Sanhedrin trial of Jesus
In the New Testament, the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus refers to the trial of Jesus before the Sanhedrin (a Jewish judicial body) following his arrest in Jerusalem and prior to the trial before Pontius Pilate. It is an incident reported by all three Synoptic Gospels of the New Testament, while the Gospel of John refers to a preliminary inquiry before Annas.[1] The gospel accounts vary on a number of details.
| Sanhedrin trial of Jesus | |
|---|---|
| Court | Sanhedrin |
| Decided | AD 30 or 33 |
| Verdict | Guilty |
| Case history | |
| Subsequent action(s) | Following trials at Pilate's and Herod's courts, sentenced to death |
Jesus is generally quiet, does not defend himself, rarely responds to the accusations, and is found guilty of: violating the Sabbath law (by healing on the Sabbath); threatening to destroy the Jewish Temple; practicing sorcery, exorcising people by the power of demons; and claiming to be the Messiah.[2] He is then taken to Pontius Pilate, the governor of Roman Judaea, to be tried for claiming to be the King of the Jews.
Evening inquest at Caiaphas's palace edit
In the narrative of the synoptic gospels, after the arrest of Jesus, he is taken to the private residence of Caiaphas, the high priest. Matthew 26 (Matthew 26:57) states that Jesus was taken to the house of Caiaphas the High Priest of Israel, where the scribes and the elders were gathered together. Mark 14 (Mark 14:53) states that Jesus was taken that night "to the high priest" (without naming the priest), where all the chief priests and the elders gathered.
According to John's gospel, Jesus was taken not to Caiaphas but to Annas,[3] who questioned him only privately. A former high priest and father-in-law of Caiaphas, Annas remained very influential. The fact that Jesus was taken not to Caiaphas but to Annas is explained on the ground that the latter's palace was nearer the place of arrest than that of the former. Peter and other disciples, however, being ignorant of the state of affairs, went to Caiaphas's house in the night.[4]
In all four Gospel accounts, the trial of Jesus before the priests and scribes is interleaved with the Denial of Peter narrative, where Apostle Peter, who has followed Jesus, denies knowing him three times.[5] The intercalated narrative of Jesus' resolute determination offers contrast to the framing narrative of Peter's aggrieved denials (Mark 14:53–54, 14:66–72).[6][7][8] Luke 22 (Luke 22:61) states that as Jesus was bound and standing at the priest's house Peter was in the courtyard. Jesus "turned and looked straight at him", and Peter remembered the words Jesus had spoken to him: "Before the rooster crows today, you will disown me three times."[2][9][10][5]
In John 18 (John 18:24), Jesus is sent from Annas to Caiaphas the high priest. Both Matthew and Mark say that another consultation was held among the priests the next morning. The second interview with Jesus was "evidently held in the house of Caiaphas, rather than in the Chamber of Hewn Stone".[11]
According to Luke 22:63, at Caiaphas's house, Jesus is mocked and beaten. He is accused of claiming to be both the Messiah and the Son of God.[2][9][10] Although the Gospel accounts vary with respect to some of the details, they agree on the general character and overall structure of the trials of Jesus.[12]
Mark 14:55–59 states that the chief priests sought witnesses to testify against Jesus but did not find any. Matthew characterizes these as false witnesses. Many gave false witness against him, but their testimony did not agree. Finally two came forward and accused him of saying "I am able to destroy the temple and raise it again in three days".[13] Theologian Eckhard J. Schnabel points out that if the Sanhedrin had wished to contrive false testimony they would have prepared the witnesses so that their statements would have confirmed rather than contradicted each other.[14]
In the Gospel accounts, Jesus speaks very little and gives very infrequent and indirect answers to the priests' questions, according to John 18:22, prompting an officer to slap him. In Matthew 26:62, the lack of response from Jesus prompts the high priest to ask him, "Answerest thou nothing?" In the Gospel accounts, the men holding Jesus at the high priest's house mock, blindfold, insult and beat him, sometimes slapping him and asking him to guess who had hit him.[2][9][10][15]
Mark 14:61 states that the high priest then asked Jesus, "Art thou the Christ, the Son of the Blessed?" And Jesus said, "I am", at which point the high priest tore his own robe in anger and accused Jesus of blasphemy. In Matthew 26:63, the high priest said, "Tell us whether you are the Christ, the Son of God." Jesus responded, "You have said it", and added, "But I say to all of you: In the future you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One and coming on the clouds of heaven", prompting the High Priest to tear his own robe,[2][9][10] breaking Mosaic Law (Leviticus 21:10)[disputed ], and to accuse him of blasphemy.
According to Luke, Joseph of Arimathea was a counsellor, a member of the Sanhedrin who dissented from the decision.[16] According to John, Nicodemus was with Joseph of Arimathea to recover and bury Jesus' body,[17] leading to the inference that he also dissented.
Morning arraignment and trial edit
Luke 22:66 states that, "as soon as it was day", the chief priests and scribes gathered together and led Jesus away into their council.[2][9][10] John 18:28 states that, early in the morning, Jesus was led from Caiaphas to Pontius Pilate in the Praetorium.[2][9][10]
In Luke 22:67, Jesus is asked: "If thou art the Christ, tell us. But he said unto them, If I tell you, ye will not believe". But, in 22:70, when asked "Are you then the Son of God?", Jesus answers "You say that I am", affirming the title Son of God.[18] At that point, the priests say "What further need have we of witness? for we ourselves have heard from his own mouth", and they decide to condemn Jesus.[2][9][10]
Thereafter, in Pilate's Court, the Jewish elders ask Pontius Pilate to judge and condemn Jesus, accusing him of claiming to be the King of the Jews. Such a claim would be considered treasonous for being a direct challenge to the Roman authorities.[10]
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- Rembrandt's 1660 depiction of Peter's Denial. Jesus, in the upper right hand corner, is at the high priest's house, his hands bound behind him, and turns to look at Peter.
Commentary edit
The historicity of the gospel narratives has been questioned by scholars, who suggest that the evangelists' accounts reflect the later antagonism that arose between the Church and the Synagogue. They show a tendency to minimize the actions of Pilate and emphasize the responsibilities of the Jews.[19] Pilate's effectiveness as governor depended on cooperation with the aristocratic Jewish leadership. Provincial governors "had full jurisdiction over capital cases, even when they worked in conjunction with local courts".[20]
Comparison edit
Narrative comparison edit
The following comparison table is primarily based on the New International Version (NIV) English translation of the New Testament.[21]
| Matthew | Mark | Luke | John | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sanhedrin trial before Caiaphas (Matthew, Mark, Luke) or Annas (John) | Matthew 26:57–67
| Mark 14:53–65
| Luke 22:54–71
| John 18:13–28
|
| Trial before Pilate (Luke: and also before Herod Antipas) | Matthew 27:1–14
| Mark 15:1–5
| Luke 23:1–12
| John 18:28–38
|
| Jesus versus Barabbas | Matthew 27:15–26
| Mark 15:6–15
| Luke 23:13–25
| John 18:39–19:16
|
| Jesus abducted for crucifixion | Matthew 27:27–31
| Mark 15:16–20
| Luke 23:26
| John 19:16
|
Chronological comparison edit
Approximate chronological comparison between the Jesus Passion narratives according to the Gospels of Mark and John. Each section ('1' to '28') represents 3 hours of time.[22]
See also edit
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ Mark 14:53–65, Matthew 26:57–68, Luke 22:63–71, and John 18:12–24
- ^ a b c d e f g h Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 ISBN 0-8054-4482-3 pages 396–400
- ^ Arbez, Edward (1907). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Gottheil, Richard and Krauss, Samuel. "Caiaphas", Jewish Encyclopedia
- ^ a b Theological dictionary of the New Testament by Gerhard Kittel, Geoffrey William Bromiley, Gerhard Friedrich 1980 ISBN 0-8028-2248-7 page 105
- ^ Edwards, James R. (1989). "Markan Sandwiches. The Significance of Interpolations in Markan Narratives". Novum Testamentum. JSTOR. 31 (3): 193–216. doi:10.2307/1560460. ISSN 0048-1009. JSTOR 1560460.
- ^ Shepherd, Tom (1995). "The Narrative Function of Markan Intercalation". New Testament Studies. Cambridge University Press (CUP). 41 (4): 522–540. doi:10.1017/s0028688500021688. ISSN 0028-6885. S2CID 170266008.
- ^ Rhoads, David M; Dewey, Joanna; Michie, Donald (2012). Mark as story : an introduction to the narrative of a gospel. Fortress Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-1-4514-1104-1. OCLC 825768732.
- ^ a b c d e f g The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Matthew-Luke, Volume 1 by Craig A. Evans 2003 ISBN 0-7814-3868-3 page 487–500
- ^ a b c d e f g h Holman Concise Bible Dictionary 2011 ISBN 0-8054-9548-7 pages 608–609
- ^ Chapman & Schnabel 2015, p. 31.
- ^ The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1982 ISBN 0-8028-3782-4 pages 1050–1052
- ^ Matthew 26:61
- ^ Chapman & Schnabel 2015, p. 40.
- ^ Matthew 26:67, Mark 14:65, Luke 22:63–65, John 18:22
- ^ Luke 23:50–51
- ^ John 19:38–40
- ^ Luke's presentation of Jesus: a christology by Robert F. O'Toole 2004 ISBN 88-7653-625-6 page 166
- ^ "trial(s) of Jesus", A Dictionary of the Bible. (W. R. F. Browning, ed.) Oxford Biblical Studies Online. 02-Apr-2021
- ^ Chapman & Schnabel 2015, p. 199.
- ^ "Online Bible – New International Version". Biblehub.com. 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ For example, compare: "It was nine in the morning when they crucified him." (Mark 15:25 NIV) and "It was the day of Preparation of the Passover; it was about noon. (...) Finally Pilate handed him over to them to be crucified." (John 19:14,16 NIV). Bart D. Ehrman, Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium (1999), p. 32–36.
Sources edit
- Chapman, David W; Schnabel, Eckhard J. (2015). The trial and crucifixion of Jesus : texts and commentary. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-151674-0. OCLC 903545251.
Further reading edit
- Brown, Raymond E., et al. The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Prentice Hall, 1990, ISBN 0-13-614934-0.
- Crossan, Dominic, Who Killed Jesus? Exposing the Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Gospel Story of the Death of Jesus, 1995, ISBN 0-06-061480-3.
- Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). . A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture. B. Herder.
- Paul Winter, On the Trial of Jesus. Berlin: Walter de Gruyer, 1961 (second revised edition edited by T.A. Burkill and Geza Vermes, Berlin: Walter de Gruyer, 1974).
External links edit
- Media related to Jesus before Caiaphas at Wikimedia Commons