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Sagrada Família

May 11, 2023

This article is about the basilica. For other uses, see Sagrada Familia (disambiguation).

The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família,[a] shortened as the Sagrada Família, is an unfinished church in the Eixample district of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It is the largest unfinished Catholic church in the world. Designed by architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926), his work on Sagrada Família is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[7] On 7 November 2010, Pope Benedict XVI consecrated the church and proclaimed it a minor basilica.[8][9][10]

Basílica de la Sagrada Família
Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família
Sagrada Família in 2021
Religion
AffiliationRoman Catholic
DistrictBarcelona
Ecclesiastical or organizational statusMinor basilica
LeadershipJuan José Cardinal Omella, Archbishop of Barcelona
Year consecrated7 November 2010; 12 years ago (2010-11-07)
by Benedict XVI
StatusActive/on-hold
Location
LocationBarcelona, Spain
Geographic coordinates41°24′13″N 2°10′28″E / 41.40369°N 2.17433°E / 41.40369; 2.17433Coordinates: 41°24′13″N 2°10′28″E / 41.40369°N 2.17433°E / 41.40369; 2.17433
Architecture
Architect(s)Antoni Gaudí
StyleGothic Revival and Art Nouveau and Modernista
General contractorConstruction Board of La Sagrada Família Foundation[1][2][3]
Groundbreaking19 March 1882; 141 years ago (1882-03-19)
CompletedAfter 2026[4]
Specifications
Direction of façadeSoutheast
Capacity9,000
Length90 m (300 ft)[5]
Width60 m (200 ft)[5]
Width (nave)45 m (150 ft)[5]
Spire(s)18 (11 already built)
Spire height170 m (560 ft) (planned)
Website
sagradafamilia.org/en
Official nameNativity Façade and Crypt of the Basílica de la Sagrada Família
Part ofWorks of Antoni Gaudí
CriteriaCultural: (i), (ii), (iv)
Reference320-005
Inscription1984 (8th Session)
Extensions2005
TypeNon-movable
CriteriaMonument
Designated24 July 1969
Reference no.RI-51-0003813

On 19 March 1882, construction of the Sagrada Família began under architect Francisco de Paula del Villar. In 1883, when Villar resigned,[7] Gaudí took over as chief architect, transforming the project with his architectural and engineering style, combining Gothic and curvilinear Art Nouveau forms. Gaudí devoted the remainder of his life to the project, and he is buried in the church's crypt. At the time of his death in 1926, less than a quarter of the project was complete.[11]

Relying solely on private donations, the Sagrada Família's construction progressed slowly and was interrupted by the Spanish Civil War. In July 1936, anarchists from the FAI set fire to the crypt and broke their way into the workshop, partially destroying Gaudí's original plans.[12] In 1939, Francesc de Paula Quintana took over site management, which was able to go on due to the material that was saved from Gaudí's workshop and that was reconstructed from published plans and photographs.[13] Construction resumed to intermittent progress in the 1950s. Advancements in technologies such as computer-aided design and computerised numerical control (CNC) have since enabled faster progress and construction passed the midpoint in 2010. However, some of the project's greatest challenges remain, including the construction of ten more spires, each symbolising an important Biblical figure in the New Testament.[11] It was anticipated that the building would be completed by 2026, the centenary of Gaudí's death,[14] but this has now been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[15]

Describing the Sagrada Família, art critic Rainer Zerbst said "it is probably impossible to find a church building anything like it in the entire history of art",[16] and Paul Goldberger describes it as "the most extraordinary personal interpretation of Gothic architecture since the Middle Ages".[17] The basilica is not the cathedral church of the Archdiocese of Barcelona, as that title belongs to the Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia (Barcelona Cathedral).

History

Origins

The Sagrada Família was inspired by a bookseller, José María Bocabella [es], founder of Asociación Espiritual de Devotos de San José (Spiritual Association of Devotees of St. Joseph).[18] After a visit to the Vatican in 1872, Bocabella returned from Italy with the intention of building a church inspired by the basilica at Loreto.[18] The apse crypt of the church, funded by donations, was begun 19 March 1882, on the festival of St. Joseph, to the design of the architect Francisco de Paula del Villar, whose plan was for a Gothic revival church of a standard form.[18] The apse crypt was completed before Villar's resignation on 18 March 1883, when Antoni Gaudí assumed responsibility for its design, which he changed radically.[18] Gaudi began work on the church in 1883 but was not appointed Architect Director until 1884.

20th century

On the subject of the extremely long construction period, Gaudí is said to have remarked: "My client is not in a hurry."[19] When Gaudí died in 1926, the basilica was between 15 and 25 percent complete.[11][20] After Gaudí's death, work continued under the direction of his main disciple Domènec Sugrañes i Gras until interrupted by the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Parts of the unfinished basilica and Gaudí's models and workshop were destroyed during the war. The present design is based on reconstructed versions of the plans that were burned in a fire as well as on modern adaptations. Since 1940, the architects Francesc Quintana, Isidre Puig Boada, Lluís Bonet i Gari and Francesc Cardoner have carried on the work. The illumination was designed by Carles Buïgas. The director until 2012 was the son of Lluís Bonet, Jordi Bonet i Armengol. Armengol began introducing computers into the design and construction process in the 1980s.

21st century

 
In this model, the remaining parts to be built are shown in brown (2023).
 
New stonework at the Sagrada Família (left) is visible against the stained and weathered older sections (right).

The central nave vaulting was completed in 2000 and the main tasks since then have been the construction of the transept vaults and apse. In 2002, the Sagrada Família Schools building was relocated from the eastern corner of the site to the southern corner, and began housing an exhibition. The school was originally designed by Gaudí in 1909 for the children of the construction workers.[citation needed]

As of 2006, work concentrated on the crossing and supporting structure for the main steeple of Jesus Christ as well as the southern enclosure of the central nave, which will become the Glory façade. Computer-aided design technology has allowed stone to be shaped off-site by a CNC milling machine, whereas in the 20th century the stone was carved by hand.[21] In 2008, some renowned Catalan architects advocated halting construction[22] to respect Gaudí's original designs, which, although they were not exhaustive and were partially destroyed, have been partially reconstructed in recent years.[23]

Since 2013, AVE high-speed trains have passed near the Sagrada Família through a tunnel that runs beneath the centre of Barcelona. The tunnel's construction, which began on 26 March 2010, was controversial. The Ministry of Public Works of Spain (Ministerio de Fomento) claimed the project posed no risk to the church.[24][25] Sagrada Família engineers and architects disagreed, saying there was no guarantee that the tunnel would not affect the stability of the building. The Board of the Sagrada Família (Patronat de la Sagrada Família) and the neighborhood association AVE pel Litoral (AVE by the Coast) led a campaign against this route for the AVE, without success.[citation needed] In October 2010, the tunnel boring machine reached the church underground under the location of the building's principal façade.[24] Service through the tunnel was inaugurated on 8 January 2013.[26] Track in the tunnel makes use of a system by Edilon Sedra in which the rails are embedded in an elastic material to dampen vibrations.[27] No damage to the Sagrada Família has been reported to date.

The main nave was covered and an organ installed in mid-2010, allowing the still-unfinished building to be used for liturgies.[28] The church was consecrated by Pope Benedict XVI on 7 November 2010 in front of a congregation of 6,500 people.[29] A further 50,000 people followed the consecration Mass from outside the basilica, where more than 100 bishops and 300 priests were on hand to distribute Holy Communion.[30]

In 2012, Barcelona-born Jordi Faulí i Oller [es] took over as architect of the project.[2][3] Mark Burry of New Zealand serves as Executive Architect and Researcher.[31] Sculptures by J. Busquets, Etsuro Sotoo and the controversial Josep Maria Subirachs decorate the fantastical façades.

Chief architect Jordi Faulí announced in October 2015 that construction was 70 percent complete and had entered its final phase of raising six immense steeples. The steeples and most of the church's structure were planned be completed by 2026, the centennial of Gaudí's death; as of a 2017 estimate, decorative elements should be complete by 2030 or 2032.[32] Visitor entrance fees of €15 to €20 finance the annual construction budget of €25 million.[33] Completion of the structure will use post-tensioned stone.[34]

Starting on 9 July 2017, an international mass is celebrated at the basilica every Sunday and holy day of obligation, at 9 a.m., and is open to the public (until the church is full). Occasionally, Mass is celebrated at other times, where attendance requires an invitation. When masses are scheduled, instructions to obtain an invitation are posted on the basilica's website. In addition, visitors may pray in the chapel of the Blessed Sacrament and Penitence.[35]

In 2018, the stone type needed for the construction was found in a quarry in Brinscall, near Chorley, England.[36]


  • Historical photographs of the Sagrada Família
  •  

    1905

  •  

    1915

  •  

    1930. Aerial photograph by Walter Mittelholzer, ETH-Bibliothek.

  •  

    Base of the Christ steeple under construction (2009)

  •  

    2019 [37]

Incidents

On 19 April 2011, an arsonist started a small fire in the sacristy which forced the evacuation of tourists and construction workers.[38] The sacristy was damaged, and the fire took 45 minutes to contain.[39]

On 11 March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, construction temporarily stopped and the basilica was closed.[40] This was the first time the construction had been halted since the Spanish Civil War.[41] The Gaudí House Museum in Park Güell was also closed. The basilica reopened, initially to key workers, on 4 July 2020.[42]

On 29 November 2021, a 7 m (23 ft) twelve-pointed illuminated crystal star was installed on one of the main towers of the basilica dedicated to the Virgin Mary. There were concerns about plans to build a large stairway leading up to the basilica's main entrance, unfinished at the time, which could require the demolition of three city blocks, the homes to 1,000 people as well as some businesses.[43]

Design

 
Plan view of the Sagrada Família
  Apse
  Ambulatory
  Choir
  Transept
  Façades
  Main Nave
  Aisles
  Cloister
  Reconstruction of the schools
See the image page for the map's full legend.

The style of the Sagrada Família is variously likened to Spanish Late Gothic, Catalan Modernism or Art Nouveau. While the Sagrada Família falls within the Art Nouveau period, Nikolaus Pevsner points out that, along with Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, Gaudí carried the Art Nouveau style far beyond its usual application as a surface decoration.[44]

Plan

While never a cathedral, the Sagrada Família was planned from the outset to be a large building, comparable in size to a cathedral. Its ground-plan has obvious links to earlier Spanish cathedrals such as Burgos Cathedral, León Cathedral and Seville Cathedral. In common with Catalan and many other European Gothic cathedrals, the Sagrada Família is short in comparison to its width, and has a great complexity of parts, which include double aisles, an ambulatory with a chevet of seven apsidal chapels, a multitude of steeples and three portals, each widely different in structure as well as ornament.[citation needed] Where it is common for cathedrals in Spain to be surrounded by numerous chapels and ecclesiastical buildings, the plan of the Sagrada Família has an unusual feature: a covered passage or cloister which forms a rectangle enclosing the church and passing through the narthex of each of its three portals. With this peculiarity aside, the plan, influenced by Villar's crypt, barely hints at the complexity of Gaudí's design or its deviations from traditional church architecture.[citation needed] There are no exact right angles to be seen inside or outside the church, and few straight lines in the design.[45][46]

Spires

 
The top of the Virgin Mary's Spire (completed in December 2021)

Gaudí's original design calls for a total of eighteen spires, representing in ascending order of height the Twelve Apostles,[b] the Virgin Mary, the four Evangelists and, tallest of all, Jesus Christ. Eleven spires have been built as of 2022, corresponding to four apostles at the Nativity façade and four apostles at the Passion façade, two of the evangelists Luke and Mark,[47] and the Virgin Mary.[48]

According to the 2005 "Works Report" of the project's official website, drawings signed by Gaudí and recently found in the Municipal Archives, indicate that the spire of the Virgin was in fact intended by Gaudí to be shorter than those of the evangelists. The spire height will follow Gaudí's intention, which according to the report will work with the existing foundation.[citation needed]

The Evangelists' spires will be surmounted by sculptures of their traditional symbols: a winged bull (Saint Luke), a winged man (Saint Matthew), an eagle (Saint John), and a winged lion (Saint Mark). The central spire of Jesus Christ is to be surmounted by a giant cross; its total height (172.5 metres (566 ft)) will be less than that of Montjuïc hill in Barcelona,[49] as Gaudí believed that his creation should not surpass God's. The lower spires are surmounted by communion hosts with sheaves of wheat and chalices with bunches of grapes, representing the Eucharist.[citation needed] Plans call for tubular bells to be placed within the spires, driven by the force of the wind, and driving sound down into the interior of the church. Gaudí performed acoustic studies to achieve the appropriate acoustic results inside the temple.[50] However, only one bell is currently in place.[51]

The completion of the spires will make Sagrada Família the tallest church building in the world—11 metres taller than the current record-holder, Ulm Minster, which is 161.5 metres (530 ft) at its highest point.[52]

The construction makes use of Post-tensioned stone panels, which are pre-assembled before incorporation into the main structure; using this method has significant structural and operational benefits.[53][54]

Façades

The Church is designed to have three grand façades: the Nativity façade to the East, the Passion façade to the West, and the Glory façade to the South (yet to be completed).

The Nativity Façade was built before work was interrupted in 1935 and bears the most direct Gaudí influence.

 
The Nativity façade

The Passion façade was built according to the design that Gaudi created in 1917. The construction began in 1954, and the steeples, built over the elliptical plan, were finished in 1976. It is especially striking for its spare, gaunt, tormented characters, including emaciated figures of Christ being scourged at the pillar; and Christ on the Cross. These controversial designs are the work of Josep Maria Subirachs.

The Glory façade, on which construction began in 2002, will be the largest and most monumental of the three and will represent one's ascension to God. It will also depict various scenes such as Hell, Purgatory, and will include elements such as the seven deadly sins and the seven heavenly virtues.

Nativity Façade

 
Sculpture of the choir of angel children

Constructed between 1893 and 1936, the Nativity façade was the first façade to be completed.[55] Dedicated to the birth of Jesus, it is decorated with scenes reminiscent of elements of life. Characteristic of Gaudí's naturalistic style, the sculptures are ornately arranged and decorated with scenes and images from nature, each a symbol in its own manner.[56] For instance, the three porticos are separated by two large columns, and at the base of each lies a turtle or a tortoise (one to represent the land and the other the sea; each are symbols of time as something set in stone and unchangeable). In contrast to the figures of turtles and their symbolism, two chameleons can be found at either side of the façade, and are symbolic of change.

The façade faces the rising sun to the northeast, a symbol for the birth of Christ. It is divided into three porticos, each of which represents a theological virtue (Hope, Faith and Charity). The Tree of Life rises above the door of Jesus in the portico of Charity.[57] Four steeples complete the façade and are each dedicated to a Saint (Matthias, Barnabas, Jude the Apostle, and Simon the Zealot).[55]

Originally, Gaudí intended for this façade to be polychromed, for each archivolt to be painted with a wide array of colours. He wanted every statue and figure to be painted. In this way the figures of humans would appear as much alive as the figures of plants and animals.[58]

Gaudí chose this façade to embody the structure and decoration of the whole church. He was well aware that he would not finish the church and that he would need to set an artistic and architectural example for others to follow. He also chose for this façade to be the first on which to begin construction and for it to be, in his opinion, the most attractive and accessible to the public. He believed that if he had begun construction with the Passion Façade, one that would be hard and bare (as if made of bones), before the Nativity Façade, people would have withdrawn at the sight of it.[59] Some of the statues were destroyed in 1936 during the Spanish Civil War, and subsequently were reconstructed by the Japanese artist Etsuro Sotoo.[60]

Passion Façade

 
Passion Façade of the Sagrada Família in 2018

In contrast to the highly decorated Nativity Façade, the Passion Façade is austere, plain and simple, with ample bare stone, and is carved with harsh straight lines to resemble the bones of a skeleton. Dedicated to the Passion of Christ, the suffering of Jesus during his crucifixion, the façade was intended to portray the sins of man. Construction began in 1954, following the drawings and instructions left by Gaudí for future architects and sculptors. The steeples were completed in 1976, and in 1987 a team of sculptors, headed by Josep Maria Subirachs, began work sculpting the various scenes and details of the façade. They aimed to give a rigid, angular form to provoke a dramatic effect. Gaudí intended for this façade to strike fear into the onlooker. He wanted to "break" arcs and "cut" columns, and to use the effect of chiaroscuro (dark angular shadows contrasted by harsh rigid light) to further show the severity and brutality of Christ's sacrifice.

Facing the setting sun, indicative and symbolic of the death of Christ, the Passion Façade is supported by six large and inclined columns, designed to resemble strained muscles.[61] Above there is a pyramidal pediment, made up of eighteen bone-shaped columns, which culminate in a large cross with a crown of thorns. Each of the four steeples is dedicated to an apostle (James, Thomas, Philip, and Bartholomew) and, like the Nativity Façade, there are three porticos, each representing the theological virtues, though in a much different light.

The scenes sculpted into the façade may be divided into three levels, which ascend in an S form and reproduce the stations of the cross (Via Crucis of Christ).[5] The lowest level depicts scenes from Jesus' last night before the crucifixion, including the Last Supper, Kiss of Judas, Ecce homo, and the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus. The middle level portrays the Calvary, or Golgotha, of Christ, and includes The Three Marys, Saint Longinus, Saint Veronica, and a hollow-face illusion of Christ on the Veil of Veronica. In the third and final level the Death, Burial and the Resurrection of Christ can be seen. A bronze figure situated on a bridge creating a link between the steeples of Saint Bartholomew and Saint Thomas represents the Ascension of Jesus.[62]

The façade contains a magic square based on[63] the magic square in the 1514 print Melencolia I. The square is rotated and one number in each row and column is reduced by one so the rows and columns add up to 33 instead of the standard 34 for a 4x4 magic square.

Glory Façade

  •  

    Model of the completed Temple; the Glory Façade is on the foreground.

  •  

    Model showing the entrance as wished by Gaudí.

  •  

    Ground model, showing Carrer de Mallorca running underground.

  •  

    Glory Façade under construction in 2016.

  •  

    The Glory Façade from inside.

  •  

    Drawing of the façade, exposed on site.

The largest and most striking of the façades will be the Glory Façade, on which construction began in 2002. It will be the principal façade and will offer access to the central nave. Dedicated to the Celestial Glory of Jesus, it represents the road to God: Death, Final Judgment, and Glory, while Hell is left for those who deviate from God's will. Aware that he would not live long enough to see this façade completed, Gaudí made a model which was demolished in 1936, whose original fragments were used as the basis for the development of the design for the façade. The completion of this façade may require the partial demolition of the block with buildings across the Carrer de Mallorca.[64] The decision should be proposed in May 2023.[65]

To reach the Glory Portico the large staircase will lead over the underground passage built over Carrer de Mallorca with the decoration representing Hell and vice. On other projects Carrer de Mallorca will have to go underground.[66] It will be decorated with demons, idols, false gods, heresy and schisms, etc. Purgatory and death will also be depicted, the latter using tombs along the ground. The portico will have seven large columns dedicated to gifts of the Holy Spirit. At the base of the columns there will be representations of the seven deadly sins, and at the top, the seven heavenly virtues.

  • Gifts: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety and fear of the Lord.
  • Sins: greed, lust, pride, gluttony, sloth, wrath, envy.
  • Virtues: kindness, diligence, patience, charity, temperance, humility, chastity.
 
Eucharist Door of the Glory Facade showing, at bottom, the "A...G" for Antoni Gaudí

This facade will have five doors corresponding to the five naves of the temple, with the central one having a triple entrance, that will give the Glory Façade a total seven doors representing the sacraments:

In September 2008, the doors of the Glory façade, by Subirachs, were installed. Inscribed with the words of the Our Father, these central doors are inscribed with the words "Give us our daily bread" in fifty different languages. The handles of the door are the letters "A" and "G" that form the initials of Antoni Gaudí within the phrase "lead us not into temptation".

Interior

For definitions of the architectural terms, see Cathedral floorplan.
  • Interior of the Sagrada Família
  •  

    Standing in the transept and looking northeast

  •  

    Detail of the roof in the nave. Gaudí designed the columns to resemble trees and branches.[67]

  •  

    The nave

  •  

    Ceiling of the apse (before installation of the stained-glass windows)

  •  

    Ceiling and columns of the nave

The church plan is that of a Latin cross with five aisles. The central nave vaults reach forty-five metres (148 feet) while the side nave vaults reach thirty metres (98 feet). The transept has three aisles. The columns are on a 7.5 metres (25 ft) grid. However, the columns of the apse, resting on del Villar's foundation, do not adhere to the grid, requiring a section of columns of the ambulatory to transition to the grid thus creating a horseshoe pattern to the layout of those columns. The crossing rests on the four central columns of porphyry supporting a great hyperboloid surrounded by two rings of twelve hyperboloids (currently under construction). The central vault reaches sixty metres (200 ft). The apse is capped by a hyperboloid vault reaching seventy-five metres (246 ft). Gaudí intended that a visitor standing at the main entrance be able to see the vaults of the nave, crossing, and apse; thus the graduated increase in vault loft.

There are gaps in the floor of the apse, providing a view down into the crypt below.

The columns of the interior are a unique Gaudí design. Besides branching to support their load, their ever-changing surfaces are the result of the intersection of various geometric forms. The simplest example is that of a square base evolving into an octagon as the column rises, then a sixteen-sided form, and eventually to a circle. This effect is the result of a three-dimensional intersection of helicoidal columns (for example a square cross-section column twisting clockwise and a similar one twisting counter-clockwise).

Essentially none of the interior surfaces are flat; the ornamentation is comprehensive and rich, consisting in large part of abstract shapes which combine smooth curves and jagged points. Even detail-level work such as the iron railings for balconies and stairways are full of curvaceous elaboration.

Organ

In 2010 an organ was installed in the chancel by the Blancafort Orgueners de Montserrat organ builders. The instrument has 26 stops (1,492 pipes) on two manuals and a pedalboard.

To overcome the unique acoustical challenges posed by the church's architecture and vast size, several additional organs will be installed at various points within the building. These instruments will be playable separately (from their own individual consoles) and simultaneously (from a single mobile console), yielding an organ of some 8,000 pipes when completed.[68]

Geometric details

Further information: Mathematics and art
 
Alpha and Omega carving at Sagrada Família entrance

The steeples on the Nativity façade are crowned with geometrically shaped tops that are reminiscent of Cubism (they were finished around 1930), and the intricate decoration is contemporary to the style of Art Nouveau, but Gaudí's unique style drew primarily from nature, not other artists or architects, and resists categorization.

Gaudí used hyperboloid structures in later designs of the Sagrada Família (more obviously after 1914). However, there are a few places on the nativity façade—a design not equated with Gaudí's ruled-surface design—where the hyperboloid crops up. For example, all around the scene with the pelican, there are numerous examples (including the basket held by one of the figures). There is a hyperboloid adding structural stability to the cypress tree (by connecting it to the bridge). Finally, the "bishop's mitre" spires are capped with hyperboloid structures.[69] In his later designs, ruled surfaces are prominent in the nave's vaults and windows and the surfaces of the Passion Façade.

Symbolism

 
Detail of a steeple of the Passion Façade decorated with the word Sanctus

Themes throughout the decoration include words from the liturgy. The steeples are decorated with words such as "Hosanna", "Excelsis", and "Sanctus"; the great doors of the Passion façade reproduce excerpts of the Passion of Jesus from the New Testament in various languages, mainly Catalan; and the Glory façade is to be decorated with the words from the Apostles' Creed, while its main door reproduce the entire Lord's Prayer in Catalan, surrounded by multiple variations of "Give us this day our daily bread" in other languages. The three entrances symbolize the three virtues: Faith, Hope and Love. Each of them is also dedicated to a part of Christ's life. The Nativity Façade is dedicated to his birth; it also has a cypress tree which symbolizes the tree of life. The Glory Façade is dedicated to his glory period. The Passion Façade is symbolic of his suffering. The apse steeple bears Latin text of Hail Mary.

Areas of the sanctuary will be designated to represent various concepts, such as saints, virtues and sins, and secular concepts such as regions, presumably with decoration to match.

Burials

Appraisal

The art historian Nikolaus Pevsner, writing in the 1960s, referred to Gaudí's buildings as growing "like sugar loaves and anthills" and describes the ornamenting of buildings with shards of broken pottery as possibly "bad taste" but handled with vitality and "ruthless audacity".[44]

The building's design itself has been polarizing. Assessments by Gaudí's fellow architects were generally positive; Louis Sullivan greatly admired it, describing Sagrada Família as the "greatest piece of creative architecture in the last twenty-five years. It is spirit symbolised in stone!"[70] Walter Gropius praised the Sagrada Família, describing the building's walls as "a marvel of technical perfection".[70] Time magazine called it "sensual, spiritual, whimsical, exuberant".[19] However, author and critic George Orwell called it "one of the most hideous buildings in the world",[71] author James A. Michener called it "one of the strangest-looking serious buildings in the world"[72] and British historian Gerald Brenan stated about the building "Not even in the European architecture of the period can one discover anything so vulgar or pretentious."[72] The building's distinctive silhouette has nevertheless become symbolic of Barcelona itself,[11] drawing an estimated 3 million visitors annually.[73]

World Heritage status

Together with six other Gaudí buildings in Barcelona, part of la Sagrada Família is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as testifying "to Gaudí's exceptional creative contribution to the development of architecture and building technology", "having represented el Modernisme of Catalonia" and "anticipated and influenced many of the forms and techniques that were relevant to the development of modern construction in the 20th century". The inscription only includes the Crypt and the Nativity Façade.[7]

Visitor access

Visitors can access the Nave, Crypt, Museum, Shop, and the Passion and Nativity steeples. Entrance to either of the steeples requires a reservation and advance purchase of a ticket. Access is possible only by lift (elevator) and a short walk up the remainder of the steeples to the bridge between the steeples. Descent is via a very narrow spiral staircase of over 300 steps. There is a posted caution for those with medical conditions.[74]

As of June 2017, online ticket purchase has been available. As of August 2010, there had been a service whereby visitors could buy an entry code either at Servicaixa ATM kiosks (part of CaixaBank) or online.[75] During the peak season, May to October, reservation delays for entrance of up to a few days are not unusual.

International masses

The Archdiocese of Barcelona holds an international mass at the Basilica of the Sagrada Família every Sunday and on holy days of obligation.

  • Date and time: Every Sunday and on holy days of obligation at 9am.
  • There is no charge for attending mass but capacity is limited
  • Visitors are asked to dress appropriately and behave respectfully.[76]

Funding and building permit

Construction on Sagrada Família is not supported by any government or official church sources. Private patrons funded the initial stages.[77] Money from tickets purchased by tourists is now used to pay for the work, and private donations are accepted through the Friends of the Sagrada Família.[citation needed]

The construction budget for 2009 was €18 million.[28]

In October 2018, Sagrada Família trustees agreed to pay city authorities €36 million for a building permit, after 136 years of unlicensed construction.[78] Most of the funds would be directed to improve the access between the church and the Barcelona Metro.[79] The permit was issued by the city on 7 June 2019.[80]

See also

Notes

  1. ^
  2. ^ Note: the two Apostles who are also Evangelists are left out and replaced by St. Paul and also St. Barnabas.

References

  1. ^ "Fundació junta constructora del Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família" [Foundation for the construction board of the Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família]. Fundacions.cat (in Catalan). 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021. [translated] Targets: Construction, conservation and restoration of a temple, faithfully executing the project of Antoni Gaudí.
  2. ^ a b "The Foundation and the History, Main Milestones". BASÍLICA de la SAGRADA FAMíLIA [Basilica of the Holy Family]. Retrieved 12 December 2021. 2012: Jordi Faulí takes over from Jordi Bonet as head architect and site manager for the works on the Temple of the Sagrada Família, which carry on according to Antoni Gaudí's plans.
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Bibliography

  • Faulí, Jordi (2014). La Basílica de la Sagrada Família (in Catalan). P&M. ISBN 978-84-8003-667-2.
  • Giralt-Miracle, Daniel (2012). Gaudí esencial (in Spanish). Barcelona: La Vanguardia Ediciones S.L. ISBN 978-84-96642-73-7.
  • Puig i Boada, Isidre (1952). El templo de la Sagrada Familia (in Spanish). Barcelona: Omega.

Further reading

  • Zerbst, Rainer (1988). Antoni Gaudi – A Life Devoted to Architecture. Trans. from German by Doris Jones and Jeremy Gaines. Hamburg, Germany: Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-0074-0.
  • Nonell, Juan Bassegoda (2004). Antonio Gaudi: Master Architect. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 0-7892-0220-4.
  • Hernandez SJ, Jean-Paul (2007). Pardes (ed.). Antoni Gaudi: La Parola nella pietra. I simboli e lo spirito della Sagrada Familia. Bologna, Italy. p. 114. ISBN 978-88-89241-31-8.
  • Crippa, Maria Antonietta (2003). Peter Gossel (ed.). Antoni Gaudi, 1852–1926: From Nature to Architecture. Trans. Jeremy Carden. Hamburg, Germany: Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-2518-2.
  • Schneider, Rolf (2004). Manfred Leier (ed.). 100 most beautiful cathedrals of the world: A journey through five continents. Trans. from German by Susan Ghyearuni and Rae Walter. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7858-1888-5.
  • Borja de Riquer i Permanye (2001). Modernisme i Modernistes. Barcelona: Gaudi, Lunwerg. ISBN 84-7782-776-1.
  • Barral i Altet, Javier (2001). L'isard, Barcelona (ed.). Art de Catalunya. Arquitectura religiosa moderna i contemporània. ISBN 84-89931-14-3.
  • Bassegoda i Nonell, Joan (1989). Ausa, Sabadell (ed.). El gran Gaudí. ISBN 84-86329-44-2.
  • Bassegoda i Nonell, Joan (2002). Gaudí o espacio, luz y equilibrio. Madrid: Criterio Libros. ISBN 84-95437-10-4.
  • Bergós i Massó, Joan (1999). Ed. Lunwerg, Barcelona (ed.). Gaudí, l'home i l'obra. ISBN 84-7782-617-X.
  • Bonet i Armengol, Jordi (2001). Ed. Pòrtic, Barcelona (ed.). L'últim Gaudí. ISBN 84-7306-727-4.
  • Crippa, Maria Antonietta (2007). Taschen, Köln (ed.). Gaudí. ISBN 978-3-8228-2519-8.
  • Flores, Carlos (2002). Ed. Empúries, Barcelona (ed.). Les lliçons de Gaudí. ISBN 84-7596-949-6.
  • Fontbona, Francesc; Miralles, Francesc (1985). Ed. 62, Barcelona (ed.). Història de l'Art Català. Del modernisme al noucentisme (1888–1917). ISBN 84-297-2282-3.
  • Giralt-Miracle, Daniel (2002). Lunwerg (ed.). Gaudí, la busqueda de la forma. ISBN 84-7782-724-9.
  • Gómez Gimeno, María José (2006). Mundo Flip Ediciones (ed.). La Sagrada Familia. ISBN 84-933983-4-9.
  • Lacuesta, Raquele (2006). Diputació de Barcelona, Barcelona (ed.). Modernisme a l'entorn de Barcelona. ISBN 84-9803-158-3.
  • Navascués Palácio, Pedro (2000). Espasa Calpe, Madrid (ed.). Summa Artis. Arquitectura española (1808–1914). ISBN 84-239-5477-3.
  • Permanyer, Lluis (1993). Ed. Polígrafa, Barcelona (ed.). Barcelona modernista. ISBN 84-343-0723-5.
  • Puig i Boada, Isidre (1986). Ed. Nou Art Thor, Barcelona (ed.). El temple de la Sagrada Família. ISBN 84-7327-135-1.
  • Tarragona, Josep Maria (1999). Ed. Proa, Barcelona (ed.). Gaudí, biografia de l'artista. ISBN 84-8256-726-8.
  • Van Zandt, Eleyearr (1997). Asppan (ed.). La vida y obras de Gaudí. ISBN 0-7525-1106-8.
  • Zerbst, Rainer (1989). Taschen (ed.). Gaudí. ISBN 3-8228-0216-6.

External links

 
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May 11, 2023
sagrada, família, this, article, about, basilica, other, uses, sagrada, familia, disambiguation, basílica, temple, expiatori, shortened, unfinished, church, eixample, district, barcelona, catalonia, spain, largest, unfinished, catholic, church, world, designed. This article is about the basilica For other uses see Sagrada Familia disambiguation The Basilica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Familia a shortened as the Sagrada Familia is an unfinished church in the Eixample district of Barcelona Catalonia Spain It is the largest unfinished Catholic church in the world Designed by architect Antoni Gaudi 1852 1926 his work on Sagrada Familia is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site 7 On 7 November 2010 Pope Benedict XVI consecrated the church and proclaimed it a minor basilica 8 9 10 Basilica de la Sagrada FamiliaBasilica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada FamiliaSagrada Familia in 2021ReligionAffiliationRoman CatholicDistrictBarcelonaEcclesiastical or organizational statusMinor basilicaLeadershipJuan Jose Cardinal Omella Archbishop of BarcelonaYear consecrated7 November 2010 12 years ago 2010 11 07 by Benedict XVIStatusActive on holdLocationLocationBarcelona SpainGeographic coordinates41 24 13 N 2 10 28 E 41 40369 N 2 17433 E 41 40369 2 17433 Coordinates 41 24 13 N 2 10 28 E 41 40369 N 2 17433 E 41 40369 2 17433ArchitectureArchitect s Antoni GaudiStyleGothic Revival and Art Nouveau and ModernistaGeneral contractorConstruction Board of La Sagrada Familia Foundation 1 2 3 Groundbreaking19 March 1882 141 years ago 1882 03 19 CompletedAfter 2026 4 SpecificationsDirection of facadeSoutheastCapacity9 000Length90 m 300 ft 5 Width60 m 200 ft 5 Width nave 45 m 150 ft 5 Spire s 18 11 already built Spire height170 m 560 ft planned Websitesagradafamilia wbr org wbr enUNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameNativity Facade and Crypt of the Basilica de la Sagrada FamiliaPart ofWorks of Antoni GaudiCriteriaCultural i ii iv Reference320 005Inscription1984 8th Session Extensions2005Spanish Cultural HeritageTypeNon movableCriteriaMonumentDesignated24 July 1969Reference no RI 51 0003813On 19 March 1882 construction of the Sagrada Familia began under architect Francisco de Paula del Villar In 1883 when Villar resigned 7 Gaudi took over as chief architect transforming the project with his architectural and engineering style combining Gothic and curvilinear Art Nouveau forms Gaudi devoted the remainder of his life to the project and he is buried in the church s crypt At the time of his death in 1926 less than a quarter of the project was complete 11 Relying solely on private donations the Sagrada Familia s construction progressed slowly and was interrupted by the Spanish Civil War In July 1936 anarchists from the FAI set fire to the crypt and broke their way into the workshop partially destroying Gaudi s original plans 12 In 1939 Francesc de Paula Quintana took over site management which was able to go on due to the material that was saved from Gaudi s workshop and that was reconstructed from published plans and photographs 13 Construction resumed to intermittent progress in the 1950s Advancements in technologies such as computer aided design and computerised numerical control CNC have since enabled faster progress and construction passed the midpoint in 2010 However some of the project s greatest challenges remain including the construction of ten more spires each symbolising an important Biblical figure in the New Testament 11 It was anticipated that the building would be completed by 2026 the centenary of Gaudi s death 14 but this has now been delayed due to the COVID 19 pandemic 15 Describing the Sagrada Familia art critic Rainer Zerbst said it is probably impossible to find a church building anything like it in the entire history of art 16 and Paul Goldberger describes it as the most extraordinary personal interpretation of Gothic architecture since the Middle Ages 17 The basilica is not the cathedral church of the Archdiocese of Barcelona as that title belongs to the Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia Barcelona Cathedral Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 20th century 1 3 21st century 2 Incidents 3 Design 3 1 Plan 3 2 Spires 3 3 Facades 3 3 1 Nativity Facade 3 3 2 Passion Facade 3 3 3 Glory Facade 3 4 Interior 3 4 1 Organ 3 5 Geometric details 3 6 Symbolism 3 7 Burials 4 Appraisal 4 1 World Heritage status 5 Visitor access 6 International masses 7 Funding and building permit 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10 1 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External linksHistory EditOrigins Edit The Sagrada Familia was inspired by a bookseller Jose Maria Bocabella es founder of Asociacion Espiritual de Devotos de San Jose Spiritual Association of Devotees of St Joseph 18 After a visit to the Vatican in 1872 Bocabella returned from Italy with the intention of building a church inspired by the basilica at Loreto 18 The apse crypt of the church funded by donations was begun 19 March 1882 on the festival of St Joseph to the design of the architect Francisco de Paula del Villar whose plan was for a Gothic revival church of a standard form 18 The apse crypt was completed before Villar s resignation on 18 March 1883 when Antoni Gaudi assumed responsibility for its design which he changed radically 18 Gaudi began work on the church in 1883 but was not appointed Architect Director until 1884 20th century Edit On the subject of the extremely long construction period Gaudi is said to have remarked My client is not in a hurry 19 When Gaudi died in 1926 the basilica was between 15 and 25 percent complete 11 20 After Gaudi s death work continued under the direction of his main disciple Domenec Sugranes i Gras until interrupted by the Spanish Civil War in 1936 Parts of the unfinished basilica and Gaudi s models and workshop were destroyed during the war The present design is based on reconstructed versions of the plans that were burned in a fire as well as on modern adaptations Since 1940 the architects Francesc Quintana Isidre Puig Boada Lluis Bonet i Gari and Francesc Cardoner have carried on the work The illumination was designed by Carles Buigas The director until 2012 was the son of Lluis Bonet Jordi Bonet i Armengol Armengol began introducing computers into the design and construction process in the 1980s 21st century Edit In this model the remaining parts to be built are shown in brown 2023 New stonework at the Sagrada Familia left is visible against the stained and weathered older sections right The central nave vaulting was completed in 2000 and the main tasks since then have been the construction of the transept vaults and apse In 2002 the Sagrada Familia Schools building was relocated from the eastern corner of the site to the southern corner and began housing an exhibition The school was originally designed by Gaudi in 1909 for the children of the construction workers citation needed As of 2006 update work concentrated on the crossing and supporting structure for the main steeple of Jesus Christ as well as the southern enclosure of the central nave which will become the Glory facade Computer aided design technology has allowed stone to be shaped off site by a CNC milling machine whereas in the 20th century the stone was carved by hand 21 In 2008 some renowned Catalan architects advocated halting construction 22 to respect Gaudi s original designs which although they were not exhaustive and were partially destroyed have been partially reconstructed in recent years 23 Since 2013 AVE high speed trains have passed near the Sagrada Familia through a tunnel that runs beneath the centre of Barcelona The tunnel s construction which began on 26 March 2010 was controversial The Ministry of Public Works of Spain Ministerio de Fomento claimed the project posed no risk to the church 24 25 Sagrada Familia engineers and architects disagreed saying there was no guarantee that the tunnel would not affect the stability of the building The Board of the Sagrada Familia Patronat de la Sagrada Familia and the neighborhood association AVE pel Litoral AVE by the Coast led a campaign against this route for the AVE without success citation needed In October 2010 the tunnel boring machine reached the church underground under the location of the building s principal facade 24 Service through the tunnel was inaugurated on 8 January 2013 26 Track in the tunnel makes use of a system by Edilon Sedra in which the rails are embedded in an elastic material to dampen vibrations 27 No damage to the Sagrada Familia has been reported to date The main nave was covered and an organ installed in mid 2010 allowing the still unfinished building to be used for liturgies 28 The church was consecrated by Pope Benedict XVI on 7 November 2010 in front of a congregation of 6 500 people 29 A further 50 000 people followed the consecration Mass from outside the basilica where more than 100 bishops and 300 priests were on hand to distribute Holy Communion 30 In 2012 Barcelona born Jordi Fauli i Oller es took over as architect of the project 2 3 Mark Burry of New Zealand serves as Executive Architect and Researcher 31 Sculptures by J Busquets Etsuro Sotoo and the controversial Josep Maria Subirachs decorate the fantastical facades Chief architect Jordi Fauli announced in October 2015 that construction was 70 percent complete and had entered its final phase of raising six immense steeples The steeples and most of the church s structure were planned be completed by 2026 the centennial of Gaudi s death as of a 2017 estimate decorative elements should be complete by 2030 or 2032 32 Visitor entrance fees of 15 to 20 finance the annual construction budget of 25 million 33 Completion of the structure will use post tensioned stone 34 Starting on 9 July 2017 an international mass is celebrated at the basilica every Sunday and holy day of obligation at 9 a m and is open to the public until the church is full Occasionally Mass is celebrated at other times where attendance requires an invitation When masses are scheduled instructions to obtain an invitation are posted on the basilica s website In addition visitors may pray in the chapel of the Blessed Sacrament and Penitence 35 In 2018 the stone type needed for the construction was found in a quarry in Brinscall near Chorley England 36 Historical photographs of the Sagrada Familia 1905 1915 1930 Aerial photograph by Walter Mittelholzer ETH Bibliothek Base of the Christ steeple under construction 2009 2019 37 Incidents EditOn 19 April 2011 an arsonist started a small fire in the sacristy which forced the evacuation of tourists and construction workers 38 The sacristy was damaged and the fire took 45 minutes to contain 39 On 11 March 2020 due to the COVID 19 pandemic in Spain construction temporarily stopped and the basilica was closed 40 This was the first time the construction had been halted since the Spanish Civil War 41 The Gaudi House Museum in Park Guell was also closed The basilica reopened initially to key workers on 4 July 2020 42 On 29 November 2021 a 7 m 23 ft twelve pointed illuminated crystal star was installed on one of the main towers of the basilica dedicated to the Virgin Mary There were concerns about plans to build a large stairway leading up to the basilica s main entrance unfinished at the time which could require the demolition of three city blocks the homes to 1 000 people as well as some businesses 43 Design Edit Plan view of the Sagrada Familia Apse Ambulatory Choir Transept Facades Main Nave Aisles Cloister Reconstruction of the schools See the image page for the map s full legend The style of the Sagrada Familia is variously likened to Spanish Late Gothic Catalan Modernism or Art Nouveau While the Sagrada Familia falls within the Art Nouveau period Nikolaus Pevsner points out that along with Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow Gaudi carried the Art Nouveau style far beyond its usual application as a surface decoration 44 Plan Edit While never a cathedral the Sagrada Familia was planned from the outset to be a large building comparable in size to a cathedral Its ground plan has obvious links to earlier Spanish cathedrals such as Burgos Cathedral Leon Cathedral and Seville Cathedral In common with Catalan and many other European Gothic cathedrals the Sagrada Familia is short in comparison to its width and has a great complexity of parts which include double aisles an ambulatory with a chevet of seven apsidal chapels a multitude of steeples and three portals each widely different in structure as well as ornament citation needed Where it is common for cathedrals in Spain to be surrounded by numerous chapels and ecclesiastical buildings the plan of the Sagrada Familia has an unusual feature a covered passage or cloister which forms a rectangle enclosing the church and passing through the narthex of each of its three portals With this peculiarity aside the plan influenced by Villar s crypt barely hints at the complexity of Gaudi s design or its deviations from traditional church architecture citation needed There are no exact right angles to be seen inside or outside the church and few straight lines in the design 45 46 Spires Edit The top of the Virgin Mary s Spire completed in December 2021 Gaudi s original design calls for a total of eighteen spires representing in ascending order of height the Twelve Apostles b the Virgin Mary the four Evangelists and tallest of all Jesus Christ Eleven spires have been built as of 2022 update corresponding to four apostles at the Nativity facade and four apostles at the Passion facade two of the evangelists Luke and Mark 47 and the Virgin Mary 48 According to the 2005 Works Report of the project s official website drawings signed by Gaudi and recently found in the Municipal Archives indicate that the spire of the Virgin was in fact intended by Gaudi to be shorter than those of the evangelists The spire height will follow Gaudi s intention which according to the report will work with the existing foundation citation needed The Evangelists spires will be surmounted by sculptures of their traditional symbols a winged bull Saint Luke a winged man Saint Matthew an eagle Saint John and a winged lion Saint Mark The central spire of Jesus Christ is to be surmounted by a giant cross its total height 172 5 metres 566 ft will be less than that of Montjuic hill in Barcelona 49 as Gaudi believed that his creation should not surpass God s The lower spires are surmounted by communion hosts with sheaves of wheat and chalices with bunches of grapes representing the Eucharist citation needed Plans call for tubular bells to be placed within the spires driven by the force of the wind and driving sound down into the interior of the church Gaudi performed acoustic studies to achieve the appropriate acoustic results inside the temple 50 However only one bell is currently in place 51 The completion of the spires will make Sagrada Familia the tallest church building in the world 11 metres taller than the current record holder Ulm Minster which is 161 5 metres 530 ft at its highest point 52 The construction makes use of Post tensioned stone panels which are pre assembled before incorporation into the main structure using this method has significant structural and operational benefits 53 54 Facades Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Church is designed to have three grand facades the Nativity facade to the East the Passion facade to the West and the Glory facade to the South yet to be completed The Nativity Facade was built before work was interrupted in 1935 and bears the most direct Gaudi influence The Nativity facade The Passion facade was built according to the design that Gaudi created in 1917 The construction began in 1954 and the steeples built over the elliptical plan were finished in 1976 It is especially striking for its spare gaunt tormented characters including emaciated figures of Christ being scourged at the pillar and Christ on the Cross These controversial designs are the work of Josep Maria Subirachs The Glory facade on which construction began in 2002 will be the largest and most monumental of the three and will represent one s ascension to God It will also depict various scenes such as Hell Purgatory and will include elements such as the seven deadly sins and the seven heavenly virtues Nativity Facade Edit Sculpture of the choir of angel children Constructed between 1893 and 1936 the Nativity facade was the first facade to be completed 55 Dedicated to the birth of Jesus it is decorated with scenes reminiscent of elements of life Characteristic of Gaudi s naturalistic style the sculptures are ornately arranged and decorated with scenes and images from nature each a symbol in its own manner 56 For instance the three porticos are separated by two large columns and at the base of each lies a turtle or a tortoise one to represent the land and the other the sea each are symbols of time as something set in stone and unchangeable In contrast to the figures of turtles and their symbolism two chameleons can be found at either side of the facade and are symbolic of change The facade faces the rising sun to the northeast a symbol for the birth of Christ It is divided into three porticos each of which represents a theological virtue Hope Faith and Charity The Tree of Life rises above the door of Jesus in the portico of Charity 57 Four steeples complete the facade and are each dedicated to a Saint Matthias Barnabas Jude the Apostle and Simon the Zealot 55 Originally Gaudi intended for this facade to be polychromed for each archivolt to be painted with a wide array of colours He wanted every statue and figure to be painted In this way the figures of humans would appear as much alive as the figures of plants and animals 58 Gaudi chose this facade to embody the structure and decoration of the whole church He was well aware that he would not finish the church and that he would need to set an artistic and architectural example for others to follow He also chose for this facade to be the first on which to begin construction and for it to be in his opinion the most attractive and accessible to the public He believed that if he had begun construction with the Passion Facade one that would be hard and bare as if made of bones before the Nativity Facade people would have withdrawn at the sight of it 59 Some of the statues were destroyed in 1936 during the Spanish Civil War and subsequently were reconstructed by the Japanese artist Etsuro Sotoo 60 Passion Facade Edit Passion Facade of the Sagrada Familia in 2018 In contrast to the highly decorated Nativity Facade the Passion Facade is austere plain and simple with ample bare stone and is carved with harsh straight lines to resemble the bones of a skeleton Dedicated to the Passion of Christ the suffering of Jesus during his crucifixion the facade was intended to portray the sins of man Construction began in 1954 following the drawings and instructions left by Gaudi for future architects and sculptors The steeples were completed in 1976 and in 1987 a team of sculptors headed by Josep Maria Subirachs began work sculpting the various scenes and details of the facade They aimed to give a rigid angular form to provoke a dramatic effect Gaudi intended for this facade to strike fear into the onlooker He wanted to break arcs and cut columns and to use the effect of chiaroscuro dark angular shadows contrasted by harsh rigid light to further show the severity and brutality of Christ s sacrifice Facing the setting sun indicative and symbolic of the death of Christ the Passion Facade is supported by six large and inclined columns designed to resemble strained muscles 61 Above there is a pyramidal pediment made up of eighteen bone shaped columns which culminate in a large cross with a crown of thorns Each of the four steeples is dedicated to an apostle James Thomas Philip and Bartholomew and like the Nativity Facade there are three porticos each representing the theological virtues though in a much different light The scenes sculpted into the facade may be divided into three levels which ascend in an S form and reproduce the stations of the cross Via Crucis of Christ 5 The lowest level depicts scenes from Jesus last night before the crucifixion including the Last Supper Kiss of Judas Ecce homo and the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus The middle level portrays the Calvary or Golgotha of Christ and includes The Three Marys Saint Longinus Saint Veronica and a hollow face illusion of Christ on the Veil of Veronica In the third and final level the Death Burial and the Resurrection of Christ can be seen A bronze figure situated on a bridge creating a link between the steeples of Saint Bartholomew and Saint Thomas represents the Ascension of Jesus 62 The facade contains a magic square based on 63 the magic square in the 1514 print Melencolia I The square is rotated and one number in each row and column is reduced by one so the rows and columns add up to 33 instead of the standard 34 for a 4x4 magic square Glory Facade Edit Model of the completed Temple the Glory Facade is on the foreground Model showing the entrance as wished by Gaudi Ground model showing Carrer de Mallorca running underground Glory Facade under construction in 2016 The Glory Facade from inside Drawing of the facade exposed on site The largest and most striking of the facades will be the Glory Facade on which construction began in 2002 It will be the principal facade and will offer access to the central nave Dedicated to the Celestial Glory of Jesus it represents the road to God Death Final Judgment and Glory while Hell is left for those who deviate from God s will Aware that he would not live long enough to see this facade completed Gaudi made a model which was demolished in 1936 whose original fragments were used as the basis for the development of the design for the facade The completion of this facade may require the partial demolition of the block with buildings across the Carrer de Mallorca 64 The decision should be proposed in May 2023 65 To reach the Glory Portico the large staircase will lead over the underground passage built over Carrer de Mallorca with the decoration representing Hell and vice On other projects Carrer de Mallorca will have to go underground 66 It will be decorated with demons idols false gods heresy and schisms etc Purgatory and death will also be depicted the latter using tombs along the ground The portico will have seven large columns dedicated to gifts of the Holy Spirit At the base of the columns there will be representations of the seven deadly sins and at the top the seven heavenly virtues Gifts wisdom understanding counsel fortitude knowledge piety and fear of the Lord Sins greed lust pride gluttony sloth wrath envy Virtues kindness diligence patience charity temperance humility chastity Eucharist Door of the Glory Facade showing at bottom the A G for Antoni Gaudi This facade will have five doors corresponding to the five naves of the temple with the central one having a triple entrance that will give the Glory Facade a total seven doors representing the sacraments Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Penance Holy orders Marriage Anointing of the sickIn September 2008 the doors of the Glory facade by Subirachs were installed Inscribed with the words of the Our Father these central doors are inscribed with the words Give us our daily bread in fifty different languages The handles of the door are the letters A and G that form the initials of Antoni Gaudi within the phrase lead us not into temptation Interior Edit For definitions of the architectural terms see Cathedral floorplan Interior of the Sagrada Familia Standing in the transept and looking northeast Detail of the roof in the nave Gaudi designed the columns to resemble trees and branches 67 The nave Ceiling of the apse before installation of the stained glass windows Ceiling and columns of the naveThe church plan is that of a Latin cross with five aisles The central nave vaults reach forty five metres 148 feet while the side nave vaults reach thirty metres 98 feet The transept has three aisles The columns are on a 7 5 metres 25 ft grid However the columns of the apse resting on del Villar s foundation do not adhere to the grid requiring a section of columns of the ambulatory to transition to the grid thus creating a horseshoe pattern to the layout of those columns The crossing rests on the four central columns of porphyry supporting a great hyperboloid surrounded by two rings of twelve hyperboloids currently under construction The central vault reaches sixty metres 200 ft The apse is capped by a hyperboloid vault reaching seventy five metres 246 ft Gaudi intended that a visitor standing at the main entrance be able to see the vaults of the nave crossing and apse thus the graduated increase in vault loft There are gaps in the floor of the apse providing a view down into the crypt below The columns of the interior are a unique Gaudi design Besides branching to support their load their ever changing surfaces are the result of the intersection of various geometric forms The simplest example is that of a square base evolving into an octagon as the column rises then a sixteen sided form and eventually to a circle This effect is the result of a three dimensional intersection of helicoidal columns for example a square cross section column twisting clockwise and a similar one twisting counter clockwise Essentially none of the interior surfaces are flat the ornamentation is comprehensive and rich consisting in large part of abstract shapes which combine smooth curves and jagged points Even detail level work such as the iron railings for balconies and stairways are full of curvaceous elaboration Organ Edit In 2010 an organ was installed in the chancel by the Blancafort Orgueners de Montserrat organ builders The instrument has 26 stops 1 492 pipes on two manuals and a pedalboard To overcome the unique acoustical challenges posed by the church s architecture and vast size several additional organs will be installed at various points within the building These instruments will be playable separately from their own individual consoles and simultaneously from a single mobile console yielding an organ of some 8 000 pipes when completed 68 Geometric details Edit Further information Mathematics and art Alpha and Omega carving at Sagrada Familia entrance The steeples on the Nativity facade are crowned with geometrically shaped tops that are reminiscent of Cubism they were finished around 1930 and the intricate decoration is contemporary to the style of Art Nouveau but Gaudi s unique style drew primarily from nature not other artists or architects and resists categorization Gaudi used hyperboloid structures in later designs of the Sagrada Familia more obviously after 1914 However there are a few places on the nativity facade a design not equated with Gaudi s ruled surface design where the hyperboloid crops up For example all around the scene with the pelican there are numerous examples including the basket held by one of the figures There is a hyperboloid adding structural stability to the cypress tree by connecting it to the bridge Finally the bishop s mitre spires are capped with hyperboloid structures 69 In his later designs ruled surfaces are prominent in the nave s vaults and windows and the surfaces of the Passion Facade Symbolism Edit Detail of a steeple of the Passion Facade decorated with the word Sanctus Themes throughout the decoration include words from the liturgy The steeples are decorated with words such as Hosanna Excelsis and Sanctus the great doors of the Passion facade reproduce excerpts of the Passion of Jesus from the New Testament in various languages mainly Catalan and the Glory facade is to be decorated with the words from the Apostles Creed while its main door reproduce the entire Lord s Prayer in Catalan surrounded by multiple variations of Give us this day our daily bread in other languages The three entrances symbolize the three virtues Faith Hope and Love Each of them is also dedicated to a part of Christ s life The Nativity Facade is dedicated to his birth it also has a cypress tree which symbolizes the tree of life The Glory Facade is dedicated to his glory period The Passion Facade is symbolic of his suffering The apse steeple bears Latin text of Hail Mary Areas of the sanctuary will be designated to represent various concepts such as saints virtues and sins and secular concepts such as regions presumably with decoration to match Burials Edit Josep Maria Bocabella Antoni GaudiAppraisal EditThe art historian Nikolaus Pevsner writing in the 1960s referred to Gaudi s buildings as growing like sugar loaves and anthills and describes the ornamenting of buildings with shards of broken pottery as possibly bad taste but handled with vitality and ruthless audacity 44 The building s design itself has been polarizing Assessments by Gaudi s fellow architects were generally positive Louis Sullivan greatly admired it describing Sagrada Familia as the greatest piece of creative architecture in the last twenty five years It is spirit symbolised in stone 70 Walter Gropius praised the Sagrada Familia describing the building s walls as a marvel of technical perfection 70 Time magazine called it sensual spiritual whimsical exuberant 19 However author and critic George Orwell called it one of the most hideous buildings in the world 71 author James A Michener called it one of the strangest looking serious buildings in the world 72 and British historian Gerald Brenan stated about the building Not even in the European architecture of the period can one discover anything so vulgar or pretentious 72 The building s distinctive silhouette has nevertheless become symbolic of Barcelona itself 11 drawing an estimated 3 million visitors annually 73 World Heritage status Edit Together with six other Gaudi buildings in Barcelona part of la Sagrada Familia is a UNESCO World Heritage Site as testifying to Gaudi s exceptional creative contribution to the development of architecture and building technology having represented el Modernisme of Catalonia and anticipated and influenced many of the forms and techniques that were relevant to the development of modern construction in the 20th century The inscription only includes the Crypt and the Nativity Facade 7 Visitor access EditVisitors can access the Nave Crypt Museum Shop and the Passion and Nativity steeples Entrance to either of the steeples requires a reservation and advance purchase of a ticket Access is possible only by lift elevator and a short walk up the remainder of the steeples to the bridge between the steeples Descent is via a very narrow spiral staircase of over 300 steps There is a posted caution for those with medical conditions 74 As of June 2017 online ticket purchase has been available As of August 2010 there had been a service whereby visitors could buy an entry code either at Servicaixa ATM kiosks part of CaixaBank or online 75 During the peak season May to October reservation delays for entrance of up to a few days are not unusual International masses EditThe Archdiocese of Barcelona holds an international mass at the Basilica of the Sagrada Familia every Sunday and on holy days of obligation Date and time Every Sunday and on holy days of obligation at 9am There is no charge for attending mass but capacity is limited Visitors are asked to dress appropriately and behave respectfully 76 Funding and building permit EditConstruction on Sagrada Familia is not supported by any government or official church sources Private patrons funded the initial stages 77 Money from tickets purchased by tourists is now used to pay for the work and private donations are accepted through the Friends of the Sagrada Familia citation needed The construction budget for 2009 was 18 million 28 In October 2018 Sagrada Familia trustees agreed to pay city authorities 36 million for a building permit after 136 years of unlicensed construction 78 Most of the funds would be directed to improve the access between the church and the Barcelona Metro 79 The permit was issued by the city on 7 June 2019 80 See also Edit Catholicism portal Architecture portal Spain portalList of Catholic basilicas List of Gaudi buildings List of Modernista buildings in Barcelona Sagrada Familia Barcelona Metro Pantheon RomeNotes Edit Pronunciation beˈzilike de le seˈɣɾade feˈmilje Translation Basilica and Expiatory Temple of the Holy FamilySpanish Basilica y Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia 6 Note the two Apostles who are also Evangelists are left out and replaced by St Paul and also St Barnabas References Edit Fundacio junta constructora del Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Familia Foundation for the construction board of the Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Familia Fundacions cat in Catalan 2021 Retrieved 12 December 2021 translated Targets Construction conservation and restoration of a temple faithfully executing the project of Antoni Gaudi a b The Foundation and the History Main Milestones BASILICA de la SAGRADA FAMiLIA Basilica of the Holy Family Retrieved 12 December 2021 2012 Jordi Fauli takes over from Jordi Bonet as head architect and site manager for the works on the Temple of the Sagrada Familia which carry on according to Antoni Gaudi s plans a b Volner Ian A Completion Date for Sagrada Familia Helped by Technology Architect Magazine Retrieved 9 November 2015 In 2012 Barcelona born architect Jordi Fauli assumed control of the project Virus delays completion date for Spain s Sagrada Familia France24 16 September 2020 Retrieved 15 March 2021 a b c d Gomez Gimeno Maria Jose 2006 La Sagrada Familia Mundo Flip Ediciones pp 86 87 ISBN 84 933983 4 9 Historia de la Basilica 1866 1883 Origens Fundacio Junta Constructora del Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Familia in Catalan Retrieved 23 March 2019 a b c Works of Antoni Gaudi UNESCO org UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 14 November 2010 Drummer Alexander 23 July 2010 Pontiff to Proclaim Gaudi s Church a Basilica ZENIT Archived from the original on 25 September 2010 Retrieved 7 November 2010 The Pope Consecrates The Church of the Sagrada Familia Vatican City Vatican Information Service 7 November 2010 Archived from the original on 4 August 2010 Retrieved 11 November 2010 Delaney Sarah 4 March 2010 Pope to visit Santiago de Compostela Barcelona in November Catholic News Service Archived from the original on 7 April 2010 Retrieved 7 July 2010 a b c d Minder Raphael 3 November 2010 Polishing Gaudi s Unfinished Jewel The New York Times Fraser Giles 3 June 2015 Barcelona s Sagrada Familia Gaudi s cathedral for the poor a history of cities in 50 buildings day 49 The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 29 December 2018 History of the Temple Sagrada Familia Sagrada Familia Video See How La Sagrada Familia Will Progress in 2015 metropolismag com 25 September 2014 retrieved 2 October 2019 Sagrada Familia completion date pushed back due to coronavirus Building Design Construction 17 September 2020 Rainer Zerbst Gaudi a Life Devoted to Architecture pp 190 215 Goldberger Paul 28 January 1991 Barcelona National Geographic Archived from the original on 7 February 2010 a b c d Sagrada Familia gaudiclub com The Gaudi amp Barcelona Club a b Hornblower Margo 28 January 1991 Heresy Or Homage in Barcelona Time Archived from the original on 17 November 2010 Gladstone Valerie 22 August 2004 ARCHITECTURE Gaudi s Unfinished Masterpiece Is Virtually Complete The New York Times Daniel Paul Diamond tools help shape the Sagrada Familia Industrial Diamond Review Archived from the original on 1 October 2011 Retrieved 7 July 2010 Fancelli Agusti 4 December 2008 Por que no parar la Sagrada Familia Why not stop the Sagrada Familia El Pais in Spanish Retrieved 7 July 2010 English tr Burry Mark Gaudi Antoni 2007 Gaudi Unseen Berlin Jovis Verlag ISBN 978 3 939633 78 5 a b Comorera Ramon 13 October 2010 La tuneladora del AVE perfora ya a cuatro metros de la Sagrada Familia The tunnel boring machine of the AVE is already excavating four meters from the Sagrada Familia El Periodico de Catalunya in Spanish Retrieved 9 November 2010 ADIF Administrator of Railway Infrastructures Madrid Zaragoza Barcelona French Border Line Barcelona Sants Sagrera high speed tunnel Archived from the original on 21 June 2010 Retrieved 9 November 2010 El AVE alcanza Girona El Periodico de Catalunya in Spanish 8 January 2013 Retrieved 8 January 2013 Comorera Ramon 12 March 2012 Doble aislante de vibraciones en las obras de Gaudi Double Isolation of Vibrations at the Gaudi constructions El Periodico de Catalunya in Spanish Retrieved 12 March 2012 a b Montanes Jose Angel 12 March 2009 La Sagrada Familia se abrira al culto en septiembre de 2010 El Pais in Spanish ISSN 1134 6582 Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 Retrieved 30 December 2022 Pope Benedict consecrates Barcelona s Sagrada Familia BBC News 7 November 2010 Visita historica del Papa a Barcelona para dedicar la Sagrada Familia La Vanguardia 7 November 2010 Archived from the original on 6 December 2019 Retrieved 7 November 2010 Fitzpatrick Lisa 28 September 2011 The Gaudi code Barcelona Metropolitan Retrieved 13 February 2019 Cunningham Sharon 30 October 2017 What are the main milestones for the Sagrada Familia in the future Blog Sagrada Familia Wilson Joseph Barcelona s La Sagrada Familia Basilica enters final years of construction Toronto Sun Retrieved 9 November 2015 https blog sagradafamilia org en divulgation tensioned stone bare URL Worship at the Basilica Sagrada Familia Retrieved 5 September 2017 Titley Megan 2 May 2018 Barcelona s iconic Basilica de la Sagrada Familia built with stone from Lancashire Lancashire Post Retrieved 2 May 2018 Charles Makah Sagrada Familia Photograph Barcelona June 12 2019 Woolls Daniel 19 April 2011 Fire in Barcelona church sees tourists evacuated The Star Toronto Fire by suspected arsonist at Sagrada Familia The Telegraph 19 April 2011 Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 Retrieved 30 September 2013 Junta agrees to stop works and visits to the Basilica Sagrada Familia 11 March 2020 Retrieved 19 March 2020 Spain s La Sagrada Familia will not restart construction works until after visitors return The Olive Press 4 May 2020 Retrieved 20 May 2020 Coronavirus Barcelona s Sagrada Familia basilica reopens to key workers BBC 4 July 2020 Retrieved 4 July 2020 Burgen Stephen 29 November 2021 Huge star atop Sagrada Familia rekindles residents complaints The Guardian a b Pevsner Nikolaus 1963 An Outline of European Architecture Penguin Books pp 394 5 ISBN 978 0140201093 Strickland Carol Handy Amy 2001 The Annotated Arch A Crash Course in the History of Architecture Vol 2 Andrews McMeel Publishing p 112 ISBN 978 0740710247 Retrieved 26 October 2018 Gaudi Antoni Cuito Aurora Montes Cristina 2002 Gaudi A Asppan S L p 136 ISBN 978 8489439917 Retrieved 26 October 2018 Sagrada Familia now has two more completed towers www catalannews com 29 November 2022 Retrieved 14 March 2023 A 5 5 tonne star is born on top of the iconic Sagrada Familia in Barcelona Spain in English 9 December 2021 Retrieved 23 December 2021 The Sagrada Familia a Temple where verticality rules Blog Sagrada Familia 10 July 2019 Retrieved 6 March 2020 Alvaro Munoz Mari Carmen Llop i Bayo Francesc Tubular bell Retrieved 16 November 2018 Inventario de campanas de las Catedrales de Espana Retrieved 16 November 2018 Oggins Robin O 2000 Cathedrals Sterling Publishing Company Inc p 82 ISBN 978 1567993462 https link springer com article 10 1007 s00004 018 0374 z bare URL https www ribaj com intelligence stone as a structural material embodied carbon sustainability bare URL a b Fauli 2014 p 42 Giralt Miracle 2012 p 198 Puig i Boada 1952 p 29 Bergos i Masso Joan 1999 Gaudi l home i l obra Barcelona Ed Lunwerg p 40 ISBN 84 7782 617 X Barral i Altet Xavier 1999 Art de Catalunya Arquitectura religiosa moderna i contemporania Barcelona L isard p 218 ISBN 84 89931 14 3 Sendra Enric 17 July 2014 First door of the Nativity Facade of the Sagrada Familia has now been fitted Catalan News Retrieved 20 February 2018 Gaudi Ardora Digital Firma Asociacion de Amigos de 2011 La Sagrada Familia Ardora Digital OCLC 804963337 retrieved 9 August 2022 La Sagrada Familia abrira al culto en 2008 segun sus responsables The Sagrada Familia opens for worship in 2008 according to its leaders El Mundo in Spanish Mundinteractivos SA Europa Press 2 June 2005 Retrieved 7 July 2010 English tr The magic square on the Passion facade keys to understanding it Blog Sagrada Familia 7 February 2018 Retrieved 7 December 2018 The Future of La Sagrada Familia Urban Plans With 2026 In Mind Barcelonas 21 April 2021 Sagrada Familia plans put 3 000 families at risk of eviction 7 February 2022 Lover Art Nouveau 28 March 2019 Sagrada Familia The Glory Facade GaudiAllGaudi com Zerb p 30 Blancafort Orgueners de Montserrat 1 Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine in Catalan Burry M C Burry J R Dunlop G M Maher A 2001 Drawing Together Euclidean and Topological Threads PDF The 13th Annual Colloquium of the Spatial Information Research Centre University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand Archived from the original PDF on 25 June 2008 Retrieved 5 August 2008 The paper explores the assemblies of second order hyperbolic surfaces as they are used throughout the design composition of the Sagrada Familia Church building a b Mower David 1977 Gaudi Oresko Books Limited p 6 ISBN 0905368096 Orwell George 1938 Homage to Catalonia Secker and Warburg the anarchists showed bad taste in not blowing it up when they had the chance a b Delaney Paul 24 October 1987 Gaudi s Cathedral And Now The New York Times Schumacher Edward 1 January 1991 Gaudi s Church Still Divides Barcelona The New York Times Legal notice Basilica de la Sagrada Familia Retrieved 26 August 2021 Tickets Basilica de la Sagrada Familia Archived from the original on 8 June 2017 Retrieved 8 June 2017 Worship at the Basilica Sagrada Familia Sagrada Familia sagradafamilia org Fletcher Tom Sagrada Familia Church of the Holy Family Essential Architecture Archived from the original on 25 October 2022 Retrieved 5 August 2008 136 years late La Sagrada Familia finally lands a building permit New Atlas 24 October 2018 Barcelona s Sagrada Familia Church Has Been Under Construction for 136 Years That s a Lot of Unpaid Permit Fees Time 19 October 2018 Sagrada Familia gets building permit after 137 years CNN com 9 June 2019 Bibliography Edit Fauli Jordi 2014 La Basilica de la Sagrada Familia in Catalan P amp M ISBN 978 84 8003 667 2 Giralt Miracle Daniel 2012 Gaudi esencial in Spanish Barcelona La Vanguardia Ediciones S L ISBN 978 84 96642 73 7 Puig i Boada Isidre 1952 El templo de la Sagrada Familia in Spanish Barcelona Omega Further reading EditZerbst Rainer 1988 Antoni Gaudi A Life Devoted to Architecture Trans from German by Doris Jones and Jeremy Gaines Hamburg Germany Taschen ISBN 3 8228 0074 0 Nonell Juan Bassegoda 2004 Antonio Gaudi Master Architect New York Abbeville Press ISBN 0 7892 0220 4 Hernandez SJ Jean Paul 2007 Pardes ed Antoni Gaudi La Parola nella pietra I simboli e lo spirito della Sagrada Familia Bologna Italy p 114 ISBN 978 88 89241 31 8 Crippa Maria Antonietta 2003 Peter Gossel ed Antoni Gaudi 1852 1926 From Nature to Architecture Trans Jeremy Carden Hamburg Germany Taschen ISBN 3 8228 2518 2 Schneider Rolf 2004 Manfred Leier ed 100 most beautiful cathedrals of the world A journey through five continents Trans from German by Susan Ghyearuni and Rae Walter Edison New Jersey Chartwell Books p 33 ISBN 978 0 7858 1888 5 Borja de Riquer i Permanye 2001 Modernisme i Modernistes Barcelona Gaudi Lunwerg ISBN 84 7782 776 1 Barral i Altet Javier 2001 L isard Barcelona ed Art de Catalunya Arquitectura religiosa moderna i contemporania ISBN 84 89931 14 3 Bassegoda i Nonell Joan 1989 Ausa Sabadell ed El gran Gaudi ISBN 84 86329 44 2 Bassegoda i Nonell Joan 2002 Gaudi o espacio luz y equilibrio Madrid Criterio Libros ISBN 84 95437 10 4 Bergos i Masso Joan 1999 Ed Lunwerg Barcelona ed Gaudi l home i l obra ISBN 84 7782 617 X Bonet i Armengol Jordi 2001 Ed Portic Barcelona ed L ultim Gaudi ISBN 84 7306 727 4 Crippa Maria Antonietta 2007 Taschen Koln ed Gaudi ISBN 978 3 8228 2519 8 Flores Carlos 2002 Ed Empuries Barcelona ed Les llicons de Gaudi ISBN 84 7596 949 6 Fontbona Francesc Miralles Francesc 1985 Ed 62 Barcelona ed Historia de l Art Catala Del modernisme al noucentisme 1888 1917 ISBN 84 297 2282 3 Giralt Miracle Daniel 2002 Lunwerg ed Gaudi la busqueda de la forma ISBN 84 7782 724 9 Gomez Gimeno Maria Jose 2006 Mundo Flip Ediciones ed La Sagrada Familia ISBN 84 933983 4 9 Lacuesta Raquele 2006 Diputacio de Barcelona Barcelona ed Modernisme a l entorn de Barcelona ISBN 84 9803 158 3 Navascues Palacio Pedro 2000 Espasa Calpe Madrid ed Summa Artis Arquitectura espanola 1808 1914 ISBN 84 239 5477 3 Permanyer Lluis 1993 Ed Poligrafa Barcelona ed Barcelona modernista ISBN 84 343 0723 5 Puig i Boada Isidre 1986 Ed Nou Art Thor Barcelona ed El temple de la Sagrada Familia ISBN 84 7327 135 1 Tarragona Josep Maria 1999 Ed Proa Barcelona ed Gaudi biografia de l artista ISBN 84 8256 726 8 Van Zandt Eleyearr 1997 Asppan ed La vida y obras de Gaudi ISBN 0 7525 1106 8 Zerbst Rainer 1989 Taschen ed Gaudi ISBN 3 8228 0216 6 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sagrada Familia Official website Gaudi Sagrada Familia Archived 7 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine video Smarthistory Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sagrada Familia amp oldid 1153663743, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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