Vocative indef vesẹ l vesẹ la vesẹ lo vesẹ la vesẹ li vesẹ li vesẹ le vesẹ la def vesẹ li If the adjective is long acute or short if e is accented in nominative singular masculine and feminine form then it is acute in all other forms except in vocative where it is circumflex Singular Dual Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative indef lisast lisasta lisasto lisasta lisasti lisasti lisaste lisasta def lisasti Genitive lisastega lisaste lisastega lisastih lisastih Dative lisastemu lisasti lisastemu lisastima lisastim Accusative noun nom or gen lisasto lisasto lisasta lisasti lisaste lisaste lisasta noun lisastega lisasto lisastega Locative lisastem lisasti lisastem lisastih lisastih Instrumental lisastim lisasto lisastim lisastima lisastimi Vocative indef lȋsast lȋsasta lȋsasto lȋsasta lȋsasti lȋsasti lȋsaste lȋsasta def lȋsasti If the adjective is long circumflex or short if e is accented in nominative singular masculine form but acute in feminine form then it is acute in all other forms except in vocative case where it is circumflex Singular Dual Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative indef ljubeznȋv ljubezniva ljubeznivo ljubezniva ljubeznivi ljubeznivi ljubeznive ljubezniva def ljubeznivi Genitive ljubeznivega ljubeznive ljubeznivega ljubeznivih ljubeznivih Dative ljubeznivemu ljubeznivi ljubeznivemu ljubeznivima ljubeznivim Accusative noun nom or gen ljubeznivo ljubeznivo ljubezniva ljubeznivi ljubeznive ljubeznive ljubezniva noun ljubeznivega ljubeznivo ljubeznivega Locative ljubeznivem ljubeznivi ljubeznivem ljubeznivih ljubeznivih Instrumental ljubeznivim ljubeznivo ljubeznivim ljubeznivima ljubeznivimi Vocative indef ljubeznȋv ljubeznȋva ljubeznȋvo ljubeznȋva ljubeznȋvi ljubeznȋvi ljubeznȋve ljubeznȋva def ljubeznȋvi If the adjective is long acute or short if e is accented in nominative singular masculine form but circumflex in feminine form then it is acute in all masculine and neuter forms but allows both accents in other feminine singular forms The same applies if nominative singular feminine form allows both accents Singular Dual Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative indef priden prȋdna pridno pridna pridni pridni pridne pridna def pridni Genitive pridnega pridne pridnega pridnih pridnih Dative pridnemu pridni pridnemu pridnima pridnim Accusative noun nom or gen pridno pridno pridna pridni pridne pridne pridna noun pridnega pridno pridnega Locative pridnem pridni pridnem pridnih pridnih Instrumental pridnim pridno pridnim pridnima pridnimi Vocative indef prȋden prȋdna prȋdno prȋdna prȋdni prȋdni prȋdne prȋdna def prȋdni If the adjective is short circumflex and e is not stressed in nominative singular masculine form and long circumflex in feminine form then it is acute in all other masculine and neuter forms but allows both accents in other feminine singular forms The same applies if nominative singular feminine form allows both accents The exception is surȍv which is only circumflex in all forms Singular Dual Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative indef sȉt sȋta sito sita siti siti site sita def siti Genitive sitega site sitega sitih sitih Dative sitemu siti sitemu sitima sitim Accusative noun nom or gen sito sito sita siti site site sita noun sitega sito sitega Locative sitem siti sitem sitih sitih Instrumental sitim sito sitim sitima sitimi Vocative indef sȉt sȋta sȋto sȋta sȋti sȋti sȋte sȋta def sȋti Singular Dual Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative indef surȍv surȏva surȏvo surȏva surȏvi surȏvi surȏve surȏva def surȏvi Genitive surȏvega surȏve surȏvega surȏvih surȏvih Dative surȏvemu surȏvi surȏvemu surȏvima surȏvim Accusative noun nom or gen surȏvo surȏvo surȏva surȏvi surȏve surȏve surȏva noun surȏvega surȏvo surȏvega Locative surȏvem surȏvi surȏvem surȏvih surȏvih Instrumental surȏvim surȏvo surȏvim surȏvima surȏvimi Vocative indef surȍv surȏva surȏvo surȏva surȏvi surȏvi surȏve surȏva def surȏvi If the adjective is short circumflex and e is not stressed in nominative singular masculine form but long acute in feminine form then it is acute in all other forms Singular Dual Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative indef zelȅn zelena zeleno zelena zeleni zeleni zelene zelena def zeleni Genitive zelenega zelene zelenega zelenih zelenih Dative zelenemu zeleni 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