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Frangula alnus

February 03, 2023

"Alder buckthorn" redirects here. Alder buckthorn may also refer to Rhamnus alnifolia.

Frangula alnus, commonly known as alder buckthorn, glossy buckthorn, or breaking buckthorn, is a tall deciduous shrub in the family Rhamnaceae. Unlike other "buckthorns", alder buckthorn does not have thorns. It is native to Europe, northernmost Africa, and western Asia, from Ireland and Great Britain north to the 68th parallel in Scandinavia, east to central Siberia and Xinjiang in western China, and south to northern Morocco, Turkey, and the Alborz in Iran and Caucasus Mountains; in the northwest of its range (Ireland, Scotland), it is rare and scattered. It is also introduced and naturalised in eastern North America.[3][4][5][6][7]

Frangula alnus
Foliage with mature and immature fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rhamnaceae
Genus: Frangula
Species:
F. alnus
Binomial name
Frangula alnus
Distribution map
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Rhamnus frangula L.
  • Frangula atlantica Grubov
  • Frangula dodonei Ard. nom. inval.
  • Frangula frangula H.Karst.
  • Frangula nigra Samp.
  • Frangula pentapetala Gilib.
  • Frangula vulgaris Hill
  • Girtanneria frangula Neck.

Description

 
Winter shoot with buds

Alder buckthorn is a non-spiny deciduous shrub, growing to 3–6 m (10–20 ft), occasionally to 7 m (23 ft) tall. It is usually multistemmed, but rarely forms a small tree with a trunk diameter of up to 20 cm (8 in). The bark is dark blackish-brown, with bright lemon-yellow inner bark exposed if cut. The shoots are dark brown, the winter buds without bud scales, protected only by the densely hairy outer leaves.

The leaves are arranged alternately on 8–15-millimetre (5⁄16–19⁄32-inch) petioles. They are ovate, 3–7 cm (1+1⁄4–2+3⁄4 in) long by 2.5–4 cm (1–1+5⁄8 in) wide (rarely to 11 cm or 4+1⁄4 in by 6 cm or 2+1⁄4 in). They have 6–10 pairs of prominently grooved and slightly downy veins and an entire margin.

The flowers are small, 3–5 mm (1⁄8–3⁄16 inch) in diameter, star-shaped with five greenish-white acute triangular petals, hermaphroditic, and insect-pollinated, flowering in May to June in clusters of two to ten in the leaf axils.

The fruit is a small black berry 6–10 mm (1⁄4–13⁄32 inch) in diameter, ripening from green through red in late summer to dark purple or black in early autumn, containing two or three pale brown 5-millimetre (3⁄16-inch) seeds. The seeds are primarily dispersed by frugivorous birds, which readily eat the fruit.[3][5][6][7][8][9]

Taxonomy and naming

 
Flowering shoot

Alder buckthorn was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Rhamnus frangula. It was subsequently separated by Philip Miller in 1768 into the genus Frangula on the basis of its hermaphrodite flowers with a five-parted corolla (in Rhamnus the flowers are dioecious and four-parted); this restored the treatment of pre-Linnaean authors, notably Tournefort.[10] Although much disputed historically, the separation of Frangula from Rhamnus is now widely accepted, being supported by recent genetic data[11] though a few authorities still retain the genus within Rhamnus (e.g., the Flora of China[7]).

The genus name Frangula, from Latin frango "to break", refers to the brittle wood. Both the common name alder buckthorn and specific epithet alnus refer to its association with alders (Alnus) on damp sites. Unlike other "buckthorns", alder buckthorn does not have thorns.[12][8] Other recorded names include glossy buckthorn and breaking buckthorn; historically, it was sometimes called "dogwood" through confusion of the leaves with those of dogwood Cornus sanguinea.[12]

Ecology

Alder buckthorn grows in wet soils in open woods, scrub, hedgerows and bogs, thriving well in sunlight and moderate shade, but less vigorously in dense shade; it prefers acidic soils though will also grow on neutral soils.[6][12][9]

Frangula alnus is one of just two food plants (the other being Rhamnus cathartica) used by the common brimstone butterfly (Gonepteryx rhamni). The flowers are valuable for bees, and the fruit an important food source for birds, particularly thrushes.[8]

Invasive species

Frangula alnus was probably introduced to North America about 200 years ago, and in Canada about 100 years ago. It was planted for hedgerows, forestry plantings, and wildlife habitat, but has become an invasive species, invading forests in the northeastern United States and wetlands and moist forest in the Midwestern United States.[13][14][15] It is predicted to continue to expand its North American range with time.[13] Its invasiveness is assisted by its high adaptability and pollution tolerance.[16] It is one of three species of buckthorn that occurs without cultivation in eastern Canada.[17]

It invades forests and grows in the understory in spots with a lot of light. These areas, usually where a tree has fallen, normally allow locally native tree seedlings to grow and eventually fill in the gap in the canopy. But when Frangula alnus invades and grows in these locations, its dense canopy prevents light from reaching the ground and therefore prevents other seedlings from growing.[16] It tends to grow more densely and with larger individuals in lower topographical areas with moist, fertile soils, and is very problematic for land managers. Uplands forests are not invaded as easily as lower lying ones. Hemlock-oak stands, which tend to be older stands of trees, are much less suitable for Frangula alnus because the density of the tree canopy creates a more shady environment that is not as suitable for Frangula alnus. Eastern white pine stands are easily invaded because they allow more light to reach the forest floor, and tree stands that are cut are very quickly invaded while undisturbed stands are rarely invaded.[18]

Habitat fragmentation

Although considered an invasive species in North America, In other places, such as Northern Ireland, Frangula alnus has suffered greatly from habitat loss.[19] This is due to the decline in its preferred habitats, which are boglands.[19][20] It is currently only found on the southern side of Lough Neagh, but it the past, it was also found on the northern side of the lake.[21] Compared to other populations of Frangula alnus, the population in Ireland also has lower genetic diversity.[19][22]

Control

Small saplings can be hand-pulled, but control of larger examples is best achieved using herbicides.[23] Frangula alnus and the related species Rhamnus cathartica have been banned from sale, transport, or import to Minnesota[24] and Illinois.[25] It is considered invasive, but not banned, in Connecticut.[26]

Uses

Decorative

 
Frangula alnus 'Asplenifolia' with autumn colours

Alder buckthorn has limited decorative qualities without conspicuous flowers or bold foliage, and is mainly grown for its conservation value, particularly to attract Brimstone butterflies. A variegated cultivar Frangula alnus 'Variegata' and a cultivar with very slender leaves 'Asplenifolia' are sometimes grown in gardens as ornamental shrubs. The cultivar 'Tallhedge' has been selected for hedging.[27]

Medicinal

Galen, a Greek physician of the 2nd century A.D., knew of alder buckthorn, although he did not distinguish clearly in his writings between it and other closely related species. All of these plants though, were credited with the power to protect against witchcraft, demons, poisons, and headaches.[citation needed]

The bark (and to a lesser extent the fruit) has been used as a laxative, due to its 3–7% anthraquinone content. Bark for medicinal use is dried and stored for a year before use, as fresh bark is violently purgative; even dried bark can be dangerous if taken in excess.[3][27]

Other uses

Alder buckthorn charcoal is prized in the manufacture of gunpowder, being regarded as the best wood for the purpose. It is particularly highly valued for time fuses because of its very even burn rate.[3][12] The wood was formerly used for shoe lasts, nails, and veneer. The bark yields a yellow dye, and the unripe berries furnish a green dye.[27]

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhamnus frangula.

References

  1. ^ "Frangula dodonei". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  2. ^ "Frangula alnus". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List.
  3. ^ a b c d Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
  4. ^ Flora Europaea: Frangula alnus
  5. ^ a b Den virtuella floran: Frangula alnus (in Swedish, with detailed maps)
  6. ^ a b c Stace, Clive, et al. Interactive Flora of NW Europe: Frangula alnus[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ a b c Chen, Yilin; Schirarend, Carsten. "Rhamnus frangula". Flora of China. Vol. 12 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  8. ^ a b c Natural England: Alder buckthorn 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ a b Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2.
  10. ^ Miller, P. (1754). The Gardener's Dictionary, 8th ed. Facsimile at Botanicus.org
  11. ^ Bolmgren, K., & Oxelman, B. 2004. Generic limits in Rhamnus L. s.l. (Rhamnaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence phylogenies. 2011-08-19 at the Wayback Machine Taxon 53: 383–390.
  12. ^ a b c d Vedel, H., & Lange, J. (1960). Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow. Methuen & Co Ltd.
  13. ^ a b Wingard, Hanna S. "Invasion of transition hardwood forests by exotic Rhamnus frangula: Chronology and site requirements". University of New Hampshire, 2007.
  14. ^ . University of Maine Cooperative Extension Bulletin #2505. Archived from the original on 2009-07-14. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  15. ^ "glossy buckthorn". Invasive.org: Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health.
  16. ^ a b (PDF). New Hampshire Department of Agriculture, Markets & Food Terrestrial Invasive Plant Species, page 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  17. ^ Catling, P.M., and Z.S. Porebski. 1994. The history of invasion and current status of glossy buckthorn, Rhamnus frangula, in Southern Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist 108:305–310
  18. ^ Chelsea Cunard and Thomas D. Lee (2009). "Is patience a virtue? Succession, light, and the death of invasive glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus)". Biological Invasions. Biological Invasions:Volume 11, Number 3 / March, 2009. 11 (3): 577–586. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9272-8. S2CID 23517872.
  19. ^ a b c Finlay, Caroline M. V.; Bradley, Caroline R.; Preston, S. Jane; Provan, Jim (December 2017). "Low genetic diversity and potential inbreeding in an isolated population of alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus) following a founder effect". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 3010. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03166-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5462792. PMID 28592885.
  20. ^ Rich, T.C.G.; Woodruff, E.R. (1996). "Changes in the vascular plant floras of England and Scotland between 1930–1960 and 1987–1988: The BSBI Monitoring Scheme". Biological Conservation. 75 (3): 217–229. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(95)00077-1. ISSN 0006-3207.
  21. ^ McKay, H. V. (August 1991). "Egg-Laying Requirements of Woodland Butterflies; Brimstones (Gonepteryx rhamni) and Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus)". The Journal of Applied Ecology. 28 (2): 731–743. doi:10.2307/2404579. ISSN 0021-8901. JSTOR 2404579.
  22. ^ RIGUEIRO, C.; ARROYO, J. M.; RODRÍGUEZ, R.; HAMPE, A.; JORDANO, P. (May 2009). "Isolation and characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci forFrangula alnus(Rhamnaceae)". Molecular Ecology Resources. 9 (3): 986–989. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02527.x. ISSN 1755-098X. PMID 21564814. S2CID 15974997.
  23. ^ "What you can do to control buckthorn!". MN Department of Natural Resources.
  24. ^ "Buckthorn". MN Department of Natural Resources.
  25. ^ . Illinois Department of Natural Resources. April 22, 2004. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  26. ^ "Connecticut Invasive Plant List July 2009" (PDF). CT Invasive Plants Council.
  27. ^ a b c "Frangula alnus". Plants for a Future.

Further reading

External links

February 03, 2023
frangula, alnus, alder, buckthorn, redirects, here, alder, buckthorn, also, refer, rhamnus, alnifolia, commonly, known, alder, buckthorn, glossy, buckthorn, breaking, buckthorn, tall, deciduous, shrub, family, rhamnaceae, unlike, other, buckthorns, alder, buck. Alder buckthorn redirects here Alder buckthorn may also refer to Rhamnus alnifolia Frangula alnus commonly known as alder buckthorn glossy buckthorn or breaking buckthorn is a tall deciduous shrub in the family Rhamnaceae Unlike other buckthorns alder buckthorn does not have thorns It is native to Europe northernmost Africa and western Asia from Ireland and Great Britain north to the 68th parallel in Scandinavia east to central Siberia and Xinjiang in western China and south to northern Morocco Turkey and the Alborz in Iran and Caucasus Mountains in the northwest of its range Ireland Scotland it is rare and scattered It is also introduced and naturalised in eastern North America 3 4 5 6 7 Frangula alnusFoliage with mature and immature fruitScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder RosalesFamily RhamnaceaeGenus FrangulaSpecies F alnusBinomial nameFrangula alnusMill Distribution mapSynonyms 1 2 Rhamnus frangula L Frangula atlantica Grubov Frangula dodonei Ard nom inval Frangula frangula H Karst Frangula nigra Samp Frangula pentapetala Gilib Frangula vulgaris Hill Girtanneria frangula Neck Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy and naming 3 Ecology 3 1 Invasive species 3 2 Habitat fragmentation 3 2 1 Control 4 Uses 4 1 Decorative 4 2 Medicinal 4 3 Other uses 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksDescription Edit Winter shoot with buds Alder buckthorn is a non spiny deciduous shrub growing to 3 6 m 10 20 ft occasionally to 7 m 23 ft tall It is usually multistemmed but rarely forms a small tree with a trunk diameter of up to 20 cm 8 in The bark is dark blackish brown with bright lemon yellow inner bark exposed if cut The shoots are dark brown the winter buds without bud scales protected only by the densely hairy outer leaves The leaves are arranged alternately on 8 15 millimetre 5 16 19 32 inch petioles They are ovate 3 7 cm 1 1 4 2 3 4 in long by 2 5 4 cm 1 1 5 8 in wide rarely to 11 cm or 4 1 4 in by 6 cm or 2 1 4 in They have 6 10 pairs of prominently grooved and slightly downy veins and an entire margin The flowers are small 3 5 mm 1 8 3 16 inch in diameter star shaped with five greenish white acute triangular petals hermaphroditic and insect pollinated flowering in May to June in clusters of two to ten in the leaf axils The fruit is a small black berry 6 10 mm 1 4 13 32 inch in diameter ripening from green through red in late summer to dark purple or black in early autumn containing two or three pale brown 5 millimetre 3 16 inch seeds The seeds are primarily dispersed by frugivorous birds which readily eat the fruit 3 5 6 7 8 9 Taxonomy and naming Edit Flowering shoot Alder buckthorn was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Rhamnus frangula It was subsequently separated by Philip Miller in 1768 into the genus Frangula on the basis of its hermaphrodite flowers with a five parted corolla in Rhamnus the flowers are dioecious and four parted this restored the treatment of pre Linnaean authors notably Tournefort 10 Although much disputed historically the separation of Frangula from Rhamnus is now widely accepted being supported by recent genetic data 11 though a few authorities still retain the genus within Rhamnus e g the Flora of China 7 The genus name Frangula from Latin frango to break refers to the brittle wood Both the common name alder buckthorn and specific epithet alnus refer to its association with alders Alnus on damp sites Unlike other buckthorns alder buckthorn does not have thorns 12 8 Other recorded names include glossy buckthorn and breaking buckthorn historically it was sometimes called dogwood through confusion of the leaves with those of dogwood Cornus sanguinea 12 Ecology EditAlder buckthorn grows in wet soils in open woods scrub hedgerows and bogs thriving well in sunlight and moderate shade but less vigorously in dense shade it prefers acidic soils though will also grow on neutral soils 6 12 9 Frangula alnus is one of just two food plants the other being Rhamnus cathartica used by the common brimstone butterfly Gonepteryx rhamni The flowers are valuable for bees and the fruit an important food source for birds particularly thrushes 8 Invasive species Edit Frangula alnus was probably introduced to North America about 200 years ago and in Canada about 100 years ago It was planted for hedgerows forestry plantings and wildlife habitat but has become an invasive species invading forests in the northeastern United States and wetlands and moist forest in the Midwestern United States 13 14 15 It is predicted to continue to expand its North American range with time 13 Its invasiveness is assisted by its high adaptability and pollution tolerance 16 It is one of three species of buckthorn that occurs without cultivation in eastern Canada 17 It invades forests and grows in the understory in spots with a lot of light These areas usually where a tree has fallen normally allow locally native tree seedlings to grow and eventually fill in the gap in the canopy But when Frangula alnus invades and grows in these locations its dense canopy prevents light from reaching the ground and therefore prevents other seedlings from growing 16 It tends to grow more densely and with larger individuals in lower topographical areas with moist fertile soils and is very problematic for land managers Uplands forests are not invaded as easily as lower lying ones Hemlock oak stands which tend to be older stands of trees are much less suitable for Frangula alnus because the density of the tree canopy creates a more shady environment that is not as suitable for Frangula alnus Eastern white pine stands are easily invaded because they allow more light to reach the forest floor and tree stands that are cut are very quickly invaded while undisturbed stands are rarely invaded 18 Habitat fragmentation Edit Although considered an invasive species in North America In other places such as Northern Ireland Frangula alnus has suffered greatly from habitat loss 19 This is due to the decline in its preferred habitats which are boglands 19 20 It is currently only found on the southern side of Lough Neagh but it the past it was also found on the northern side of the lake 21 Compared to other populations of Frangula alnus the population in Ireland also has lower genetic diversity 19 22 Control Edit Small saplings can be hand pulled but control of larger examples is best achieved using herbicides 23 Frangula alnus and the related species Rhamnus cathartica have been banned from sale transport or import to Minnesota 24 and Illinois 25 It is considered invasive but not banned in Connecticut 26 Uses EditDecorative Edit Frangula alnus Asplenifolia with autumn colours Alder buckthorn has limited decorative qualities without conspicuous flowers or bold foliage and is mainly grown for its conservation value particularly to attract Brimstone butterflies A variegated cultivar Frangula alnus Variegata and a cultivar with very slender leaves Asplenifolia are sometimes grown in gardens as ornamental shrubs The cultivar Tallhedge has been selected for hedging 27 Medicinal Edit Galen a Greek physician of the 2nd century A D knew of alder buckthorn although he did not distinguish clearly in his writings between it and other closely related species All of these plants though were credited with the power to protect against witchcraft demons poisons and headaches citation needed The bark and to a lesser extent the fruit has been used as a laxative due to its 3 7 anthraquinone content Bark for medicinal use is dried and stored for a year before use as fresh bark is violently purgative even dried bark can be dangerous if taken in excess 3 27 Other uses Edit Alder buckthorn charcoal is prized in the manufacture of gunpowder being regarded as the best wood for the purpose It is particularly highly valued for time fuses because of its very even burn rate 3 12 The wood was formerly used for shoe lasts nails and veneer The bark yields a yellow dye and the unripe berries furnish a green dye 27 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhamnus frangula References Edit Frangula dodonei International Plant Names Index IPNI Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Harvard University Herbaria amp Libraries Australian National Botanic Gardens Retrieved 3 March 2013 Frangula alnus World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Royal Botanic Gardens Kew via The Plant List a b c d Rushforth K 1999 Trees of Britain and Europe Collins ISBN 0 00 220013 9 Flora Europaea Frangula alnus a b Den virtuella floran Frangula alnus in Swedish with detailed maps a b c Stace Clive et al Interactive Flora of NW Europe Frangula alnus permanent dead link a b c Chen Yilin Schirarend Carsten Rhamnus frangula Flora of China Vol 12 via eFloras org Missouri Botanical Garden St Louis MO amp Harvard University Herbaria Cambridge MA a b c Natural England Alder buckthorn Archived 2011 07 20 at the Wayback Machine a b Blamey M amp Grey Wilson C 1989 Flora of Britain and Northern Europe ISBN 0 340 40170 2 Miller P 1754 The Gardener s Dictionary 8th ed Facsimile at Botanicus org Bolmgren K amp Oxelman B 2004 Generic limits in Rhamnus L s l Rhamnaceae inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence phylogenies Archived 2011 08 19 at the Wayback Machine Taxon 53 383 390 a b c d Vedel H amp Lange J 1960 Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow Methuen amp Co Ltd a b Wingard Hanna S Invasion of transition hardwood forests by exotic Rhamnus frangula Chronology and site requirements University of New Hampshire 2007 Common Buckthorn and Glossy Buckthorn University of Maine Cooperative Extension Bulletin 2505 Archived from the original on 2009 07 14 Retrieved 2009 10 02 glossy buckthorn Invasive org Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health a b Guide to invasive upland plant species in New Hampshire PDF New Hampshire Department of Agriculture Markets amp Food Terrestrial Invasive Plant Species page 14 Archived from the original PDF on 2008 08 28 Retrieved 2009 10 02 Catling P M and Z S Porebski 1994 The history of invasion and current status of glossy buckthorn Rhamnus frangula in Southern Ontario Canadian Field Naturalist 108 305 310 Chelsea Cunard and Thomas D Lee 2009 Is patience a virtue Succession light and the death of invasive glossy buckthorn Frangula alnus Biological Invasions Biological Invasions Volume 11 Number 3 March 2009 11 3 577 586 doi 10 1007 s10530 008 9272 8 S2CID 23517872 a b c Finlay Caroline M V Bradley Caroline R Preston S Jane Provan Jim December 2017 Low genetic diversity and potential inbreeding in an isolated population of alder buckthorn Frangula alnus following a founder effect Scientific Reports 7 1 3010 doi 10 1038 s41598 017 03166 1 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 5462792 PMID 28592885 Rich T C G Woodruff E R 1996 Changes in the vascular plant floras of England and Scotland between 1930 1960 and 1987 1988 The BSBI Monitoring Scheme Biological Conservation 75 3 217 229 doi 10 1016 0006 3207 95 00077 1 ISSN 0006 3207 McKay H V August 1991 Egg Laying Requirements of Woodland Butterflies Brimstones Gonepteryx rhamni and Alder Buckthorn Frangula alnus The Journal of Applied Ecology 28 2 731 743 doi 10 2307 2404579 ISSN 0021 8901 JSTOR 2404579 RIGUEIRO C ARROYO J M RODRIGUEZ R HAMPE A JORDANO P May 2009 Isolation and characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci forFrangula alnus Rhamnaceae Molecular Ecology Resources 9 3 986 989 doi 10 1111 j 1755 0998 2009 02527 x ISSN 1755 098X PMID 21564814 S2CID 15974997 What you can do to control buckthorn MN Department of Natural Resources Buckthorn MN Department of Natural Resources Reminder to Gardeners Some Exotic Plants Banned in Illinois Illinois Department of Natural Resources April 22 2004 Archived from the original on June 8 2011 Retrieved February 7 2010 Connecticut Invasive Plant List July 2009 PDF CT Invasive Plants Council a b c Frangula alnus Plants for a Future Further reading Edit Invasive Plants of Wisconsin Common Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Glossy Buckthorn Frangula alnus PDF University of Wisconsin Extension June 16 2010 External links EditFrangula alnus information genetic conservation units and related resources European Forest Genetic Resources Programme EUFORGEN Frangula alnus Alder Buckthorn info images and video at Woodland Trust Frangula alnus Plants for a Future Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Frangula alnus amp oldid 1134348783, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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