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Manure

February 16, 2024

This article is about organic material used as soil fertilizer. For animal dung used for other purposes, see feces.
Not to be confused with Compost.
"Animal waste" redirects here. For other types of animal waste, see metabolic waste.

Manure is organic matter that is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Most manure consists of animal feces; other sources include compost and green manure. Manures contribute to the fertility of soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen, that are utilised by bacteria, fungi and other organisms in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life that comprises the soil food web.

Animal manure is often a mixture of animal feces and bedding straw, as in this example from a stable.

Types

 
Skatole is the source of the foul smelling odor of manure.

There are in the 21st century three main classes of manures used in soil management:

Animal manure

 
Concrete reservoirs, one new, and one containing cow manure mixed with water. This is common in rural Hainan Province, China.

Most animal manure consists of feces. Common forms of animal manure include farmyard manure (FYM) or farm slurry (liquid manure).[1] FYM also contains plant material (often straw), which has been used as bedding for animals and has absorbed the feces and urine. Agricultural manure in liquid form, known as slurry, is produced by more intensive livestock rearing systems where concrete or slats are used, instead of straw bedding. Manure from different animals has different qualities and requires different application rates when used as fertilizer. For example horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, chickens, turkeys, rabbits, and guano from seabirds and bats all have different properties.[2] For instance, sheep manure is high in nitrogen and potash, while pig manure is relatively low in both. Horses mainly eat grass and a few weeds so horse manure can contain grass and weed seeds, as horses do not digest seeds the way that cattle do. Cattle manure is a good source of nitrogen as well as organic carbon.[3] Chicken litter, coming from a bird, is very concentrated in nitrogen and phosphate and is prized for both properties.[3][4]

Animal manures may be adulterated or contaminated with other animal products, such as wool (shoddy and other hair), feathers, blood, and bone. Livestock feed can be mixed with the manure due to spillage. For example, chickens are often fed meat and bone meal, an animal product, which can end up becoming mixed with chicken litter.

Compost

Main article: Compost
 
Compost containing turkey manure and wood chips from bedding material is dried and then applied to pastures for fertilizer.

Compost is the decomposed remnants of organic materials. It is usually of plant origin, but often includes some animal dung or bedding.

Green manure

Green manures are crops grown for the express purpose of plowing them in, thus increasing fertility through the incorporation of nutrients and organic matter into the soil. Leguminous plants such as clover are often used for this, as they fix nitrogen using Rhizobia bacteria in specialized nodes in the root structure.

Other types of plant matter used as manure include the contents of the rumens of slaughtered ruminants, spent grain (left over from brewing beer) and seaweed.

Uses

Animal manure

 
Pile of animal manure on a wall.

Animal manure, such as chicken manure and cow dung, has been used for centuries as a fertilizer for farming. It can improve the soil structure (aggregation) so that the soil holds more nutrients and water, and therefore becomes more fertile. Animal manure also encourages soil microbial activity which promotes the soil's trace mineral supply, improving plant nutrition. It also contains some nitrogen and other nutrients that assist the growth of plants.[5]

Odor is an obvious and major issue with animal manure. Components in swine manure include low molecular weight carboxylic acids, acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acids. Other components include skatole and trimethyl amine.[6]

Animal manures with a particularly unpleasant odor (such as slurries from intensive pig farming) are usually knifed (injected) directly into the soil to reduce release of the odor. Manure from pigs and cattle is usually spread on fields using a manure spreader. Due to the relatively lower level of proteins in vegetable matter, herbivore manure has a milder smell than the dung of carnivores or omnivores. However, herbivore slurry that has undergone anaerobic fermentation may develop more unpleasant odors, and this can be a problem in some agricultural regions. Poultry droppings are harmful to plants when fresh, but after a period of composting are valuable fertilizers.[7]

Manure is also commercially composted and bagged and sold as a soil amendment.[8][9]

In 2018, Austrian scientists offered a method of paper production from elephant and cow manure.[10]

Dry animal dung is used as a fuel in many countries around the world.

Issues

 
The women of a neighborhood ward with manure on their way to the field of one of them, Tireli, Mali 1990

Any quantity of animal manure may be a source of pathogens or food spoilage organisms which may be carried by flies, rodents or a range of other vector organisms and cause disease or put food safety at risk.

In intensive agricultural land use, animal manure is often not used as targeted as mineral fertilizers, and thus, the nitrogen utilization efficiency is poor. Animal manure can become a problem in terms of excessive use in areas of intensive agriculture with high numbers of livestock and too little available farmland.[citation needed]

The greenhouse gas nitrous oxide can be emitted so contributing to climate change.[11]

Livestock antibiotics

In 2007, a University of Minnesota study[12][13] indicated that foods such as corn, lettuce, and potatoes have been found to accumulate antibiotics from soils spread with animal manure that contains these drugs.

Organic foods may be much more or much less likely to contain antibiotics, depending on their sources and treatment of manure. For instance, by Soil Association Standard 4.7.38, most organic arable farmers either have their own supply of manure (which would, therefore, not normally contain drug residues) or else rely on green manure crops for the extra fertility (if any nonorganic manure is used by organic farmers, then it usually has to be rotted or composted to degrade any residues of drugs and eliminate any pathogenic bacteria—Standard 4.7.38, Soil Association organic farming standards). On the other hand, as found in the University of Minnesota study, the non-usage of artificial fertilizers, and resulting exclusive use of manure as fertilizer, by organic farmers can result in significantly greater accumulations of antibiotics in organic foods.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Dittmar, Heinrich; Drach, Manfred; Vosskamp, Ralf; Trenkel, Martin E.; Gutser, Reinhold; Steffens, Günter (2009). "Fertilizers, 2. Types". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.n10_n01. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  2. ^ "Manure". h2g2. July 15, 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  3. ^ a b Bernal, M.P.; Alburquerque, J.A.; Moral, R. (November 2009). "Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review". Bioresource Technology. 100 (22): 5444–5453. Bibcode:2009BiTec.100.5444B. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.027. PMID 19119002.
  4. ^ Lustosa Filha, Jose; Penido, Evanise; Castro, Patricia; Silva, Carlos; Melo, Leonidas (September 4, 2017). "Co-pyrolysis of poultry litter and phosphate and magnesium generates alternative slow-release fertilizer suitable for tropical soils". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 5 (10): 9043–9052. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01935.
  5. ^ Das, Suvendu; Jeong, Seung Tak; Das, Subhasis; Kim, Pil Joo (2017). "Composted Cattle Manure Increases Microbial Activity and Soil Fertility More Than Composted Swine Manure in a Submerged Rice Paddy". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 1702. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01702. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 5591829. PMID 28928727.
  6. ^ Ni, Ji-Qin; Robarge, Wayne P.; Xiao, Changhe; Heber, Albert J. (2012). "Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review". Chemosphere. 89 (7): 769–788. Bibcode:2012Chmsp..89..769N. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.061. PMID 22682363.
  7. ^ Thomas Bass, Julia Dafoe, and Joel Schumacher. "Manure Composting for Livestock & Poultry Production" (PDF). MontGuide. MT201206AG Reviewed 4/17.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Wortman, Sam E.; Holmes, Ashley A.; Miernicki, Elizabeth; Knoche, Kaelyn; Pittelkow, Cameron M. (2017-07-08). "First-Season Crop Yield Response to Organic Soil Amendments: A Meta-Analysis". Agronomy Journal. 109 (4): 1210. Bibcode:2017AgrJ..109.1210W. doi:10.2134/agronj2016.10.0627. ISSN 0002-1962.
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2019-07-06.
  10. ^ "Elephant and cow manure for making paper sustainably" (Press release). Science Daily. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
  11. ^ "Managing manure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions". www.agric.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  12. ^ a b Staff (2007-07-12). . ENS Newswire. Archived from the original on 2007-09-16. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  13. ^ Dolliver, Holly; Kumar, Kuldip; Gupta, Satish (July 2007). "Sulfamethazine Uptake by Plants from Manure-Amended Soil". Journal of Environmental Quality. 36 (4): 1224–1230. Bibcode:2007JEnvQ..36.1224D. doi:10.2134/jeq2006.0266. PMID 17596632.

External links

 
Look up manure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manure.
  • Application and environmental risks of livestock manure
  • North American Manure Expo
  • Cornell Manure Program
  • County-Level Estimates of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Animal Manure for the Conterminous United States, 2002 United States Geological Survey
  • , an eXtension community of practice about animal manure management
  • : A two part webcast series about the science available on potential risks and best management practices related to antibiotics and hormones from animal manure

February 16, 2024
manure, this, article, about, organic, material, used, soil, fertilizer, animal, dung, used, other, purposes, feces, confused, with, compost, animal, waste, redirects, here, other, types, animal, waste, metabolic, waste, organic, matter, that, used, organic, f. This article is about organic material used as soil fertilizer For animal dung used for other purposes see feces Not to be confused with Compost Animal waste redirects here For other types of animal waste see metabolic waste Manure is organic matter that is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture Most manure consists of animal feces other sources include compost and green manure Manures contribute to the fertility of soil by adding organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen that are utilised by bacteria fungi and other organisms in the soil Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life that comprises the soil food web Animal manure is often a mixture of animal feces and bedding straw as in this example from a stable Contents 1 Types 1 1 Animal manure 1 2 Compost 1 3 Green manure 2 Uses 2 1 Animal manure 2 1 1 Issues 2 1 1 1 Livestock antibiotics 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksTypes nbsp Skatole is the source of the foul smelling odor of manure There are in the 21st century three main classes of manures used in soil management Animal manure nbsp Concrete reservoirs one new and one containing cow manure mixed with water This is common in rural Hainan Province China Most animal manure consists of feces Common forms of animal manure include farmyard manure FYM or farm slurry liquid manure 1 FYM also contains plant material often straw which has been used as bedding for animals and has absorbed the feces and urine Agricultural manure in liquid form known as slurry is produced by more intensive livestock rearing systems where concrete or slats are used instead of straw bedding Manure from different animals has different qualities and requires different application rates when used as fertilizer For example horses cattle pigs sheep chickens turkeys rabbits and guano from seabirds and bats all have different properties 2 For instance sheep manure is high in nitrogen and potash while pig manure is relatively low in both Horses mainly eat grass and a few weeds so horse manure can contain grass and weed seeds as horses do not digest seeds the way that cattle do Cattle manure is a good source of nitrogen as well as organic carbon 3 Chicken litter coming from a bird is very concentrated in nitrogen and phosphate and is prized for both properties 3 4 Animal manures may be adulterated or contaminated with other animal products such as wool shoddy and other hair feathers blood and bone Livestock feed can be mixed with the manure due to spillage For example chickens are often fed meat and bone meal an animal product which can end up becoming mixed with chicken litter Compost Main article Compost nbsp Compost containing turkey manure and wood chips from bedding material is dried and then applied to pastures for fertilizer Compost is the decomposed remnants of organic materials It is usually of plant origin but often includes some animal dung or bedding Green manure Green manures are crops grown for the express purpose of plowing them in thus increasing fertility through the incorporation of nutrients and organic matter into the soil Leguminous plants such as clover are often used for this as they fix nitrogen using Rhizobia bacteria in specialized nodes in the root structure Other types of plant matter used as manure include the contents of the rumens of slaughtered ruminants spent grain left over from brewing beer and seaweed UsesThis section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is Focuses on the classical definition of animal manure Reasonable as the use of other expanded definition manures is quite trivial but the resultant lopsided structure may warrant a restructuring of the article Or we can just hollow this out and merge to Feces Uses of animal feces Please help improve this section if you can March 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Animal manure nbsp Pile of animal manure on a wall Animal manure such as chicken manure and cow dung has been used for centuries as a fertilizer for farming It can improve the soil structure aggregation so that the soil holds more nutrients and water and therefore becomes more fertile Animal manure also encourages soil microbial activity which promotes the soil s trace mineral supply improving plant nutrition It also contains some nitrogen and other nutrients that assist the growth of plants 5 Odor is an obvious and major issue with animal manure Components in swine manure include low molecular weight carboxylic acids acetic propionic butyric and valeric acids Other components include skatole and trimethyl amine 6 Animal manures with a particularly unpleasant odor such as slurries from intensive pig farming are usually knifed injected directly into the soil to reduce release of the odor Manure from pigs and cattle is usually spread on fields using a manure spreader Due to the relatively lower level of proteins in vegetable matter herbivore manure has a milder smell than the dung of carnivores or omnivores However herbivore slurry that has undergone anaerobic fermentation may develop more unpleasant odors and this can be a problem in some agricultural regions Poultry droppings are harmful to plants when fresh but after a period of composting are valuable fertilizers 7 Manure is also commercially composted and bagged and sold as a soil amendment 8 9 In 2018 Austrian scientists offered a method of paper production from elephant and cow manure 10 Dry animal dung is used as a fuel in many countries around the world Issues nbsp The women of a neighborhood ward with manure on their way to the field of one of them Tireli Mali 1990Any quantity of animal manure may be a source of pathogens or food spoilage organisms which may be carried by flies rodents or a range of other vector organisms and cause disease or put food safety at risk In intensive agricultural land use animal manure is often not used as targeted as mineral fertilizers and thus the nitrogen utilization efficiency is poor Animal manure can become a problem in terms of excessive use in areas of intensive agriculture with high numbers of livestock and too little available farmland citation needed The greenhouse gas nitrous oxide can be emitted so contributing to climate change 11 Livestock antibiotics In 2007 a University of Minnesota study 12 13 indicated that foods such as corn lettuce and potatoes have been found to accumulate antibiotics from soils spread with animal manure that contains these drugs Organic foods may be much more or much less likely to contain antibiotics depending on their sources and treatment of manure For instance by Soil Association Standard 4 7 38 most organic arable farmers either have their own supply of manure which would therefore not normally contain drug residues or else rely on green manure crops for the extra fertility if any nonorganic manure is used by organic farmers then it usually has to be rotted or composted to degrade any residues of drugs and eliminate any pathogenic bacteria Standard 4 7 38 Soil Association organic farming standards On the other hand as found in the University of Minnesota study the non usage of artificial fertilizers and resulting exclusive use of manure as fertilizer by organic farmers can result in significantly greater accumulations of antibiotics in organic foods 12 See alsoAlbum graecum Anaerobic digestion Barn cleaner Biosolids Chicken manure Coprophilous fungi Cow dung Dry animal dung fuel Earthen manure storage Liquid manure Manure spreader Reuse of excretaReferences Dittmar Heinrich Drach Manfred Vosskamp Ralf Trenkel Martin E Gutser Reinhold Steffens Gunter 2009 Fertilizers 2 Types Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Weinheim Wiley VCH doi 10 1002 14356007 n10 n01 ISBN 978 3527306732 Manure h2g2 July 15 2010 Retrieved 23 July 2017 a b Bernal M P Alburquerque J A Moral R November 2009 Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment A review Bioresource Technology 100 22 5444 5453 Bibcode 2009BiTec 100 5444B doi 10 1016 j biortech 2008 11 027 PMID 19119002 Lustosa Filha Jose Penido Evanise Castro Patricia Silva Carlos Melo Leonidas September 4 2017 Co pyrolysis of poultry litter and phosphate and magnesium generates alternative slow release fertilizer suitable for tropical soils ACS Sustainable Chemistry amp Engineering 5 10 9043 9052 doi 10 1021 acssuschemeng 7b01935 Das Suvendu Jeong Seung Tak Das Subhasis Kim Pil Joo 2017 Composted Cattle Manure Increases Microbial Activity and Soil Fertility More Than Composted Swine Manure in a Submerged Rice Paddy Frontiers in Microbiology 8 1702 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2017 01702 ISSN 1664 302X PMC 5591829 PMID 28928727 Ni Ji Qin Robarge Wayne P Xiao Changhe Heber Albert J 2012 Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities A critical review Chemosphere 89 7 769 788 Bibcode 2012Chmsp 89 769N doi 10 1016 j chemosphere 2012 04 061 PMID 22682363 Thomas Bass Julia Dafoe and Joel Schumacher Manure Composting for Livestock amp Poultry Production PDF MontGuide MT201206AG Reviewed 4 17 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Wortman Sam E Holmes Ashley A Miernicki Elizabeth Knoche Kaelyn Pittelkow Cameron M 2017 07 08 First Season Crop Yield Response to Organic Soil Amendments A Meta Analysis Agronomy Journal 109 4 1210 Bibcode 2017AgrJ 109 1210W doi 10 2134 agronj2016 10 0627 ISSN 0002 1962 Using Manure in the Home Garden Archived from the original on 2020 10 26 Retrieved 2019 07 06 Elephant and cow manure for making paper sustainably Press release Science Daily March 21 2018 Retrieved March 30 2018 Managing manure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions www agric wa gov au Retrieved 2022 04 15 a b Staff 2007 07 12 Livestock Antibiotics Can End Up in Human Foods ENS Newswire Archived from the original on 2007 09 16 Retrieved 2012 11 14 Dolliver Holly Kumar Kuldip Gupta Satish July 2007 Sulfamethazine Uptake by Plants from Manure Amended Soil Journal of Environmental Quality 36 4 1224 1230 Bibcode 2007JEnvQ 36 1224D doi 10 2134 jeq2006 0266 PMID 17596632 External links nbsp Look up manure in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manure Application and environmental risks of livestock manure North American Manure Expo Cornell Manure Program County Level Estimates of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Animal Manure for the Conterminous United States 2002 United States Geological Survey Manure Management Water Quality Information Center U S Department of Agriculture Livestock and Poultry Environmental Learning Center an eXtension community of practice about animal manure management Antibiotics and Hormones in Animal Manure Webcast A two part webcast series about the science available on potential risks and best management practices related to antibiotics and hormones from animal manure Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Manure amp oldid 1195489619, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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