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Wikipedia

German Shepherd

The German Shepherd[a] is a German breed of working dog of medium to large size. The breed was developed by Max von Stephanitz using various traditional German herding dogs from 1899.

German Shepherd
Adult male
Other names
  • German Shepherd Dog
  • Alsatian
  • Alsatian Wolf Dog
  • Deutscher Schäferhund
  • Altdeutsche Schäferhunde
OriginGermany
Traits
Height Dogs
60–65 cm (24–26 in)[1]
Bitches
55–60 cm (22–24 in)[1]
Weight Dogs
30–40 kg (66–88 lb)[1]
Bitches
22–32 kg (49–71 lb)[1]
Coat Double coat
Colour Tan with black saddle, sable, solid black or bi-colour
Litter size 4–9
Life span 9–13
Kennel club standards
VDH standard
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

It was originally bred as a herding dog, for herding sheep. It has since been used in many other types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police work, and warfare. It is commonly kept as a companion dog, and according to the Fédération Cynologique Internationale had the second-highest number of annual registrations in 2013.[2]

History

 
Max von Stephanitz, the founder of the breed (with Horand von Grafrath), circa 1900
 
Illustration from 1909

During the 1890s, attempts were being made to standardise dog breeds.[3] Dogs were being bred to preserve traits that assisted in their job of herding sheep and protecting their flocks from predators.[4] In Germany this was practised within local communities, where shepherds selected and bred dogs. It was recognised that the breed had the necessary skills for herding sheep, such as intelligence, speed, strength and keen senses of smell.[4] The results were dogs that were able to do such things, but that differed significantly, both in appearance and ability, from one locality to another.[3]

To combat these differences, the Phylax Society was formed in 1891 with the intention of creating standardised development plans for native dog breeds in Germany.[4] The society disbanded after only three years due to ongoing internal conflicts regarding the traits in dogs that the society should promote;[4] some members believed dogs should be bred solely for working purposes, while others believed dogs should be bred also for appearance.[5] While unsuccessful in their goal, the Phylax Society had inspired people to pursue standardising dog breeds independently.

With the rise of large, industrialised cities in Germany, the predator population began to decline, rendering sheepdogs unnecessary.[4] At the same time, the awareness of sheepdogs as a versatile, intelligent class of canine began to rise.[4] Max von Stephanitz, an ex-cavalry captain and former student of the Berlin Veterinary College, was an ex-member of the Phylax Society who firmly believed dogs should be bred for working.[4] He admired the intelligence, strength and ability of Germany's native sheepdogs, but could not find any one single breed that satisfied him as the perfect working dog.[4]

In 1899, von Stephanitz was attending a dog show when he was shown a dog named Hektor Linksrhein.[4] Hektor was the product of few generations of selective breeding and completely fulfilled what von Stephanitz believed a working dog should be. He was pleased with the strength of the dog and was so taken by the animal's intelligence, loyalty, and beauty, that he purchased him immediately.[3] After purchasing the dog he changed his name to Horand von Grafrath and von Stephanitz founded the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (Society for German Shepherd Dogs).[3] Horand was declared to be the first German Shepherd Dog, and was the first dog added to the society's breed register.[4] In just a few decades of the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde's establishment, the breed became one of the world's most popular and numerous, a position it has maintained to this day. By 1923, the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde claimed 50,000 dues-paying members in more than 500 branches in Germany alone.[6]

Horand became the center-point of the breeding programs and was bred with dogs belonging to other society members that displayed desirable traits and with dogs from Thuringia, Franconia, and Württemberg.[4] Fathering many pups, Horand's most prolific was Hektor von Schwaben.[4][7] Hektor was inbred with another of Horand's offspring and produced Heinz von Starkenburg, Beowulf, and Pilot, who later sired a total of 84 pups, mostly through being inbred with Hektor's other offspring.[4] This inbreeding was deemed necessary in order to fix the traits being sought in the breed.[4] Beowulf's progeny also were inbred and it is from these pups that all German Shepherds draw a genetic link. It is believed the society accomplished its goal mostly due to von Stephanitz's strong, uncompromising leadership and he is therefore credited with being the creator of the German Shepherd Dog.[8]

During the first half of the twentieth century, the breed came to be strongly identified with Imperial and Nazi Germany, because of its association with purity and militarism.[6] German Shepherds were coveted as "germanische Urhunde", being close to the wolf, and became very fashionable during the Nazi era.[9] Adolf Hitler acquired a German Shepherd named "Prinz" in 1921, during his years of poverty, but he had been forced to lodge the dog elsewhere. However, she managed to escape and return to him. Hitler, who adored the loyalty and obedience of the dog, thereafter developed a great liking for the breed.[10] Hitler kept several more of the breed, including Blondi, who was among several dogs in the 'Führerbunker' during the Battle of Berlin at the end of the Second World War. Dogs played a role in Nazi propaganda by portraying Hitler as an animal lover.[9] Preparing for his suicide, Hitler ordered Dr. Werner Haase to test a cyanide capsule on Blondi, and the dog died as a result.[11] Erna Flegel, a nurse who worked at the emergency casualty station in the Reich Chancellery stated in 2005 that Blondi's death had affected the people in the bunker more than Eva Braun's suicide.[12] German Shepherds were also used widely as guard dogs at Nazi concentration camps during the Holocaust.[13]

When the German Shepherd was introduced to the United States it was initially a popular dog.[14] But as the dogs' popularity grew, it became associated as a dangerous breed owned by gangsters and bootleggers.[15][16] The reputation of the German Shepherds as a dangerous breed had grown to such an extent that it was briefly banned to import them in Australia in 1929.[17] Potential legislation was even considered to require that all German shepherds in South Australia be sterilised.[18]

Naming

 
Sable bitch (left) and dog (right)

The breed was named Deutscher Schäferhund, by von Stephanitz, literally translating to "German Shepherd Dog".[19] At the time, all other herding dogs in Germany were referred to by this name; they thus became known as Altdeutsche Schäferhunde, or old German herding dogs.

The direct translation of the name was adopted for use in the stud-book; however, at the end of the First World War, it was believed that the inclusion of the word "German" would harm the breed's popularity,[20] due to the anti-German sentiment of the era.[21] The breed was officially renamed by the UK Kennel Club to "Alsatian Wolf Dog",[20] after the French region of Alsace bordering Germany.[4]

Eventually,[when?] the appendage "wolf dog" was dropped,[20] after numerous campaigns by breeders who were worried that becoming known as a wolf-dog hybrid would affect the breed's popularity and legality.[4] The name Alsatian remained for five decades,[20] until 1977, when successful campaigns by dog enthusiasts pressured the British kennel clubs to allow the breed to be registered again as German Shepherds.[22] The word "Alsatian" once appeared in parentheses as part of the formal breed name of the American Kennel Club and was removed in 2010.[23]

Description

German Shepherds are medium to large-sized dogs.[24] The breed standard height at the withers is 60–65 cm (24–26 in) for males, and 55–60 cm (22–24 in) for females.[25][26][27] German Shepherds can reach sprinting speeds of up to 30 miles per hour.[28] Shepherds are longer than they are tall, with an ideal proportion of 10 to 8+12. The AKC official breed standard does not set a standard weight range.[29] They have a domed forehead, a long square-cut muzzle with strong jaws and a black nose. The eyes are medium-sized and brown. The ears are large and stand erect, open at the front and parallel, but they often are pulled back during movement. A German Shepherd has a long neck, which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace as well as stalking. The tail is bushy and reaches to the hock.[26]

German Shepherds have a double coat which is close and dense with a thick undercoat. The coat is accepted in two variants: medium and long. The gene for long hair is recessive, and therefore the long-haired variety is rarer. Treatment of the long-haired variation differs across standards; it is accepted but does not compete against standard-coated dogs under the German and UK Kennel Clubs while it can compete with standard-coated dogs, but is considered a fault, in the American Kennel Club.[26][29][30] The FCI accepted the long-haired type in 2010, listing it as the variety b, while the short-haired type is listed as the variety a.[31]

Most commonly, German Shepherds are either tan/black or red/black. Most colour varieties have black masks and black body markings which can range from a classic "saddle" to an overall "blanket". Rarer colour variations include sable, pure-black, pure-white, liver, silver, blue, and panda varieties. The all-black and sable varieties are acceptable according to most standards; however, the blue and liver are considered to be serious faults and the all-white is grounds for instant disqualification from showing in conformation at All Breed and Specialty Shows.[29]

Intelligence

German Shepherds were bred specifically for their intelligence.[32] In a list of breeds most likely to bark as watchdogs, Stanley Coren ranked the breed in second place.[33] Coupled with their strength, this trait makes the breed desirable as police, guard and search and rescue dogs, as they are able to quickly learn various tasks and interpret instructions better than other breeds.[34]

Temperament

 
An infant with two dogs

German Shepherds are moderately active dogs and are described in breed standards as self assured.[29] The breed is marked by a willingness to learn and an eagerness to have a purpose. They are curious, which makes them excellent guard dogs and suitable for search missions. They can become overprotective of their family and territory, especially if not socialised correctly.[35] They are not inclined to become immediate friends with strangers.[36] German Shepherds are highly intelligent and obedient, as well as protective of their owners.[37]

Aggression and biting

A 2020 literature review in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery found that from 1971 to 2018, of all pure breed dogs in the United States, the German Shepherd was responsible for the most bites severe enough to require hospital treatment.[38]

While an Australian report from 1999 provides statistics showing that German Shepherds are the breed third most likely to attack a person in some Australian locales,[39] once their popularity is taken into account, the percentages of attacks by German Shepherds drops to 38th.[40]

According to the National Geographic Channel television show Dangerous Encounters, the bite of a German Shepherd has a force of over 1,060 newtons (238 lbf) (compared with that of a Rottweiler, over 1,180–1,460 newtons (265–328 lbf), a Pit bull, 1,050 newtons (235 lbf), a Labrador Retriever, of approximately 1,000 newtons (230 lbf), or a human, of approximately 380 newtons (86 lbf)).[41]

Modern breed

 
A common breed club's goal for German Shepherd body conformity, criticised by the UK Kennel Club

The modern German Shepherd breed is criticised by experts for straying away from Max von Stephanitz's original ideology that German Shepherds should be bred primarily as working dogs and that breeding should be strictly controlled to eliminate defects quickly.[42]: 6 [43] He believed that, above all else, German Shepherds should be bred for intelligence and working ability.[4]

Controversy

The Kennel Club, in the United Kingdom, is involved in a dispute with German Shepherd breed clubs about the issue of soundness in the show strain of the breed.[44][45] Some show strains have been bred with an extremely roached topline (back) that causes poor gait in the hind legs.

The issue was raised in the BBC documentary, Pedigree Dogs Exposed, which said that critics of the breed describe it as "half dog, half frog". An orthopaedic vet remarked on footage of dogs in a show ring that they were "not normal".

The Kennel Club's position is that "this issue of soundness is not a simple difference of opinion, it is the fundamental issue of the breed's essential conformation and movement."[44] The Kennel Club has decided to retrain judges to penalise dogs with these problems.[46]

The Kennel Club also recommends testing for haemophilia and hip dysplasia, other common problems with the breed.[47][48]

Variants

East-European Shepherd

 
East-European Shepherd

The East-European Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the former Soviet Union with the purpose of creating a larger, more cold-resistant version of the German Shepherd. It lacks the physical deformities bred into western show lines of German Shepherds and has become one of Russia's most popular dog types.[49]

King Shepherd

The King Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States, its breeders hoping to rectify the physical deformities that have been bred into the original breed.[50]

Shiloh Shepherd

 
Shiloh Shepherd

The Shiloh Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States. It was developed in the 1970s and 1980s to correct behavioural and conformational issues that have been bred into modern German Shepherds, and was bred for its large size, length of back, temperament and soundness of hips.[51][52] It has been recognised since 1990 by the American Rare Breed Association.[53]

White Shepherd

 
White Shepherd

The White Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States. White-coated German Shepherds were once banned from registration in their native Germany, but in the United States and Canada the coloration gained a following and a breed club was formed specifically for white German Shepherds, calling their variety the White Shepherd. The variety is recognised as a separate breed by the United Kennel Club.[54]

White Swiss Shepherd Dog

 
White Swiss Shepherd Dog

The White Swiss Shepherd Dog (French: Berger Blanc Suisse, German: Weisser Schweizer Schäferhund, Italian: Pastore Svizzero Bianco) is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in Switzerland. It descends from the American White Shepherds; the first stud dog of what was to become the breed was an American dog born in 1966 and imported to Switzerland. The variety was recognised by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale as a separate breed in 2003, and it is now recognised by a number of national kennel clubs.[54]

Use as a working dog

German Shepherds are a popular selection for use as working dogs.[55] They are known for being easy to train and good for performing tasks and following instructions. They are especially well known for their police work, being used for tracking criminals, patrolling troubled areas and detection and holding of suspects. Additionally, thousands of German Shepherds have been used by the military. These military working dogs (MWD) are usually trained for scout duty, and they are used to warn soldiers to the presence of enemies or of booby traps or other hazards.[56] German Shepherds have also been trained by military groups to parachute from aircraft[57] or as anti-tank weapons. They were used in World War II as messenger dogs, rescue dogs and personal guard dogs.[4] A number of these dogs were taken home by foreign servicemen, who were impressed by their intelligence.[4]

The German Shepherd is one of the most widely used breeds in a wide variety of scent-work roles. These include search and rescue, cadaver searching, narcotics detection, explosives detection, accelerant detection and mine detection dog, among others. They are suited for these lines of work because of their keen sense of smell and their ability to work regardless of distractions.[56] At one time the German Shepherd was the breed chosen almost exclusively to be used as a guide dog for the visually impaired. When formal guide dog training began in Switzerland in the 1920s under the leadership of Dorothy Eustis, all of the dogs trained were German Shepherd females.[58] An experiment in temperament testing of a group of Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds showed that the Retrievers scored higher on average in emotional stability, ability to recover promptly from frightening situations, cooperative behaviour and friendliness; while the German Shepherds were superior in aggression and defensive behaviour. These results suggested that Labrador Retrievers were more suited to guide dog work while German Shepherds were more suited to police work.[59] Currently, Labradors and Golden Retrievers are more widely used for this work, although there are still German Shepherds being trained. In 2013, about 15% of the dogs trained by Guide Dogs of America were German Shepherds, while the remainder are Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers.[60] The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association in the United Kingdom trains some German Shepherds,[61] while the comparable organisation in the US only trains Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and crosses between these breeds.[62]

German Shepherds are still used for herding and tending sheep grazing in meadows next to gardens and crop fields. They are expected to patrol the boundaries to keep sheep from trespassing and damaging the crops. In Germany and other places these skills are tested in utility dog trials also known as Herdengebrauchshund (HGH) herding utility dog trials.[63]

One Mexican German Shepherd, Zuyaqui, was dissected and his body put on display at the Sedena's "Narco Museum" in Mexico. He is regarded to be the dog who has captured the most drugs in Mexican police and military history.[64]

Numbers

 
A nine-week-old puppy

When the UK Kennel accepted registrations in 1919, 54 German Shepherds were registered. By 1926 this number had grown to over 8000.[3] The breed gained international recognition after the end of World War I. Returning soldiers spoke highly of the breed and animal actors Rin Tin Tin and Strongheart popularised the breed further.[65] The first German Shepherd Dog registered in the United States was Queen of Switzerland. Her offspring had defects as the result of poor breeding, which caused the breed to decline in popularity during the late 1920s.[65]

Popularity increased again after Sieger Pfeffer von Bern became the 1937 and 1938 Grand Victor in American Kennel club dog shows, only to have another decline at the conclusion of World War II, due to anti-German sentiment.[65] Popularity increased gradually until 1993, when they became the third most popular breed in the United States. As of 2016, the German Shepherd is the second most popular breed in the US.[65][66] It is typically among the most frequently registered breeds in other countries.[65] It was the third-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club in 2020,[67] and seventh-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom in 2016.[68]

Health

Many common ailments of the German Shepherd are a result of the inbreeding practised early in the breed's life.[69] One such common ailment is hip and elbow dysplasia which may cause the dog to experience pain later on in life and may cause arthritis.[70] A study conducted by the University of Zurich found that 45% of the police working dogs were affected by degenerative spinal stenosis, although a small sample size was used.[71] The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals found that 19.1% of German Shepherd are affected by hip dysplasia.[72] There are, however, ways to help prevent hip dysplasia, including getting a pup from a good breeder, keeping it on a healthy diet, and limiting the amount of jumping or rough play.[73] German Shepherds have low frequency of ear infections, since this breed is well known for hyperactivity of its cerumen-producing glands.[74] According to a recent survey in the UK, the median life span of German Shepherds is 10.95 years,[75] which is normal for a dog of their size.

Degenerative myelopathy, a neurological disease, occurs with enough regularity specifically in the breed to suggest that the breed is predisposed to it. A very inexpensive DNA saliva test is now available to screen for degenerative myelopathy. The test screens for the mutated gene that has been seen in dogs with degenerative myelopathy. A small study in the UK showed 16% of young asymptomatic German Shepherds to be homozygous for the mutation, with a further 38% being carriers.[76] Now that a test is available the disease can be bred out of breeds with a high preponderance. The test is only recommended for predisposed breeds, but can be performed on DNA samples from any dog, collected through swabbing the inside of the animal's cheek with a sterile cotton swab. Prospective German Shepherd buyers can now request the test from the breeder or buy from a breeder who is known to test their dogs.[77]

German Shepherds have a higher-than-normal incidence of Von Willebrand disease, a common inherited bleeding disorder,[78] and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), a degenerative disease of the pancreas. It is estimated that 1% of the UK population of German Shepherds has this disease.[79] Treatment is usually provided in the form of pancreatic supplements taken with food.

Skeletal health and supplementation

Musculoskeletal disorders are debilitating conditions that are often associated with genetic makeup, malnutrition, and stress-related events.[80] Some breeds like the German Shepherd, are predisposed to a variety of different skeletal disorders, including but not limited to: canine hip dysplasia, Cauda equina syndrome, and osteoarthritis.[81][82] These conditions can be a result of poor breeding or induced by intense exercise and poor diet.

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is an orthopaedic condition resulting from abnormal development of the hip joint and surrounding tissue causing the instability and partial dislocation of the hip joint, resulting in pain, inflammation, lameness, and potentially osteoarthritis of the joint.[81][83] German Shepherds are genetically predisposed to CHD and the University of Veterinary Medicine in Germany found its prevalence estimated to be approximately 35% of veterinary cases associated with the disorder.[82]

Osteoarthritis is one of the main contributors of musculoskeletal pain and disabilities that commonly affect German Shepherds.[84][85] Mechanical stress, oxidative damage and inflammatory mediators combine to induce the gradual degeneration of the articular cartilage in the joint, resulting in reduced muscle mass, pain, and locomotion.[84][86]

Feeding a well-balanced diet designed for large breeds like the German Shepherd to ensure adequate growth rates and proper maintenance of musculoskeletal health is essential.[80] Dietary energy levels should be monitored and controlled throughout all life stages and activity levels of the German Shepherd to assist in the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal disorder symptoms.[80] Several dietary factors play a crucial role in maintaining skeletal health and are described as follows:

Appropriate calcium levels are vital in developing a strong skeletal system and aid in preventing orthopaedic diseases like Canine Hip Dysplasia.[80] Furthermore, the ratio of calcium and phosphorus must be balanced and at a recommended ratio of 1.2:1 to ensure proper bone development and structure.[80] Imbalances in calcium and phosphorus levels can result in various skeletal complications.[80] Excess phosphorus can produce lesions in bones whereas excessive calcium can lead to hypocalcaemia and result in excess bone deposition, interfering with normal bone development.[80] In extreme circumstances of insufficient calcium intake, bone resorption can occur due to the body withdrawing calcium deposits from the skeletal frame as a last resort to fulfill dietary needs.[80]

Omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been shown to be highly effective in the prevention of cartilage catabolism in in vitro models, suggesting that its supplementation in food could aid in decreasing the symptoms of osteoarthritis in German Shepherds.[87] Furthermore, EPA and DHA inhibit key regulators of the inflammatory process and suppress their activation which can help alleviate pain and reduce inflamed joints associated with many skeletal disorders.[86] Ensuring an appropriate ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids of approximately 5:1 is very important for inflammation processes.[80] Animals source, specifically marine life such as fish, krill, and mussels, and plant sources such as flaxseed, soybean and canola oil, are particularly rich in omega-3 fatty acids.[86]

Glucosamine is an amino-monosaccharide that naturally occurs in all tissues, particularly in articular cartilage of joints and from the biosynthesis of glucose.[85] Natural synthesis of glucosamine occurs in the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage in joints.[80] However, as a result of damage to the joint or cartilage, there is decreased ability to synthesize glucosamine resulting in the deterioration of the joint, and supplementation is required.[80] Clinical trials of long term administration of glucosamine in German Shepherds have reduced symptoms of degenerative joint disease and accelerated cartilage healing.[88] Anti-inflammatory effects of glucosamine are believed to contribute to the reduction of pain, promote joint recovery and mobility, and prevent further cartilage degradation.[88] Similarly, chondroitin supplementation is proposed to have comparable results in inhibiting degradative enzymes within the cartilage matrix to reduce the effects of osteoarthritis, but further research is required to assess long term benefits.[80]

Vitamins such as A and D also have crucial roles in bone development and maintenance by regulating bone and calcium metabolism.[80] Adequate levels should be incorporated into a German Shepherd diet to promote a healthy musculoskeletal system.[80]

In popular culture

 
Strongheart, one of the earliest canine stars (1921)

German Shepherds have been featured in a wide range of media.[89] In 1921 Strongheart became one of the earliest canine film stars, and was followed in 1922 by Rin Tin Tin, who is considered[by whom?] the most famous German Shepherd. Both have stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[90]

Batman's dog Ace the Bat-Hound appeared in the Batman comic books, initially in 1955,[91] through 1964.[92] From 1964 onwards, his appearances have been sporadic.

A German Shepherd named Inspector Rex is the star of an Austrian Police procedural drama program of the same name, which won many awards, where German Shepherd Rex assists the Vienna Kriminalpolizei homicide unit.[93] The show was aired in many languages.[94]

Kántor [hu] was a famous and very successful police dog in Hungary in the 1950s and early 1960s. After his death his story was fictionalised by two crime novels by Rudolf Szamos [hu], titled Kántor Investigates [hu] and Kántor in the Big City. A five-part thriller series for television titled Kántor was produced in 1975, which was loosely based on the actual dog's story, setting the events more than a decade after the real Kántor died. It became one of the staple productions of Hungarian television history, making German Shepherds the most popular dog breed in the country ever since. The taxidermy mount of Kántor's body is on display at the Police Museum in Budapest.[95][96]

Notable individual German Shepherds

  • The dog on which the breed was founded
    • Horand von Grafrath (January 1, 1895 – after 1899), considered the first German Shepherd and the genetic basis for modern German Shepherds
  • In film, television and fiction
    • Strongheart (1 October 1917 – 24 June 1929), featured in Hollywood films of 1921–1927
    • Rin Tin Tin (September 1918 – 10 August 1932), Rin Tin Tin Jr., and Rin Tin Tin III, featured in Hollywood films of 1922–1947
    • Thunder the Dog (7 September 1921 – after October 1928), featured in Hollywood films of 1923–1927
    • Silver Streak (born 1924), featured in Hollywood films of 1924–1928
    • Lightning, grandson of Strongheart, featured in Hollywood films of 1934–1938
    • Ace the Wonder Dog, featured in Hollywood films and serials of 1938–1946
    • Rex the Wonder Dog, fictional superhero in the DC Comics universe 1952–present
    • Ace the Bat-Hound, fictional partner of Batman in DC Comics 1955–present
    • Joe, protagonist in the NBC television series Run, Joe, Run in 1974–1975
    • Won Ton Ton, protagonist of the 1976 comedy film Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood, a spoof of Rin Tin Tin
    • Koton, sometimes identified as Rando, police dog later featured in the 1989 film K-9 with James Belushi
    • Rex, protagonist of the Austrian-Italian comedy-drama television series Inspector Rex of 1994–2015, and remakes in other countries
  • Pets of political figures
  • PDSA Dickin Medal recipients (for military and civil defence service dogs)[97]
  • PDSA Gold Medal recipients (for non-military dogs)[98][99]
    • Ajax, 11 June 2013 for service in the civil guard that saved lives by detection of an ETA bomb near a guard barracks site on the Spanish island of Majorca in 2009 under dangerous circumstances
    • Anya, 6 July 2010 for service as a British police dog in defending an officer from a knife attack in January 2008
    • Ellie and Jones (Shepherd mixes), 22 August 2013 for saving their owner who collapsed and lost consciousness due to diabetic shock in November 2010
    • Finn (born March 2009), 6 May 2018 for service as a police dog in a knife attack on a police officer in Stevenage, Hertfordshire, England, on 5 October 2016[100]
    • Gage (died 13 July 2010), 22 August 2013 (posthumously) for service as a police dog in a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand, defending an officer in an attack by a man with a rifle (in which the dog was killed)
  • Other military, police, search-and-rescue, and institutional guard dogs
    • Gabi, 1980s guard dog at the Belgrade Zoo that protected a security guard and the public by fighting with an escaped jaguar
    • Kántor [hu], police dog in Hungary in the 1950s and early 1960s, later portrayed in fictionalized versions for novels and television
    • Lex (1999 – March 25, 2012), used by the United States Marine Corps in Iraq and later adopted by the family of a soldier who died in a rocket attack while serving as his handler
    • Mancs (1994–2006), earthquake search and rescue dog of Miskolc, Hungary, that helped rescue a 3-year-old girl who had spent 82 hours under ruins of a 1999 earthquake in Turkey
    • Nemo A534 (died December 1972), served in battle in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War
    • Rajah, performing and unofficial police dog in New Zealand, suggested as a candidate replacement for Rin Tin Tin in films
    • Trakr (c. 1994 – April 2009), Canadian police dog that discovered the last survivor of the 11 September 2001 attacks in New York City, United States
    • Zuyaqui (died 2000s), used by Mexican military and police forces for detection of illegal drugs

Notes

  1. ^ German: Deutscher Schäferhund, German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃɐ ˈʃɛːfɐˌhʊnt] ("German Shepherd Dog")

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Deutscher Schäferhund (Langstockhaar) (in German). Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen. Accessed July 2020.
  2. ^ [Svenska Kennelklubben] (2013). Registration figures worldwide – from top thirty to endangered breeds. FCI Newsletter 15.
  3. ^ a b c d e . German Shepherds.com. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Kern (1990), pp. 11–21.
  5. ^ Rice (1999), p. 11.
  6. ^ a b Skabelund, Aaron (June 2008). "Breeding racism: The imperial battlefields of the 'German' shepherd dog" (PDF). Society and Animals. 16 (4): 355. doi:10.1163/156853008X357676 – via AnimalsAndSociety.org.
  7. ^ Stevens (2002), p. 11.
  8. ^ Willis (1976), p. 5.
  9. ^ a b Sax, Boria (2000). Animals in the Third Reich: Pets, scapegoats, and the holocaust. Foreword by Klaus P. Fischer. New York, NY & London, UK: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-1289-8.
  10. ^ Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. Viking-Penguin Books. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5.
  11. ^ Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A biography. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 952. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
  12. ^ Harding, Luke (2 May 2005). "Hitler's nurse breaks 60 years of silence". The Guardian.
  13. ^ Jacobs, Benjamin (18 January 2001). The Dentist of Auschwitz: A memoir. p. 123. ISBN 0813190126.
  14. ^ "Being the fashionable dog: Not mad, only natural", The New York Times, 7 July 1924
  15. ^ "German shepherds owned by bootleggers: Kill dog in dry raid". The New York Times. 5 May 1927.
  16. ^ "The police dog situation: Ban on police dogs in Queens urged by magistrate Conway". The New York Times. 7 July 1924.
  17. ^ Kaleski, Robert (29 March 2011). Australian Barkers and Biters. Read Books Ltd. ISBN 9781446549018 – via Google Books.
  18. ^ "Alsatian Dogs Bill 1934". pir.sa.gov.au. History of Agriculture. 20 November 2017.
  19. ^ FCI breeds nomenclature: Deutscher Schäferhund (166). Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed January 2022.
  20. ^ a b c d Palika, Liz (2008). Your Happy Healthy Pet: German Shepherd Dog. Wiley. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-470-19231-3.
  21. ^ Rice (1999), p. 12.
  22. ^ "German Shepherd – The Ultimate Service Dog". German Culture. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
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Bibliography

  • Ackerman, Nicola (2008). Companion Animal Nutrition. Edinburgh: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann. ISBN 9780750688987.
  • Choron, Sandra (2005). Planet Dog: A Doglopedia. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0618517529.
  • Fogle, Bruce (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Dog. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-6004-8.
  • Kern, Francis G. (1990). German Shepherds. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. pp. 11–21. ISBN 0-86622-865-9.}
  • Hancock, David (2014). Dogs of the shepherds: a review of the pastoral breeds. Ramsbury, Wiltshire: The Crowood Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84797-808-0.
  • Pickeral, Tamsin (2014). Dogs unleashed. San Diego: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781626862739.
  • Rice, Dan (1999). Training Your German Shepherd Dog. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's. ISBN 0-7641-0852-2.
  • Stevens, Katrina (2002). The German Shepherd Dog. Willow Creek Press. ISBN 1-57223-512-8.}
  • Strickland, Winifred Gibson; Moses, James A. (1998). The German Shepherd Today. Howell Book House. ISBN 0-87605-154-9.
  • von Stephanitz, Max (1994). The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture. Revised by Schwabacher, Joseph. Hoflin Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-99932-80-05-7.
  • Willis, Malcolm B. (1976). The German Shepherd Dog: Its History, Development and Genetics. K and R Books. ISBN 0-903264-15-3.

Further reading

  • Cree, John (1977). Training the Alsatian, the Obedient Companion or Working Partner. Pelham. ISBN 0-7207-0993-8.
  • (PDF). German Shepherd Dog Council of Australia in conjunction with Australian National Kennel Council. 26 March 2012 [3 February 2007]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  • Hart, Ernest H. (1985). The German Shepherd Dog. New Jersey: T. F. H. ISBN 0-86622-031-3.
  • . Australian National Kennel Council. 20 August 2013 [23 March 1991]. Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.

External links

  • —The original registrar of the German Shepherd
  • . Dogs 101. Animal Planet. Archived from the original (Video) on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.

german, shepherd, german, breed, working, medium, large, size, breed, developed, stephanitz, using, various, traditional, german, herding, dogs, from, 1899, adult, maleother, names, dogalsatianalsatian, wolf, dogdeutscher, schäferhundaltdeutsche, schäferhundeo. The German Shepherd a is a German breed of working dog of medium to large size The breed was developed by Max von Stephanitz using various traditional German herding dogs from 1899 German ShepherdAdult maleOther namesGerman Shepherd DogAlsatianAlsatian Wolf DogDeutscher SchaferhundAltdeutsche SchaferhundeOriginGermanyTraitsHeightDogs60 65 cm 24 26 in 1 Bitches55 60 cm 22 24 in 1 WeightDogs30 40 kg 66 88 lb 1 Bitches22 32 kg 49 71 lb 1 CoatDouble coatColourTan with black saddle sable solid black or bi colourLitter size4 9Life span9 13Kennel club standardsVDHstandardFederation Cynologique InternationalestandardDog domestic dog It was originally bred as a herding dog for herding sheep It has since been used in many other types of work including disability assistance search and rescue police work and warfare It is commonly kept as a companion dog and according to the Federation Cynologique Internationale had the second highest number of annual registrations in 2013 2 Contents 1 History 1 1 Naming 2 Description 2 1 Intelligence 3 Temperament 3 1 Aggression and biting 4 Modern breed 4 1 Controversy 5 Variants 5 1 East European Shepherd 5 2 King Shepherd 5 3 Shiloh Shepherd 5 4 White Shepherd 5 5 White Swiss Shepherd Dog 6 Use as a working dog 7 Numbers 8 Health 8 1 Skeletal health and supplementation 9 In popular culture 10 Notable individual German Shepherds 11 Notes 12 References 12 1 Citations 12 2 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External linksHistory Edit Max von Stephanitz the founder of the breed with Horand von Grafrath circa 1900 Illustration from 1909 During the 1890s attempts were being made to standardise dog breeds 3 Dogs were being bred to preserve traits that assisted in their job of herding sheep and protecting their flocks from predators 4 In Germany this was practised within local communities where shepherds selected and bred dogs It was recognised that the breed had the necessary skills for herding sheep such as intelligence speed strength and keen senses of smell 4 The results were dogs that were able to do such things but that differed significantly both in appearance and ability from one locality to another 3 To combat these differences the Phylax Society was formed in 1891 with the intention of creating standardised development plans for native dog breeds in Germany 4 The society disbanded after only three years due to ongoing internal conflicts regarding the traits in dogs that the society should promote 4 some members believed dogs should be bred solely for working purposes while others believed dogs should be bred also for appearance 5 While unsuccessful in their goal the Phylax Society had inspired people to pursue standardising dog breeds independently With the rise of large industrialised cities in Germany the predator population began to decline rendering sheepdogs unnecessary 4 At the same time the awareness of sheepdogs as a versatile intelligent class of canine began to rise 4 Max von Stephanitz an ex cavalry captain and former student of the Berlin Veterinary College was an ex member of the Phylax Society who firmly believed dogs should be bred for working 4 He admired the intelligence strength and ability of Germany s native sheepdogs but could not find any one single breed that satisfied him as the perfect working dog 4 In 1899 von Stephanitz was attending a dog show when he was shown a dog named Hektor Linksrhein 4 Hektor was the product of few generations of selective breeding and completely fulfilled what von Stephanitz believed a working dog should be He was pleased with the strength of the dog and was so taken by the animal s intelligence loyalty and beauty that he purchased him immediately 3 After purchasing the dog he changed his name to Horand von Grafrath and von Stephanitz founded the Verein fur Deutsche Schaferhunde Society for German Shepherd Dogs 3 Horand was declared to be the first German Shepherd Dog and was the first dog added to the society s breed register 4 In just a few decades of the Verein fur Deutsche Schaferhunde s establishment the breed became one of the world s most popular and numerous a position it has maintained to this day By 1923 the Verein fur Deutsche Schaferhunde claimed 50 000 dues paying members in more than 500 branches in Germany alone 6 Horand became the center point of the breeding programs and was bred with dogs belonging to other society members that displayed desirable traits and with dogs from Thuringia Franconia and Wurttemberg 4 Fathering many pups Horand s most prolific was Hektor von Schwaben 4 7 Hektor was inbred with another of Horand s offspring and produced Heinz von Starkenburg Beowulf and Pilot who later sired a total of 84 pups mostly through being inbred with Hektor s other offspring 4 This inbreeding was deemed necessary in order to fix the traits being sought in the breed 4 Beowulf s progeny also were inbred and it is from these pups that all German Shepherds draw a genetic link It is believed the society accomplished its goal mostly due to von Stephanitz s strong uncompromising leadership and he is therefore credited with being the creator of the German Shepherd Dog 8 During the first half of the twentieth century the breed came to be strongly identified with Imperial and Nazi Germany because of its association with purity and militarism 6 German Shepherds were coveted as germanische Urhunde being close to the wolf and became very fashionable during the Nazi era 9 Adolf Hitler acquired a German Shepherd named Prinz in 1921 during his years of poverty but he had been forced to lodge the dog elsewhere However she managed to escape and return to him Hitler who adored the loyalty and obedience of the dog thereafter developed a great liking for the breed 10 Hitler kept several more of the breed including Blondi who was among several dogs in the Fuhrerbunker during the Battle of Berlin at the end of the Second World War Dogs played a role in Nazi propaganda by portraying Hitler as an animal lover 9 Preparing for his suicide Hitler ordered Dr Werner Haase to test a cyanide capsule on Blondi and the dog died as a result 11 Erna Flegel a nurse who worked at the emergency casualty station in the Reich Chancellery stated in 2005 that Blondi s death had affected the people in the bunker more than Eva Braun s suicide 12 German Shepherds were also used widely as guard dogs at Nazi concentration camps during the Holocaust 13 When the German Shepherd was introduced to the United States it was initially a popular dog 14 But as the dogs popularity grew it became associated as a dangerous breed owned by gangsters and bootleggers 15 16 The reputation of the German Shepherds as a dangerous breed had grown to such an extent that it was briefly banned to import them in Australia in 1929 17 Potential legislation was even considered to require that all German shepherds in South Australia be sterilised 18 Naming Edit Sable bitch left and dog right The breed was named Deutscher Schaferhund by von Stephanitz literally translating to German Shepherd Dog 19 At the time all other herding dogs in Germany were referred to by this name they thus became known as Altdeutsche Schaferhunde or old German herding dogs The direct translation of the name was adopted for use in the stud book however at the end of the First World War it was believed that the inclusion of the word German would harm the breed s popularity 20 due to the anti German sentiment of the era 21 The breed was officially renamed by the UK Kennel Club to Alsatian Wolf Dog 20 after the French region of Alsace bordering Germany 4 Eventually when the appendage wolf dog was dropped 20 after numerous campaigns by breeders who were worried that becoming known as a wolf dog hybrid would affect the breed s popularity and legality 4 The name Alsatian remained for five decades 20 until 1977 when successful campaigns by dog enthusiasts pressured the British kennel clubs to allow the breed to be registered again as German Shepherds 22 The word Alsatian once appeared in parentheses as part of the formal breed name of the American Kennel Club and was removed in 2010 23 Description Edit Skeleton in the Museum of Veterinary Anatomy of Sao Paulo Brazil German Shepherds are medium to large sized dogs 24 The breed standard height at the withers is 60 65 cm 24 26 in for males and 55 60 cm 22 24 in for females 25 26 27 German Shepherds can reach sprinting speeds of up to 30 miles per hour 28 Shepherds are longer than they are tall with an ideal proportion of 10 to 8 1 2 The AKC official breed standard does not set a standard weight range 29 They have a domed forehead a long square cut muzzle with strong jaws and a black nose The eyes are medium sized and brown The ears are large and stand erect open at the front and parallel but they often are pulled back during movement A German Shepherd has a long neck which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace as well as stalking The tail is bushy and reaches to the hock 26 German Shepherds have a double coat which is close and dense with a thick undercoat The coat is accepted in two variants medium and long The gene for long hair is recessive and therefore the long haired variety is rarer Treatment of the long haired variation differs across standards it is accepted but does not compete against standard coated dogs under the German and UK Kennel Clubs while it can compete with standard coated dogs but is considered a fault in the American Kennel Club 26 29 30 The FCI accepted the long haired type in 2010 listing it as the variety b while the short haired type is listed as the variety a 31 Most commonly German Shepherds are either tan black or red black Most colour varieties have black masks and black body markings which can range from a classic saddle to an overall blanket Rarer colour variations include sable pure black pure white liver silver blue and panda varieties The all black and sable varieties are acceptable according to most standards however the blue and liver are considered to be serious faults and the all white is grounds for instant disqualification from showing in conformation at All Breed and Specialty Shows 29 Saddle black and tan coat Black mask and sable Solid black Bi colour Long haired black and tanIntelligence Edit German Shepherds were bred specifically for their intelligence 32 In a list of breeds most likely to bark as watchdogs Stanley Coren ranked the breed in second place 33 Coupled with their strength this trait makes the breed desirable as police guard and search and rescue dogs as they are able to quickly learn various tasks and interpret instructions better than other breeds 34 Temperament Edit An infant with two dogs German Shepherds are moderately active dogs and are described in breed standards as self assured 29 The breed is marked by a willingness to learn and an eagerness to have a purpose They are curious which makes them excellent guard dogs and suitable for search missions They can become overprotective of their family and territory especially if not socialised correctly 35 They are not inclined to become immediate friends with strangers 36 German Shepherds are highly intelligent and obedient as well as protective of their owners 37 Aggression and biting Edit Further information Dog bite prevention A 2020 literature review in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery found that from 1971 to 2018 of all pure breed dogs in the United States the German Shepherd was responsible for the most bites severe enough to require hospital treatment 38 While an Australian report from 1999 provides statistics showing that German Shepherds are the breed third most likely to attack a person in some Australian locales 39 once their popularity is taken into account the percentages of attacks by German Shepherds drops to 38th 40 According to the National Geographic Channel television show Dangerous Encounters the bite of a German Shepherd has a force of over 1 060 newtons 238 lbf compared with that of a Rottweiler over 1 180 1 460 newtons 265 328 lbf a Pit bull 1 050 newtons 235 lbf a Labrador Retriever of approximately 1 000 newtons 230 lbf or a human of approximately 380 newtons 86 lbf 41 Modern breed Edit A common breed club s goal for German Shepherd body conformity criticised by the UK Kennel Club The modern German Shepherd breed is criticised by experts for straying away from Max von Stephanitz s original ideology that German Shepherds should be bred primarily as working dogs and that breeding should be strictly controlled to eliminate defects quickly 42 6 43 He believed that above all else German Shepherds should be bred for intelligence and working ability 4 Controversy Edit The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom is involved in a dispute with German Shepherd breed clubs about the issue of soundness in the show strain of the breed 44 45 Some show strains have been bred with an extremely roached topline back that causes poor gait in the hind legs The issue was raised in the BBC documentary Pedigree Dogs Exposed which said that critics of the breed describe it as half dog half frog An orthopaedic vet remarked on footage of dogs in a show ring that they were not normal The Kennel Club s position is that this issue of soundness is not a simple difference of opinion it is the fundamental issue of the breed s essential conformation and movement 44 The Kennel Club has decided to retrain judges to penalise dogs with these problems 46 The Kennel Club also recommends testing for haemophilia and hip dysplasia other common problems with the breed 47 48 Variants EditEast European Shepherd Edit Main article East European Shepherd East European Shepherd The East European Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the former Soviet Union with the purpose of creating a larger more cold resistant version of the German Shepherd It lacks the physical deformities bred into western show lines of German Shepherds and has become one of Russia s most popular dog types 49 King Shepherd Edit The King Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States its breeders hoping to rectify the physical deformities that have been bred into the original breed 50 Shiloh Shepherd Edit Shiloh Shepherd The Shiloh Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States It was developed in the 1970s and 1980s to correct behavioural and conformational issues that have been bred into modern German Shepherds and was bred for its large size length of back temperament and soundness of hips 51 52 It has been recognised since 1990 by the American Rare Breed Association 53 White Shepherd Edit Main article White Shepherd White Shepherd The White Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States White coated German Shepherds were once banned from registration in their native Germany but in the United States and Canada the coloration gained a following and a breed club was formed specifically for white German Shepherds calling their variety the White Shepherd The variety is recognised as a separate breed by the United Kennel Club 54 White Swiss Shepherd Dog Edit Main article White Swiss Shepherd Dog White Swiss Shepherd Dog The White Swiss Shepherd Dog French Berger Blanc Suisse German Weisser Schweizer Schaferhund Italian Pastore Svizzero Bianco is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in Switzerland It descends from the American White Shepherds the first stud dog of what was to become the breed was an American dog born in 1966 and imported to Switzerland The variety was recognised by the Federation Cynologique Internationale as a separate breed in 2003 and it is now recognised by a number of national kennel clubs 54 Use as a working dog EditGerman Shepherds are a popular selection for use as working dogs 55 They are known for being easy to train and good for performing tasks and following instructions They are especially well known for their police work being used for tracking criminals patrolling troubled areas and detection and holding of suspects Additionally thousands of German Shepherds have been used by the military These military working dogs MWD are usually trained for scout duty and they are used to warn soldiers to the presence of enemies or of booby traps or other hazards 56 German Shepherds have also been trained by military groups to parachute from aircraft 57 or as anti tank weapons They were used in World War II as messenger dogs rescue dogs and personal guard dogs 4 A number of these dogs were taken home by foreign servicemen who were impressed by their intelligence 4 The German Shepherd is one of the most widely used breeds in a wide variety of scent work roles These include search and rescue cadaver searching narcotics detection explosives detection accelerant detection and mine detection dog among others They are suited for these lines of work because of their keen sense of smell and their ability to work regardless of distractions 56 At one time the German Shepherd was the breed chosen almost exclusively to be used as a guide dog for the visually impaired When formal guide dog training began in Switzerland in the 1920s under the leadership of Dorothy Eustis all of the dogs trained were German Shepherd females 58 An experiment in temperament testing of a group of Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds showed that the Retrievers scored higher on average in emotional stability ability to recover promptly from frightening situations cooperative behaviour and friendliness while the German Shepherds were superior in aggression and defensive behaviour These results suggested that Labrador Retrievers were more suited to guide dog work while German Shepherds were more suited to police work 59 Currently Labradors and Golden Retrievers are more widely used for this work although there are still German Shepherds being trained In 2013 about 15 of the dogs trained by Guide Dogs of America were German Shepherds while the remainder are Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers 60 The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association in the United Kingdom trains some German Shepherds 61 while the comparable organisation in the US only trains Labrador Retrievers Golden Retrievers and crosses between these breeds 62 German Shepherds are still used for herding and tending sheep grazing in meadows next to gardens and crop fields They are expected to patrol the boundaries to keep sheep from trespassing and damaging the crops In Germany and other places these skills are tested in utility dog trials also known as Herdengebrauchshund HGH herding utility dog trials 63 One Mexican German Shepherd Zuyaqui was dissected and his body put on display at the Sedena s Narco Museum in Mexico He is regarded to be the dog who has captured the most drugs in Mexican police and military history 64 German night watchman with dog 1950 Swedish police dogs 2007 Rescue dog at the site of the collapsed World Trade Center 2001 Military dog during trainingNumbers EditThe examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United Kingdom and the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate October 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message A nine week old puppy When the UK Kennel accepted registrations in 1919 54 German Shepherds were registered By 1926 this number had grown to over 8000 3 The breed gained international recognition after the end of World War I Returning soldiers spoke highly of the breed and animal actors Rin Tin Tin and Strongheart popularised the breed further 65 The first German Shepherd Dog registered in the United States was Queen of Switzerland Her offspring had defects as the result of poor breeding which caused the breed to decline in popularity during the late 1920s 65 Popularity increased again after Sieger Pfeffer von Bern became the 1937 and 1938 Grand Victor in American Kennel club dog shows only to have another decline at the conclusion of World War II due to anti German sentiment 65 Popularity increased gradually until 1993 when they became the third most popular breed in the United States As of 2016 update the German Shepherd is the second most popular breed in the US 65 66 It is typically among the most frequently registered breeds in other countries 65 It was the third most registered breed by the American Kennel Club in 2020 67 and seventh most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom in 2016 68 Health EditMany common ailments of the German Shepherd are a result of the inbreeding practised early in the breed s life 69 One such common ailment is hip and elbow dysplasia which may cause the dog to experience pain later on in life and may cause arthritis 70 A study conducted by the University of Zurich found that 45 of the police working dogs were affected by degenerative spinal stenosis although a small sample size was used 71 The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals found that 19 1 of German Shepherd are affected by hip dysplasia 72 There are however ways to help prevent hip dysplasia including getting a pup from a good breeder keeping it on a healthy diet and limiting the amount of jumping or rough play 73 German Shepherds have low frequency of ear infections since this breed is well known for hyperactivity of its cerumen producing glands 74 According to a recent survey in the UK the median life span of German Shepherds is 10 95 years 75 which is normal for a dog of their size Degenerative myelopathy a neurological disease occurs with enough regularity specifically in the breed to suggest that the breed is predisposed to it A very inexpensive DNA saliva test is now available to screen for degenerative myelopathy The test screens for the mutated gene that has been seen in dogs with degenerative myelopathy A small study in the UK showed 16 of young asymptomatic German Shepherds to be homozygous for the mutation with a further 38 being carriers 76 Now that a test is available the disease can be bred out of breeds with a high preponderance The test is only recommended for predisposed breeds but can be performed on DNA samples from any dog collected through swabbing the inside of the animal s cheek with a sterile cotton swab Prospective German Shepherd buyers can now request the test from the breeder or buy from a breeder who is known to test their dogs 77 German Shepherds have a higher than normal incidence of Von Willebrand disease a common inherited bleeding disorder 78 and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency EPI a degenerative disease of the pancreas It is estimated that 1 of the UK population of German Shepherds has this disease 79 Treatment is usually provided in the form of pancreatic supplements taken with food Skeletal health and supplementation Edit Musculoskeletal disorders are debilitating conditions that are often associated with genetic makeup malnutrition and stress related events 80 Some breeds like the German Shepherd are predisposed to a variety of different skeletal disorders including but not limited to canine hip dysplasia Cauda equina syndrome and osteoarthritis 81 82 These conditions can be a result of poor breeding or induced by intense exercise and poor diet Canine hip dysplasia CHD is an orthopaedic condition resulting from abnormal development of the hip joint and surrounding tissue causing the instability and partial dislocation of the hip joint resulting in pain inflammation lameness and potentially osteoarthritis of the joint 81 83 German Shepherds are genetically predisposed to CHD and the University of Veterinary Medicine in Germany found its prevalence estimated to be approximately 35 of veterinary cases associated with the disorder 82 Osteoarthritis is one of the main contributors of musculoskeletal pain and disabilities that commonly affect German Shepherds 84 85 Mechanical stress oxidative damage and inflammatory mediators combine to induce the gradual degeneration of the articular cartilage in the joint resulting in reduced muscle mass pain and locomotion 84 86 Feeding a well balanced diet designed for large breeds like the German Shepherd to ensure adequate growth rates and proper maintenance of musculoskeletal health is essential 80 Dietary energy levels should be monitored and controlled throughout all life stages and activity levels of the German Shepherd to assist in the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal disorder symptoms 80 Several dietary factors play a crucial role in maintaining skeletal health and are described as follows Appropriate calcium levels are vital in developing a strong skeletal system and aid in preventing orthopaedic diseases like Canine Hip Dysplasia 80 Furthermore the ratio of calcium and phosphorus must be balanced and at a recommended ratio of 1 2 1 to ensure proper bone development and structure 80 Imbalances in calcium and phosphorus levels can result in various skeletal complications 80 Excess phosphorus can produce lesions in bones whereas excessive calcium can lead to hypocalcaemia and result in excess bone deposition interfering with normal bone development 80 In extreme circumstances of insufficient calcium intake bone resorption can occur due to the body withdrawing calcium deposits from the skeletal frame as a last resort to fulfill dietary needs 80 Omega 3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and docosahexaenoic acid DHA have been shown to be highly effective in the prevention of cartilage catabolism in in vitro models suggesting that its supplementation in food could aid in decreasing the symptoms of osteoarthritis in German Shepherds 87 Furthermore EPA and DHA inhibit key regulators of the inflammatory process and suppress their activation which can help alleviate pain and reduce inflamed joints associated with many skeletal disorders 86 Ensuring an appropriate ratio of omega 3 to omega 6 fatty acids of approximately 5 1 is very important for inflammation processes 80 Animals source specifically marine life such as fish krill and mussels and plant sources such as flaxseed soybean and canola oil are particularly rich in omega 3 fatty acids 86 Glucosamine is an amino monosaccharide that naturally occurs in all tissues particularly in articular cartilage of joints and from the biosynthesis of glucose 85 Natural synthesis of glucosamine occurs in the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage in joints 80 However as a result of damage to the joint or cartilage there is decreased ability to synthesize glucosamine resulting in the deterioration of the joint and supplementation is required 80 Clinical trials of long term administration of glucosamine in German Shepherds have reduced symptoms of degenerative joint disease and accelerated cartilage healing 88 Anti inflammatory effects of glucosamine are believed to contribute to the reduction of pain promote joint recovery and mobility and prevent further cartilage degradation 88 Similarly chondroitin supplementation is proposed to have comparable results in inhibiting degradative enzymes within the cartilage matrix to reduce the effects of osteoarthritis but further research is required to assess long term benefits 80 Vitamins such as A and D also have crucial roles in bone development and maintenance by regulating bone and calcium metabolism 80 Adequate levels should be incorporated into a German Shepherd diet to promote a healthy musculoskeletal system 80 In popular culture Edit Strongheart one of the earliest canine stars 1921 German Shepherds have been featured in a wide range of media 89 In 1921 Strongheart became one of the earliest canine film stars and was followed in 1922 by Rin Tin Tin who is considered by whom the most famous German Shepherd Both have stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 90 Batman s dog Ace the Bat Hound appeared in the Batman comic books initially in 1955 91 through 1964 92 From 1964 onwards his appearances have been sporadic A German Shepherd named Inspector Rex is the star of an Austrian Police procedural drama program of the same name which won many awards where German Shepherd Rex assists the Vienna Kriminalpolizei homicide unit 93 The show was aired in many languages 94 Kantor hu was a famous and very successful police dog in Hungary in the 1950s and early 1960s After his death his story was fictionalised by two crime novels by Rudolf Szamos hu titled Kantor Investigates hu and Kantor in the Big City A five part thriller series for television titled Kantor was produced in 1975 which was loosely based on the actual dog s story setting the events more than a decade after the real Kantor died It became one of the staple productions of Hungarian television history making German Shepherds the most popular dog breed in the country ever since The taxidermy mount of Kantor s body is on display at the Police Museum in Budapest 95 96 Notable individual German Shepherds EditThe dog on which the breed was founded Horand von Grafrath January 1 1895 after 1899 considered the first German Shepherd and the genetic basis for modern German Shepherds In film television and fiction Strongheart 1 October 1917 24 June 1929 featured in Hollywood films of 1921 1927 Rin Tin Tin September 1918 10 August 1932 Rin Tin Tin Jr and Rin Tin Tin III featured in Hollywood films of 1922 1947 Thunder the Dog 7 September 1921 after October 1928 featured in Hollywood films of 1923 1927 Silver Streak born 1924 featured in Hollywood films of 1924 1928 Lightning grandson of Strongheart featured in Hollywood films of 1934 1938 Ace the Wonder Dog featured in Hollywood films and serials of 1938 1946 Rex the Wonder Dog fictional superhero in the DC Comics universe 1952 present Ace the Bat Hound fictional partner of Batman in DC Comics 1955 present Joe protagonist in the NBC television series Run Joe Run in 1974 1975 Won Ton Ton protagonist of the 1976 comedy film Won Ton Ton the Dog Who Saved Hollywood a spoof of Rin Tin Tin Koton sometimes identified as Rando police dog later featured in the 1989 film K 9 with James Belushi Rex protagonist of the Austrian Italian comedy drama television series Inspector Rex of 1994 2015 and remakes in other countries Pets of political figures Blondi 1941 29 April 1945 Hitler s pet on which he tested the cyanide capsules he later consumed to commit suicide killing her Champ 11 November 2008 19 June 2021 Commander born 1 September 2021 and Major born 17 January 2018 pets of US President Joe Biden Major police dog later kept as a pet of United States president Franklin D Roosevelt while he was in office which bit a United States senator and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1933 while living at the White House PDSA Dickin Medal recipients for military and civil defence service dogs 97 Awards in the original 1943 1949 series for service in the Second World War Antis 1939 1953 28 January 1949 for war service in North Africa and England and post war assistance in an escape from communist Czechoslovakia Bing a k a Brian c 1943 October 1955 29 March 1947 for service with the 13th Lancashire Parachute Battalion paratroopers Irma 12 January 1945 for rescuing people trapped under destroyed buildings in civil defence service in the London Blitz Jet 21 July 1942 18 October 1949 12 January 1945 for rescuing people trapped under destroyed buildings in civil defence service in the London Blitz Rex April 1945 for locating casualties in thick smoke in burning buildings in civil service in England Rifleman Khan 27 March 1945 for rescuing a drowning soldier in November 1944 in the Netherlands in the Battle of Walcheren Causeway an engagement of the Battle of the Scheldt Thorn 2 March 1945 for locating air raid casualties in thick smoke in a burning building in civil service After revival of the medal in 2000 Apollo c 1992 2006 5 March 2002 on behalf of all search and rescue dogs that served at the World Trade Center site and the Pentagon in the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 attacks in New York City United States Lucca c 2003 20 January 2018 5 April 2016 for service with the United States Marine Corps of 2006 2012 in two tours in Iraq and one in Afghanistan for explosives and insurgent detection until injured by an IED Lucky service c 1950 6 February 2007 for anti insurgency service with the Royal Air Force against the Malayan National Liberation Army in the Malayan Emergency in 1949 1952 the only surviving dog of a four dog team Sam died 2000 14 January 2003 for service in April 1998 in apprehending a gunman and in crowd control during protection of refugees in the Royal Army Veterinary Corps of the British Army in the Bosnia and Herzegovina conflict PDSA Gold Medal recipients for non military dogs 98 99 Ajax 11 June 2013 for service in the civil guard that saved lives by detection of an ETA bomb near a guard barracks site on the Spanish island of Majorca in 2009 under dangerous circumstances Anya 6 July 2010 for service as a British police dog in defending an officer from a knife attack in January 2008 Ellie and Jones Shepherd mixes 22 August 2013 for saving their owner who collapsed and lost consciousness due to diabetic shock in November 2010 Finn born March 2009 6 May 2018 for service as a police dog in a knife attack on a police officer in Stevenage Hertfordshire England on 5 October 2016 100 Gage died 13 July 2010 22 August 2013 posthumously for service as a police dog in a suburb of Christchurch New Zealand defending an officer in an attack by a man with a rifle in which the dog was killed Other military police search and rescue and institutional guard dogs Gabi 1980s guard dog at the Belgrade Zoo that protected a security guard and the public by fighting with an escaped jaguar Kantor hu police dog in Hungary in the 1950s and early 1960s later portrayed in fictionalized versions for novels and television Lex 1999 March 25 2012 used by the United States Marine Corps in Iraq and later adopted by the family of a soldier who died in a rocket attack while serving as his handler Mancs 1994 2006 earthquake search and rescue dog of Miskolc Hungary that helped rescue a 3 year old girl who had spent 82 hours under ruins of a 1999 earthquake in Turkey Nemo A534 died December 1972 served in battle in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War Rajah performing and unofficial police dog in New Zealand suggested as a candidate replacement for Rin Tin Tin in films Trakr c 1994 April 2009 Canadian police dog that discovered the last survivor of the 11 September 2001 attacks in New York City United States Zuyaqui died 2000s used by Mexican military and police forces for detection of illegal drugsNotes Edit German Deutscher Schaferhund German pronunciation ˈdɔʏtʃɐ ˈʃɛːfɐˌhʊnt German Shepherd Dog References EditCitations Edit a b c d Deutscher Schaferhund Langstockhaar in German Verband fur das Deutsche Hundewesen Accessed July 2020 Svenska Kennelklubben 2013 Registration figures worldwide from top thirty to endangered breeds FCI Newsletter 15 a b c d e History of the breed German Shepherds com Archived from the original on 1 June 2008 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Kern 1990 pp 11 21 Rice 1999 p 11 a b Skabelund Aaron June 2008 Breeding racism The imperial battlefields of the German shepherd dog PDF Society and Animals 16 4 355 doi 10 1163 156853008X357676 via AnimalsAndSociety org Stevens 2002 p 11 Willis 1976 p 5 a b Sax Boria 2000 Animals in the Third Reich Pets scapegoats and the holocaust Foreword by Klaus P Fischer New York NY amp London UK Continuum ISBN 978 0 8264 1289 8 Beevor Antony 2002 Berlin The Downfall 1945 Viking Penguin Books p 357 ISBN 978 0 670 03041 5 Kershaw Ian 2008 Hitler A biography W W Norton amp Co p 952 ISBN 978 0 393 06757 6 Harding Luke 2 May 2005 Hitler s nurse breaks 60 years of silence The Guardian Jacobs Benjamin 18 January 2001 The Dentist of Auschwitz A memoir p 123 ISBN 0813190126 Being the fashionable dog Not mad only natural The New York Times 7 July 1924 German shepherds owned by bootleggers Kill dog in dry raid The New York Times 5 May 1927 The police dog situation Ban on police dogs in Queens urged by magistrate Conway The New York Times 7 July 1924 Kaleski Robert 29 March 2011 Australian Barkers and Biters Read Books Ltd ISBN 9781446549018 via Google Books Alsatian Dogs Bill 1934 pir sa gov au History of Agriculture 20 November 2017 FCI breeds nomenclature Deutscher Schaferhund 166 Federation Cynologique Internationale Accessed January 2022 a b c d Palika Liz 2008 Your Happy Healthy Pet German Shepherd Dog Wiley p 22 ISBN 978 0 470 19231 3 Rice 1999 p 12 German Shepherd The Ultimate Service Dog German Culture Retrieved 15 July 2008 Change of Name German Shepherd Dog The Kennel Club 19 October 2010 Archived from the original on 27 October 2010 Retrieved 22 October 2010 Can the German Shepherd Be Saved ABC News 28 October 2011 Retrieved 21 August 2018 USA German Shepherd Dog Standard United Schutzhund Clubs of America Archived from the original on 10 June 2008 a b c FCI Standard No 166 Australian National Kennel Council 23 March 1991 Archived from the original on 15 February 2014 Retrieved 24 February 2013 Breed Standard for the White German Shepherd Dog White German Shepherd Dog Club of America Inc September 1997 archived from the original on 1 May 2013 Staff HK9 31 January 2021 15 Of The Fastest Dog Breeds In The World Highland Canine Training Retrieved 10 March 2023 a b c d German Shepherd Dog Breed Standard American Kennel Club Retrieved 15 July 2008 Rasse Lexikon Deutscher Schaferhund Verband fur das Deutsche Hundewesen in German Archived from the original on 25 August 2009 Retrieved 15 July 2008 GSD Info Vonziu German Shepherds Archived from the original on 6 November 2016 Retrieved 6 July 2017 von Stephanitz 1994 p 12 Coren Stanley 1995 The Intelligence of Dogs A Guide to the Thoughts Emotions and Inner Lives of our Canine Companions Bantam Books p 134 ISBN 0553374524 About the Breed White Paws German Shepherd Archived from the original on 29 August 2008 Retrieved 15 July 2008 German Shepherd Dog and Puppy Training Tips from the German Shepherd Dog Club of America gsdca org Retrieved 2 March 2018 Breed Standard German Shepherd New Zealand Kennel Club Archived from the original on 20 July 2008 Retrieved 19 July 2008 While the dog should be approachable and friendly he does not make immediate friendships with strangers Dogwise The Natural way to Train your Dog 1992 John Fisher Souvenir Press Ltd ISBN 0 285 63114 4 Bailey M D Chad M Hinchcliff M D Katharine M Moore B S Zachary Pu M D PhD Lee L Q November 2020 Dog Bites in the United States from 1971 to 2018 A Systematic Review of the Peer Reviewed Literature Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 146 5 1166 1176 doi 10 1097 PRS 0000000000007253 PMID 33136964 S2CID 225080998 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Reported Dog Attack Survey PDF New South Wales Department of Local Government 1999 Archived from the original PDF on 21 May 2009 Retrieved 18 November 2008 Council Reports of Dog Attacks in NSW 2011 2012 PDF New South Wales Department of Local Government 2013 Retrieved 23 February 2017 Dog Bites Information and Statistics 26 January 2008 Retrieved 31 December 2012 Cites a National Geographic study Brazil Adelman Mary Belle 2000 The German Shepherd Dog Handbook Barron s Educational Series ISBN 0764113321 Harder Aimee GSD vs WGSD It s not a black or white issue White German Shepherd Dog Club of America Archived from the original on 10 January 2014 Retrieved 20 July 2008 As Max von Stephanitz stated A pleasing appearance is desirable but it can not put the dog s working ability into question Max pounded the issue that the German Shepherd was a working breed first and foremost a b German Shepherd Dogs The Soundness Issue The Kennel Club 8 February 2010 Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 Retrieved 2 August 2011 KC confirms position on German Shepherds Our Dogs UK Retrieved 11 September 2015 German Shepherd Dogs Judges Training Programme The Kennel Club 16 February 2010 Archived from the original on 19 October 2011 Retrieved 2 August 2011 GSD Breed Council Haemophilia A Testing Gsdbreedcouncil co uk Retrieved 29 October 2017 German Shepherd Dog Health The Kennel Club Breed Information Centre Retrieved 29 October 2017 Hancock 2014 pp 14 amp 28 Hancock 2014 pp 14 amp 140 Hancock 2014 pp 14 140 amp 222 Fogle 2009 p 387 Group 1 Breeds American Rare Breed Association Retrieved 14 March 2020 a b Pickeral 2014 How to choose the perfect dog to fit your lifestyle family and home Country Life 8 March 2020 a b Strickland amp Moses 1998 p 17 28 It s a dog s life in the Army The New Zealand Herald 22 July 2008 Retrieved 11 August 2008 Ascarelli Miriam 2010 Independent Vision Dorothy Harrison Eustis and the Story of the Seeing Eye West Lafayette Indiana Purdue University Press ISBN 978 1 55753 563 4 Case Linda P 2013 The Dog Its Behavior Nutrition and Health John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1 118 70120 1 Breeds and Matching Process An International Guiding Eyes Program Guide Dogs of America 2013 Archived from the original on 8 July 2010 Retrieved 21 July 2013 Our breeds Guide Dogs for the Blind Association 2013 Retrieved 21 March 2013 Guide Dog Breeding and Whelping Dog Programs Guide Dogs for the Blind 2011 Retrieved 21 July 2013 Hartnagle Taylor Jeanne Joy Taylor Ty 2010 Stockdog Savvy Alpine Publications ISBN 978 1 57779 106 5 Armas de Versace rubies y diamantes el lujo de los narcos mexicanos Eleconomista es 8 January 2010 Retrieved 22 January 2018 a b c d e Palika Liz 2008 Your Happy Healthy Pet German Shepherd Dog Wiley p 25 ISBN 978 0 470 19231 3 AKC Dog Registration Statistics American Kennel Club Archived from the original on 11 May 2012 Retrieved 15 July 2008 Reisen Jan 16 March 2021 The Most Popular Dog Breeds of 2020 American Kennel Club Top Twenty Breeds in Registration Order for the Years 2015 and 2016 PDF The Kennel Club Archived from the original PDF on 10 December 2019 Retrieved 22 January 2018 Willis 1976 p 31 German Shepherd Dog Health Problems Dog Biz Archived from the original on 18 September 2008 Retrieved 19 July 2008 Steffen F Hunold K Scharf G Roos M Fluckiger M 2007 A follow up study of neurologic and radiographic findings in working German Shepherd Dogs with and without degenerative lumbosacral stenosis Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231 10 1529 1533 doi 10 2460 javma 231 10 1529 PMID 18020994 Hip Dysplasia Statistics Orthopedic Foundation for Animals 2009 Archived from the original on 10 June 2009 Hip Dysplasia Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Animal Planet 15 May 2012 Retrieved 2 March 2018 Perry L R MacLennan B Korven R Rawlings T A February 2017 Epidemiological study of dogs with otitis externa in Cape Breton Nova Scotia Can Vet J 58 2 168 174 PMC 5234316 PMID 28216686 O Neill et al 2012 Longevity of UK Dog Breeds PDF Royal Veterinary College University of London Archived from the original PDF on 5 June 2013 Retrieved 18 January 2013 Holder A L Price J A Adams J P Volk H A Catchpole B 2014 A retrospective study of the prevalence of the canine degenerative myelopathy associated superoxide dismutase 1 mutation SOD1 c 118G gt A in a referral population of German Shepherd dogs from the UK PDF Canine Genetics and Epidemiology 1 10 doi 10 1186 2052 6687 1 10 PMC 4579386 PMID 26401327 S2CID 10326107 Degenerative Myelopathy German Shepherd Dogs University of Florida 1998 Archived from the original on 25 July 2008 Retrieved 11 April 2009 Von Willebrand s Disease vWD A Type of Hemophilia in Dogs Drs Foster amp Smith Inc Retrieved 10 May 2009 Genetic welfare problems of companion animals Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Archived from the original on 24 March 2014 Retrieved 20 March 2014 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ackerman 2008 pp 135 139 a b Fels L Distl O 2014 Identification and validation of quantitative trait loci QTL for canine hip dysplasia CHD in German shepherd dogs PLOS ONE 9 5 1 8 Bibcode 2014PLoSO 996618F doi 10 1371 journal pone 0096618 PMC 4011879 PMID 24802516 a b Ondreka N Amort K H Stock K F Tellhelm B Klumpp S W Kramer M Schmidt M J 2013 Skeletal morpohology and morphometry of the lumbosacral junction in German shepherd dogs and an evaluation of the possible genetic basis for radiographic findings The Veterinary Journal 196 1 64 70 doi 10 1016 j tvjl 2012 07 015 PMID 22921082 Hand M Thatcher C Remillard R Roudebush P 2000 Small animal clinical nutrition Mark Morris Institute 4 542 543 a b Peterson S G Beyer N Hansen M Holm L Aagaard P Mackey A L Kjaer M 2011 Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug or glucosamine reduced pain and improved muscle strength with resistance training in a randomized controlled trial of knee osteroarthritis patients Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 92 8 1185 1193 doi 10 1016 j apmr 2011 03 009 PMID 21807137 a b Wenz W Hornung C Cramer C Schroeder M Hoffmann M 2016 Effect of glucosamine sulfate on osteoarthritis in the cruciate deficient canine model of osteoarthritis Cartilage 8 2 173 179 doi 10 1177 1947603516638898 PMC 5358821 PMID 28345412 a b c Buddhachat K Siengdee P Chomdej S Soontornvipart K Nganvongpanit K 2017 Effects of different omega 3 sources fish oil krill oil and green lipped mussel against cytokine mediated canine cartilage degradation In Vitro Cellular amp Developmental Biology Animal 53 5 448 457 doi 10 1007 s11626 016 0125 y PMID 28078500 S2CID 3840847 Mehler S May L King C Harris W Shah Z 2016 A prospective randomized double blind placebo controlled evaluation of the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on the clinical signs and erythrocyte membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in dogs with osteoarthritis Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids PLEFA 109 1 1 7 doi 10 1016 j plefa 2016 03 015 PMID 27269707 a b Minami S Hata M Tamai Y Hashida M Takayama T Yamamoto S Okada M Funatsu T Tsuka T Imagawa T Okamoto Y 2011 Clinical application of D glucosamine and scale collagen peptide on canine and feline orthopedic diseases and spondylitis deformans Carbohydrate Polymers 84 2 831 834 doi 10 1016 j carbpol 2010 06 021 List of films with German Shepherds Archived from the original on 16 February 2015 Choron 2005 p 40 Irvine Alex Dolan Hannah eds 2010 1950s DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle Dorling Kindersley p 77 ISBN 978 0 7566 6742 9 Batman No 92 July 1955 Once Superman had a dog Batman got one too in Ace the Bat Hound In the story by writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff Batman and Robin found a German Shepherd called Ace Ace the Bat Hound appearances Comics org Retrieved 15 September 2014 TV dog stars DogsLife 17 October 2017 Retrieved 20 February 2018 Welcome to rexchienfc net 2 July 2017 Archived from the original on 2 July 2017 Retrieved 22 January 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Kantor Police Museum of Budapest in Hungarian Retrieved 19 August 2021 Laszlo Eniko 8 August 2020 Kantor a leghiresebb magyar rendorkutya tortenete Kantor the history of the most famous Hungarian police dog Az En Kutyam in Hungarian PDSA Dickin Medal People s Dispensary for Sick Animals Retrieved 12 February 2022 PDSA Gold Medal People s Dispensary for Sick Animals Retrieved 12 February 2022 PDSA Gold Medal Dogs People s Dispensary for Sick Animals Retrieved 12 February 2022 Finn receives PDSA Gold Medal at PDSA s first ever music festival People s Dispensary for Sick Animals Retrieved 12 February 2022 Bibliography Edit Ackerman Nicola 2008 Companion Animal Nutrition Edinburgh Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann ISBN 9780750688987 Choron Sandra 2005 Planet Dog A Doglopedia Houghton Mifflin Books ISBN 0618517529 Fogle Bruce 2009 The Encyclopedia of the Dog New York DK Publishing ISBN 978 0 7566 6004 8 Kern Francis G 1990 German Shepherds Neptune City NJ T F H Publications pp 11 21 ISBN 0 86622 865 9 Hancock David 2014 Dogs of the shepherds a review of the pastoral breeds Ramsbury Wiltshire The Crowood Press Ltd ISBN 978 1 84797 808 0 Pickeral Tamsin 2014 Dogs unleashed San Diego Simon and Schuster ISBN 9781626862739 Rice Dan 1999 Training Your German Shepherd Dog Hauppauge NY Barron s ISBN 0 7641 0852 2 Stevens Katrina 2002 The German Shepherd Dog Willow Creek Press ISBN 1 57223 512 8 Strickland Winifred Gibson Moses James A 1998 The German Shepherd Today Howell Book House ISBN 0 87605 154 9 von Stephanitz Max 1994 The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture Revised by Schwabacher Joseph Hoflin Publishing Ltd ISBN 978 99932 80 05 7 Willis Malcolm B 1976 The German Shepherd Dog Its History Development and Genetics K and R Books ISBN 0 903264 15 3 Further reading EditCree John 1977 Training the Alsatian the Obedient Companion or Working Partner Pelham ISBN 0 7207 0993 8 Extended Breed Standard of The German Shepherd Dog PDF German Shepherd Dog Council of Australia in conjunction with Australian National Kennel Council 26 March 2012 3 February 2007 Archived from the original PDF on 21 February 2014 Retrieved 10 February 2014 Hart Ernest H 1985 The German Shepherd Dog New Jersey T F H ISBN 0 86622 031 3 FCI Standard No 166 Translated by German Shepherd Dog Council of Australia Australian National Kennel Council 20 August 2013 23 March 1991 Archived from the original on 15 February 2014 Retrieved 10 February 2014 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to German Shepherd Dog Verein fur Deutsche Schaferhunde e V The original registrar of the German Shepherd German Shepherd Dog Dogs 101 Animal Planet Archived from the original Video on 23 January 2018 Retrieved 22 January 2018 Portals Animals Dogs Germany Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title German Shepherd amp oldid 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