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Sewall Wright

April 26, 2023

Sewall Green Wright FRS(For) Honorary FRSE (December 21, 1889 – March 3, 1988) was an American geneticist known for his influential work on evolutionary theory and also for his work on path analysis. He was a founder of population genetics alongside Ronald Fisher and J. B. S. Haldane, which was a major step in the development of the modern synthesis combining genetics with evolution. He discovered the inbreeding coefficient and methods of computing it in pedigree animals. He extended this work to populations,[4] computing the amount of inbreeding between members of populations as a result of random genetic drift, and along with Fisher he pioneered methods for computing the distribution of gene frequencies among populations as a result of the interaction of natural selection, mutation, migration and genetic drift. Wright also made major contributions to mammalian and biochemical genetics.[5][6][7]

Sewall Wright
Wright in 1954
Born(1889-12-21)December 21, 1889
Melrose, Massachusetts, U.S.
DiedMarch 3, 1988(1988-03-03) (aged 98)
Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.
Alma materLombard College
University of Illinois
Harvard University
(Sc.D., 1915)[1]
Known forCoefficient of determination
Population genetics
Causal graph
F-statistics
Fixation index
Fitness landscape
Genetic rescue
Genetic drift
Inbreeding coefficient
Path analysis
Shifting balance theory
Threshold model
AwardsDaniel Giraud Elliot Medal (1945)
Weldon Memorial Prize (1947)
National Medal of Science (1966)
Darwin Medal (1980)
Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal (1982)
Balzan Prize (1984)
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (1963)[2]
Scientific career
FieldsGenetics
InstitutionsUniversity of Chicago[3]
(1926–1954)
University of Wisconsin[3]
(1955–1960)
Doctoral advisorWilliam Ernest Castle
Other academic advisorsWilhelmine Key
Doctoral studentsEdric Lescouflair

Biography

Sewall Wright was born in Melrose, Massachusetts to Philip Green Wright and Elizabeth Quincy Sewall Wright. His parents were first cousins,[8] an interesting fact in light of Wright's later research on inbreeding. The family moved three years later after Philip accepted a teaching job at Lombard College, a Universalist college in Galesburg, Illinois.

As a child, Wright helped his father and brother print and publish an early book of poems by his father's student Carl Sandburg. At the age of seven, in 1897, he wrote his first "book", entitled Wonders of Nature,[5] and he published his last paper in 1988:[9] he can be claimed, therefore, to be the scientist with the longest career of science writing. Wright's astonishing maturity at the age of seven may be judged from the following excerpt quoted in the obituary:[5]

Have you ever examined the gizzard of a fowl? The gizzard of a fowl is a deep red colar with blu at the top. First on the outside is a very thick muscle. Under this is a white and fleecy layer. Holding very tight to the other. I expect you know that chickens eat sand. The next two layers are rough and rumply. These layers hold the sand. They grind the food. One night when we had company we had chicken-pie. Our Aunt Polly cut open the gizzard, and in it we found a lot of grain, and some corn.

He was the oldest of three gifted brothers—the others being the aeronautical engineer Theodore Paul Wright and the political scientist Quincy Wright. From an early age Wright had a love and talent for mathematics and biology. Wright attended Galesburg High School and graduated in 1906. He then enrolled in Lombard College where his father taught, to study mathematics. He was influenced greatly by Professor Wilhelmine Key, one of the first women to receive a Ph.D. in biology.[10][11][12] Wright received his Ph.D. from Harvard University, where he worked at the Bussey Institute with the pioneering mammalian geneticist William Ernest Castle investigating the inheritance of coat colors in mammals. He worked for the U.S. Department of Agriculture until 1925, when he joined the Department of Zoology at the University of Chicago. He remained there until his retirement in 1955, when he moved to the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He received many honors in his long career, including the National Medal of Science (1966), the Balzan Prize (1984), and the Darwin Medal of the Royal Society (1980). He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a Foreign Member of the Royal Society.[2] The American Mathematical Society selected him as the Josiah Willards Gibbs lecturer for 1941.[13][14] For his work on genetics of evolutionary processes, Wright was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1945.[15]

He died in Madison, Wisconsin on March 3, 1988.

Family

Wright married Louise Lane Williams (1895–1975) in 1921.[16][17] They had three children: Richard, Robert, and Elizabeth.[18][19]

Sewall Wright worshipped as a Unitarian.[20][21]

Scientific achievements and credits

Population genetics

 
Visualization of a fitness landscape. The X and Y axes represent continuous phenotypic traits, and the height at each point represents the corresponding organism's fitness. The arrows represent various mutational paths that the population could follow while evolving on the fitness landscape.

His papers on inbreeding,[4][22] mating systems,[23] and genetic drift[24] make him a principal founder of theoretical population genetics, along with R. A. Fisher and J. B. S. Haldane. Their theoretical work is the origin of the modern evolutionary synthesis or neodarwinian synthesis.[25] Wright was the inventor/discoverer of the inbreeding coefficient and F-statistics, standard tools in population genetics. He was the chief developer of the mathematical theory of genetic drift,[24] which is sometimes known as the Sewall Wright effect,[26] cumulative stochastic changes in gene frequencies that arise from random births, deaths, and Mendelian segregations in reproduction. In this work he also introduced the concept of effective population size. Wright was convinced that the interaction of genetic drift and the other evolutionary forces was important in the process of adaptation. He described the relationship between genotype or phenotype and fitness as fitness surfaces or evolutionary landscapes. On these landscapes mean population fitness was the height, plotted against horizontal axes representing the allele frequencies or the average phenotypes of the population. Natural selection would lead to a population climbing the nearest peak, while genetic drift would cause random wandering. He did not accept Fisher's genetic theory of dominance,[27] but instead considered it to arise from biochemical considerations.[28][29] Although set aside for many years, his interpretation is at the basis of modern ideas of dominance.[30][31]

Evolutionary theory

Wright's explanation for stasis was that organisms come to occupy adaptive peaks.[32] In order to evolve to another, higher peak, the species would first have to pass through a valley of maladaptive intermediate stages. This could happen by genetic drift[24] if the population is small enough. If a species was divided into small populations, some could find higher peaks. If there was some gene flow between the populations, these adaptations could spread to the rest of the species. This was Wright's shifting balance theory of evolution. There has been much skepticism among evolutionary biologists as to whether these rather delicate conditions hold often in natural populations. Wright had a long-standing and bitter debate about this with R. A. Fisher, who felt that most populations in nature were too large for these effects of genetic drift to be important.

Path analysis

Wright's statistical method of path analysis,[4][33] which he invented in 1921 and which was one of the first methods using a graphical model, is still widely used in social science. He was a hugely influential reviewer of manuscripts,[2] as one of the most frequent reviewers for Genetics.

Plant and animal breeding

Wright strongly influenced Jay Lush, who was the most influential figure in introducing quantitative genetics into animal and plant breeding. From 1915 to 1925 Wright was employed by the Animal Husbandry Division of the U.S. Bureau of Animal Husbandry. His main project was to investigate the inbreeding that had occurred in the artificial selection that resulted in the leading breeds of livestock used in American beef production. He also performed experiments with 80,000 guinea pigs in the study of physiological genetics. Furthermore he analyzed characters of some 40,000 guinea pigs in 23 strains of brother-sister matings against a random-bred stock. (Wright 1922a-c). The concentrated study of these two groups of mammals eventually led to the Shifting Balance Theory and the concept of "surfaces of selective value" in 1932.[9]

He did major work on the genetics of guinea pigs,[34][35] and many of his students became influential in the development of mammalian genetics. He appreciated as early as 1917 that genes acted by controlling enzymes. An anecdote about Wright, disclaimed by Wright himself, describes a lecture during which Wright tucked an unruly guinea pig under his armpit, where he usually held a chalkboard eraser: according to the anecdote, at the conclusion of the lecture, Wright absent-mindedly began to erase the blackboard using the guinea pig.[citation needed]

Statistics

The creation of the statistical coefficient of determination has been attributed to Sewall Wright and was first published in 1921.[36] This metric is commonly employed to evaluate regression analyses in computational statistics and machine learning.

Wright and philosophy

Wright was one of the few geneticists of his time to venture into philosophy. He found a union of concept in Charles Hartshorne, who became a lifelong friend and philosophical collaborator. Wright endorsed a form of panpsychism. He believed that the birth of the consciousness was not due to a mysterious property of increasing complexity, but rather an inherent property, therefore implying these properties were in the most elementary particles.[37]

Legacy

Wright and Fisher, along with J.B.S. Haldane, were the key figures in the modern synthesis that brought genetics and evolution together. Their work was essential to the contributions of Dobzhansky, Mayr, Simpson, Julian Huxley, and Stebbins. The modern synthesis was the most important development in evolutionary biology after Darwin. Wright also had a major effect on the development of mammalian genetics and biochemical genetics.

Judea Pearl and Dana Mackenzie's The Book of Why (2018) describes the contribution of Wright's work on path analysis and delays in its acceptance by several technical disciplines (specifically statistics and formal causal analysis).[38]

OpenMx has as its icon a representation of Wright's Piebald Guinea Pig.

Bibliography

  • Wright, Sewall (1984). Evolution and the Genetics of Populations: Genetics and Biometric Foundations New Edition. University of Chicago Press.

References

  1. ^ "Sewall Wright - American geneticist". britannica.com. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Hill, W. G. (1990). "Sewall Wright. 21 December 1889-3 March 1988". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 36: 568–579. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1990.0044. PMID 11616179.
  3. ^ a b Fowler, Glenn (March 4, 1988). "Sewall Wright, 98, Who Formed Mathematical Basis for Evolution". The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Russell, Elizabeth S. (December 1989). "Sewall Wright's contributions to physiological genetics and to inbreeding theory and practice". Annual Review of Genetics. 23 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.000245. ISSN 0066-4197. PMID 2694927. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Crow, J. F. (1988). "Sewall Wright (1889-1988) — Obituary". Genetics. 119 (1): 1–4. Bibcode:1988Natur.332..492S. doi:10.1038/332492a0. PMC 1203328. PMID 3294096.
  6. ^ Crow, J. F.; Dove, W. F. (1987). "Sewall Wright and physiological genetics". Genetics. 115 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1093/genetics/115.1.1. PMC 1203043. PMID 3549442.
  7. ^ Hill, W. G. (1996). "Sewall Wright's 'Systems of Mating'". Genetics. 143 (4): 1499–1506. doi:10.1093/genetics/143.4.1499. PMC 1207415. PMID 8844140.
  8. ^ Allendorf, Fred W.; Luikart, Gordon H.; Aitken, Sally N. (2012). Conservation and the Genetics of Populations. John Wiley. p. 548. ISBN 978-1-118-40857-5.. So were Darwin and his wife Emma (Wedgwood).
  9. ^ a b Wright, S. (1988). "Surfaces of selective value revisited". Am. Nat. 131: 115–123. doi:10.1086/284777. S2CID 85397524.
  10. ^ Wright, Sewall (September 1, 1965). "Dr. Wilhelmine Key". Journal of Heredity. 56 (5): 195–196. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107413. ISSN 1465-7333. PMID 5323812.
  11. ^ Crow, J. F. (September 1, 2004). "The Wilhemine E. Key 2003 Invitational Lecture: Genetics: Alive and Well. The First Hundred Years as Viewed Through the Pages of the Journal of Heredity". Journal of Heredity. 95 (5): 365–374. doi:10.1093/jhered/esh061. ISSN 0022-1503. PMID 15388764.
  12. ^ Lescouflair, Edric. "The Life of Sewall Wright". Harvard Square Library. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  13. ^ "American Mathematical Society". www.ams.org. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  14. ^ Wright, Sewall (1942). "Statistical genetics and evolution". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 48 (4): 223–246. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1942-07641-5. MR 0006700.
  15. ^ "Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal". Retrieved January 7, 2018.
  16. ^ "Ohio Marriages, 1800-1958," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XD4D-1CD : December 8, 2014), Sewall Wright and Louise Lane Williams, September 10, 1921; citing Licking, Ohio, reference 508B; FHL microfilm 384,312.
  17. ^ Provine, William B. (1989). Wright and Evolutionary Biology. University of Chicago Press. p. 106. ISBN 9780226684734. Retrieved January 7, 2018. They were married in Granville on September 10, 1921... The Wrights had two boys, Richard and Robert, during the remaining four years in Washington.
  18. ^ "United States Census, 1930," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XSTH-NZW : accessed January 7, 2018), Sewall Wright, Chicago (Districts 0001-0250), Cook, Illinois, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) ED 208, sheet 11A, line 50, family 226, NARA microfilm publication T626 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2002), roll 423; FHL microfilm 2,340,158.
  19. ^ "Sewall Wright Profile".
  20. ^ Ruse, Michael (June 30, 2009). Monad to Man: The Concept of Progress in Evolutionary Biology. Harvard University Press. p. 376. ISBN 9780674042995. Archived from the original on January 7, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2018. Wright worshipped as a Unitarian
  21. ^ Provine, William B. (1989). Sewall Wright and Evolutionary Biology. University of Chicago Press. pp. 460, 497. ISBN 9780226684734. Retrieved January 7, 2018. Unitarian.
  22. ^ Wright, Sewall (1940). "Breeding Structure of Populations in Relation to Speciation". The American Naturalist. 74 (752): 232–248. doi:10.1086/280891. S2CID 84048953.
  23. ^ Wright, S (1946). "Isolation by distance under diverse systems of mating". Genetics. 31 (1): 39–59. doi:10.1093/genetics/31.1.39. PMC 1209315. PMID 21009706.
  24. ^ a b c Wright, Sewall (1948). "On the Roles of Directed and Random Changes in Gene Frequency in the Genetics of Populations". Evolution. 2 (4): 279–294. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1948.tb02746.x. PMID 18104586.
  25. ^ Wright, Sewall (1930). "The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection". Journal of Heredity. 21 (8): 349–356. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a103361.
  26. ^ The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (2002) by Stephen Jay Gould, Chapter 7, section "Synthesis as Hardening"
  27. ^ Fisher, R. A. (1929). "The Evolution of Dominance; Reply to Professor Sewall Wright". The American Naturalist. 63 (689): 553–556. doi:10.1086/280289. hdl:2440/15105. S2CID 84667207.
  28. ^ Wright, Sewall (1929). "The Evolution of Dominance". The American Naturalist. 63 (689): 556–561. doi:10.1086/280290. S2CID 85301374.
  29. ^ Wright, Sewall (1934). "Physiological and Evolutionary Theories of Dominance". The American Naturalist. 68 (714): 24–53. doi:10.1086/280521. S2CID 84400871.
  30. ^ Kacser, H; Burns, J.A. (1981). "The molecular-basis of dominance". Genetics. 97 (3–4): 639–666. doi:10.1093/genetics/97.3-4.639. PMC 1214416. PMID 7297851.
  31. ^ Orr, H. A. (1991). "A test of Fisher's theory of dominance". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 88 (24): 11413–11415. Bibcode:1991PNAS...8811413O. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.24.11413. PMC 53145. PMID 1763055.
  32. ^ Wright, S. (1937). "The Distribution of Gene Frequencies in Populations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 23 (6): 307–320. Bibcode:1937PNAS...23..307W. doi:10.1073/pnas.23.6.307. PMC 1076930. PMID 16577780.
  33. ^ Wright, Sewall (1960). "The Treatment of Reciprocal Interaction, with or without Lag, in Path Analysis". Biometrics. 16 (3): 423–445. doi:10.2307/2527693. JSTOR 2527693.
  34. ^ Wright, Sewall (1926). "Effects of Age of Parents on Characteristics of the Guinea Pig". The American Naturalist. 60 (671): 552–559. doi:10.1086/280125. S2CID 84805740.
  35. ^ Wright, Sewall (1960). "The genetics of vital characters of the guinea pig". Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology. 56: 123–151. doi:10.1002/jcp.1030560413. PMID 13786823.
  36. ^ Wright, Sewall (January 1921). "Correlation and causation". Journal of Agricultural Research. 20: 557–585.
  37. ^ Steffes, David M (2007). "Panpsychic Organicism: Sewall Wright's Philosophy for Understanding Complex Genetic Systems". Journal of the History of Biology. 40 (2): 327–361. doi:10.1007/s10739-006-9105-5. PMID 18175605. S2CID 3255830.
  38. ^ Pearl, Judea (May 2018). The Book of Why. New York: Basic Books. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-465-09760-9.

Further reading

  • Ghiselin, Michael T. (1997) Metaphysics and the Origin of Species. NY: SUNY Press.
  • Provine, William (1986). Sewall Wright and Evolutionary Biology. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-68473-4.
  • Wright, Sewall (1932). "The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding and selection in evolution". Proc. 6th Int. Cong. Genet. 1: 356–366.
  • Wright 1934, "The Method of Path Coefficients", Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 5: 161-215
  • Wright, Sewall (1986). Evolution: Selected papers. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-91053-6.
  • Wright 1983, "Path Analysis in Genetic Epidemiology: A Critique"

External links

April 26, 2023
sewall, wright, sewall, green, wright, honorary, frse, december, 1889, march, 1988, american, geneticist, known, influential, work, evolutionary, theory, also, work, path, analysis, founder, population, genetics, alongside, ronald, fisher, haldane, which, majo. Sewall Green Wright FRS For Honorary FRSE December 21 1889 March 3 1988 was an American geneticist known for his influential work on evolutionary theory and also for his work on path analysis He was a founder of population genetics alongside Ronald Fisher and J B S Haldane which was a major step in the development of the modern synthesis combining genetics with evolution He discovered the inbreeding coefficient and methods of computing it in pedigree animals He extended this work to populations 4 computing the amount of inbreeding between members of populations as a result of random genetic drift and along with Fisher he pioneered methods for computing the distribution of gene frequencies among populations as a result of the interaction of natural selection mutation migration and genetic drift Wright also made major contributions to mammalian and biochemical genetics 5 6 7 Sewall WrightWright in 1954Born 1889 12 21 December 21 1889Melrose Massachusetts U S DiedMarch 3 1988 1988 03 03 aged 98 Madison Wisconsin U S Alma materLombard CollegeUniversity of IllinoisHarvard University Sc D 1915 1 Known forCoefficient of determinationPopulation geneticsCausal graphF statisticsFixation indexFitness landscapeGenetic rescueGenetic driftInbreeding coefficientPath analysisShifting balance theoryThreshold modelAwardsDaniel Giraud Elliot Medal 1945 Weldon Memorial Prize 1947 National Medal of Science 1966 Darwin Medal 1980 Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal 1982 Balzan Prize 1984 Foreign Member of the Royal Society 1963 2 Scientific careerFieldsGeneticsInstitutionsUniversity of Chicago 3 1926 1954 University of Wisconsin 3 1955 1960 Doctoral advisorWilliam Ernest CastleOther academic advisorsWilhelmine KeyDoctoral studentsEdric Lescouflair Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Family 2 Scientific achievements and credits 2 1 Population genetics 2 2 Evolutionary theory 2 3 Path analysis 2 4 Plant and animal breeding 2 5 Statistics 2 6 Wright and philosophy 3 Legacy 4 Bibliography 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksBiography EditSewall Wright was born in Melrose Massachusetts to Philip Green Wright and Elizabeth Quincy Sewall Wright His parents were first cousins 8 an interesting fact in light of Wright s later research on inbreeding The family moved three years later after Philip accepted a teaching job at Lombard College a Universalist college in Galesburg Illinois As a child Wright helped his father and brother print and publish an early book of poems by his father s student Carl Sandburg At the age of seven in 1897 he wrote his first book entitled Wonders of Nature 5 and he published his last paper in 1988 9 he can be claimed therefore to be the scientist with the longest career of science writing Wright s astonishing maturity at the age of seven may be judged from the following excerpt quoted in the obituary 5 Have you ever examined the gizzard of a fowl The gizzard of a fowl is a deep red colar with blu at the top First on the outside is a very thick muscle Under this is a white and fleecy layer Holding very tight to the other I expect you know that chickens eat sand The next two layers are rough and rumply These layers hold the sand They grind the food One night when we had company we had chicken pie Our Aunt Polly cut open the gizzard and in it we found a lot of grain and some corn He was the oldest of three gifted brothers the others being the aeronautical engineer Theodore Paul Wright and the political scientist Quincy Wright From an early age Wright had a love and talent for mathematics and biology Wright attended Galesburg High School and graduated in 1906 He then enrolled in Lombard College where his father taught to study mathematics He was influenced greatly by Professor Wilhelmine Key one of the first women to receive a Ph D in biology 10 11 12 Wright received his Ph D from Harvard University where he worked at the Bussey Institute with the pioneering mammalian geneticist William Ernest Castle investigating the inheritance of coat colors in mammals He worked for the U S Department of Agriculture until 1925 when he joined the Department of Zoology at the University of Chicago He remained there until his retirement in 1955 when he moved to the University of Wisconsin Madison He received many honors in his long career including the National Medal of Science 1966 the Balzan Prize 1984 and the Darwin Medal of the Royal Society 1980 He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a Foreign Member of the Royal Society 2 The American Mathematical Society selected him as the Josiah Willards Gibbs lecturer for 1941 13 14 For his work on genetics of evolutionary processes Wright was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1945 15 He died in Madison Wisconsin on March 3 1988 Family Edit Wright married Louise Lane Williams 1895 1975 in 1921 16 17 They had three children Richard Robert and Elizabeth 18 19 Sewall Wright worshipped as a Unitarian 20 21 Scientific achievements and credits EditPopulation genetics Edit Visualization of a fitness landscape The X and Y axes represent continuous phenotypic traits and the height at each point represents the corresponding organism s fitness The arrows represent various mutational paths that the population could follow while evolving on the fitness landscape His papers on inbreeding 4 22 mating systems 23 and genetic drift 24 make him a principal founder of theoretical population genetics along with R A Fisher and J B S Haldane Their theoretical work is the origin of the modern evolutionary synthesis or neodarwinian synthesis 25 Wright was the inventor discoverer of the inbreeding coefficient and F statistics standard tools in population genetics He was the chief developer of the mathematical theory of genetic drift 24 which is sometimes known as the Sewall Wright effect 26 cumulative stochastic changes in gene frequencies that arise from random births deaths and Mendelian segregations in reproduction In this work he also introduced the concept of effective population size Wright was convinced that the interaction of genetic drift and the other evolutionary forces was important in the process of adaptation He described the relationship between genotype or phenotype and fitness as fitness surfaces or evolutionary landscapes On these landscapes mean population fitness was the height plotted against horizontal axes representing the allele frequencies or the average phenotypes of the population Natural selection would lead to a population climbing the nearest peak while genetic drift would cause random wandering He did not accept Fisher s genetic theory of dominance 27 but instead considered it to arise from biochemical considerations 28 29 Although set aside for many years his interpretation is at the basis of modern ideas of dominance 30 31 Evolutionary theory Edit Wright s explanation for stasis was that organisms come to occupy adaptive peaks 32 In order to evolve to another higher peak the species would first have to pass through a valley of maladaptive intermediate stages This could happen by genetic drift 24 if the population is small enough If a species was divided into small populations some could find higher peaks If there was some gene flow between the populations these adaptations could spread to the rest of the species This was Wright s shifting balance theory of evolution There has been much skepticism among evolutionary biologists as to whether these rather delicate conditions hold often in natural populations Wright had a long standing and bitter debate about this with R A Fisher who felt that most populations in nature were too large for these effects of genetic drift to be important Path analysis Edit Wright s statistical method of path analysis 4 33 which he invented in 1921 and which was one of the first methods using a graphical model is still widely used in social science He was a hugely influential reviewer of manuscripts 2 as one of the most frequent reviewers for Genetics Plant and animal breeding Edit Wright strongly influenced Jay Lush who was the most influential figure in introducing quantitative genetics into animal and plant breeding From 1915 to 1925 Wright was employed by the Animal Husbandry Division of the U S Bureau of Animal Husbandry His main project was to investigate the inbreeding that had occurred in the artificial selection that resulted in the leading breeds of livestock used in American beef production He also performed experiments with 80 000 guinea pigs in the study of physiological genetics Furthermore he analyzed characters of some 40 000 guinea pigs in 23 strains of brother sister matings against a random bred stock Wright 1922a c The concentrated study of these two groups of mammals eventually led to the Shifting Balance Theory and the concept of surfaces of selective value in 1932 9 He did major work on the genetics of guinea pigs 34 35 and many of his students became influential in the development of mammalian genetics He appreciated as early as 1917 that genes acted by controlling enzymes An anecdote about Wright disclaimed by Wright himself describes a lecture during which Wright tucked an unruly guinea pig under his armpit where he usually held a chalkboard eraser according to the anecdote at the conclusion of the lecture Wright absent mindedly began to erase the blackboard using the guinea pig citation needed Statistics Edit The creation of the statistical coefficient of determination has been attributed to Sewall Wright and was first published in 1921 36 This metric is commonly employed to evaluate regression analyses in computational statistics and machine learning Wright and philosophy Edit Wright was one of the few geneticists of his time to venture into philosophy He found a union of concept in Charles Hartshorne who became a lifelong friend and philosophical collaborator Wright endorsed a form of panpsychism He believed that the birth of the consciousness was not due to a mysterious property of increasing complexity but rather an inherent property therefore implying these properties were in the most elementary particles 37 Legacy EditWright and Fisher along with J B S Haldane were the key figures in the modern synthesis that brought genetics and evolution together Their work was essential to the contributions of Dobzhansky Mayr Simpson Julian Huxley and Stebbins The modern synthesis was the most important development in evolutionary biology after Darwin Wright also had a major effect on the development of mammalian genetics and biochemical genetics Judea Pearl and Dana Mackenzie s The Book of Why 2018 describes the contribution of Wright s work on path analysis and delays in its acceptance by several technical disciplines specifically statistics and formal causal analysis 38 OpenMx has as its icon a representation of Wright s Piebald Guinea Pig Bibliography EditWright Sewall 1984 Evolution and the Genetics of Populations Genetics and Biometric Foundations New Edition University of Chicago Press vol 1 Genetic amp Biometric Foundations ISBN 0 226 91038 5 vol 2 Theory of Gene Frequencies ISBN 0 226 91039 3 vol 3 Experimental Results and Evolutionary Deductions ISBN 0 226 91040 7 vol 4 Variability within and Among Natural Populations ISBN 0 226 91041 5References Edit Sewall Wright American geneticist britannica com Retrieved March 21 2018 a b c Hill W G 1990 Sewall Wright 21 December 1889 3 March 1988 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 36 568 579 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1990 0044 PMID 11616179 a b Fowler Glenn March 4 1988 Sewall Wright 98 Who Formed Mathematical Basis for Evolution The New York Times Retrieved May 18 2021 a b c Russell Elizabeth S December 1989 Sewall Wright s contributions to physiological genetics and to inbreeding theory and practice Annual Review of Genetics 23 1 1 20 doi 10 1146 annurev ge 23 120189 000245 ISSN 0066 4197 PMID 2694927 Retrieved March 1 2023 a b c Crow J F 1988 Sewall Wright 1889 1988 Obituary Genetics 119 1 1 4 Bibcode 1988Natur 332 492S doi 10 1038 332492a0 PMC 1203328 PMID 3294096 Crow J F Dove W F 1987 Sewall Wright and physiological genetics Genetics 115 1 1 2 doi 10 1093 genetics 115 1 1 PMC 1203043 PMID 3549442 Hill W G 1996 Sewall Wright s Systems of Mating Genetics 143 4 1499 1506 doi 10 1093 genetics 143 4 1499 PMC 1207415 PMID 8844140 Allendorf Fred W Luikart Gordon H Aitken Sally N 2012 Conservation and the Genetics of Populations John Wiley p 548 ISBN 978 1 118 40857 5 So were Darwin and his wife Emma Wedgwood a b Wright S 1988 Surfaces of selective value revisited Am Nat 131 115 123 doi 10 1086 284777 S2CID 85397524 Wright Sewall September 1 1965 Dr Wilhelmine Key Journal of Heredity 56 5 195 196 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals jhered a107413 ISSN 1465 7333 PMID 5323812 Crow J F September 1 2004 The Wilhemine E Key 2003 Invitational Lecture Genetics Alive and Well The First Hundred Years as Viewed Through the Pages of the Journal of Heredity Journal of Heredity 95 5 365 374 doi 10 1093 jhered esh061 ISSN 0022 1503 PMID 15388764 Lescouflair Edric The Life of Sewall Wright Harvard Square Library Retrieved September 20 2022 American Mathematical Society www ams org Retrieved March 21 2018 Wright Sewall 1942 Statistical genetics and evolution Bull Amer Math Soc 48 4 223 246 doi 10 1090 S0002 9904 1942 07641 5 MR 0006700 Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal Retrieved January 7 2018 Ohio Marriages 1800 1958 database FamilySearch https familysearch org ark 61903 1 1 XD4D 1CD December 8 2014 Sewall Wright and Louise Lane Williams September 10 1921 citing Licking Ohio reference 508B FHL microfilm 384 312 Provine William B 1989 Wright and Evolutionary Biology University of Chicago Press p 106 ISBN 9780226684734 Retrieved January 7 2018 They were married in Granville on September 10 1921 The Wrights had two boys Richard and Robert during the remaining four years in Washington United States Census 1930 database with images FamilySearch https familysearch org ark 61903 1 1 XSTH NZW accessed January 7 2018 Sewall Wright Chicago Districts 0001 0250 Cook Illinois United States citing enumeration district ED ED 208 sheet 11A line 50 family 226 NARA microfilm publication T626 Washington D C National Archives and Records Administration 2002 roll 423 FHL microfilm 2 340 158 Sewall Wright Profile Ruse Michael June 30 2009 Monad to Man The Concept of Progress in Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Press p 376 ISBN 9780674042995 Archived from the original on January 7 2018 Retrieved January 7 2018 Wright worshipped as a Unitarian Provine William B 1989 Sewall Wright and Evolutionary Biology University of Chicago Press pp 460 497 ISBN 9780226684734 Retrieved January 7 2018 Unitarian Wright Sewall 1940 Breeding Structure of Populations in Relation to Speciation The American Naturalist 74 752 232 248 doi 10 1086 280891 S2CID 84048953 Wright S 1946 Isolation by distance under diverse systems of mating Genetics 31 1 39 59 doi 10 1093 genetics 31 1 39 PMC 1209315 PMID 21009706 a b c Wright Sewall 1948 On the Roles of Directed and Random Changes in Gene Frequency in the Genetics of Populations Evolution 2 4 279 294 doi 10 1111 j 1558 5646 1948 tb02746 x PMID 18104586 Wright Sewall 1930 The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection Journal of Heredity 21 8 349 356 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals jhered a103361 The Structure of Evolutionary Theory 2002 by Stephen Jay Gould Chapter 7 section Synthesis as Hardening Fisher R A 1929 The Evolution of Dominance Reply to Professor Sewall Wright The American Naturalist 63 689 553 556 doi 10 1086 280289 hdl 2440 15105 S2CID 84667207 Wright Sewall 1929 The Evolution of Dominance The American Naturalist 63 689 556 561 doi 10 1086 280290 S2CID 85301374 Wright Sewall 1934 Physiological and Evolutionary Theories of Dominance The American Naturalist 68 714 24 53 doi 10 1086 280521 S2CID 84400871 Kacser H Burns J A 1981 The molecular basis of dominance Genetics 97 3 4 639 666 doi 10 1093 genetics 97 3 4 639 PMC 1214416 PMID 7297851 Orr H A 1991 A test of Fisher s theory of dominance Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88 24 11413 11415 Bibcode 1991PNAS 8811413O doi 10 1073 pnas 88 24 11413 PMC 53145 PMID 1763055 Wright S 1937 The Distribution of Gene Frequencies in Populations Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 23 6 307 320 Bibcode 1937PNAS 23 307W doi 10 1073 pnas 23 6 307 PMC 1076930 PMID 16577780 Wright Sewall 1960 The Treatment of Reciprocal Interaction with or without Lag in Path Analysis Biometrics 16 3 423 445 doi 10 2307 2527693 JSTOR 2527693 Wright Sewall 1926 Effects of Age of Parents on Characteristics of the Guinea Pig The American Naturalist 60 671 552 559 doi 10 1086 280125 S2CID 84805740 Wright Sewall 1960 The genetics of vital characters of the guinea pig Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 56 123 151 doi 10 1002 jcp 1030560413 PMID 13786823 Wright Sewall January 1921 Correlation and causation Journal of Agricultural Research 20 557 585 Steffes David M 2007 Panpsychic Organicism Sewall Wright s Philosophy for Understanding Complex Genetic Systems Journal of the History of Biology 40 2 327 361 doi 10 1007 s10739 006 9105 5 PMID 18175605 S2CID 3255830 Pearl Judea May 2018 The Book of Why New York Basic Books p 6 ISBN 978 0 465 09760 9 Further reading EditGhiselin Michael T 1997 Metaphysics and the Origin of Species NY SUNY Press Provine William 1986 Sewall Wright and Evolutionary Biology University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 68473 4 Wright Sewall 1932 The roles of mutation inbreeding crossbreeding and selection in evolution Proc 6th Int Cong Genet 1 356 366 Wright 1934 The Method of Path Coefficients Annals of Mathematical Statistics 5 161 215 Wright Sewall 1986 Evolution Selected papers University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 91053 6 Wright 1983 Path Analysis in Genetic Epidemiology A Critique External links EditSewall Wright Darwin s Successor Evolutionary Theorist by Edric Lescouflair and James F Crow Sewall Wright Papers at the American Philosophical Society O Connor John J Robertson Edmund F Sewall Wright MacTutor History of Mathematics archive University of St Andrews Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sewall Wright amp oldid 1147514146, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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