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People's Salvation Cathedral

March 14, 2024

The People's Salvation Cathedral (Romanian: Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului), also known as the National Cathedral (Romanian: Catedrala Națională), is an Eastern Orthodox cathedral under construction in Bucharest to serve as the patriarchal cathedral of the Romanian Orthodox Church.[22] It is located in central Bucharest on Spirea's Hill (Arsenal Square), facing the same courtyard as the Palace of Parliament which is the heaviest building in the world,[23] the cathedral having a tenth of its weight and about 24% of its volume.[24] Situated behind the Palace of Parliament, this will make it 50 metres taller than the Palace, and will help to make the cathedral an iconic landmark in the city.[25] The People's Salvation Cathedral is 86.2 metres (283 ft) above sea level, and at 135 metres (443 ft) height (ground-cross), holds a dominant position in Bucharest's cityscape, being visible from all approaches to the city.[26][11]

People's Salvation Cathedral
Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului
People's Salvation Cathedral in December 2023
44°25′33.26″N 26°4′56.37″E / 44.4259056°N 26.0823250°E / 44.4259056; 26.0823250
Location13 September Ave (4–60), Sector 5, Bucharest
Country Romania
DenominationEastern Orthodox
Websitecatedralaneamului.ro
History
StatusUnder construction
Consecrated25 November 2018
Architecture
StyleNeo-Byzantine
Groundbreaking15 December 2010
Construction cost€230 mil (January, 2024)[1]
Specifications
Capacity7,000[2][3][4][note 1]
323,000 m3[5][6][7][8]
Length126.1 m (interior)[9]
140.7 m (stairs)[10]
Width67.7 m[9]
Nave width25.2 m (width-int)[2]
79.8 m (length-int)
Height127.1 m (135 m with the cross when completed)[11][9]
Nave height44 m (interior)[12]
Floor area6,100 m2[13][14][15]
8,400 m2 (stairway)[16][17]
Number of domesDome, 6 towers, Bell tower
Dome height (outer)127.1 m (ground-top lantern, without the cross)[11][18]
120.3 m (floor-top lantern, without the cross)[9]
Dome height (inner)106.3 m (floor-dome ceiling)[19][20][21][17]
Dome diameter (outer)29.4 m (colonnade)
Dome diameter (inner)16.8 m (inner)
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It is the tallest and largest Eastern Orthodox church building by volume,[27][28][29][30][31] and area,[13][5][note 2] in the world. The People's Salvation Cathedral will have the largest collection of church mosaics in the world (interior decoration) when it is completed, having about 18,000 square meters, including the mosaic of the altar is about 3,000 square meters.[9][32][33][34] The mosaic of the National Cathedral contains glass tesserae from Venice, and Carrara stone from Pietrasanta, Italy.[35][36][37][38] Also the People's Salvation Cathedral has the world's largest Orthodox iconostasis (23.8 meters length and 17.1 meters height) and the world's largest free-swinging church bell.[33][39][40]

The cathedral is dedicated to the Ascension of Christ, which in Romania is celebrated as the Heroes' Day, and to Saint Andrew the Apostle, protector of Romania.[41][42][43] The cathedral was consecrated on 25 November 2018 by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Bartholomew I, Patriarch Daniel of Romania and Metropolitan Chrysostomos (gr) of Patras from the Greek Orthodox Church.[43][44][45] On the same day as the consecration, the very first church service of the cathedral took place and was led by both Patriarch Bartholomew and Patriarch Daniel.[46][47] The first patronal feast of the People's Salvation Cathedral was celebrated on 30 November, on the day of 'Saint Andrew the First Called', and the Liturgy was officiated by Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem and Patriarch Daniel of Romania.[48][49] The first Te Deum of the cathedral was celebrated on 1 December 2018.[50]

Cathedral records edit

People's Salvation Cathedral:

History edit

The idea of a national cathedral first emerged following the Romanian War of Independence (1877–1878), which was mainly fought between the Russian and Ottoman Empires. The church was to symbolise the victory of Orthodox Christians over the Ottoman Muslims. The idea was shelved for lack of consensus on design, location and funding.[61] The Unification of the Romanian Principalities in 1859, entailed a unitary organisation of church structures in Moldavia and Wallachia within the Holy Synod (1872), thus the assembly of hierarchs increased to 12 members, including: the Primate Metropolitan (chairman), the Metropolitan of Moldavia and their suffragan bishops of Râmnic, Buzău, Argeș, Roman, Huși and Lower Danube (Galați) and one auxiliary vicar-bishop for every diocese.[62] The old Metropolitan Cathedral had proved overcrowded, especially during the national holidays, such as the Proclamation of the Kingdom of Romania and the crowning of King Carol I of Romania (10 May 1881), when none of the over one hundred churches in Bucharest was able to receive those who would have wanted to participate in the official service. Therefore, at King Carol I's desire, Romania's Assembly of Deputies and the Senate voted in favour of the Law no. 1750 on the construction of the Cathedral Church in Bucharest, promulgated by King Carol I on 5 June 1884.[63]

On 10 May 1920, King Ferdinand I sent a Royal letter to Archbishop Miron Cristea, the first Metropolitan-Primate of Greater Romania, supporting the project, but this had no effect. In 1925, after the Romanian Orthodox Church became an independent patriarchate, Metropolitan Cristea, now newly enthroned as the first Patriarch of All Romania, suggested Carol Park as a site, but Bibescu Vodă Square (Unirii Square) was chosen instead. There, in 1929, a cross (calvary) was raised. Lack of funds meant the construction was postponed and later forgotten.[61] The process was stopped due to the economic crisis, World War II, and then the establishment of the communist regime in Romania.[citation needed]

Patriarch Teoctist was the one who re-launched the project of building a National Cathedral, in this sense sanctifying a cross on 5 February 1999 as the cornerstone of the future cathedral, in the place of Unirii Square that had previously been sanctified by Patriarch Miron Cristea. Meanwhile, there had been an epochal event, which was the visit by Pope John Paul II to Romania (7–9 May 1999).[64]

On 16 February 2005, the Bucharest City Hall proposed to the Patriarchate "as the most suitable place to be available" for the structure, which was the Arsenal Hill, considered the highest place in Bucharest. Following the Patriarchate's approval, the Government of Romania promoted the Ordinance no.19/17 March 2005 for the building of the People's Salvation Cathedral. Then the Chamber of Deputies voted to give the building site of 110,000 m2 to the Romanian Patriarchate by the protocol of 13 February 2006.[64] The Arsenal Hill was recommended after three other locations were proposed at different stages (Piața Unirii 1999, Alba Iulia Square 2001, Carol Park 2004). Three churches were demolished (Alba Postăvari, Spirea Veche, and Izvorul Tămăduirii), and two churches had been moved (Schitul Maicilor and Mihai Vodă), by the communist regime to build Centrul Civic (the Civic Centre) and the Palace of the Parliament (Romanian: Palatul Parlamentului), previously known as the House of the People (Romanian: Casa Poporului).[65] The cornerstone for the construction of the People's Salvation Cathedral was sanctified on 29 November 2007, being officiated by Patriarch Daniel, the sixth Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church.[65]

Building began in 2010, and after almost a decade of construction, the cathedral was consecrated on 25 November 2018. The consecration was held in the presence of 100 priests, including 60 bishops. Special guests were the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Bartholomew I and Metropolitan Chrysostomos of Patras.[66] Approximately 55,000 people attended at the Divine Liturgy which took place inside the cathedral just after its consecration.[67]

Dedicated holidays edit

The Ascension of God is the first celebration of the day, because it is also the day of the Romanian heroes of all time and of all places, and the second is the celebration of Saint Apostle Andrew the first called, Protector of Romania. Patriarch Daniel said about the first celebration: "The homage to the memory of the Romanian heroes during World War I, who fought for national freedom, unity and dignity, must be today a source of inspiration and renewal for patriotic Romanians. That is why, the main dedication of the People's Salvation Cathedral is the Lord's Ascension when we celebrate the Day of Heroes. Thus, besides the practical necessity of the future National Cathedral, this is also a national spiritual symbol, being dedicated to the worship of those who have sacrificed themselves for the defense of the homeland and the Orthodox ancestral faith and for the freedom of the Romanian people".[68] Patriarch Daniel said about the second celebration: "This building will be a symbol of national unity because the feast of Saint Apostle Andrew, which was placed the day before the National Day on 1 December, shows that the national unity has settled with us on the Romanians primarily on spiritual unity, on unity of faith, thought and sentiment. Our church greatly contributed to the development of the Romanian language and Romanian culture."[69]

Construction edit

 
People's Salvation Cathedral (commencement)

Romanian Patriarchy launched on 28 December 2009 the tender for the selection of the project of the People's Salvation Cathedral. The design proposal should include the feasibility study (SF) and the technical documentation for the construction authorization (DTAC). The delivery term of the documentation accompanied by the proposed model layout was established on 31 May 2010. In June, the Patriarchal Commission for coordination and verification of design works, together with the technical subcommittees for evaluation on architecture, resilience and facilities specialties analyzed the projects presented and determined the scores obtained by the participants. Later, between 30 June and 1 July (2010), the commission of final evaluation of projects under the chairmanship of Patriarch Daniel met at the Patriarchal Palace. Vanel Exim based in Bacău was chosen for the architectural design of the cathredal.[70]

 
Construction in 2015

On 2 September 2010, the building's construction permit was obtained.[71] The works officially started on 15 December 2010, with the breakdown of the axes of the building.[72] In January 2011, works were being done on the slurry walls, and starting April the excavation of the soil inside them began, the anchors were executed, the leveling concrete was poured, the slurry walls were covered with polystyrene, and then, because the underground water level is approximately 14–17 meters below land surface, the waterproofing was done with lead metal sheets.[72]

On 28 June 2011, the contract with Bog'Art for the construction of the building's foundation was concluded.[71] In December 2011, the first layer of concrete was poured for the building's structure,[73] and in June 2013, the building's foundation was completed.[74] On 22 July 2013, the contract was concluded with the Austrian company Strabag for the construction of the superstructure of the building.[75] In June 2015, the height of the structure was raised by more than half.

 
Construction in 2021

The wall of the cathedral from outside to inside has the following structure: hollow bricks, flexible reinforcements (metal bars), rigid metal structure (welded sheets metal reinforcement), flexible reinforcements and solid bricks. For the People's Salvation Cathedral were used 145,000 cubic meters of concrete and 35,000 tons of reinforcement.[24] They were also used 6,200 cubic meters of solid bricks produced at Câmpulung Muscel and 7,800 cubic meters hollow bricks produced at Târgu Jiu. For the solid bricks, was used clay from the Grui hill, near Câmpulung Muscel. The total weight of the bricks used for the People's Salvation Cathedral is 22,000 tons. The bricks used are absorbent, so that with the application of the first layer of plaster, due to the porosity of the brick, there is adhesion between the mortar layer and the brick. When the bricks are hit, they make a glass sound.[76][77]

 
Chapel

Energy efficiency is assured by massive walls of resistance and brick used on the inside and outside of them. The cathedral is designed to withstand earthquakes of 9 on the Richter scale.[78] The plan of the cathedral complex includes a cathedral building; below the cathedral building, a soup kitchen with capacity for 1,000; two hotels; and parking for about 500 cars.[79]

The cathedral should receive its final touch, the paintwork, by 2025 according to the Romanian Orthodox Church.[80] The chapel of the cathedral was built in 2011, exclusively from sponsorships. In this chapel, there are liturgical services for the good works of the People's Salvation Cathedral, for the workers, but also for the founders and donors. In the chapel is a copy of the Icon Theotokos Acheiropoieta (Prodromiţa) from the Romanian Skete Prodromos in Mount Athos. Also, here is the reliquary with the relics of Saint John Chrysostom, the 37th archbishop of Constantinople.[81]

Architecture edit

 
Plan (footprint)
 
Plan (front)

The design of the new cathedral was debated by parties including the Romanian Senate and the Mayor of Bucharest. The winning design featured elements of architectural details from all the Romanian provinces and territories in an area that would make the cathedral complex one of the largest religious sites in the world. The cathedral is projected for over 20,000 people in the main cathedral building and underground galleries. A total of 7,000 worshipers can attend the holy liturgy at the same time, with a 1,000 member choir, clergy and 6,000 pilgrims in the main cathedral building. The underground chapel could accommodate 5,000 pilgrims, and the underground St. Andrew's Cave gallery could accommodate over 10,000 pilgrims. In the whole complex could accommodate 125,000 visitors on an area of 11 hectares, and in the piazza could accommodate 43,000 visitors.[24][82][2] The main cathedral has 6,050 square meters (floor nave) and with stairway has 8,400 square meters.[13][16] The plan of cathedral is 126 metres (413 ft) long, 68 metres (223 ft) width, and 135 metres (443 ft) (ground level) height. The main building is elevated 6.8 metres (22 ft) with the basement area extending to 17 metres (56 ft) below ground level. The basement area which extending below the ground level, has 7,200 square meters.[83][84] The volume of the cathedral is 323,000 cubic meters, and with the pedestal is 595,000 cubic meters.[24][5]

In January 2018, the Patriarchate requested portfolios with mosaics made by painters from all over Romania, throughout their careers, the winner will make the mosaic of the National Cathedral. The iconographer Daniel Codrescu won, and together with his team he started working in February. The team has about 60 people, most are top specialists in iconography and mosaic art, and a few apprentice students. They work in the workshop and on the construction site. After the iconographic scenes are made, painted, and chosen the model of the tesserae by Daniel Codrescu, the drawings are sent to the Romanian Patriarchate for approval, then part of the team makes the mosaic with millions of tesserae according to the drawings, and finally the rest of the team assembles the mosaic on wall.[80]

Along with the Palace of Parliament, the Romanian Academy, the Ministry of National Defense, the cathedral can be seen as a vertical axis or a unifying pole for these buildings in a unitary and representative urban ensemble. Also, the cathedral located on Spirea's Hill (Arsenal Square) near the Ministry of National Defense, can be considered the Cathedral of Romanian heroes of all times, who sacrificed themselves for the defense of the homeland.[85]

Mosaics edit

 
Iconostasis

According to the iconographic plan, the mosaics of the cathedral show the historical basis of the Orthodox Church, thus the iconography of the cathedral includes: the Church of the Apostolic Age rendered by the representation of the twelve Apostles, the Church of the Patristic Age of the holy fathers from the Greek, Syriac, Latin and Slavic Churches, and the Romanian Orthodox Church old and contemporary. In addition to the saints from the universal church, on the walls of the cathedral will be represented the great saints of the Romanian nation. Also, certain spaces inside the cathedral will be dedicated to the confessors saints from the Romanian communist prisons, such as the priests Stăniloae, Sofian, Cleopa, Partenie Gherasim and others.[86] The mosaic of the cathedral is made according to the hesychastic tradition and in the Neo-Byzantine style. The architecture of the cathedral is a synthesis between tradition and contemporaneity, through national architectural elements such as Brâncovenesc porches, Transylvanian towers and Moldavian niches (Romanian: ocnițe).[85][87]

For the mosaic of the People's Salvation Cathedral, is mainly used glass made in Venice and Carrara stone.[38] The Murano glass is processed by the Venetian foundries Orsoni and Mosaici Donà Murano.[36] The Orsoni foundry produce 24K gold leaf mosaics, blown gold and Venetian smalti in more than 3,500 colors. The smalti Orsoni was used in the decoration of the St.Mark's Basilica, Sagrada Familia, or Washington Basilica.[35] The Carrara stone was used in many sculptures of the Renaissance, such as Michelangelo's Pietà,[88] and in the mosaic technique. The gold glass was chosen after the glass used at St.Mark's Basilica, being lighter in color. Murano glass from Orsoni Venezia was used to restore the St.Mark's Basilica, the same company that supply the glass to the People's Salvation Cathedral.[89]

 
Annunciation

The tesserae are made of colored glass. The gold glass, on the side from the wall they are green-blue, to better reflect the light on the golden side, from the viewer. First, the figures were drawn and then painted "in the mirror" on a paper support and over them was mounted the mosaic, with the gold layer facing inside, towards the painted support. After applying the mosaic painting on the wall and cleaning the paper support on which it had been mirror-mounted, the mosaic remains mounted with the golden part of the tesserae towards the onlooker.[90] For soldering is used a natural glue, made of water and flour, which after fixing on the wall, will be easy to soak and wash with the paper on which it was glued. In Byzantium, lime mixed with sand was used, which dried quickly, which did not allow very detailed finishes.[91] Making a square meter are used approximately 16 kg of mosaic involves joining about 10,000 tesserae, applied with a special cement-based adhesive, working 4–7 days to arrange them according to the difficulty and size of the pixelization.[91] For the People's Salvation Cathedral will require about 400 tons of tesserae, covering an area of 25,000 square meters.[92][93][33]

Nave edit

 
 
Nave and the secondary cupola

The vaulted nave reaches an interior height of 44 meters,[12] being the Orthodox church with the highest interior nave and among the highest in the world. With nave width of 25.2 meters[2] People's Salvation Cathedral is the church building with the second widest nave in the world after St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City (27 m).[94] Hagia Sophia in Istanbul has bigger span (wall to wall – 31 m) but it has not a nave in the strict sense. The main hall of the cathedral has 2,800 square meters (floor nave) with 79.8 meters (colonnade - iconostasis) by 65.1 meters (apses), and the square of the central space below the dome where rests on four vaults occupies 635 square meters. If the main door of the cathedral and the door of the iconostasis are open, a person who is at the entrance (colonnade) sees the altar table at 105 meters, and if he is in the middle of the naos (the area under the main dome), from the floor at 106 meters sees the ceiling of the dome (Pantocrator).[17]

 
Rușchița marble

The floor of the cathedral will be covered with marble from Rușchița, the best marble in Romania.[95] This marble has been used for many famous buildings: Romanian Parliament Building, Milan Cathedral, Hungarian Parliament Building, Istana Nurul Iman etc. The eagle in the Oval Office at the White House, one of the American symbols, is white Rușchița marble.[96] Rușchița is the most renowned marble deposit in Romania. The quarry is located in Caraș-Severin County, south of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains. The marble from Rușchița is subsequently processed at Simeria, where the final product is made.[97] The marble models used mainly for the cathedral are Rușchița Classico and Rușchița Champagne. The Rușchița Classico has a white-yellow color, and the Rușchița Champagne has a white-pinkish color.[98][77] Inside the cathedral is used Rușchița marble up to 4 meters height, and the marble for the access steps of the cathedral has 7 cm thickness.[99]

 
Vratsa stone

Vratsa marble from Bulgaria, it is used outside the cathedral up to 7 meters height. Vratsa stone is also used for window and door frames, for the hardness of the stone.[99] For the interior decorations in the nave and altar Carrara marble is used. [37][38][100] It is quarried from the Apuan Alps mountains, near the city of Pietrasanta, Italy.[37] Carrara marble is a type of marble popular for use in building decor. The marble from Carrara was used for some of the most remarkable buildings in Ancient Rome,[101] such as Pantheon, and other notable construction such as Siena Cathedral, Legislative Palace of Uruguay, Glasgow City Chambers, Finlandia Hall and the Akshardham (New Delhi).

The National Cathedral has 27 bronze doors with iconographic representations. Some bronze doors are 2.7 meters width with 5 meters height, and other bronze doors are 2.7 meters width with 6.35 meters height at the arch.[102] A single door has 4 tons. These are coordinated by a computer system that command the automatic opening of the doors in case of alarm. The doors were made at Süßen by Strassacker. The same company also made the bronze crosses on the towers. Initially, six companies from Austria and six companies from Germany were contacted and finally the company from Süßen was chosen. The bas-reliefs of the saints are life-size.[103][77] Over 50 saints are represented on the doors of the cathedral. At the entrance on the main doors is the Mother of God and the Savior Jesus Christ. On the doors are represented martyrs, hierarchs, including over twenty Romanian saints. In 2017, Patriarch Daniel said that, the cathedral belongs to all Romanian saints, from all parts of the country.[104]

The People's Salvation Cathedral has a total of 396 windows that were made in Belgium by the company Reynaers, treated electrochemically by anodizing, and assembled in Ploiești.[24][77] The largest window of the cathedral, the stained glass window at the entrance with the scene of the Ascension of Christ is 90 square meters in area and cost 200,000 euros.[24][105]

Apses (Nave) and Arces edit

 
Southern Apse

In 2022 the Nativity of Jesus scene having 178 square meters was completed in the southern apse, and in February 2024 the apse and arch were completed.[106][19] The south apse's registries below the conch are four in number. The two upper registers of the hemicycle are related to the family theme, among which: the Visitation, Adoration of the magi, Joseph's dream, flight into Egypt, presentation of Jesus at the temple, Jesus blessing the children, wedding at Cana, census of Quirinius and others.[107] The two lower registers of the hemicycle contain saints and Romanian rulers (ro:domni). The south apse's arch contains three registers: Christian martyrs (below), Jesus at the age of twelve in the temple (middle) and the tree of Jesse (upper).[108][19]

 
 
The altar and triumphal arch

The vaulted nave reaches an inner height at the arches supporting the dome of 40.35 meters.[109] The triumphal arch between the altar and nave includes the iconographic representation of twelve Old Testament Prophets, the venerable Melchizedek, along with the throne of Hetoimasia and the representation of the heavenly powers: Cherubim, Seraphim and Angels. The prophets shown in medallions of 1.8 meters, hold in their hands symbolic representations, anticipating Theotokos and the foreshadowing of the incarnation of the Lord Jesus Christ.[106] The main mosaic of the triumphal arch is Hetoimasia (gr:ἑτοιμασία), also known as the throne of the Last Judgment or the Second Coming. The scene contains: the dove of the Holy Spirit, the spear and sponge on a stick, the nails from the cross and crown of thorns. An empty throne with a Gospel Book on it, was being placed in the chamber of church councils to represent Christ, at the First Council of Ephesus in 431. The scene is inspired by the painted church exterior at Voroneţ Monastery in Romania (1547).[110][111][112] On the mosaic Hetoimasia's edge is written (gr-Ps:88; en-Ps:89) "Justice and judgment are the habitation of Thy throne; mercy and truth shall go before Thy face".

Dome and Roof edit

Exterior (including Towers, Bell tower) edit

 
 
Dome, Towers, and Bell tower. The windows framework is Vratsa stone, decorated in Brâncovenesc art.

The dominant feature is the huge elongated dome, which will have a total height of 135 meters (ground-top cross),[26] and will become the third tallest domed church in the world, after Basilica of Our Lady of Peace and St. Peter's Basilica.[55][54][113] It also has the tallest outer dome in the world without the lantern-cross with 121.1 meters. At the lantern`s top the cathedral rises to 127.1 meters from the ground.[18][17] The Pantocrator cupola of the People's Salvation Cathedral has 106.3 meters height from the floor,[19][20][21] surpasses the interior height dome of St.Peter's Basilica which has 101.8 meters from the floor of the basilica.[56][114] The diameter of cupola is 16.8 meters inside, with 18 meters concrete making a hemispherical shape, and the concrete dome was completed on 24 May 2019.[115][99] The dome is surrounded by six towers, and at the western end is the bell tower or campanile, 86.8 meters height crossless, which contains the world's largest free-swinging church bell.[40]

The overall style is Romanian revival, a synthesis of Renaissance revival through the high dome, Romanesque through the façade with towers, and Neo-Byzantine through the bell tower.[116] Both the dome and the hexadecagonal outer cupola are a feature inspired by the tempietto shape of the St. Peter's Basilica. The outer dome's façade has some similarities to the northern façade and choir of the Sacré-Cœur, Paris Basilica. In the Romanian space, among sources of landmark are several buildings. The dome's peristyle surrounded by sixteen arches, the six upper octagonal towers with squared basis, three linear moulding around the building find at the Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral, Cluj-Napoca. The bell tower's façade with the porch, and the Byzantine compound dome with two rows of pendentives, find at the Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral.[117][118] Also from the Coronation Cathedral, Alba Iulia find the arches, cornice, and the robust façade of the bell tower by side buttresses. The portal with the bell tower's rosette and the porch resemble that of the Antim Monastery and the Cașin Church in Bucharest.

 
Roof Lantern

The dome is set on a rectangular-octagonal shaped drum which has 1,350 square meters. Around the dome is a row of circular shields, adorned with the cross of Saint Andrew.[119] The main part to visit is the dome's peristyle with sixteen arches supported on each side by continuous colonnade with a circumference of 93 meters around the dome and 29.4 meters in diameter. The arcades are supported by scallop capital of simplified Corinthian order. The capital together with its abacus, have octagonal shape in the towers and bell tower, and at the dome have hexadecagonal shape.[120] The large stained glass windows will be mounted around the dome, each measuring 11.45 meters height by 1.35 meters width.[121] Above the peristyle is the belvedere dome surrounded by a balustraded balcony at 97.8 meters height from the ground, behind a small semioval windows. Above this attic rises the cupola covered with gilded copper, and ribbed in accordance with the spacing of the columns. The outside cupola is pierced by sixteen small skylight just below the lantern, but these are barely visible from the ground level by an onlooker. The inner connection cupola-lantern, is achieved by a spiral metallized staircase. The roof sheet is a CuAl5Zn5 alloy (Tecu-Gold), where copper has 91.55% (99.99% purity) and 8.45% aluminium bronze, and was made by the German company KME. The copper sheet area used for the cathedral is 19,913 square meters.[122][123]

Interior edit

 
 
Inside the Dome

The inner dome consists of two parts supported by two rows of pendentives, with a total area of 4,200 square meters, and the highest point of the dome's ceiling rises 106.25 meters above the floor of the nave.[124][19][20] The upper dome having 2,830 square meters, with a diameter of 16.8 meters is supported by pendentives at 52.75 meters height, and will consists the mosaics: Christ Pantocrator and the registers of the nine heavenly powers.[125][17] The lower dome with a diameter of 25.2 meters is supported by pendentives at 40.35 meters height, having 1,370 square meters which will include scenes from the Savior's life, Theotokos and the holy apostles, prophets, hierarchs.[126]

 
Pantocrator

The Pantocrator cupola has about 450 square meters, of which the Pantocrator mosaic represents 150 square meters and the surface's rest is represented by the mosaic of the nine heavenly powers. With a diameter of 12 meters, of which the face is 4.5 meters, the making of the Pantocrator mosaic required over six months and 2.4 tons of tesserae were used.[127][128] In February 2024, began assembling of the Pantocrator mosaic on the dome's ceiling at the highest point of the worship's place, and the dome's mosaic will be finished in 2025. Christ is wearing a blue mantle and a purple robe, he is the King of kings and shows strength, austerity and almighty. The arched eyebrows accentuate the horizontal lines of the arms, and the nose that intersects with the horizontal lines creates a symbolic cross. Around the Pantocrator mosaic are two quotations from (gr-Ps:79; en-Ps:80) "O God!, o God!: look down from heaven and behold, and visit this vineyard which Thy right hand hath planted, and it perfects her"; and (gr-Ps:32; en-Ps:33) "The Lord looketh from heaven, He beholdeth all!"; Amen.[19] The Pantocrator mosaic is mainly inspired by the mosaics from the mosaic Deesis (Δέησις, "Prayer") in Hagia Sophia located in the upper south gallery, dating back to 1261, from the southern dome of the Chora church, and from the dome of Daphni monastery an eleventh-century Byzantine architecture monastery.[129]

Iconostasis edit

 

The iconostasis of the People's Salvation Cathedral, with the size of 23.8 meters length and 17.1 meters height, is the largest Orthodox iconostasis in the world.[39] It has an area of 407 square meters and is covered with over 4 million tesserae of mosaic weighing 8 tons and with the adhesive 10 tons.[130] The iconostasis is covered with mosaic on both sides, having 800 square meters of mosaics, and is made of reinforced concrete with a thickness of 1.26 meters.[33][131][102] The royal doors has an inner vaulted of 4.28 meters height with 2.50 meters width, the edge of the gate being covered with 12.4 tons of Onyx stone.[132] Age-old since the world began, the onyx is the first gemstone which find in the pages of the Old Testament, in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 2:12).[133]

 
 
 
 

For the realization of the iconostasis of the cathedral in Bucharest, a team of over 45 mosaic and fresco specialists worked for ten months.[39] The leader of this team was iconographer Daniel Codrescu. Originally, the team had thought of marble frames for each large icon, but because the weight of the material could have affected the structure of the iconostasis resistance, the idea was abandoned. This iconostasis is made entirely of mosaic and fresco in Byzantine style. The team involved in the project was divided into two groups: the first involved in making the mosaics in the workshop, and the second in fitting them on the stonework. Iconographer Daniel Codrescu said: "Everything is worked in the smallest details. The team tried to take the realization to another level of greatness. With the help of God, this monumental work is a gift to the Centenary of Romania. This iconostasis is the summary of the kingdom of heavens."[134] The front of the iconostasis has 45 icons placed on four registers.[135] The first register has six royal icons, the second register has thirteen icons with royal feasts, the third register has the icon of the Holy Trinity (center) and the twelve Apostles, and the fourth register has the Theotokos (center) and the twelve Prophets of the Old Testament. On the four side doors are the four archangels, and on the royal door are the Annunciation and the four Evangelists.[136] The royal icons have the dimensions of 2.15 meters width with 3.75 meters height and an area of 8 square meters. All icons of the iconostasis have a total of 130 portraits.[137]

The rear face of the iconostasis contains three registers. The upper register in the center contains the Last Supper, represented by the liturgical variant in the hemicycle altar through the Partaking of the Apostles. On the left is Jesus Christ washing the feet of the disciples. It is a ritual practiced on Holy Thursday (Maundy Thursday). On the right are two scenes, the road to Emmaus appearance and the Supper at Emmaus. The middle and lower registers have nineteen Romanian saints, hierarchs, pious and priests. The iconostasis and the altar are joined by two walls, each with three saints.[90]

 
Iconostasis – Holy Trinity

Commonly, on the iconostasis are four royal icons, but here we have six, which has helped us to represent the two patronal feasts, "Ascension of the Lord" and "Saint Apostle Andrew". On the left is placed the icons of Saint Nicholas and Saint John the Baptist, two of the most beloved saints in Romanian space. Like a peculiarity, in the registry of the Saints Apostles is represented the Holy Trinity, which in this case occupies the place of the Judge Right. The latter, has been moved to the royal icon of the Savior Jesus Christ. Together with the icon of the Theotokos and Saint John the Baptist is symbolized the Deesis icon. The Holy Trinity was chosen by Patriarch Daniel, to emphasize the Scripture quote that says, "Going, teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" (Matthew 28:19). The Saints Apostles preach the teaching of the Holy Trinity, being the representatives who baptizes the nations.[138]

At each entrance to the altar above the five doors, from right to left is written: 1st door – "Behold, a door standing open in heaven" (Revelation 4); 2nd door – "God of life!, open the doors of repentance to me, that my spirit sighs at Your holy church" (Horologion); central door – "Peace be to you!" (John 20); 4th door – "Blessed Virgin Theotokos open to us the door of mercy, so that those who trust in you may not perish" (Triodion); 5th door – "He brought me by way of the north gate to the front of the temple, and I looked, and behold, the glory of the Lord filled the temple of the Lord" (Ezekiel 44).

Crucifix edit

 
 
Crucifix front and rear

In December 2021, the Crucifix was placed on the iconostasis after structure was made in August. The cross and the two side mosaics (ro:Molenii) were made between 2018–2021 by the iconographer Daniel Codrescu, along with other nine mosaic specialists.[139] The Crucifix with a height of 4.3 meters, and with the pedestal 5 meters rising to 23 meters from the floor of the cathedral.[109] In the side-attendant of the Crucifix, are the mosaics of the Theotokos and Saint John the Apostle.

On the face behind the Crucifix, is a pelican with chicks, and at the bottom is a quote from the second ode of the Lord's Lamentations at the Burial (ro:Prohod): "Like a pelican, You hurt yourself into your rib, O Saviour!; You gave your life, for your sons who died, spreading living springs over them". The image of the mother pelican feeding her chicks with his blood, is rooted in an ancient legends which preceded Christianity. The pelican is a symbol of the Passion of Jesus for Christianity and the Eucharist in the East and in the West.[140][141] A copy of this pelican on the back of the crucifix, can be seen in Bălăneanu-Iancu Nou Church, Bucharest, in the form of a circular mosaic imprinted on the nave's floor.[142]

On the back of the mosaic Theotokos, writes: "upon Thy right hand did stand the queen, embellished in a golden vestment and too beautify!" (gr-Ps:44; en-Ps:45); and on the back of the mosaic John the Apostle, writes: "thine Own of thine Own, we offer unto Thee on behalf of all and for all" (Anaphora Liturgy-Byzantine Rite). The sides of the cross are decorated with a golden interlace ornament braided on a red background. The interlace recalls the archaic motif of the braided rope as a symbol of eternal life. The red decoration signifies the blood sacrificed on the cross and the royal power of the Lord. Among the sources of inspiration are the crucifix paintings from Studenica Monastery (1208), Moldovița Monastery (1532), and the crucifixes of Cimabue and Giotto.[143]

Altar edit

 
 

The vaulted apse altar reaches an interior height of 42.2 meters from the floor of cathedral, and the altar's mosaic including iconostasis is about 3,000 square meters.[32][17] The floor of the altar where the Holy Liturgy are held is 330 square meters, and with the altar ambulatory is 440 square meters. The iconography of the altar excluding iconostasis, comprises five sections: the apse and the hemicycle of the altar with three central registers and the vestment wall.[32]

 
Tesserae for the Mother of God's mantle

On 7 May 2019,[99] the Theotokos Platytera (gr:Πλατυτέρα των Ουρανών, "higher than the heavens") icon was completed in the apse altar. It is the largest mosaic of Theotokos in the world, having 16 meters height and 150 square meters.[102][144][145] The idea he started, is the Theotokos mosaic from the Hagia Sophia, but larger in size than this.

Following the conversion of the Hagia Sophia to a mosque, the coordinator of the team of iconographers Daniel Codrescu expressed his wish that the Theotokos of National Cathedral from Bucharest, will symbolically replace the Theotokos from Constantinople.[102] It is a synthesis "according to the Romanian soul" with elements from several well-known icons, Daniel Codrescu explained.[144] To make the Platytera mosaic, one million pieces of mosaic were used.[146][147] For the mantle of the Mother of God, nine different colors of red were used.[148] Below the Theotokos Platytera icon are nine windows through which light enters, like the nine biblical ode, emphasizing the description of the Queen of Heavens.[102] The Theotokos Platytera icon is surrounded by the archangels Michael and Gabriel, each having 13 meters height with 5 meters width and the wings 10 meters in length.[148][145] The mosaic of the Theotokos and archangels is about 600 square meters.[149] In June 2020, the mosaic of apse altar was completed having about 1,000 square meters.[150][144]

 
 
 
 

The altar registers below the apse altar, are three in number. The upper register of the hemicycle, in the center contains the Tabernacle of the Congregation, which was a foreshadowing of the Mother of God in the Old Testament. On the left is the scene of Abraham's Sacrifice, and on the right is the scene of Melchizedek's Tribute offering. The middle register in the center contains the establishing of the New Testament through the Partaking of the Apostles. On the left is the Holy Trinity in the version of Abraham's Hospitality (gr:Φιλοξενία), and on the right is the Prophet Elijah fed by the ravens. The lower register is dedicated to eighteen Romanian saints hierarchs. The last section of the altar is the vestment wall, which includes nine stained glass with saints.[90]

 

The mosaic of the Apostles Partaking is 22 meters in length by 7 meters in height, and the Savior has a height of 4 meters. The Eucharist also known as Holy Communion, or the Lord's Supper is a symbolic scene of the Apostles Partaking.[151] Angels with fans stand on either side of the Communion table. To their left and right is the twice portrayed figure of Christ: on the left is breaking bread, on the right shares the wine, and the disciples coming to Him from both sides. Judas appears turned with his back on the Savior, and the halo remains detached behind (right side of the scene). This iconographic detail is taken from Sucevița Monastery.[152] Among the sources of inspiration is the mosaic in the altar of Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv (11th century), but also by the Eucharist mosaic from the museum of the same cathedral, which belonged to the demolished St.Michael's Monastery in Kyiv (1113).[153][154]

The pathway in front of the iconostasis is 7.7 meters width at the upper soleas with 3.13 meters width at the lower end, the soleas having 10.83 meters width and 270 square meters.[155] The bema composed of altar and soleas has about 600 square meters for liturgical space. The floor of the altar and soleas are covered with marble and Rușchița stone, the models used being Muse Campagne, Caffe Latte, Sun Red, White Sivec, White Onyx stone and Yellow Onyx stone.[132] Below the Holy Table of the altar are placed the relics fragments of the Saint Martyr Constantin Brâncoveanu, and the relics fragments of the saints martyrs from Niculițel. Also inside the Holy Table, there is a list of 350,000 names of the Romanian heroes from the First and Second World War.[156]

Courtyard edit

 
Courtyard
 
Portico

The cathedral's courtyard has six annexes. The most important annexes are the Saint John's House and Saint Paul's House (3.510,6 sq meters together) for clergy pilgrims with rooms, where they will take place the missionary cultural center with classrooms and seminars, a library, and exhibition spaces. To the west of the cathedral will be placed two curved porticos (2,079.6 sq meters) which marks the main entrance to the enclosure of the ensemble, and two L-shaped porticos (5,159.2 sq meters) on either side of the esplanade. Initially, four cultural buildings were planned, but later the plan was abandoned, and the two buildings at the entrance have been turned into porticos.[9]

The esplanade of the cathedral is located above the underground gallery called St.Andrew's Cave and implicitly has the same area of 15,581 square meters. The esplanade without porticos, the free side has 11,600 sq meters, where over 23,000 people can gather. One of the L-shaped portico includes the pangar of the cathedral, and the other portico includes the place where the candles burn. Behind the cathedral on the left, there will be a five hectare park, where a monument dedicated to the Ascension of Christ will be arranged. Part of the earth excavated at the foundation of the cathedral will be used for this monument.[9][85]

Underground galleries edit

 
Underground chapel

The cathedral has two large underground galleries. In the underground chapel a total of 5,000 people can attend the holy liturgy at the same time, and in the large polyvalent gallery under the cathedral esplanade called St.Andrew's Cave can be accommodate over 7,000 people.[9] The underground chapel has two levels, which are connected to the main hall by colonnades, arcades and stairs, and has 7,200 square meters with 126 meters by 63 meters. The chapel hall has eleven meters high and the same dimensions (horizontally) as the main hall of the cathedral, except that it has no apse area. With annexes the underground chapel has 13,668 square meters, with 155 meters by 92 meters. The gallery St.Andrew's Cave has 15,581 square meters (including annexes) with 143 meters by 118 meters. If a person walks through the entire underground gallery of the cathedral from west to east, he has to walk 300 meters in a straight line. The two large underground galleries together have approximately 30,000 square meters. The galleries are divided into: spaces including a main hall, other halls and rooms for events; an icon and religious clothing shop; a workshop (for carpentry, upholstery and metal work for example); a museum, gallery-exhibition, liturgical performance media shop; as well as storage rooms, a refectory, religious/sacramental objects and employees rooms.[2][17][9]

Initially instead of the underground room of St.Andrew's Cave, a car park was planned there. But this was becoming an inconvenience for the underground chapel, due to emissions from cars, the plan was abandoned. Thus, the car park will be arranged on the left side of the courtyard from the west. The St.Andrew's Cave gallery will host the Museum of Romanian Christianity.[2] Under the cathedral chapel at a depth of 16 meters, will be arranged only technical spaces for installations.[157] Also at this level, 42 crypts will be arranged for the patriarchs of Romania and four atomic bunkers.[158]

The chapel will have a liturgical program for the monastery (daily). Liturgical services in the cathedral will be held on Sundays and on important holidays.[159] The Holy Altar of the chapel is dedicated to Saint John James the Chozebite and Daniil Sihastru, because they both lived a part of their lives in the cave.[2] Saint John James the Chozebite (Hosevite) became a monk at Neamt Monastery and soon after his conversion he moved to the Holy Land where he lived near the downstream of the Jordan river, near Jericho. Toward the end of his life, he lived in the wilderness of Choziba at the Saint George Monastery. In 1992 he was declared a saint by the Romanian Orthodox Patriarchate and in 2016 he was officially recognised as such by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. The Church celebrates his feast day on 5 August.[160] Daniil Sihastrul (or Daniel the Hesychast) was a renowned Romanian Orthodox spiritual guide, hermit, hegumen of Voroneț Monastery and advisor (Romanian: duhovnic) of Stephen the Great. He encouraged Stephen the Great to fight for the defense of Christendom and to build holy places, after each battle won against the invaders. Canonized by the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1992, he is commemorated on 18 December.[161]

Bells edit

The six bells
 
Big Bell 25.2 t (from the bell tower)
Big Bell 25.2 t (from the courtyard)

The cathedral has the world's largest free-swinging church bell, surpassing the Saint Peter's bell (Petersglocke) in the Cologne Cathedral.[40] With a weight of 25,190 kg, a clapper of 750 kg,[3] a diameter of 3,355 mm, a height of 3,130 mm, thickness of 273 mm, the bell was cast on 11 November 2016 in Innsbruck by Grassmayr and is elevated to 65 meters. The casting time was 9 minutes and 23 seconds, the bell being made of 78% copper and 22% tin both 99.99% purity, and has a very low beat C3 (en) – C0 (de) – Do2 (ro) with 130.8 Hz. The cathedral has six bells weighing 32,243 kg, and the sound of the big bell is heard from 15 to 20 km.[162][163] For the biggest bell 425,000 euros were paid, and the total value of the six bells totalled roughly 550,000 euros.[164]

 
Coat of arms

A team of 25 experts from Italy, Germany, Austria, Croatia and Romania, worked on the great bell of the People's Salvation Cathedral. The leader of the team was the Italian campanologist Flavio Zambotto. Flavio Zambotto said about the bell: "The collaboration for the bell of the Cathedral in Bucharest is my greatest professional achievement. For this bell the team worked 8 months. The bell is made of the premium alloys, at the highest standards. Work was done in the smallest details, and at a purity of 99.99%, the acoustic tolerance is 0%. I had the honor of working at some famous bells and every bell is like a son to me. But the bell of the Cathedral in Bucharest is magnificent, among the best in the world. All acoustic parameters are superlative. The sound is sober, very strong, long and it marks you."[165]

The sound of the big bell in the People's Salvation Cathedral of Bucharest was chosen especially to resemble the sound of the famous bell Pummerin in Saint Stephen's Cathedral of Vienna, though compared to Pummerin, the Bucharester bell sounds longer and is lower and stronger. The big bell will be rung only on major holidays and declared national days. The sounds of the six bells span two complete octaves.[165]

Nr. Diameter
(mm) 		Mass
(kg) 		Note Year cast Manufacturer
En De Ro
1 3,355 25,190 C3 C0 Do2 2016 Grassmayr Bell Foundry
(Innsbruck)
2 1,695 3,296 C4 C1 Do3
3 1,361 1,685 E4 E1 Mi3
4 1,127 933 G4 G1 Sol3
5 1,033 709 A4 A1 La3
6 875 430 C5 C2 Do4

Criticism edit

The criticism is mostly related to the primary use of public funds from the state as opposed to the Church's own,[166][167] the lack of proper auctioning processes and instead direct acquisitions/selections,[167] the lack of transparency in regards to the way public funds were spent,[167] erroneous communication[166] and the chosen construction companies being closely related to church members.[167]

Use of primarily public funds edit

The biggest construction project in Romania since the revolution, the Cathedral was initially announced to be built with the Romanian Orthodox Church's money. It was later discovered that the church had used its influence and the government had decided to promulgate law no. 563/2007 that allows the allocation of unspecified amounts of public funds to the Cathedral's building.[168][169][166] Aside from money from the Romanian Government allocated to the Cathedral through the State Secretariat for Cults (SSC),[166] city halls have also contributed to the total budget.[166][167] For instance, after a meeting between the Mayor of Bucharest at that time, Gabriela Firea and Patriarch Daniel of the Romanian Orthodox Church, an agreement which mentioned the Bucharest City Hall would allocate money to the Cathedral's construction was signed but never mentioned to the public.[167] One independent publication finds the total amount of public money (earned by the state from the people) to be at 120 mil euro.[166]

Association to the communist era edit

Often in the national media, critics associate the People's Salvation Cathedral and the Palace of the Parliament, the two colossuses of Romania's capital that share the same courtyard. As the largest Orthodox church in the world,[13] next to the world's heaviest and second largest administrative building in the world,[23][170] French newspaper Le Figaro, named it "a pharaonic project", "worthy of the megalomania of Nicolae Ceaușescu".[171] A Romanian newspaper said that the People's Salvation Cathedral will be the most expensive building built in the country after the Romanian Revolution of 1989.[172] Another Romanian newspaper said that the politicians of the Romanian government depend on support from the Romanian Patriarchate in the election campaign, and estimates that when the cathedral will be fully completed, the value of the cathedral in the real estate market will be over €1 billion.[173] A Romanian journalist called the cathedral a "God mall".[174]

The Romanian Orthodox Church's answer to such criticism was that the new cathedral would not imitate the gigantic buildings of the communist era, but would "correct them, through a decent and harmonious volumetry".[175] The presence of the cathedral in the area with the Parliament of Romania, the Ministry of National Defense and the Romanian Academy, is seen as a dialogue and necessity for the benefit of the national homeland.[85]

Historical dates edit

Consecration edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inauguration of the People's Salvation Cathedral.

On 23 November 2018, the Ecumenical Patriarch arrived in Romania to lead the consecration of the People's Salvation Cathedral which was planned on Sunday 25 November; the Ecumenical Patriarch was officially welcomed by Patriarch Daniel of Romania.[176][177][178][179] In his welcoming speech, Patriarch Daniel talked about the "spiritual connection between the Ecumenical Patriarchate, Mother-Church, and the Romanian Orthodox Church, Daughter-Church"[180]

On 24 November, at the Patriarchal Residence in Bucharest, during the meeting of the synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Daniel of Romania made a speech to the Ecumenical Patriarch, thanking him for the cooperation between the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate.[181][182] During the same meeting, the Ecumenical Patriarch made a speech to the Romanian Orthodox synod, stating that he was "sure the Romanian Orthodox Church will be involved in preserving the church unity and justice."[183][184][185]

 
Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I (center-red),
Patriarch Daniel of Romania (center) and
Metropolitan Chrysostomos of Patras (center-back)

On Sunday 25 November, the Ecumenical Patriarch with Patriarch Daniel of Romania and Metropolitan Chrysostomos of Patras consecrated together the People's Salvation Cathedral with myrrh and holy water.[43][44][45] At the big event, the consecration was held in the presence of 60 bishops by Romania and other Orthodox countries, together with 40 hegumens and protopopes, to mark the Centenary of Romania.

The Ecumenical Patriarch chaired the first liturgy of the Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral.[46][66][186][187] Both the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I and the Patriarch Daniel of Romania led the church service this day; it was the very first church service in the cathedral.[47][187][66][188][189][190] During his homily at the cathedral, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew said he was "connected" to Patriarch Daniel of Romania with his "old personal, pure and sincerely tested friendship, but also with the unshaken, brotherly love in Christ and good understanding."[191] On 26 November, Patriarch Bartholomew went back to Istanbul.[192] Thousands of people travelled from all parts of the country to attend the consecration, disregarding the cold weather and waiting times to get a chance to enter the cathedral. Although they travelled hundreds of kilometres to participate in the consecration of the National Cathedral, the cathedral appeared to them as a chimney shrouded in fog, which they had to look at from afar, climbing on fences and surrounded by the gendarmes.[193]

 
The Document of Consecration

The Ecumenical Patriarch and Patriarch Daniel signed the Document of Consecration.[194]

The presence of Patriarch Bartholomew and the absence of Patriarch Kiril of Moscow at the cathedral inauguration "appears to suggest that Romania is siding with Constantinople in the dispute."[195] To the questions: "Will Patriarch Kiril in Romania come to the sanctification of the painting?" and "How will the presence of His Holiness Bartholomew I affect the relationship between the ROC [Romanian Orthodox Church] and the Russian Patriarchate [Russian Orthodox Church]?", the Romanian Patriarchate spokesman Vasile Bănescu[196] answered: "I am absolutely convinced that Patriarch Kiril will return to Romania on the occasion of the sanctification of the painting and will not withdraw because the ROC had the wisdom to plead for a dialogue to heal the wound of this separation between the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Patriarchate of Moscow and All Russia. [...] We hope that this relationship, currently interrupted, will be resumed. The Romanian Patriarchate has a natural relationship with the Moscow Patriarchate and there are no tensions at the moment"[197]

Pope Francis edit

 
Pope Francis (left, in white, with a zucchetto) and Patriarch Daniel (right, in white, wearing a klobuk)

On 31 May 2019, Pope Francis arrived in Romania, visiting the cathedral the same day.[198][199][60] Pope Francis expressed the hope that "Romania can always be a home of all, a place of meeting, a garden in which reconciliation and communion flourish." The pope emphasized brotherhood and communion among all who prayed to the same Heavenly Father. He said: "Each time we pray, we ask that our trespasses, our debts, be forgiven. This takes courage, for it means that we must forgive the trespasses of others, the debts that others have incurred in our regard. We need to find the strength to forgive our brother or sister from the heart (Mt 18:35), even as you, Father, forgive our trespasses: to leave the past behind us and, together, to embrace the present. Help us, Father, not to yield to fear, not to see openness as a threat, to find the strength to forgive each other and move on, and the courage not to settle for a quiet life but to keep seeking, with transparency and sincerity, the face of our brothers and sisters[200]... I come as a pilgrim desirous of seeing the Lord's Face in the faces of my Brothers."[201]

See also edit

Romania edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The cathedral is projected for over 20,000 people in the main cathedral building and underground galleries. A total of 7,000 people/worshipers can attend the holy liturgy at the same time, with 1,000 choirs, clergy and 6,000 pilgrims in the main cathedral building. The underground chapel could accommodate 5,000 pilgrims/people, and the underground St.Andrew's Cave gallery could accommodate over 10,000 pilgrims/people.
  2. ^ Saint Isaac's Cathedral in Saint Petersburg, although slightly larger in gross area (7,000 square meters, including the colonnades), has a smaller internal (net) area (4,000 square meters).

References edit

  1. ^ (reportage with Vasile Bănescu, the BOR spokesperson) (26 January 2024). "So far, the People's Salvation Cathedral has cost 230 million euros, but need a lot more money". www.observatornews.ro (in Romanian). Antena-Observator. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Patriarhul anunță destinația unui spațiu subteran al Catedralei Naționale: Peștera citadină a Sf. Andrei". Romanian Patriarhate (Basilica.ro) (in Romanian).
  3. ^ a b P., A. (5 December 2019). "Cea mai înaltă biserică ortodoxă din lume". Atlas-geografic.net (in Romanian).
  4. ^ Raluca, Besliu (14 December 2018). "According to the Romanian patriarch, the cathedral will accommodate up to 8,000 people, with around 3,000 of those seated". Euronews.com.
  5. ^ a b c "The largest Orthodox cathedral in the world (dimensions)". Observatornews.ro (in Romanian). 24 November 2018.
  6. ^ Vlad, Fiscuțean (25 November 2018). "The top churches in the world: People's Salvation Cathedral, height 135 m and gross volume 323,000 m3". Dcnews.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  7. ^ Remus, Florescu (25 November 2018). "The dimensions of the People's Salvation Cathedral". Adevarul.ro.
  8. ^ Şantierul Catedralei Mântuirii Neamului (2010–2013) [The Shrine of the People's Salvation Cathedral (2010–2013)(the information is highlighted in the documentary made by the Romanian Patriarchate)] (DVD) (in Romanian). Patriarchate of Romania.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "O catedrală pentru capitală". Romanian Patriarhate (Catedralaneamului.ro) (in Romanian).
  10. ^ "The length of the underground chapel Saint Andrew's Cave is 140 m length (it's the same length as the cathedral stairs)". Romanian Patriarhate – Catedralaneamului.ro (in Romanian).
  11. ^ a b c Catinca, Irimia (1 March 2021). "Catedrala va avea o înălțime de 135 de metri pentru care constructorii au deja avizul Autorității Aeronautice". b365.ro (in Romanian).
  12. ^ a b c Prelipceanu, Cosmin (7 October 2016). "Detalii despre construcția Catedralei Mântuirii Neamului (interviu cu Nicolae Crângașu consilier patriarhal și Vasile Bănescu purtător de cuvânt al Patriarhiei Române)". Digi24 (in Romanian).
  13. ^ a b c d e "It is currently the largest orthodox church in the world, with its 6,000 m2". Business Review Romania. 23 November 2018.
  14. ^ S., T. (1 January 2018). "At the level floor-nave, which will accommodate 5000 people, the built area is 7200 square meters". Sursazilei.ro (in Romanian).
  15. ^ "Inginer Vasile Crăcăoanu, consilier patriarhal: Catedrala la nivelul podelei (cota naosului) are 7200 metri pătrați". Stirilekanald.ro (in Romanian). 10 January 2018.
  16. ^ a b "Ridicarea celui mai mare clopot pentru biserică din lume... lucrările pentru construcția de aproximativ 9.000 m2 au început în toamna anului 2010" (PDF) (in Romanian). Felbermayr Romania Holding (weight lifting company). 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g According to the cadastral plan (PUZ, scale 1:200) approved by Bucharest General Municipality, of the architecture company Vanel Exim SRL (April 2013), the company that designed the cathedral.
  18. ^ a b Călin Pena, Roland (19 November 2018). "Catedrala va avea înălţimea de 127 de metri faţă de sol, 120 de metri față de cota naosului şi 7 metri crucea". Evz.ro (in Romanian).
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Emilian, Apostolescu (8 February 2024). "(quote): The icon of the Savior Jesus Christ "Pantocrator", was transported on fragments to the quota +106 meters, (...) at the highest point of the place of worship". www.ziarullumina.ro (in Romanian). Ziarul Lumina (Patriarchy newspaper).
  20. ^ a b c d "Daniel Codrescu şi "Culorile Lui" (@TVR1) [Reportage about the dome of the People's Salvation Cathedral with Daniel Codrescu, the cathedral's main iconographer / subtitled 6:58-7:08 → "106 meters, I touched the ceiling of the cathedral"]". www.tvr.ro (in Romanian). TVR (national public television). 14 August 2023.
  21. ^ a b c "În firmamentul Catedralei Naționale la înălțimea de 106 metri, va fi pictată icoana Mântuitorului numită Pantocrator". Romanian Patriarchate (Official page of Romania's National Cathedral on Facebook) (in Romanian). 4 May 2023.
  22. ^ Sorin, Ionițe (12 April 2019). "Oficiul de Stat pentru Invenții și Mărci (OSIM): Catedrala Națională sau Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului – M04409 emisă în data de 03 noiembrie 2016". Romanian Patriarhate (Basilica.ro) (in Romanian).
  23. ^ a b "Heaviest building – THE PALACE OF THE PARLIAMENT". Guinness World Records.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Sorin, Ionițe (8 October 2021). "Catedrala Națională, de o valoare inestimabilă (Info)". Basilica.ro (in Romanian).
  25. ^ "Things to do in Bucharest: 18.People's Salvation Cathedral". Somethingoffreedom.com. 30 November 2018.
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Further reading edit

  • Noica, Nicolae St. (2011). Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului: istoria unui ideal. Bucharest: Basilica. ISBN 978-606-8141-57-2.
  • Lavinia Stan, Lucian Turcescu, "Politics, National Symbols and the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral," Europe-Asia Studies, November 2006, 58 (7) pp. 1119–1139.
  • Evans, Helen C. (2004). Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261–1557). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.). ISBN 978-0300102789.
  • Tateo, Giuseppe (2020). Under the Sign of the Cross: The People's Salvation Cathedral and the Church-Building Industry in Postsocialist Romania. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781789208597.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to People's Salvation Cathedral.
  • Consecration of the People's Salvation Cathedral – Trinitas (video)
  • (Official film) The great bell of the People's Salvation Cathedral
    (Eine Glocke für die Ewigkeit – Una campana para la eternidad) – 3SAT (author)
  • Catedralaneamului.ro
  • Arhiepiscopia Bucureștilor
  • Grassmayr

March 14, 2024
people, salvation, cathedral, romanian, catedrala, mântuirii, neamului, also, known, national, cathedral, romanian, catedrala, națională, eastern, orthodox, cathedral, under, construction, bucharest, serve, patriarchal, cathedral, romanian, orthodox, church, l. The People s Salvation Cathedral Romanian Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului also known as the National Cathedral Romanian Catedrala Națională is an Eastern Orthodox cathedral under construction in Bucharest to serve as the patriarchal cathedral of the Romanian Orthodox Church 22 It is located in central Bucharest on Spirea s Hill Arsenal Square facing the same courtyard as the Palace of Parliament which is the heaviest building in the world 23 the cathedral having a tenth of its weight and about 24 of its volume 24 Situated behind the Palace of Parliament this will make it 50 metres taller than the Palace and will help to make the cathedral an iconic landmark in the city 25 The People s Salvation Cathedral is 86 2 metres 283 ft above sea level and at 135 metres 443 ft height ground cross holds a dominant position in Bucharest s cityscape being visible from all approaches to the city 26 11 People s Salvation CathedralCatedrala Mantuirii NeamuluiPeople s Salvation Cathedral in December 202344 25 33 26 N 26 4 56 37 E 44 4259056 N 26 0823250 E 44 4259056 26 0823250Location13 September Ave 4 60 Sector 5 BucharestCountryRomaniaDenominationEastern OrthodoxWebsitecatedralaneamului wbr roHistoryStatusUnder constructionConsecrated25 November 2018ArchitectureStyleNeo ByzantineGroundbreaking15 December 2010Construction cost 230 mil January 2024 1 SpecificationsCapacity7 000 2 3 4 note 1 323 000 m3 5 6 7 8 Length126 1 m interior 9 140 7 m stairs 10 Width67 7 m 9 Nave width25 2 m width int 2 79 8 m length int Height127 1 m 135 m with the cross when completed 11 9 Nave height44 m interior 12 Floor area6 100 m2 13 14 15 8 400 m2 stairway 16 17 Number of domesDome 6 towers Bell towerDome height outer 127 1 m ground top lantern without the cross 11 18 120 3 m floor top lantern without the cross 9 Dome height inner 106 3 m floor dome ceiling 19 20 21 17 Dome diameter outer 29 4 m colonnade Dome diameter inner 16 8 m inner Wikimedia Commons has media related to People s Salvation Cathedral Bucharest It is the tallest and largest Eastern Orthodox church building by volume 27 28 29 30 31 and area 13 5 note 2 in the world The People s Salvation Cathedral will have the largest collection of church mosaics in the world interior decoration when it is completed having about 18 000 square meters including the mosaic of the altar is about 3 000 square meters 9 32 33 34 The mosaic of the National Cathedral contains glass tesserae from Venice and Carrara stone from Pietrasanta Italy 35 36 37 38 Also the People s Salvation Cathedral has the world s largest Orthodox iconostasis 23 8 meters length and 17 1 meters height and the world s largest free swinging church bell 33 39 40 The cathedral is dedicated to the Ascension of Christ which in Romania is celebrated as the Heroes Day and to Saint Andrew the Apostle protector of Romania 41 42 43 The cathedral was consecrated on 25 November 2018 by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Bartholomew I Patriarch Daniel of Romania and Metropolitan Chrysostomos gr of Patras from the Greek Orthodox Church 43 44 45 On the same day as the consecration the very first church service of the cathedral took place and was led by both Patriarch Bartholomew and Patriarch Daniel 46 47 The first patronal feast of the People s Salvation Cathedral was celebrated on 30 November on the day of Saint Andrew the First Called and the Liturgy was officiated by Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem and Patriarch Daniel of Romania 48 49 The first Te Deum of the cathedral was celebrated on 1 December 2018 50 Contents 1 Cathedral records 2 History 2 1 Dedicated holidays 2 2 Construction 3 Architecture 3 1 Mosaics 3 2 Nave 3 3 Apses Nave and Arces 3 4 Dome and Roof 3 4 1 Exterior including Towers Bell tower 3 4 2 Interior 3 5 Iconostasis 3 5 1 Crucifix 3 6 Altar 3 7 Courtyard 3 8 Underground galleries 3 9 Bells 4 Criticism 4 1 Use of primarily public funds 4 2 Association to the communist era 5 Historical dates 5 1 Consecration 5 2 Pope Francis 6 See also 6 1 Romania 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksCathedral records editPeople s Salvation Cathedral is the largest by volume 323 000 m3 and area 6 000 m2 the tallest 127 m at the moment and longest 126 m Eastern Orthodox Church building in the world It is also one of the largest church buildings in the world 51 27 13 is the tallest domed cathedral and the 3rd tallest domed church building in the world 135 m when completed 127 m at the moment 26 52 53 It also has the tallest top dome outside 121 m in the world without the lantern and the cross 54 55 56 has the tallest unpenetrated without oculus dome in the world 106 m inside 19 20 21 54 will have the largest mosaic collection interior decoration in the world when it is completed 18 000 m2 9 has the tallest 44 m inside widest 25 2 m inside and longest 80 m inside Eastern Orthodox church nave in the world It is the 2nd widest and 8th tallest among all naves in the world only 2 meters lower than the nave of St Peter s Basilica which is the second tallest nave in the world 12 57 58 has the largest free swinging church bell in the world 25 2 tons 59 has the largest iconostasis in the world 407 m2 39 has hosted the largest number of religious leaders the Pope the Ecumenical Patriarch the Patriarch of Jerusalem and the Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church among all church buildings in the world 60 46 48 History editThe idea of a national cathedral first emerged following the Romanian War of Independence 1877 1878 which was mainly fought between the Russian and Ottoman Empires The church was to symbolise the victory of Orthodox Christians over the Ottoman Muslims The idea was shelved for lack of consensus on design location and funding 61 The Unification of the Romanian Principalities in 1859 entailed a unitary organisation of church structures in Moldavia and Wallachia within the Holy Synod 1872 thus the assembly of hierarchs increased to 12 members including the Primate Metropolitan chairman the Metropolitan of Moldavia and their suffragan bishops of Ramnic Buzău Argeș Roman Huși and Lower Danube Galați and one auxiliary vicar bishop for every diocese 62 The old Metropolitan Cathedral had proved overcrowded especially during the national holidays such as the Proclamation of the Kingdom of Romania and the crowning of King Carol I of Romania 10 May 1881 when none of the over one hundred churches in Bucharest was able to receive those who would have wanted to participate in the official service Therefore at King Carol I s desire Romania s Assembly of Deputies and the Senate voted in favour of the Law no 1750 on the construction of the Cathedral Church in Bucharest promulgated by King Carol I on 5 June 1884 63 On 10 May 1920 King Ferdinand I sent a Royal letter to Archbishop Miron Cristea the first Metropolitan Primate of Greater Romania supporting the project but this had no effect In 1925 after the Romanian Orthodox Church became an independent patriarchate Metropolitan Cristea now newly enthroned as the first Patriarch of All Romania suggested Carol Park as a site but Bibescu Vodă Square Unirii Square was chosen instead There in 1929 a cross calvary was raised Lack of funds meant the construction was postponed and later forgotten 61 The process was stopped due to the economic crisis World War II and then the establishment of the communist regime in Romania citation needed Patriarch Teoctist was the one who re launched the project of building a National Cathedral in this sense sanctifying a cross on 5 February 1999 as the cornerstone of the future cathedral in the place of Unirii Square that had previously been sanctified by Patriarch Miron Cristea Meanwhile there had been an epochal event which was the visit by Pope John Paul II to Romania 7 9 May 1999 64 On 16 February 2005 the Bucharest City Hall proposed to the Patriarchate as the most suitable place to be available for the structure which was the Arsenal Hill considered the highest place in Bucharest Following the Patriarchate s approval the Government of Romania promoted the Ordinance no 19 17 March 2005 for the building of the People s Salvation Cathedral Then the Chamber of Deputies voted to give the building site of 110 000 m2 to the Romanian Patriarchate by the protocol of 13 February 2006 64 The Arsenal Hill was recommended after three other locations were proposed at different stages Piața Unirii 1999 Alba Iulia Square 2001 Carol Park 2004 Three churches were demolished Alba Postăvari Spirea Veche and Izvorul Tămăduirii and two churches had been moved Schitul Maicilor and Mihai Vodă by the communist regime to build Centrul Civic the Civic Centre and the Palace of the Parliament Romanian Palatul Parlamentului previously known as the House of the People Romanian Casa Poporului 65 The cornerstone for the construction of the People s Salvation Cathedral was sanctified on 29 November 2007 being officiated by Patriarch Daniel the sixth Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church 65 Building began in 2010 and after almost a decade of construction the cathedral was consecrated on 25 November 2018 The consecration was held in the presence of 100 priests including 60 bishops Special guests were the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Bartholomew I and Metropolitan Chrysostomos of Patras 66 Approximately 55 000 people attended at the Divine Liturgy which took place inside the cathedral just after its consecration 67 Dedicated holidays edit The Ascension of God is the first celebration of the day because it is also the day of the Romanian heroes of all time and of all places and the second is the celebration of Saint Apostle Andrew the first called Protector of Romania Patriarch Daniel said about the first celebration The homage to the memory of the Romanian heroes during World War I who fought for national freedom unity and dignity must be today a source of inspiration and renewal for patriotic Romanians That is why the main dedication of the People s Salvation Cathedral is the Lord s Ascension when we celebrate the Day of Heroes Thus besides the practical necessity of the future National Cathedral this is also a national spiritual symbol being dedicated to the worship of those who have sacrificed themselves for the defense of the homeland and the Orthodox ancestral faith and for the freedom of the Romanian people 68 Patriarch Daniel said about the second celebration This building will be a symbol of national unity because the feast of Saint Apostle Andrew which was placed the day before the National Day on 1 December shows that the national unity has settled with us on the Romanians primarily on spiritual unity on unity of faith thought and sentiment Our church greatly contributed to the development of the Romanian language and Romanian culture 69 Construction edit nbsp People s Salvation Cathedral commencement Romanian Patriarchy launched on 28 December 2009 the tender for the selection of the project of the People s Salvation Cathedral The design proposal should include the feasibility study SF and the technical documentation for the construction authorization DTAC The delivery term of the documentation accompanied by the proposed model layout was established on 31 May 2010 In June the Patriarchal Commission for coordination and verification of design works together with the technical subcommittees for evaluation on architecture resilience and facilities specialties analyzed the projects presented and determined the scores obtained by the participants Later between 30 June and 1 July 2010 the commission of final evaluation of projects under the chairmanship of Patriarch Daniel met at the Patriarchal Palace Vanel Exim based in Bacău was chosen for the architectural design of the cathredal 70 nbsp Construction in 2015 On 2 September 2010 the building s construction permit was obtained 71 The works officially started on 15 December 2010 with the breakdown of the axes of the building 72 In January 2011 works were being done on the slurry walls and starting April the excavation of the soil inside them began the anchors were executed the leveling concrete was poured the slurry walls were covered with polystyrene and then because the underground water level is approximately 14 17 meters below land surface the waterproofing was done with lead metal sheets 72 On 28 June 2011 the contract with Bog Art for the construction of the building s foundation was concluded 71 In December 2011 the first layer of concrete was poured for the building s structure 73 and in June 2013 the building s foundation was completed 74 On 22 July 2013 the contract was concluded with the Austrian company Strabag for the construction of the superstructure of the building 75 In June 2015 the height of the structure was raised by more than half nbsp Construction in 2021 The wall of the cathedral from outside to inside has the following structure hollow bricks flexible reinforcements metal bars rigid metal structure welded sheets metal reinforcement flexible reinforcements and solid bricks For the People s Salvation Cathedral were used 145 000 cubic meters of concrete and 35 000 tons of reinforcement 24 They were also used 6 200 cubic meters of solid bricks produced at Campulung Muscel and 7 800 cubic meters hollow bricks produced at Targu Jiu For the solid bricks was used clay from the Grui hill near Campulung Muscel The total weight of the bricks used for the People s Salvation Cathedral is 22 000 tons The bricks used are absorbent so that with the application of the first layer of plaster due to the porosity of the brick there is adhesion between the mortar layer and the brick When the bricks are hit they make a glass sound 76 77 nbsp Chapel Energy efficiency is assured by massive walls of resistance and brick used on the inside and outside of them The cathedral is designed to withstand earthquakes of 9 on the Richter scale 78 The plan of the cathedral complex includes a cathedral building below the cathedral building a soup kitchen with capacity for 1 000 two hotels and parking for about 500 cars 79 The cathedral should receive its final touch the paintwork by 2025 according to the Romanian Orthodox Church 80 The chapel of the cathedral was built in 2011 exclusively from sponsorships In this chapel there are liturgical services for the good works of the People s Salvation Cathedral for the workers but also for the founders and donors In the chapel is a copy of the Icon Theotokos Acheiropoieta Prodromiţa from the Romanian Skete Prodromos in Mount Athos Also here is the reliquary with the relics of Saint John Chrysostom the 37th archbishop of Constantinople 81 Architecture edit nbsp Plan footprint nbsp Plan front The design of the new cathedral was debated by parties including the Romanian Senate and the Mayor of Bucharest The winning design featured elements of architectural details from all the Romanian provinces and territories in an area that would make the cathedral complex one of the largest religious sites in the world The cathedral is projected for over 20 000 people in the main cathedral building and underground galleries A total of 7 000 worshipers can attend the holy liturgy at the same time with a 1 000 member choir clergy and 6 000 pilgrims in the main cathedral building The underground chapel could accommodate 5 000 pilgrims and the underground St Andrew s Cave gallery could accommodate over 10 000 pilgrims In the whole complex could accommodate 125 000 visitors on an area of 11 hectares and in the piazza could accommodate 43 000 visitors 24 82 2 The main cathedral has 6 050 square meters floor nave and with stairway has 8 400 square meters 13 16 The plan of cathedral is 126 metres 413 ft long 68 metres 223 ft width and 135 metres 443 ft ground level height The main building is elevated 6 8 metres 22 ft with the basement area extending to 17 metres 56 ft below ground level The basement area which extending below the ground level has 7 200 square meters 83 84 The volume of the cathedral is 323 000 cubic meters and with the pedestal is 595 000 cubic meters 24 5 In January 2018 the Patriarchate requested portfolios with mosaics made by painters from all over Romania throughout their careers the winner will make the mosaic of the National Cathedral The iconographer Daniel Codrescu won and together with his team he started working in February The team has about 60 people most are top specialists in iconography and mosaic art and a few apprentice students They work in the workshop and on the construction site After the iconographic scenes are made painted and chosen the model of the tesserae by Daniel Codrescu the drawings are sent to the Romanian Patriarchate for approval then part of the team makes the mosaic with millions of tesserae according to the drawings and finally the rest of the team assembles the mosaic on wall 80 Along with the Palace of Parliament the Romanian Academy the Ministry of National Defense the cathedral can be seen as a vertical axis or a unifying pole for these buildings in a unitary and representative urban ensemble Also the cathedral located on Spirea s Hill Arsenal Square near the Ministry of National Defense can be considered the Cathedral of Romanian heroes of all times who sacrificed themselves for the defense of the homeland 85 Mosaics edit nbsp Iconostasis According to the iconographic plan the mosaics of the cathedral show the historical basis of the Orthodox Church thus the iconography of the cathedral includes the Church of the Apostolic Age rendered by the representation of the twelve Apostles the Church of the Patristic Age of the holy fathers from the Greek Syriac Latin and Slavic Churches and the Romanian Orthodox Church old and contemporary In addition to the saints from the universal church on the walls of the cathedral will be represented the great saints of the Romanian nation Also certain spaces inside the cathedral will be dedicated to the confessors saints from the Romanian communist prisons such as the priests Stăniloae Sofian Cleopa Partenie Gherasim and others 86 The mosaic of the cathedral is made according to the hesychastic tradition and in the Neo Byzantine style The architecture of the cathedral is a synthesis between tradition and contemporaneity through national architectural elements such as Brancovenesc porches Transylvanian towers and Moldavian niches Romanian ocnițe 85 87 For the mosaic of the People s Salvation Cathedral is mainly used glass made in Venice and Carrara stone 38 The Murano glass is processed by the Venetian foundries Orsoni and Mosaici Dona Murano 36 The Orsoni foundry produce 24K gold leaf mosaics blown gold and Venetian smalti in more than 3 500 colors The smalti Orsoni was used in the decoration of the St Mark s Basilica Sagrada Familia or Washington Basilica 35 The Carrara stone was used in many sculptures of the Renaissance such as Michelangelo s Pieta 88 and in the mosaic technique The gold glass was chosen after the glass used at St Mark s Basilica being lighter in color Murano glass from Orsoni Venezia was used to restore the St Mark s Basilica the same company that supply the glass to the People s Salvation Cathedral 89 nbsp Annunciation The tesserae are made of colored glass The gold glass on the side from the wall they are green blue to better reflect the light on the golden side from the viewer First the figures were drawn and then painted in the mirror on a paper support and over them was mounted the mosaic with the gold layer facing inside towards the painted support After applying the mosaic painting on the wall and cleaning the paper support on which it had been mirror mounted the mosaic remains mounted with the golden part of the tesserae towards the onlooker 90 For soldering is used a natural glue made of water and flour which after fixing on the wall will be easy to soak and wash with the paper on which it was glued In Byzantium lime mixed with sand was used which dried quickly which did not allow very detailed finishes 91 Making a square meter are used approximately 16 kg of mosaic involves joining about 10 000 tesserae applied with a special cement based adhesive working 4 7 days to arrange them according to the difficulty and size of the pixelization 91 For the People s Salvation Cathedral will require about 400 tons of tesserae covering an area of 25 000 square meters 92 93 33 Nave edit nbsp nbsp Nave and the secondary cupola The vaulted nave reaches an interior height of 44 meters 12 being the Orthodox church with the highest interior nave and among the highest in the world With nave width of 25 2 meters 2 People s Salvation Cathedral is the church building with the second widest nave in the world after St Peter s Basilica in Vatican City 27 m 94 Hagia Sophia in Istanbul has bigger span wall to wall 31 m but it has not a nave in the strict sense The main hall of the cathedral has 2 800 square meters floor nave with 79 8 meters colonnade iconostasis by 65 1 meters apses and the square of the central space below the dome where rests on four vaults occupies 635 square meters If the main door of the cathedral and the door of the iconostasis are open a person who is at the entrance colonnade sees the altar table at 105 meters and if he is in the middle of the naos the area under the main dome from the floor at 106 meters sees the ceiling of the dome Pantocrator 17 nbsp Rușchița marble The floor of the cathedral will be covered with marble from Rușchița the best marble in Romania 95 This marble has been used for many famous buildings Romanian Parliament Building Milan Cathedral Hungarian Parliament Building Istana Nurul Iman etc The eagle in the Oval Office at the White House one of the American symbols is white Rușchița marble 96 Rușchița is the most renowned marble deposit in Romania The quarry is located in Caraș Severin County south of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains The marble from Rușchița is subsequently processed at Simeria where the final product is made 97 The marble models used mainly for the cathedral are Rușchița Classico and Rușchița Champagne The Rușchița Classico has a white yellow color and the Rușchița Champagne has a white pinkish color 98 77 Inside the cathedral is used Rușchița marble up to 4 meters height and the marble for the access steps of the cathedral has 7 cm thickness 99 nbsp Vratsa stone Vratsa marble from Bulgaria it is used outside the cathedral up to 7 meters height Vratsa stone is also used for window and door frames for the hardness of the stone 99 For the interior decorations in the nave and altar Carrara marble is used 37 38 100 It is quarried from the Apuan Alps mountains near the city of Pietrasanta Italy 37 Carrara marble is a type of marble popular for use in building decor The marble from Carrara was used for some of the most remarkable buildings in Ancient Rome 101 such as Pantheon and other notable construction such as Siena Cathedral Legislative Palace of Uruguay Glasgow City Chambers Finlandia Hall and the Akshardham New Delhi The National Cathedral has 27 bronze doors with iconographic representations Some bronze doors are 2 7 meters width with 5 meters height and other bronze doors are 2 7 meters width with 6 35 meters height at the arch 102 A single door has 4 tons These are coordinated by a computer system that command the automatic opening of the doors in case of alarm The doors were made at Sussen by Strassacker The same company also made the bronze crosses on the towers Initially six companies from Austria and six companies from Germany were contacted and finally the company from Sussen was chosen The bas reliefs of the saints are life size 103 77 Over 50 saints are represented on the doors of the cathedral At the entrance on the main doors is the Mother of God and the Savior Jesus Christ On the doors are represented martyrs hierarchs including over twenty Romanian saints In 2017 Patriarch Daniel said that the cathedral belongs to all Romanian saints from all parts of the country 104 The People s Salvation Cathedral has a total of 396 windows that were made in Belgium by the company Reynaers treated electrochemically by anodizing and assembled in Ploiești 24 77 The largest window of the cathedral the stained glass window at the entrance with the scene of the Ascension of Christ is 90 square meters in area and cost 200 000 euros 24 105 Apses Nave and Arces edit nbsp Southern Apse In 2022 the Nativity of Jesus scene having 178 square meters was completed in the southern apse and in February 2024 the apse and arch were completed 106 19 The south apse s registries below the conch are four in number The two upper registers of the hemicycle are related to the family theme among which the Visitation Adoration of the magi Joseph s dream flight into Egypt presentation of Jesus at the temple Jesus blessing the children wedding at Cana census of Quirinius and others 107 The two lower registers of the hemicycle contain saints and Romanian rulers ro domni The south apse s arch contains three registers Christian martyrs below Jesus at the age of twelve in the temple middle and the tree of Jesse upper 108 19 nbsp nbsp The altar and triumphal arch The vaulted nave reaches an inner height at the arches supporting the dome of 40 35 meters 109 The triumphal arch between the altar and nave includes the iconographic representation of twelve Old Testament Prophets the venerable Melchizedek along with the throne of Hetoimasia and the representation of the heavenly powers Cherubim Seraphim and Angels The prophets shown in medallions of 1 8 meters hold in their hands symbolic representations anticipating Theotokos and the foreshadowing of the incarnation of the Lord Jesus Christ 106 The main mosaic of the triumphal arch is Hetoimasia gr ἑtoimasia also known as the throne of the Last Judgment or the Second Coming The scene contains the dove of the Holy Spirit the spear and sponge on a stick the nails from the cross and crown of thorns An empty throne with a Gospel Book on it was being placed in the chamber of church councils to represent Christ at the First Council of Ephesus in 431 The scene is inspired by the painted church exterior at Voroneţ Monastery in Romania 1547 110 111 112 On the mosaic Hetoimasia s edge is written gr Ps 88 en Ps 89 Justice and judgment are the habitation of Thy throne mercy and truth shall go before Thy face Dome and Roof edit Exterior including Towers Bell tower edit nbsp nbsp Dome Towers and Bell tower The windows framework is Vratsa stone decorated in Brancovenesc art The dominant feature is the huge elongated dome which will have a total height of 135 meters ground top cross 26 and will become the third tallest domed church in the world after Basilica of Our Lady of Peace and St Peter s Basilica 55 54 113 It also has the tallest outer dome in the world without the lantern cross with 121 1 meters At the lantern s top the cathedral rises to 127 1 meters from the ground 18 17 The Pantocrator cupola of the People s Salvation Cathedral has 106 3 meters height from the floor 19 20 21 surpasses the interior height dome of St Peter s Basilica which has 101 8 meters from the floor of the basilica 56 114 The diameter of cupola is 16 8 meters inside with 18 meters concrete making a hemispherical shape and the concrete dome was completed on 24 May 2019 115 99 The dome is surrounded by six towers and at the western end is the bell tower or campanile 86 8 meters height crossless which contains the world s largest free swinging church bell 40 The overall style is Romanian revival a synthesis of Renaissance revival through the high dome Romanesque through the facade with towers and Neo Byzantine through the bell tower 116 Both the dome and the hexadecagonal outer cupola are a feature inspired by the tempietto shape of the St Peter s Basilica The outer dome s facade has some similarities to the northern facade and choir of the Sacre Cœur Paris Basilica In the Romanian space among sources of landmark are several buildings The dome s peristyle surrounded by sixteen arches the six upper octagonal towers with squared basis three linear moulding around the building find at the Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral Cluj Napoca The bell tower s facade with the porch and the Byzantine compound dome with two rows of pendentives find at the Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral 117 118 Also from the Coronation Cathedral Alba Iulia find the arches cornice and the robust facade of the bell tower by side buttresses The portal with the bell tower s rosette and the porch resemble that of the Antim Monastery and the Cașin Church in Bucharest nbsp Roof Lantern The dome is set on a rectangular octagonal shaped drum which has 1 350 square meters Around the dome is a row of circular shields adorned with the cross of Saint Andrew 119 The main part to visit is the dome s peristyle with sixteen arches supported on each side by continuous colonnade with a circumference of 93 meters around the dome and 29 4 meters in diameter The arcades are supported by scallop capital of simplified Corinthian order The capital together with its abacus have octagonal shape in the towers and bell tower and at the dome have hexadecagonal shape 120 The large stained glass windows will be mounted around the dome each measuring 11 45 meters height by 1 35 meters width 121 Above the peristyle is the belvedere dome surrounded by a balustraded balcony at 97 8 meters height from the ground behind a small semioval windows Above this attic rises the cupola covered with gilded copper and ribbed in accordance with the spacing of the columns The outside cupola is pierced by sixteen small skylight just below the lantern but these are barely visible from the ground level by an onlooker The inner connection cupola lantern is achieved by a spiral metallized staircase The roof sheet is a CuAl5Zn5 alloy Tecu Gold where copper has 91 55 99 99 purity and 8 45 aluminium bronze and was made by the German company KME The copper sheet area used for the cathedral is 19 913 square meters 122 123 Interior edit nbsp nbsp Inside the Dome The inner dome consists of two parts supported by two rows of pendentives with a total area of 4 200 square meters and the highest point of the dome s ceiling rises 106 25 meters above the floor of the nave 124 19 20 The upper dome having 2 830 square meters with a diameter of 16 8 meters is supported by pendentives at 52 75 meters height and will consists the mosaics Christ Pantocrator and the registers of the nine heavenly powers 125 17 The lower dome with a diameter of 25 2 meters is supported by pendentives at 40 35 meters height having 1 370 square meters which will include scenes from the Savior s life Theotokos and the holy apostles prophets hierarchs 126 nbsp Pantocrator The Pantocrator cupola has about 450 square meters of which the Pantocrator mosaic represents 150 square meters and the surface s rest is represented by the mosaic of the nine heavenly powers With a diameter of 12 meters of which the face is 4 5 meters the making of the Pantocrator mosaic required over six months and 2 4 tons of tesserae were used 127 128 In February 2024 began assembling of the Pantocrator mosaic on the dome s ceiling at the highest point of the worship s place and the dome s mosaic will be finished in 2025 Christ is wearing a blue mantle and a purple robe he is the King of kings and shows strength austerity and almighty The arched eyebrows accentuate the horizontal lines of the arms and the nose that intersects with the horizontal lines creates a symbolic cross Around the Pantocrator mosaic are two quotations from gr Ps 79 en Ps 80 O God o God look down from heaven and behold and visit this vineyard which Thy right hand hath planted and it perfects her and gr Ps 32 en Ps 33 The Lord looketh from heaven He beholdeth all Amen 19 The Pantocrator mosaic is mainly inspired by the mosaics from the mosaic Deesis Dehsis Prayer in Hagia Sophia located in the upper south gallery dating back to 1261 from the southern dome of the Chora church and from the dome of Daphni monastery an eleventh century Byzantine architecture monastery 129 Iconostasis edit nbsp The iconostasis of the People s Salvation Cathedral with the size of 23 8 meters length and 17 1 meters height is the largest Orthodox iconostasis in the world 39 It has an area of 407 square meters and is covered with over 4 million tesserae of mosaic weighing 8 tons and with the adhesive 10 tons 130 The iconostasis is covered with mosaic on both sides having 800 square meters of mosaics and is made of reinforced concrete with a thickness of 1 26 meters 33 131 102 The royal doors has an inner vaulted of 4 28 meters height with 2 50 meters width the edge of the gate being covered with 12 4 tons of Onyx stone 132 Age old since the world began the onyx is the first gemstone which find in the pages of the Old Testament in the Garden of Eden Genesis 2 12 133 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp For the realization of the iconostasis of the cathedral in Bucharest a team of over 45 mosaic and fresco specialists worked for ten months 39 The leader of this team was iconographer Daniel Codrescu Originally the team had thought of marble frames for each large icon but because the weight of the material could have affected the structure of the iconostasis resistance the idea was abandoned This iconostasis is made entirely of mosaic and fresco in Byzantine style The team involved in the project was divided into two groups the first involved in making the mosaics in the workshop and the second in fitting them on the stonework Iconographer Daniel Codrescu said Everything is worked in the smallest details The team tried to take the realization to another level of greatness With the help of God this monumental work is a gift to the Centenary of Romania This iconostasis is the summary of the kingdom of heavens 134 The front of the iconostasis has 45 icons placed on four registers 135 The first register has six royal icons the second register has thirteen icons with royal feasts the third register has the icon of the Holy Trinity center and the twelve Apostles and the fourth register has the Theotokos center and the twelve Prophets of the Old Testament On the four side doors are the four archangels and on the royal door are the Annunciation and the four Evangelists 136 The royal icons have the dimensions of 2 15 meters width with 3 75 meters height and an area of 8 square meters All icons of the iconostasis have a total of 130 portraits 137 The rear face of the iconostasis contains three registers The upper register in the center contains the Last Supper represented by the liturgical variant in the hemicycle altar through the Partaking of the Apostles On the left is Jesus Christ washing the feet of the disciples It is a ritual practiced on Holy Thursday Maundy Thursday On the right are two scenes the road to Emmaus appearance and the Supper at Emmaus The middle and lower registers have nineteen Romanian saints hierarchs pious and priests The iconostasis and the altar are joined by two walls each with three saints 90 nbsp Iconostasis Holy Trinity Commonly on the iconostasis are four royal icons but here we have six which has helped us to represent the two patronal feasts Ascension of the Lord and Saint Apostle Andrew On the left is placed the icons of Saint Nicholas and Saint John the Baptist two of the most beloved saints in Romanian space Like a peculiarity in the registry of the Saints Apostles is represented the Holy Trinity which in this case occupies the place of the Judge Right The latter has been moved to the royal icon of the Savior Jesus Christ Together with the icon of the Theotokos and Saint John the Baptist is symbolized the Deesis icon The Holy Trinity was chosen by Patriarch Daniel to emphasize the Scripture quote that says Going teach all nations baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit Matthew 28 19 The Saints Apostles preach the teaching of the Holy Trinity being the representatives who baptizes the nations 138 At each entrance to the altar above the five doors from right to left is written 1st door Behold a door standing open in heaven Revelation 4 2nd door God of life open the doors of repentance to me that my spirit sighs at Your holy church Horologion central door Peace be to you John 20 4th door Blessed Virgin Theotokos open to us the door of mercy so that those who trust in you may not perish Triodion 5th door He brought me by way of the north gate to the front of the temple and I looked and behold the glory of the Lord filled the temple of the Lord Ezekiel 44 Crucifix edit nbsp nbsp Crucifix front and rear In December 2021 the Crucifix was placed on the iconostasis after structure was made in August The cross and the two side mosaics ro Molenii were made between 2018 2021 by the iconographer Daniel Codrescu along with other nine mosaic specialists 139 The Crucifix with a height of 4 3 meters and with the pedestal 5 meters rising to 23 meters from the floor of the cathedral 109 In the side attendant of the Crucifix are the mosaics of the Theotokos and Saint John the Apostle On the face behind the Crucifix is a pelican with chicks and at the bottom is a quote from the second ode of the Lord s Lamentations at the Burial ro Prohod Like a pelican You hurt yourself into your rib O Saviour You gave your life for your sons who died spreading living springs over them The image of the mother pelican feeding her chicks with his blood is rooted in an ancient legends which preceded Christianity The pelican is a symbol of the Passion of Jesus for Christianity and the Eucharist in the East and in the West 140 141 A copy of this pelican on the back of the crucifix can be seen in Bălăneanu Iancu Nou Church Bucharest in the form of a circular mosaic imprinted on the nave s floor 142 On the back of the mosaic Theotokos writes upon Thy right hand did stand the queen embellished in a golden vestment and too beautify gr Ps 44 en Ps 45 and on the back of the mosaic John the Apostle writes thine Own of thine Own we offer unto Thee on behalf of all and for all Anaphora Liturgy Byzantine Rite The sides of the cross are decorated with a golden interlace ornament braided on a red background The interlace recalls the archaic motif of the braided rope as a symbol of eternal life The red decoration signifies the blood sacrificed on the cross and the royal power of the Lord Among the sources of inspiration are the crucifix paintings from Studenica Monastery 1208 Moldovița Monastery 1532 and the crucifixes of Cimabue and Giotto 143 Altar edit nbsp nbsp The vaulted apse altar reaches an interior height of 42 2 meters from the floor of cathedral and the altar s mosaic including iconostasis is about 3 000 square meters 32 17 The floor of the altar where the Holy Liturgy are held is 330 square meters and with the altar ambulatory is 440 square meters The iconography of the altar excluding iconostasis comprises five sections the apse and the hemicycle of the altar with three central registers and the vestment wall 32 nbsp Tesserae for the Mother of God s mantle On 7 May 2019 99 the Theotokos Platytera gr Platytera twn Oyranwn higher than the heavens icon was completed in the apse altar It is the largest mosaic of Theotokos in the world having 16 meters height and 150 square meters 102 144 145 The idea he started is the Theotokos mosaic from the Hagia Sophia but larger in size than this Following the conversion of the Hagia Sophia to a mosque the coordinator of the team of iconographers Daniel Codrescu expressed his wish that the Theotokos of National Cathedral from Bucharest will symbolically replace the Theotokos from Constantinople 102 It is a synthesis according to the Romanian soul with elements from several well known icons Daniel Codrescu explained 144 To make the Platytera mosaic one million pieces of mosaic were used 146 147 For the mantle of the Mother of God nine different colors of red were used 148 Below the Theotokos Platytera icon are nine windows through which light enters like the nine biblical ode emphasizing the description of the Queen of Heavens 102 The Theotokos Platytera icon is surrounded by the archangels Michael and Gabriel each having 13 meters height with 5 meters width and the wings 10 meters in length 148 145 The mosaic of the Theotokos and archangels is about 600 square meters 149 In June 2020 the mosaic of apse altar was completed having about 1 000 square meters 150 144 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp The altar registers below the apse altar are three in number The upper register of the hemicycle in the center contains the Tabernacle of the Congregation which was a foreshadowing of the Mother of God in the Old Testament On the left is the scene of Abraham s Sacrifice and on the right is the scene of Melchizedek s Tribute offering The middle register in the center contains the establishing of the New Testament through the Partaking of the Apostles On the left is the Holy Trinity in the version of Abraham s Hospitality gr Filo3enia and on the right is the Prophet Elijah fed by the ravens The lower register is dedicated to eighteen Romanian saints hierarchs The last section of the altar is the vestment wall which includes nine stained glass with saints 90 nbsp The mosaic of the Apostles Partaking is 22 meters in length by 7 meters in height and the Savior has a height of 4 meters The Eucharist also known as Holy Communion or the Lord s Supper is a symbolic scene of the Apostles Partaking 151 Angels with fans stand on either side of the Communion table To their left and right is the twice portrayed figure of Christ on the left is breaking bread on the right shares the wine and the disciples coming to Him from both sides Judas appears turned with his back on the Savior and the halo remains detached behind right side of the scene This iconographic detail is taken from Sucevița Monastery 152 Among the sources of inspiration is the mosaic in the altar of Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv 11th century but also by the Eucharist mosaic from the museum of the same cathedral which belonged to the demolished St Michael s Monastery in Kyiv 1113 153 154 The pathway in front of the iconostasis is 7 7 meters width at the upper soleas with 3 13 meters width at the lower end the soleas having 10 83 meters width and 270 square meters 155 The bema composed of altar and soleas has about 600 square meters for liturgical space The floor of the altar and soleas are covered with marble and Rușchița stone the models used being Muse Campagne Caffe Latte Sun Red White Sivec White Onyx stone and Yellow Onyx stone 132 Below the Holy Table of the altar are placed the relics fragments of the Saint Martyr Constantin Brancoveanu and the relics fragments of the saints martyrs from Niculițel Also inside the Holy Table there is a list of 350 000 names of the Romanian heroes from the First and Second World War 156 Courtyard edit nbsp Courtyard nbsp Portico The cathedral s courtyard has six annexes The most important annexes are the Saint John s House and Saint Paul s House 3 510 6 sq meters together for clergy pilgrims with rooms where they will take place the missionary cultural center with classrooms and seminars a library and exhibition spaces To the west of the cathedral will be placed two curved porticos 2 079 6 sq meters which marks the main entrance to the enclosure of the ensemble and two L shaped porticos 5 159 2 sq meters on either side of the esplanade Initially four cultural buildings were planned but later the plan was abandoned and the two buildings at the entrance have been turned into porticos 9 The esplanade of the cathedral is located above the underground gallery called St Andrew s Cave and implicitly has the same area of 15 581 square meters The esplanade without porticos the free side has 11 600 sq meters where over 23 000 people can gather One of the L shaped portico includes the pangar of the cathedral and the other portico includes the place where the candles burn Behind the cathedral on the left there will be a five hectare park where a monument dedicated to the Ascension of Christ will be arranged Part of the earth excavated at the foundation of the cathedral will be used for this monument 9 85 Underground galleries edit nbsp Underground chapel The cathedral has two large underground galleries In the underground chapel a total of 5 000 people can attend the holy liturgy at the same time and in the large polyvalent gallery under the cathedral esplanade called St Andrew s Cave can be accommodate over 7 000 people 9 The underground chapel has two levels which are connected to the main hall by colonnades arcades and stairs and has 7 200 square meters with 126 meters by 63 meters The chapel hall has eleven meters high and the same dimensions horizontally as the main hall of the cathedral except that it has no apse area With annexes the underground chapel has 13 668 square meters with 155 meters by 92 meters The gallery St Andrew s Cave has 15 581 square meters including annexes with 143 meters by 118 meters If a person walks through the entire underground gallery of the cathedral from west to east he has to walk 300 meters in a straight line The two large underground galleries together have approximately 30 000 square meters The galleries are divided into spaces including a main hall other halls and rooms for events an icon and religious clothing shop a workshop for carpentry upholstery and metal work for example a museum gallery exhibition liturgical performance media shop as well as storage rooms a refectory religious sacramental objects and employees rooms 2 17 9 Initially instead of the underground room of St Andrew s Cave a car park was planned there But this was becoming an inconvenience for the underground chapel due to emissions from cars the plan was abandoned Thus the car park will be arranged on the left side of the courtyard from the west The St Andrew s Cave gallery will host the Museum of Romanian Christianity 2 Under the cathedral chapel at a depth of 16 meters will be arranged only technical spaces for installations 157 Also at this level 42 crypts will be arranged for the patriarchs of Romania and four atomic bunkers 158 The chapel will have a liturgical program for the monastery daily Liturgical services in the cathedral will be held on Sundays and on important holidays 159 The Holy Altar of the chapel is dedicated to Saint John James the Chozebite and Daniil Sihastru because they both lived a part of their lives in the cave 2 Saint John James the Chozebite Hosevite became a monk at Neamt Monastery and soon after his conversion he moved to the Holy Land where he lived near the downstream of the Jordan river near Jericho Toward the end of his life he lived in the wilderness of Choziba at the Saint George Monastery In 1992 he was declared a saint by the Romanian Orthodox Patriarchate and in 2016 he was officially recognised as such by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem The Church celebrates his feast day on 5 August 160 Daniil Sihastrul or Daniel the Hesychast was a renowned Romanian Orthodox spiritual guide hermit hegumen of Voroneț Monastery and advisor Romanian duhovnic of Stephen the Great He encouraged Stephen the Great to fight for the defense of Christendom and to build holy places after each battle won against the invaders Canonized by the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1992 he is commemorated on 18 December 161 Bells edit The six bells nbsp source source source Big Bell 25 2 t from the bell tower source source Big Bell 25 2 t from the courtyard The cathedral has the world s largest free swinging church bell surpassing the Saint Peter s bell Petersglocke in the Cologne Cathedral 40 With a weight of 25 190 kg a clapper of 750 kg 3 a diameter of 3 355 mm a height of 3 130 mm thickness of 273 mm the bell was cast on 11 November 2016 in Innsbruck by Grassmayr and is elevated to 65 meters The casting time was 9 minutes and 23 seconds the bell being made of 78 copper and 22 tin both 99 99 purity and has a very low beat C3 en C0 de Do2 ro with 130 8 Hz The cathedral has six bells weighing 32 243 kg and the sound of the big bell is heard from 15 to 20 km 162 163 For the biggest bell 425 000 euros were paid and the total value of the six bells totalled roughly 550 000 euros 164 nbsp Coat of arms A team of 25 experts from Italy Germany Austria Croatia and Romania worked on the great bell of the People s Salvation Cathedral The leader of the team was the Italian campanologist Flavio Zambotto Flavio Zambotto said about the bell The collaboration for the bell of the Cathedral in Bucharest is my greatest professional achievement For this bell the team worked 8 months The bell is made of the premium alloys at the highest standards Work was done in the smallest details and at a purity of 99 99 the acoustic tolerance is 0 I had the honor of working at some famous bells and every bell is like a son to me But the bell of the Cathedral in Bucharest is magnificent among the best in the world All acoustic parameters are superlative The sound is sober very strong long and it marks you 165 The sound of the big bell in the People s Salvation Cathedral of Bucharest was chosen especially to resemble the sound of the famous bell Pummerin in Saint Stephen s Cathedral of Vienna though compared to Pummerin the Bucharester bell sounds longer and is lower and stronger The big bell will be rung only on major holidays and declared national days The sounds of the six bells span two complete octaves 165 Nr Diameter mm Mass kg Note Year cast ManufacturerEn De Ro1 3 355 25 190 C3 C0 Do2 2016 Grassmayr Bell Foundry Innsbruck 2 1 695 3 296 C4 C1 Do33 1 361 1 685 E4 E1 Mi34 1 127 933 G4 G1 Sol35 1 033 709 A4 A1 La36 875 430 C5 C2 Do4Criticism editThe criticism is mostly related to the primary use of public funds from the state as opposed to the Church s own 166 167 the lack of proper auctioning processes and instead direct acquisitions selections 167 the lack of transparency in regards to the way public funds were spent 167 erroneous communication 166 and the chosen construction companies being closely related to church members 167 Use of primarily public funds edit The biggest construction project in Romania since the revolution the Cathedral was initially announced to be built with the Romanian Orthodox Church s money It was later discovered that the church had used its influence and the government had decided to promulgate law no 563 2007 that allows the allocation of unspecified amounts of public funds to the Cathedral s building 168 169 166 Aside from money from the Romanian Government allocated to the Cathedral through the State Secretariat for Cults SSC 166 city halls have also contributed to the total budget 166 167 For instance after a meeting between the Mayor of Bucharest at that time Gabriela Firea and Patriarch Daniel of the Romanian Orthodox Church an agreement which mentioned the Bucharest City Hall would allocate money to the Cathedral s construction was signed but never mentioned to the public 167 One independent publication finds the total amount of public money earned by the state from the people to be at 120 mil euro 166 Association to the communist era edit Often in the national media critics associate the People s Salvation Cathedral and the Palace of the Parliament the two colossuses of Romania s capital that share the same courtyard As the largest Orthodox church in the world 13 next to the world s heaviest and second largest administrative building in the world 23 170 French newspaper Le Figaro named it a pharaonic project worthy of the megalomania of Nicolae Ceaușescu 171 A Romanian newspaper said that the People s Salvation Cathedral will be the most expensive building built in the country after the Romanian Revolution of 1989 172 Another Romanian newspaper said that the politicians of the Romanian government depend on support from the Romanian Patriarchate in the election campaign and estimates that when the cathedral will be fully completed the value of the cathedral in the real estate market will be over 1 billion 173 A Romanian journalist called the cathedral a God mall 174 The Romanian Orthodox Church s answer to such criticism was that the new cathedral would not imitate the gigantic buildings of the communist era but would correct them through a decent and harmonious volumetry 175 The presence of the cathedral in the area with the Parliament of Romania the Ministry of National Defense and the Romanian Academy is seen as a dialogue and necessity for the benefit of the national homeland 85 Historical dates editConsecration edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inauguration of the People s Salvation Cathedral On 23 November 2018 the Ecumenical Patriarch arrived in Romania to lead the consecration of the People s Salvation Cathedral which was planned on Sunday 25 November the Ecumenical Patriarch was officially welcomed by Patriarch Daniel of Romania 176 177 178 179 In his welcoming speech Patriarch Daniel talked about the spiritual connection between the Ecumenical Patriarchate Mother Church and the Romanian Orthodox Church Daughter Church 180 On 24 November at the Patriarchal Residence in Bucharest during the meeting of the synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church Patriarch Daniel of Romania made a speech to the Ecumenical Patriarch thanking him for the cooperation between the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate 181 182 During the same meeting the Ecumenical Patriarch made a speech to the Romanian Orthodox synod stating that he was sure the Romanian Orthodox Church will be involved in preserving the church unity and justice 183 184 185 nbsp Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I center red Patriarch Daniel of Romania center and Metropolitan Chrysostomos of Patras center back On Sunday 25 November the Ecumenical Patriarch with Patriarch Daniel of Romania and Metropolitan Chrysostomos of Patras consecrated together the People s Salvation Cathedral with myrrh and holy water 43 44 45 At the big event the consecration was held in the presence of 60 bishops by Romania and other Orthodox countries together with 40 hegumens and protopopes to mark the Centenary of Romania The Ecumenical Patriarch chaired the first liturgy of the Romanian People s Salvation Cathedral 46 66 186 187 Both the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I and the Patriarch Daniel of Romania led the church service this day it was the very first church service in the cathedral 47 187 66 188 189 190 During his homily at the cathedral Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew said he was connected to Patriarch Daniel of Romania with his old personal pure and sincerely tested friendship but also with the unshaken brotherly love in Christ and good understanding 191 On 26 November Patriarch Bartholomew went back to Istanbul 192 Thousands of people travelled from all parts of the country to attend the consecration disregarding the cold weather and waiting times to get a chance to enter the cathedral Although they travelled hundreds of kilometres to participate in the consecration of the National Cathedral the cathedral appeared to them as a chimney shrouded in fog which they had to look at from afar climbing on fences and surrounded by the gendarmes 193 nbsp The Document of ConsecrationThe Ecumenical Patriarch and Patriarch Daniel signed the Document of Consecration 194 The presence of Patriarch Bartholomew and the absence of Patriarch Kiril of Moscow at the cathedral inauguration appears to suggest that Romania is siding with Constantinople in the dispute 195 To the questions Will Patriarch Kiril in Romania come to the sanctification of the painting and How will the presence of His Holiness Bartholomew I affect the relationship between the ROC Romanian Orthodox Church and the Russian Patriarchate Russian Orthodox Church the Romanian Patriarchate spokesman Vasile Bănescu 196 answered I am absolutely convinced that Patriarch Kiril will return to Romania on the occasion of the sanctification of the painting and will not withdraw because the ROC had the wisdom to plead for a dialogue to heal the wound of this separation between the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Patriarchate of Moscow and All Russia We hope that this relationship currently interrupted will be resumed The Romanian Patriarchate has a natural relationship with the Moscow Patriarchate and there are no tensions at the moment 197 Pope Francis edit nbsp Pope Francis left in white with a zucchetto and Patriarch Daniel right in white wearing a klobuk On 31 May 2019 Pope Francis arrived in Romania visiting the cathedral the same day 198 199 60 Pope Francis expressed the hope that Romania can always be a home of all a place of meeting a garden in which reconciliation and communion flourish The pope emphasized brotherhood and communion among all who prayed to the same Heavenly Father He said Each time we pray we ask that our trespasses our debts be forgiven This takes courage for it means that we must forgive the trespasses of others the debts that others have incurred in our regard We need to find the strength to forgive our brother or sister from the heart Mt 18 35 even as you Father forgive our trespasses to leave the past behind us and together to embrace the present Help us Father not to yield to fear not to see openness as a threat to find the strength to forgive each other and move on and the courage not to settle for a quiet life but to keep seeking with transparency and sincerity the face of our brothers and sisters 200 I come as a pilgrim desirous of seeing the Lord s Face in the faces of my Brothers 201 See also editList of largest Eastern Orthodox church buildings List of largest church buildings List of tallest church buildings List of tallest domes List of highest church navesRomania edit nbsp Romania portal nbsp Christianity portalRomanian Orthodox Church Religion in Romania History of Christianity in RomaniaNotes edit The cathedral is projected for over 20 000 people in the main cathedral building and underground galleries A total of 7 000 people worshipers can attend the holy liturgy at the same time with 1 000 choirs clergy and 6 000 pilgrims in the main cathedral building The underground chapel could accommodate 5 000 pilgrims people and the underground St Andrew s Cave gallery could accommodate over 10 000 pilgrims people Saint Isaac s Cathedral in Saint Petersburg although slightly larger in gross area 7 000 square meters including the colonnades has a smaller internal net area 4 000 square meters References edit reportage with Vasile Bănescu the BOR spokesperson 26 January 2024 So far the People s Salvation Cathedral has cost 230 million euros but need a lot more money www observatornews ro in Romanian Antena Observator Retrieved 27 January 2024 a b c d e f g Patriarhul anunță destinația unui spațiu subteran al Catedralei Naționale Peștera citadină a Sf Andrei Romanian Patriarhate Basilica ro in Romanian a b P A 5 December 2019 Cea mai inaltă biserică ortodoxă din lume Atlas geografic net in Romanian Raluca Besliu 14 December 2018 According to the Romanian patriarch the cathedral will accommodate up to 8 000 people with around 3 000 of those seated Euronews com a b c The largest Orthodox cathedral in the world dimensions Observatornews ro in Romanian 24 November 2018 Vlad Fiscuțean 25 November 2018 The top churches in the world People s Salvation Cathedral height 135 m and gross volume 323 000 m3 Dcnews ro in Romanian Retrieved 5 September 2020 Remus Florescu 25 November 2018 The dimensions of the People s Salvation Cathedral Adevarul ro Santierul Catedralei Mantuirii Neamului 2010 2013 The Shrine of the People s Salvation Cathedral 2010 2013 the information is highlighted in the documentary made by the Romanian Patriarchate DVD in Romanian Patriarchate of Romania a b c d e f g h i j O catedrală pentru capitală Romanian Patriarhate Catedralaneamului ro in Romanian The length of the underground chapel Saint Andrew s Cave is 140 m length it s the same length as the cathedral stairs Romanian Patriarhate Catedralaneamului ro in Romanian a b c Catinca Irimia 1 March 2021 Catedrala va avea o inălțime de 135 de metri pentru care constructorii au deja avizul Autorității Aeronautice b365 ro in Romanian a b c Prelipceanu Cosmin 7 October 2016 Detalii despre construcția Catedralei Mantuirii Neamului interviu cu Nicolae Crangașu consilier patriarhal și Vasile Bănescu purtător de cuvant al Patriarhiei Romane Digi24 in Romanian a b c d e It is currently the largest orthodox church in the world with its 6 000 m2 Business Review Romania 23 November 2018 S T 1 January 2018 At the level floor nave which will accommodate 5000 people the built area is 7200 square meters Sursazilei ro in Romanian Inginer Vasile Crăcăoanu consilier patriarhal Catedrala la nivelul podelei cota naosului are 7200 metri pătrați Stirilekanald ro in Romanian 10 January 2018 a b Ridicarea celui mai mare clopot pentru biserică din lume lucrările pentru construcția de aproximativ 9 000 m2 au inceput in toamna anului 2010 PDF in Romanian Felbermayr Romania Holding weight lifting company 2018 Retrieved 21 May 2020 a b c d e f g According to the cadastral plan PUZ scale 1 200 approved by Bucharest General Municipality of the architecture company Vanel Exim SRL April 2013 the company that designed the cathedral a b Călin Pena Roland 19 November 2018 Catedrala va avea inălţimea de 127 de metri faţă de sol 120 de metri față de cota naosului si 7 metri crucea Evz ro in Romanian a b c d e f g Emilian Apostolescu 8 February 2024 quote The icon of the Savior Jesus Christ Pantocrator was transported on fragments to the quota 106 meters at the highest point of the place of worship www ziarullumina ro in Romanian Ziarul Lumina Patriarchy newspaper a b c d Daniel Codrescu si Culorile Lui TVR1 Reportage about the dome of the People s Salvation Cathedral with Daniel Codrescu the cathedral s main iconographer subtitled 6 58 7 08 106 meters I touched the ceiling of the cathedral www tvr ro in Romanian TVR national public television 14 August 2023 a b c In firmamentul Catedralei Naționale la inălțimea de 106 metri va fi pictată icoana Mantuitorului numită Pantocrator Romanian Patriarchate Official page of Romania s National Cathedral on Facebook in Romanian 4 May 2023 Sorin Ionițe 12 April 2019 Oficiul de Stat pentru Invenții și Mărci OSIM Catedrala Națională sau Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului M04409 emisă in data de 03 noiembrie 2016 Romanian Patriarhate Basilica ro in Romanian a b Heaviest building THE PALACE OF THE PARLIAMENT Guinness World Records a b c d e f Sorin Ionițe 8 October 2021 Catedrala Națională de o valoare inestimabilă Info Basilica ro in Romanian Things to do in Bucharest 18 People s Salvation Cathedral Somethingoffreedom com 30 November 2018 a b c Document Bucharest General Municipality www pmb ro through the Urbanism Department www urbanism pmb ro according to the PUZ Diametral North South section II scale 1 2000 no 36 29 11 2013 with Annex 2 HCCMB 44 2014 approves the height of 135 0 m for the People s Salvation Cathedral PDF Bucharest General Municipality Retrieved 30 August 2020 a b The People s Salvation Cathedral is the tallest and largest Orthodox church in the world by volume Marcegaglia Buildtech and SCBuildingEchipament Italian company that provides the scaffolding of the cathedral www marcegagliabuildtech com 21 May 2020 Retrieved 30 August 2020 Caldwell Ian 9 July 2018 Building the largest Orthodox Cathedral in the world in Bucharest Ianthearchitect org Romania Builds Largest Orthodox Church in the World Romanian Patriarhate Catedralaneamului ro in Romanian 4 March 2019 Romania The Orthodox cathedral will be the tallest in the world Theguardian com 25 November 2018 Egkainiasthke o megalyteros Or8odo3os Naos toy kosmoy The largest Orthodox Church in the world has been inaugurated Dogma gr in Greek 26 November 2018 a b c Paint the Cathedral THE MOSAIC OF THE NATIONAL CATHEDRAL 25 000 sqm Romanian Patriarchate official website of the mosaic in the National Cathedral in Romanian 26 March 2021 a b c d World records Largest Orthodox iconostasis 407 sqm Largest mosaic collection in the world 25 000 sqm World Record Academy category Religious World Records worldrecordacademy org 3 May 2021 Hulpe Roxana 22 March 2021 BOR strange bani pentru pictarea CMN 25 000 sqm de pereți imbrăcați in mozaic si foiță de aur Stirile ProTV ro interview taken from the Patriarhate in Romanian a b Orsoni Venezia 1888 www orsoni com Orsoni Venezia 1888 a b Mosaici Dona Murano www mosaicidonamurano com Mosaici Dona Murano a b c Marmi Bacci S R L www marmibacci com Marmi Bacci a b c Acordarea unui sprijin financiar Patriarhiei Romane materiale PDF www primarie3 ro Primărie Sector 3 București a b c d Over 4 million tesserae separate the nave of the cathedral from the Sanctuary the largest Orthodox iconostasis in the world Orsoni com Orsoni Venezia 1888 a b c Wamsiedler Sebastian 13 April 2017 Rekord gefallen Grosste freischwingende Glocke der Welt zukunftig nicht mehr in Koln Record broken Largest free swinging bell in the world will no longer be in Cologne www wamsiedler de in German Retrieved 30 November 2018 Agenţia de stiri Agenţia de stiri Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului va purta hramul Sf Ap Andrei si al Inaltarii Domnului basilica deveu com Archived from the original on 5 December 2014 Retrieved 30 November 2018 Hramul Catedralei Mantuirii Neamului Basilica ro in Romanian 14 June 2013 Retrieved 30 November 2018 a b c Ioniţe Sorin 26 November 2018 The National Cathedral Act of consecration Basilica ro Retrieved 30 November 2018 a b Iftimiu Aurelian 25 November 2018 Consecration ceremony of Romania National Cathedral by Patriarchs of Constantinople Romania Basilica ro Retrieved 29 November 2018 a b TRINITAS TV 25 November 2018 CUNUNA CENTENARULUI Catedrala Națională a fost sfințită archived from the original on 12 December 2021 retrieved 29 November 2018 1 minute 23 seconds a b c Iftimiu Aurelian 25 November 2018 HAH Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew presides over Divine Liturgy at newly consecrated National Cathedral in Bucharest Basilica ro Retrieved 29 November 2018 a b Agencies 25 November 2018 Romania thousands attend blessing of controversial cathedral the Guardian Retrieved 28 November 2018 a b Iftimiu Aurelian 30 November 2018 Patriarchs of Jerusalem Romania concelebrate Divine Liturgy for National Cathedral first patronal feast Basilica ro Retrieved 30 November 2018 Ioniţe Sorin 25 August 2018 Patriarhul Ierusalimului va sluji la primul hram al Catedralei Mantuirii Neamului Ce moaște vor fi aduse Basilica ro in Romanian Retrieved 30 November 2018 Iftimiu Aurelian 1 December 2018 First Te Deum Service on Romania s National Day at the People s Salvation Cathedral Basilica ro Retrieved 2 December 2018 Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului Tot ce trebuie să știi Observator in Romanian Retrieved 30 January 2021 CătălinPena Roland 18 November 2018 Catedrala Neamului va fi sfinţită la 134 de ani de cand Regele Carol I a promulgat legea construirii ei Evenimentul Zilei in Romanian Retrieved 30 January 2021 Top 10 Tallest Churches in the World The Tower Info thetowerinfo com Retrieved 30 January 2021 a b c Basilica of Our Lady of Peace Ivory Coast Tripsavvy com a b St Peter s The Dome stpetersbasilica info Retrieved 30 September 2019 a b Sir Banister Fletcher A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method Capitol Plans of Saint Peter s Basilica History of Architecture pg 722 with the title Italian Renaissance New York Charles Scribner s Sons 1946 ISBN 0750622679 The Nave of St Peter s stpetersbasilica info Retrieved 30 January 2021 Architecture MSN Encarta 29 October 2009 Archived from the original on 29 October 2009 Retrieved 30 January 2021 Rekord gefallen Grosste freischwingende Glocke der Welt zukunftig nicht mehr in Koln in German 13 April 2017 Retrieved 30 January 2021 a b Linda Bordoni 31 May 2019 Pope in Romania the Our Father prayer in Bucharest s Orthodox Cathedral Vaticannews va Retrieved 1 June 2019 a b Stan L and Turcescu L Religion and Politics in Post Communist Romania pg 56 57 Oxford University Press 2007 ISBN 0 19 530853 0 Constantin Drăgusin Studii Teologice Legile bisericești ale lui Cuza Vodă si lupta pentru canonicitate nr 1 2 1957 p 86 103 Monitorul Oficial 1884 No 49 6 18 iunie a b Pasi spre implinirea unui ideal www catedralaneamului ro in Romanian a b Catedrala Naţională O necesitate liturgică practică si un simbol al cinstirii eroilor romani www basilica ro in Romanian 26 November 2018 a b c Sorin Ionițe 25 November 2018 Patriarhul Ecumenic a prezidat prima Liturghie oficiată in Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului VIDEO Basilica ro in Romanian Retrieved 28 November 2018 Situation of the pilgrims who participated in the Sacrament of the National Cathedral Bucharest November 25 2018 catedralaneamului ro in Romanian Patriarhul Daniel indeamnă la comemorarea eroilor neamului www basilica ro in Romanian 28 August 2016 Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului este un simbol al demnității și credinței apostolice a poporului roman www basilica ro in Romanian 30 November 2012 Proiectul pentru Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului castigat de o firmă din Bacău in Romanian zf ro Retrieved 4 July 2010 a b Istoric in Romanian catedrala nationala ro Retrieved 4 September 2023 a b Un an de lucrări la Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului in Romanian ziarullumina ro Retrieved 29 November 2011 Catedrala Neamului rezistentă la cutremure de 8 5 grade pregătită de slujbe din 2017 Galerie FOTO de pe santier in Romanian gandul info Archived from the original on 8 June 2015 Retrieved 4 June 2015 BOG ART Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului intra intr o noua etapa de executie in 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martie 2005 OUG 19 2005 privind realizarea Ansamblului Arhitectural Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului catedralaneamului ro 23 August 2010 Archived from the original on 23 August 2010 Retrieved 1 December 2018 Săli polivalente in subsolul Catedralei Neamului de aceeasi mărime cu biserica de deasupra Archived 28 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine Gandul Info Spunesitu ro Romania in top 10 al celor mai mari edificii de cult din lume Pe cine mantuieste Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului adevarul ro 2 August 2011 Retrieved 30 November 2018 a b c d Nicolae Robert 10 May 2016 O Catedrală pentru Capitală Date corecte si semnificative Basilica ro in Romanian ICOANA SIMBOL AL INTALNIRII OMULUI CU DUMNEZEU Romanian Patriarchate official website of the mosaic in the National Cathedral in Romanian 27 March 2021 Aurelian Iftimiud 14 September 2019 Icon installed on walls of Bucharest National Cathedral Basilica ro The History The Vatican Pieta Fordham Art History michelangelo ace fordham edu Retrieved 3 September 2019 Talen și Efort Daniel Codrescu arta mozaicului Romanian Patriarchate pictamcatedrala ro 26 September 2020 a b c Ștefana Totorcea 10 February 2021 Sfinții din altarul Catedralei Naționale Basilica ro in Romanian a b Ștefana Totorcea 26 May 2022 Mozaicul Catedralei Naționale parcurs spiritual pentru lucrători Basilica ro TEHNICA ȘI MATERIALELE FOLOSITE Romanian Patriarchate pictamcatedrala ro 27 March 2021 Mozaicul Catedralei Naționale Romanian Patriarchate pictamcatedrala ro 27 March 2021 The Nave of St Peter s stpetersbasilica info Retrieved 21 November 2019 Marble used for the People s Salvation Cathedral Antena3 ro in Romanian 8 December 2018 Marmura din Banat Banatulazi ro in Romanian 21 August 2017 Carieta de marmură Rușchița Marmosim ro in Romanian Marble quarry Rușchița PDF Marmosim ro Marmosim Retrieved 28 October 2020 a b c d Alexandru Briciu 29 May 2019 Stadiul lucrărilor pe șantierul Catedralei Naționale Ziarullumina ro in Romanian Totorcea Ștefana 26 January 2021 Mozaicul Catedralei Naționale apropie romanii de Dumnezeu și ii unește intre ei Basilica ro in Romanian Diana E E Kleiner The Ascent of Augustus and Access to Italian Marble Multimedia presentation Yale University a b c d e Reportaj Catedrala Națională Universul credinței 25 Iulie 2021 TVR 1 emisiunea Universul Credinței in Romanian Archived from the original on 12 December 2021 Retrieved 25 July 2021 Aurelian Iftimiu 25 May 2019 Who are the Holy Guardians of the Romanian People s Salvation Cathedral Basilica ro Iulian Dumitrașcu 25 May 2019 Sfinții de pe ușile Catedralei Mantuirii neamului Basilica ro Aurelian Iftimiu 26 November 2019 Romania s National Cathedral in figures one year since its consecration Basilica ro a b Ștefana Totorcea 25 November 2022 4 ani de la sfințirea Catedralei Naționale Basilica ro in Romanian Ștefana Totorcea 7 April 2022 Echipa de pictori specialiști in tehnica mozaicului lucrează la Absida Sudică a Catedralei Naționale Basilica ro in Romanian Iulian Dumitrașcu 1 August 2023 Odată cu finalizarea scenei Arborele lui Iesei absida sudică va fi completă și eliberată de schele www basilica ro in Romanian Basilica a b Ștefana Totorcea 26 May 2022 Mozaicul Catedralei Naționale Sclipirea care dă viață penumbrei Basilica ro in Romanian Sorin Ionițe 6 April 2021 Patriarhul Romaniei Frumuseţea eternă a Voroneţului Mesajul central al Judecăţii de Apoi Basilica ro in Romanian Cătălin Acasandrei Mănăstirea Voroneț Judecata de Apoi imaginea intitulată Hetimasia Tronului Doxologia ro in Romanian Sorin Ionițe 12 August 2022 Catedrala Națională Interior Tronul Hetimasiei Basilica ro in Romanian Interior St Peter s Basilica Buffaloah com St Peter s Basilica MICHELANGELO Renaissance VATICAN CITY 1546 AD The Ohio State University Pressbooks Catalog Alexandru Briciu 30 September 2019 Progrese importante pe șantierul Catedralei Naționale Diametrul cupolei este de 18 metri inălțimea de 9 metri iar forma este de semisferă perfectă Ziarullumina ro in Romanian Romanesque Architecture A Quick Reference Thearchspace com Prezentare Mitropolia Banatului ro in Romanian Catedrala Mitropolitana din Timisoara Crestinortodox ro in Romanian Iulian Dumitrașcu 6 November 2020 Catedrala Naţională este impodobită la exterior cu Crucea Sfantului Andrei Basilica ro in Romanian Stories in Stone Medieval sculpture com 27 April 2017 Zi de zi catedrala iși imbracă pereții interiori cu chipuri sfinte Arhiepiscopiabucurestilor ro in Romanian 9 February 2023 Ștefana Totorcea 17 October 2021 Aliajul din care este făcut acoperișul Catedralei Naționale nu conține aur Basilica ro in Romanian Iulian Dumitrașcu 28 May 2019 Cupolele aurii ale Catedralei Naţionale sunt din cupru Basilica ro in Romanian Work stage on the construction site of the National Cathedral Reportage with Nicolae Crangașu patriarchal adviser and coordinator of the cathedral s construction 14 46 14 56 www trinitas tv in Romanian TRINITAS Patriarchy television 3 October 2023 Ștefana Totorcea 25 November 2022 In 2023 Mozaicul turlei principale Basilica ro in Romanian In 2023 Mozaicul turlei principale Digi24 ro in Romanian 25 November 2022 A inceput montarea icoanei Pantocrator in turla principală a Catedralei Naționale www arhiepiscopiabucurestilor ro in Romanian Arhiepiscopia Bucureștilor 6 February 2024 Anamaria Maxim 25 May 2023 La Catedrala Națională a inceput pregătirea pentru realizarea icoanei Pantocrator Ziarullumina ro in Romanian Deesis www hagiasophia com Hagiasophia Florin Nicolaie 28 June 2018 Au inceput lucrările de fixare a mozaicului la catapeteasma Catedralei Naționale Basilica ro in Romanian Retrieved 30 November 2018 Andrei Butu 23 October 2020 Noi etape de lucru la nava amiral a Ortodoxiei romanești Ziarullumina ro in Romanian a b Ștefana Totorcea 17 October 2021 Precizări despre lucrările de piatră realizate la Catedrala Națională Basilica ro in Romanian ONIX Maergroup com in Romanian Florin Nicolaie 24 November 2018 Catapeteasma Catedralei Naționale este unică in lume Basilica ro in Romanian Retrieved 30 November 2018 Iftimiu Aurelian 29 June 2018 Mosaic icons began to be applied on the National Cathedral s iconostasis Basilica ro Retrieved 30 November 2018 George Grigoriu 18 November 2018 The story of the mosaic at the National Cathedral interview with Daniel Codrescu George Grigoriu in Romanian Archived from the original on 12 December 2021 Catapeteasma un proiect unic in spațiul ortodox Romanian Patriarchy Trinitas in Romanian 23 November 2018 Archived from the original on 12 December 2021 Catapeteasmă unică la Catedrala Națională www ziarullumina ro in Romanian Iulian Dumitrascu 20 August 2021 Au fost montate pe poziţie crucea si moleniile catapetesmei Basilica ro in Romanian Pelicanul simbol al Mantuitorului Doxologia ro in Romanian The Symbolism of the Pelican Catholiceducation org Binecuvantează Doamne cununa anului bunătății Tale www parohiabalaneanu ro in Romanian Parohia Bălăneanu December 2023 Crucea cu molenii pentru catapeteasma Catedralei Mantuirii Neamului Ziarulnatiunea ro in Romanian 10 August 2019 a b c Aurelian Iftimiu 19 June 2020 National Cathedral workers start removal of scaffolding to reveal altar impressive mosaic icons Basilica ro in Romanian a b Anghel Gheorghe 30 June 2020 Daniel Codrescu iconograful Catedralei Naţionale Basilica ro in Romanian A fost montată icoana Maicii Domnului Platytera Activenews ro in Romanian 9 May 2019 Iulian Dumitrașcu 9 May 2019 Catedrala Națională A fost montată icoana Maicii Domnului Basilica ro in Romanian a b Antoaneta Dohotariu 24 February 2021 Insight in cel mai spectaculos șantier din Romania și din lume b365 ro in Romanian Iulian Dumitrașcu 13 March 2022 Patriarhul Romaniei face apel pentru sprijinirea lucrării de pictare in mozaic a Catedralei Naționale Basilica ro in Romanian Stadiul lucrărilor pe șantierul Catedralei Naționale Catedralaneamului ro in Romanian 2019 Hazen 2002 p 34 sfn error no target CITEREFHazen2002 help Painting of the National Cathedral Reportage with Daniel Codrescu the cathedral s main iconographer 17 57 18 34 www trinitas tv in Romanian TRINITAS Patriarchy television 22 November 2023 Mozaiki i freski Mihajlovskogo sobora Mihajlovskogo Zlatoverhogo monastyrya g Kiev XII v st sophia com ua in Russian Mozayiki golovnogo vivtarya HI st st sophia org ua in Ukrainian Work stage on the construction site of the National Cathedral Reportage with Nicolae Crangașu patriarchal adviser and coordinator of the cathedral s construction 15 11 15 32 www trinitas tv in Romanian TRINITAS Patriarchy television 3 October 2023 Sorin Ionițe 26 November 2018 Ce moaște de sfinți romani se află in Sfanta Masă a Catedralei Naționale Basilica ro in Romanian In subsol vor fi amenajate săli polivalente de aceeași mărime cu biseric de deasupra Mediafax ro in Romanian 26 April 2013 Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului are amenajate la subsol patru adaposturi antiatomice Stirilekanald ro in Romanian 7 October 2016 Iulian Dumitrașcu 26 July 2016 A CATHEDRAL FOR THE CAPITAL CITY Precise and Important Data Basilica ro The Patriarchate of Jerusalem Will Officially Recognize the Sainthood of Venerable John Jacob of Neamţ Basilica ro 26 January 2016 Viețile Sfinților Viața Sfantului Cuvios Daniil Sihastrul Doxologia ro in Romanian 25t Grassmayr Glocke fur Bukarest Mehr Klangproben und Fotos vom 8 4 2017 tinmoinhat site 9 April 2017 Archived from the original on 26 August 2018 Retrieved 30 November 2018 Kirchenglocke grosser als die Pummerin tirol orf at in German 8 April 2017 Retrieved 30 November 2018 Patriarhul Daniel a sfinţit clopotele de jumătate de milion de euro ale Catedralei Neamului pe care apare propriul său chip www digi24 ro in Romanian 3 September 2018 a b Cajvaneanu Miruna 2 April 2017 VIDEO Povestea clopotului cel mare care va suna in Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului un clopot al recordurilor www hotnews ro in Romanian Retrieved 4 January 2019 a b c d e f Stoicescu Vlad 22 November 2018 Catedrala Manuirii Neamului Să Fie Lumină in Romanian Retrieved 5 October 2023 a b c d e f Ilie Victor 7 October 2021 INVESTIGAȚIE RECORDER Catedrala prăduirii neamului Recorder in Romanian Retrieved 5 October 2023 PL x nr 563 2007 www cdep ro in Romanian Retrieved 5 October 2023 https www cdep ro proiecte 2007 500 60 3 se563 pdf Largest administrative building World Records Academy Les projets pharaoniques de l Eglise orthodoxe a Bucarest Le Figaro in French 1 February 2008 Retrieved 30 November 2018 Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului va fi cea mai scumpă clădire construită după Revoluție zf ro in Romanian 11 February 2010 Romanii sunt flămanzi in timp ce mega Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului se ridică ziare com in Romanian 23 December 2014 Catedrala Mantuirii in Țara Mantuielii Adevărul in Romanian 24 March 2004 Retrieved 30 November 2018 Fericiți cei ce construiesc biserici nu cei ce le demolează patriarhia ro Communique Retrieved 30 November 2018 Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew officially welcomed by 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Integral Basilica ro Basilica ro in Romanian Retrieved 28 November 2018 Iftimiu Aurelian 24 November 2018 I am sure the Romanian Orthodox Church will be involved in preserving church unity Ecumenical Patriarch Basilica ro Retrieved 29 November 2018 Ioniţe Sorin 24 November 2018 Mesajul adresat de Patriarhul Ecumenic ierarhilor Bisericii Ortodoxe Romane Text Integral Basilica ro in Romanian Retrieved 28 November 2018 Panev Jivko 25 November 2018 Le patriarche Bartholomee Je suis sur que l Eglise orthodoxe roumaine s impliquera dans la preservation de l unite orthodoxe Orthodoxie com in French Retrieved 28 November 2018 Insider Romania 26 November 2018 Biggest cathedral in Romania consecrated Romania Insider www romania insider com Retrieved 29 November 2018 a b La Croix com 25 November 2018 La Roumanie inaugure la plus grande cathedrale orthodoxe du monde Romania inaugurates the world s biggest Orthodox cathedral La Croix in French Retrieved 28 November 2018 Romania Inaugurates Orthodox Cathedral Amid Controversy Over Costs RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty 25 November 2018 Retrieved 28 November 2018 Romania consecrates giant Orthodox cathedral in center of Bucharest The Japan Times Online 25 November 2018 ISSN 0447 5763 Retrieved 28 November 2018 Ecumenical Patriarch blesses Romania cathedral 1000s attend Mississauga com 25 November 2018 Retrieved 28 November 2018 Dumitrascu Iulian 25 November 2018 The Arsenal Hill turned into the hill of grace and blessing for the entire Romania Ecumenical Patriarch Basilica ro Retrieved 29 November 2018 Iftimiu Aurelian 28 November 2018 Ecumenical Patriarch concludes visit to Romania Brothers and sisters rejoice Be of one mind Basilica ro Retrieved 29 November 2018 Recorder Redactia 27 November 2018 DOCUMENTAR RECORDER Catedrala Umilirii Neamului Recorder in Romanian Retrieved 30 May 2019 Act de sfințire a Catedralei Mantuirii Neamului www ziarullumina ro in Romanian Turp Craig 25 November 2018 Romania inaugurates grandiose new cathedral Emerging Europe Retrieved 28 November 2018 Sirbu Laurenţiu 28 September 2018 Vasile Bănescu purtătorul de cuvant al Patriarhiei Asistăm la un asalt al miscării LGBT impotriva căsătoriei adevarul ro Retrieved 5 January 2019 Tănase Cristian 26 November 2018 Ce va face Patriarhul Rusiei după ce Patriarhul Constantinopolului a sfințit Catedrala Națională Evenimentul Zilei Retrieved 17 December 2018 Iulian Dumitrașcu 31 May 2019 Papa Francisc a vizitat Catedrala Naţională Basilica ro in Romanian Retrieved 1 June 2019 Pope Francis visit to Romania Epa eu 31 May 2019 Retrieved 1 June 2019 Sorin Ioniţe 31 May 2019 Pope Francis The Our Father is a prayer that leaves us troubled and crying out in protest against the famine of love in our time Basilica ro Retrieved 1 June 2019 Aurelian Iftimiu 31 May 2019 Pope Francis addresses Romanian Orthodox Bishops Basilica ro Retrieved 1 June 2019 Further reading editNoica Nicolae St 2011 Catedrala Mantuirii Neamului istoria unui ideal Bucharest Basilica ISBN 978 606 8141 57 2 Lavinia Stan Lucian Turcescu Politics National Symbols and the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral Europe Asia Studies November 2006 58 7 pp 1119 1139 Evans Helen C 2004 Byzantium Faith and Power 1261 1557 New York Metropolitan Museum of Art New York N Y ISBN 978 0300102789 Tateo Giuseppe 2020 Under the Sign of the Cross The People s Salvation Cathedral and the Church Building Industry in Postsocialist Romania New York Berghahn Books ISBN 9781789208597 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to People s Salvation Cathedral Romania at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Resources from Wikiversity nbsp Travel information from Wikivoyage Consecration of the People s Salvation Cathedral Trinitas video Official film The great bell of the People s Salvation Cathedral Eine Glocke fur die Ewigkeit Una campana para la eternidad 3SAT author Catedralaneamului ro Arhiepiscopia Bucureștilor Grassmayr Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title People 27s Salvation Cathedral amp oldid 1212907373, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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