James the Great

"St. Jacob" and "St James the Great" redirect here. For other uses, see St. Jacob (disambiguation) and St James the Great (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with James the Less; James, brother of Jesus; or James, son of Alphaeus.

James the Great, also known as James, son of Zebedee, Saint James the Great, Saint James the Greater, Saint James the Elder, or Saint Jacob (Aramaic ܝܥܩܘܒ ܒܪ ܙܒܕܝ,^{[citation needed]} Arabic يعقوب; Hebrew בן זבדי יַעֲקֹב‎,^{[citation needed]} Yaʿăqōb, Latin Iacobus Maior, Greek Ἰάκωβος τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου Iákōbos tû Zebedaíou;^{[citation needed]} died AD 44), was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. According to the New Testament, he was the second of the apostles to die (after Judas Iscariot), and the first to be martyred.^{[Acts 12:2]} Saint James is the patron saint of Spain and, according to tradition, his remains are held in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia.

Saint James the Great
St James the Elder (c. 1612–1613) by Peter Paul Rubens
Apostle and Martyr
Born	Bethsaida, Galilee, Roman Empire
Died	AD 44 Jerusalem, Judea, Roman Empire
Honored in	All Christian denominations that venerate saints
Canonized	Pre-Congregation
Feast	25 July (Western Christianity) 30 April (Eastern Christianity) 30 December (Hispanic Church)
Attributes	Red Martyr, Scallop, Pilgrim's hat
Patronage	Places Spain, Guatemala, Seattle, Levoča, Nicaragua, Guayaquil, Betis Church, Guagua, Pampanga, Badian, Cebu, Bolinao, Pangasinan, Pasuquin, Ilocos Norte, Plaridel, Bulacan, Paete, Laguna, Sogod, Cebu, Compostela, Cebu, and some places of Mexico. Professions Veterinarians, equestrians, furriers, tanners, pharmacists, oyster fishers, woodcarvers.

James the Apostle, detail of the mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, 6th century

In the New Testament

The son of Zebedee and Salome, James is styled "the Greater" to distinguish him from the Apostle James "the Less", with "greater" meaning older or taller, rather than more important. James the Great was the brother of John the Apostle.^[1]

James is described as one of the first disciples to join Jesus. The Synoptic Gospels state that James and John were with their father by the seashore when Jesus called them to follow him.^{[Matt. 4:21–22][Mk. 1:19–20]} James, along with his brother John and Peter, formed an informal triumvirate among the Twelve Apostles. Jesus allowed them to be the only apostles present at three particular occasions during his public ministry, the Raising of Jairus' daughter^{[Mark 5:37]}, Transfiguration of Jesus ^{[Matthew 17:1]} and Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane^{[Matthew 26:37]}. James and John^{[Mark 10:35–45]} (or, in another tradition, their mother^{[Matthew 20:20–28]}) asked Jesus to grant them seats on his right and left in his glory. Jesus rebuked them, asking if they were ready to drink from the cup he was going to drink from and saying the honor was not even for him to grant. The other apostles were annoyed with them. James and his brother wanted to call down fire on a Samaritan town, but were rebuked by Jesus.^{[Lk 9:51-6]}

 

Shield with symbol of St. James the Great, Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)

The Acts of the Apostles records that "Herod the king" (usually identified with Herod Agrippa) had James executed by the sword.^{[Acts 12:2]} Nixon suggests that this may have been caused by James's fiery temper,^[2] in which he and his brother earned the nickname Boanerges or "Sons of Thunder".^{[Mark 3:17]} F. F. Bruce contrasts this story to that of the Liberation of Saint Peter, and writes that the proposition that "James should die while Peter should escape" is a "mystery of divine providence".^[3]

Veneration

 

Saint James the Elder was painted by Rembrandt in 1661. He is depicted clothed as a pilgrim, with a scallop shell on his shoulder, and his staff and pilgrim's hat beside him.

In the Catholic tradition, Saint James is the patron saint of Spain and, according to legend, his remains are held in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia. This name Santiago is the local evolution of Latin genitive Sancti Iacobi, "(church or sanctuary) of Saint James" (evolved into a personal name in Spanish, and also in Portuguese -Tiago-, with its derivatives Diego/Diogo). The traditional pilgrimage to the grave of the saint, known as the "Way of St. James", has been the most popular pilgrimage for Western European Catholics from the Early Middle Ages onwards, although its modern revival and popularity stem from Walter Starkie's 1957 book, The Road to Santiago. The Pilgrims of St. James.^[4] Officially, 327,378 pilgrims registered in 2018 as having completed the final 100 kilometres (62 mi) walk (200 kilometres (120 mi) by bicycle) to Santiago to qualify for a Compostela.^[5] When 25 July falls on a Sunday, it is a "Holy Year" (an Jacobean holy year [es]) and a special east door is opened for entrance into Santiago Cathedral. Jubilee years follow a 6-5-6-11 pattern (except when the last year of a century is not a leap year, which can yield a gap of 7 or 12 years). In the 2004 Holy Year, 179,944^[6] pilgrims received a Compostela. In the 2010 Holy Year the number had risen to 272,412.^[7] The most recent such Holy Year was 2021; the next will be 2027.

Feast

The feast day of St. James is celebrated on 25 July on the liturgical calendars of the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran and certain other Protestant churches. He is commemorated on 30 April in the Orthodox Christian liturgical calendar (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, 30 April currently falls on 13 May of the modern Gregorian Calendar). The national day of Galicia is also celebrated on 25 July: St James is its patron saint.^{[citation needed]}

James the Apostle is remembered in the Church of England with a Festival on 25 July.^[8]

Jerusalem

The site of martyrdom is located within the Armenian Apostolic Cathedral of St. James in the Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem. The Chapel of St. James the Great, located to the left of the sanctuary, is the traditional place where he was martyred, when King Agrippa ordered him to be beheaded (Acts 12:1–2). His head is believed to be buried under the altar, marked by a piece of red marble and surrounded by six votive lamps.^[9]

Spain

Mission in Spain and burial at Compostela

Further information: Camino de Santiago

 

According to Catholic tradition, James preached the message and teachings of Jesus Christ in Hispania. In the year 44, he was beheaded in Jerusalem and his remains were later transferred to Galicia in a stone boat, to the place where stands Santiago de Compostela Cathedral.

The 12th century Historia Compostelana commissioned by Diego Gelmírez provides a summary of the legend of St. James, as it was believed at Compostela at that time. Two propositions are central to the legend: first, that James preached the gospel in Hispania as well as in the Holy Land; second, that after his martyrdom at the hands of Herod Agrippa, his followers carried his body by sea to Hispania, where they landed at Padrón on the coast of Galicia, then carried it over land for burial at Santiago de Compostela.^{[citation needed]}

The translation of his relics from Judaea to Galicia in the northwest of Hispania was accomplished by a series of miraculous events: his decapitated body was taken up by angels and sailed in a rudderless, unattended boat to Iria Flavia in Hispania, where a massive rock closed around his body, which was later removed to Compostela.^{[citation needed]}

According to ancient local tradition, on 2 January AD 40, the Virgin Mary appeared to James on the bank of the Ebro River at Caesaraugusta, while he was preaching the Gospel in Hispania. She appeared upon a pillar, and that pillar is conserved and venerated within the present Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar, in Zaragoza, Spain. Following that apparition, St. James returned to Judaea, where he was beheaded by Herod Agrippa I in AD 44.^[10][11]

The tradition at Compostela placed the discovery of the relics of the saint in the time of king Alfonso II (791–842) and of bishop Theodemir of Iria. These traditions were the basis for the pilgrimage route that began to be established in the 9th century, and the shrine dedicated to James at Santiago de Compostela became a famous pilgrimage site within the Christian world. The Way of St. James is a network of routes that cross Western Europe and arrive at Santiago de Compostela through northern Spain.^[12]

Controversy

 

Saint James as a knight, 12th century, Codex Calixtinus

According to early Church tradition, James suffered martyrdom^[13] in Jerusalem^[14] in AD 44. The suggestion began to be made from the 9th century that, as well as evangelizing in Hispania, James' body was brought to and is buried in Compostela. A rival tradition places the relics of the apostle in the church of St. Saturnin at Toulouse.^{[citation needed]}

The legend of Saint James' burial in Spain is rejected by numerous modern scholars such as Louis Duchesne and T. E. Kendrick as pious fiction.^[15] According to Kendrick, even if one admits the existence of miracles, James' presence in Spain is impossible. Apart from the late appearance of the legend, the Catholic Encyclopedia noted several bases for doubts about this tradition:

Although the tradition that James founded an apostolic see in Iberia was current in the year 700, no certain mention of such tradition is to be found in the genuine writings of early writers nor in the early councils; the first certain mention we find in the ninth century, in Notker, a monk of St. Gall (Martyrologia, 25 July), Walafrid Strabo (Poema de XII Apostoli), and others.

The Bollandists, however, defended the tradition, as noted in Acta Sanctorum (July parts VI and VII).^{[citation needed]} A belief in the authenticity of the relics at Compostela was also asserted by Pope Leo XIII in his 1884 bull Omnipotens Deus.^{[citation needed]}

Medieval "Santiago Matamoros" legend

Main article: Saint James Matamoros

 

Saint James as the Moor-killer by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest). His mantle is that of his military order.

An even later tradition states that he miraculously appeared to fight for the Christian army during the legendary battle of Clavijo, and was henceforth called Santiago Matamoros (Saint James the Moor-slayer). ¡Santiago, y cierra, España! ("St. James and strike for Spain") was the traditional battle cry of medieval Spanish (Christian) armies. Miguel de Cervantes has Don Quixote explaining that "the great knight of the russet cross was given by God to Spain as patron and protector".^[16]

A similar miracle is related to San Millán. The possibility that a cult of James was instituted to supplant the Galician cult of Priscillian (executed in 385) who was widely venerated across the north of Iberia as a martyr (at the hands of the local bishops, rather than as a heretic) should not be overlooked. This was cautiously raised by Henry Chadwick in his book on Priscillian;^[10] it is not the traditional Roman Catholic view. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1908, however, is quite cautious about the origins of the cult (see above at "Controversy").^{[citation needed]}

Emblem

 

The Cross of Saint James, the symbol of the Order of Santiago; the hilt is surmounted with a scallop.

James' emblem was the scallop shell (or "cockle shell"), and pilgrims to his shrine often wore that symbol on their hats or clothes. The French term for a scallop is coquille St. Jacques, which means "cockle (or mollusc) of [St.] Jacob". The German word for a scallop is Jakobsmuschel, which means "Jacob's mussel (or clam)"; the Dutch word is Jacobsschelp, meaning "Jacob's shell". In Danish and with the same meaning as in Dutch the word is Ibskal, Ib being a Danish version of the name Jakob and skal meaning shell.^{[citation needed]}

Military Order of Santiago

The military Order of Santiago, named after Saint Tiago or Saint James, was founded in Spain in the 12th century to fight the Moors. Later, as in other orders of chivalry, the membership became a mark of honor.^{[citation needed]}

Latter-day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that in 1829 John the Baptist and later the Apostles James, Peter and John appeared as heavenly messengers to Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery and conferred upon them both the Aaronic and the Melchizedek priesthood authority of apostolic succession, and thus exclusively on earth to their organization.^[17]

In Islam

The Quranic account of the disciples of Jesus does not include their names, numbers, or any detailed accounts of their lives. Muslim exegesis, however, more or less agrees with the New Testament list and says that the disciples included Peter, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, Andrew, James, Jude, John and Simon the Zealot.^[18]

See also

• Apocryphon of James (also known as the Secret Book of James)
• Camino de Santiago
• Cathedral of St. James
• Hand of St James the Apostle
• Military Order of Saint James of the Sword
• Peter of Rates
• Saint James, son of Zebedee, patron saint archive
• James Matamoros
• St. James' Church

References

Citations

1. Camerlynck 1910.
2. Nixon 1963, p. 1354.
3. Bruce 1964, p. 251.
4. Starkie 1957.
5. "Estadísticas antiguas" [Archived Statistics]. Catedral de Santiago (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 July 2021. Estadísticas antiguas
6. [Pilgrims in the Last Years] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 1 January 2010.
7. (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2015.
8. "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
9. . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
10. Chadwick 1976.
11. Fletcher 1984.
12. "St. James the Greater|Feast day:July 25". Servants of the Pierced Hearts of Jesus and Mary.
13. Acts 12:1–2
14. Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, VI; Apollonius, quoted by Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History V.xviii)
15. Kendrick 1960.
16. Cervantes 1863, p. 441.
17. Doctrine and Covenants 27:12.
18. Noegel & Wheeler 2003, p. 86:Muslim exegesis identifies the disciples of Jesus as Peter, Andrew, Matthew, Thomas, Philip, John, James, Bartholomew, and Simon

Sources

• Bruce, F. F. (1964). Commentary on the Book of the Acts. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans.
• Camerlynck, Achille (1910). "St. James the Greater" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• Chadwick, Henry (1976), Priscillian of Avila, Oxford University Press
• Cervantes, Miguel de (1863). Don Quixote de la Mancha: A Revised Translation Based on Those of Motteux, Jarvis and Smollett. New York: D. Appleton.
• Fletcher, Richard A. (1984), Saint James's Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela, Oxford: Clarendon, ISBN 978-0-19-822581-2
• Kendrick, Thomas Downing (1960). St. James in Spain. Methuen.
• Nixon, R. E. (1963). "Boanerges". In J. D. Douglas (ed.). The New Bible Dictionary. London: Inter-Varsity.
• Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brandon M. (2003). Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. ISBN 978-0810843059.
• Starkie, Walter (1957). The Road to Santiago. The Pilgrims of St. James. New York: E. P. Dutton. OCLC 28087235.

Further reading

• Barreiro, Santiago (2019). "Pilgrims from the land of sagas: Jacobean devotion in medieval Iceland". Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies. 12 (1): 70–83. doi:10.1080/17546559.2019.1705373. ISSN 1754-6559. S2CID 214208796.
• Starkie, Walter (1958). El camino de Santiago: las peregrinaciones al sepulcro del Apóstol (in Spanish). Translated by Amando Lázaro Ros. Madrid: Aguilar. OCLC 432856567.
• Starkie, Walter (1965). The Road to Santiago. The Pilgrims of St. James. Univ. of California Press. OCLC 477436336.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to James the Great.

• "St. James the Great, Apostle", Butler's Lives of the Saints
• The Way of St. James Guide for the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela following St. James's footsteps.
• Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian Orthodox icon and synaxarion
• History
• St. James the Greater, Apostle at the Christian Iconography web site
• St. James the Greater from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend
• The patron saint of Spain, celebrated in Santiago in July
• Translations of the given name James in the world's languages