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Polder

January 09, 2024

For other uses, see Polder (disambiguation).

A polder (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈpɔldər] ⓘ) is a low-lying tract of land that forms an artificial hydrological entity, enclosed by embankments known as dikes. The three types of polder are:

  1. Land reclaimed from a body of water, such as a lake or the seabed
  2. Flood plains separated from the sea or river by a dike
  3. Marshes separated from the surrounding water by a dike and subsequently drained; these are also known as koogs, especially in Germany
Aerial view of Flevopolder, the Netherlands
Satellite image of Noordoostpolder, the Netherlands (595.41 km2)

The ground level in drained marshes subsides over time. All polders will eventually be below the surrounding water level some or all of the time. Water enters the low-lying polder through infiltration and water pressure of groundwater, or rainfall, or transport of water by rivers and canals. This usually means that the polder has an excess of water, which is pumped out or drained by opening sluices at low tide. Care must be taken not to set the internal water level too low. Polder land made up of peat (former marshland) will sink in relation to its previous level, because of peat decomposing when exposed to oxygen from the air.

Polders are at risk from flooding at all times, and care must be taken to protect the surrounding dikes. Dikes are typically built with locally available materials, and each material has its own risks: sand is prone to collapse owing to saturation by water; dry peat is lighter than water and potentially unable to retain water in very dry seasons. Some animals dig tunnels in the barrier, allowing water to infiltrate the structure; the muskrat is known for this activity and hunted in certain European countries because of it. Polders are most commonly, though not exclusively, found in river deltas, former fenlands, and coastal areas.

Flooding of polders has also been used as a military tactic in the past. One example is the flooding of the polders along the Yser River during World War I. Opening the sluices at high tide and closing them at low tide turned the polders into an inaccessible swamp, which allowed the Allied armies to stop the German army.

Netherlands has a large area of polders: as much as 20% of the land area has at some point in the past been reclaimed from the sea, thus contributing to the development of the country. IJsselmeer is the most famous polder project of the Netherlands. Some other countries which have polders are Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada and China. Some examples of Dutch polder projects are Beemster, Schermer, Flevopolder and Noordoostpolder.

Etymology edit

The Dutch word polder derives successively from Middle Dutch polre, from Old Dutch polra, and ultimately from pol-, a piece of land elevated above its surroundings, with the augmentative suffix -er and epenthetical -d-. The word has been adopted in thirty-six languages.[1]

Netherlands edit

 
Pumping station in Zoetermeer, Netherlands: The polder lies lower than the surrounding water on the other side of the dike. The Archimedes' screws are clearly visible.

The Netherlands is frequently associated with polders, as its engineers became noted for developing techniques to drain wetlands and make them usable for agriculture and other development. This is illustrated by the saying "God created the world, but the Dutch created the Netherlands".[2]

The Dutch have a long history of reclamation of marshes and fenland, resulting in some 3,000 polders[3] nationwide. By 1961, about half of the country's land, 18,000 square kilometres (6,800 sq mi), was reclaimed from the sea.[4][better source needed] About half the total surface area of polders in north-west Europe is in the Netherlands. The first embankments in Europe were constructed in Roman times. The first polders were constructed in the 11th century. The oldest extant polder is the Achtermeer polder, from 1533.

As a result of flooding disasters, water boards called waterschap (when situated more inland) or hoogheemraadschap (near the sea, mainly used in the Holland region)[5][6] were set up to maintain the integrity of the water defences around polders, maintain the waterways inside a polder, and control the various water levels inside and outside the polder. Water boards hold separate elections, levy taxes, and function independently from other government bodies. Their function is basically unchanged even today. As such, they are the oldest democratic institutions in the country. The necessary cooperation among all ranks to maintain polder integrity gave its name to the Dutch version of third-way politics—the Polder Model.

The 1953 flood disaster prompted a new approach to the design of dikes and other water-retaining structures, based on an acceptable probability of overflowing. Risk is defined as the product of probability and consequences. The potential damage in lives, property, and rebuilding costs is compared with the potential cost of water defences. From these calculations follows an acceptable flood risk from the sea at one in 4,000–10,000 years, while it is one in 100–2,500 years for a river flood. The particular established policy guides the Dutch government to improve flood defences as new data on threat levels become available.

Major Dutch polders and the years they were laid dry include Beemster (1609–1612), Schermer (1633–1635), and Haarlemmermeerpolder (1852). Polders created as part of the Zuiderzee Works include Wieringermeerpolder (1930), Noordoostpolder (1942) and Flevopolder (1956–1968)

Examples of polders edit


Brazil edit

Several cities on the Paraíba Valley region (in the São Paulo (state)) have polders on land claimed from the floodplains around the Paraíba do Sul river.

Bangladesh edit

Bangladesh has 139 polders, of which 49 are sea-facing, while the rest are along the numerous distributaries of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River delta. These were constructed in the 1960s to protect the coast from tidal flooding and reduce salinity incursion.[7] They reduce long-term flooding and waterlogging following storm surges from tropical cyclones. They are also cultivated for agriculture.[8]

Belgium edit

 
The Yser river and West Flemish polders near Diksmuide

Canada edit

China edit

History edit

The Jiangnan region, at the Yangtze River Delta, has a long history of constructing polders. Most of these projects were performed between the 10th and 13th centuries.[10] The Chinese government also assisted local communities in constructing dikes for swampland water drainage.[11] The Lijia (里甲) self-monitoring system of 110 households under a lizhang (里长) headman was used for the purposes of service administration and tax collection in the polder, with a liangzhang (粮长, grain chief) responsible for maintaining the water system and a tangzhang (塘长, dike chief) for polder maintenance.[12]

Denmark edit

Finland edit

  • Söderfjärden
  • Munsmo
  • Two polders (three square kilometres or 1.2 square miles in total) near Vassor in Korsholm

France edit

Germany edit

Main article: Koog
 
Friedrichskoog is a polder in Schleswig-Holstein
 
Wesselburenerkoog

In Germany, land reclaimed by diking is called a koog. The German Deichgraf system was similar to the Dutch and is widely known from Theodor Storm's novella The Rider on the White Horse.

In southern Germany, the term polder is used for retention basins recreated by opening dikes during river floodplain restoration, a meaning somewhat opposite to that in coastal context.

Guyana edit

  • Black Bush Polder, Corentyne, Berbice.

India edit

Ireland edit

Italy edit

  • Delta of the river Po, such as Bonifica Valle del Mezzano

Japan edit

Lithuania edit

Netherlands edit

 
The meandering Stingsloot separates the Vrouw Vennepolder (left) and the Rode Polder (right)
 
Wind farms in the Noordoostpolder
 
Areas of the Netherlands located below sea level (blue)

Poland edit

Singapore edit

Slovenia edit

South Korea edit

Spain edit

  • Parts of Málaga were built on reclaimed land

United Kingdom edit

United States edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Sijs, N. van der, 2010. Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd, 747 pp. Sdu Uitgevers bv, Den Haag. ISBN 9789012582148, https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/files/458170/Nww_compleet_archief.pdf, page 155
  2. ^ Cf. Forrest Clingerman, Brian Treanor, Martin Drenthen, David Utsler, Interpreting Nature: The Emerging Field of Environmental Hermeneutics, Fordham University Press, 1 sep. 2013. The sentence stems from a poem by Archibald Pitcairn (1652–1713): Tellurem fecere dei, sua littora Belgae. C.D. van Strien, British Travellers in Holland During the Stuart Period: Edward Browne and John Locke as Tourists in the United Provinces, Leiden 1993, 164.
  3. ^ "Kijk naar de geschiedenis". Rijkswaterstaat. Retrieved 2008-01-21.[permanent dead link]
  4. ^ Ley, Willy (October 1961). "The Home-Made Land". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 92–106.
  5. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-11-02.
  6. ^ Reh, W., Steenbergen, C., Aten, D. 2007. Sea of Land, The polder as an experimental atlas of Dutch landscape architecture. 344 pp, Uitgeverij Architectura & Natura. ISBN 9789071123962
  7. ^ "Bangladesh polders under threat", Irin News
  8. ^ "Bangladeshi project to enhance polders amidst climate woes" 2014-04-08 at the Wayback Machine, Unearth News
  9. ^ "CRCWSC Trade Mission to Kunshan" (PDF). 2016-12-01. (PDF) from the original on 2017-04-09.
  10. ^ Liao, Qiyu 繆启愉 (1985). Taihu Tangpu Weitian Shi Yanjiu 太湖塘浦圩田史研究 [The research of the dikes and polders of Lake Tai]. Beijing: Nongye Chubanshe.
  11. ^ Xie, Shi 谢湜 (2010). ""11 Shiji Taihu Diqu Nongtian Shuili Geju de Xingcheng" 11 世纪太湖地区农田水利格局的形成 [The formation of water management system in the farmland of the Lake Tai region in the eleventh century]". Journal of Sun Yat-sen University. 50 (5): 94–106.
  12. ^ Hamashima, Atsutoshi 滨岛敦俊 (1982). Mindai Kōnan nōson shakai no kenkyū 明代江南農村社会の研究 [Rural Society in Jiangnan during the Ming Dynasty. Tokyo: Tokyo University Press. pp. 9–65.
  13. ^ "les polders" (PDF). littoral-normand.n2000.fr. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  14. ^ "Rain continues to throw a challenge in Kuttanad". The Hindu. The Hindu Group. 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-10.
  15. ^ Thampatti, Manorama (March 1999). . Resonance. Indian Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 2010-12-16. Retrieved 2011-06-10.
  16. ^ . Inch and Foyle Wildfowl Project. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.

Further reading edit

  • Derex, Jean-Michel, Franco Cazzola (eds.) 2004. 2nd ed. 2013. Eau et développement dans l'Europe moderne. Paris, Maison des Sciences De L'Homme
  • Farjon, J.M.J., J. Dirkx, A. Koomen, J. Vervloet & W. Lammers. 2001. Neder-landschap Internationaal: bouwstenen voor een selectie van gebieden landschapsbehoud. Alterra, Wageningen. Rapport 358.
  • Stenak, Morten. 2005. De inddæmmede Landskaber – En historisk geografi. Landbohistorik Selskab.
  • Polders of the World. Keynotes International Symposium. 1982. Lelystad, The Netherlands
  • Ven, G.P. van de (ed.) 1993, 4th ed. 2004. Man-made Lowlands. History of Water Management and Land Reclamation in the Netherlands, Matrijs, Utrecht.
  • Wagret, Paul. 1972. Polderlands. London: Methuen.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polders.
  • Polder landscapes in the Netherlands – in a northwest European and a landmark context.
  • How to make a polder – online film 2021-04-17 at the Wayback Machine

January 09, 2024
polder, other, uses, disambiguation, polder, dutch, pronunciation, ˈpɔldər, lying, tract, land, that, forms, artificial, hydrological, entity, enclosed, embankments, known, dikes, three, types, polder, land, reclaimed, from, body, water, such, lake, seabed, fl. For other uses see Polder disambiguation A polder Dutch pronunciation ˈpɔlder is a low lying tract of land that forms an artificial hydrological entity enclosed by embankments known as dikes The three types of polder are Land reclaimed from a body of water such as a lake or the seabed Flood plains separated from the sea or river by a dike Marshes separated from the surrounding water by a dike and subsequently drained these are also known as koogs especially in GermanyAerial view of Flevopolder the NetherlandsSatellite image of Noordoostpolder the Netherlands 595 41 km2 The ground level in drained marshes subsides over time All polders will eventually be below the surrounding water level some or all of the time Water enters the low lying polder through infiltration and water pressure of groundwater or rainfall or transport of water by rivers and canals This usually means that the polder has an excess of water which is pumped out or drained by opening sluices at low tide Care must be taken not to set the internal water level too low Polder land made up of peat former marshland will sink in relation to its previous level because of peat decomposing when exposed to oxygen from the air Polders are at risk from flooding at all times and care must be taken to protect the surrounding dikes Dikes are typically built with locally available materials and each material has its own risks sand is prone to collapse owing to saturation by water dry peat is lighter than water and potentially unable to retain water in very dry seasons Some animals dig tunnels in the barrier allowing water to infiltrate the structure the muskrat is known for this activity and hunted in certain European countries because of it Polders are most commonly though not exclusively found in river deltas former fenlands and coastal areas Flooding of polders has also been used as a military tactic in the past One example is the flooding of the polders along the Yser River during World War I Opening the sluices at high tide and closing them at low tide turned the polders into an inaccessible swamp which allowed the Allied armies to stop the German army Netherlands has a large area of polders as much as 20 of the land area has at some point in the past been reclaimed from the sea thus contributing to the development of the country IJsselmeer is the most famous polder project of the Netherlands Some other countries which have polders are Bangladesh Belgium Canada and China Some examples of Dutch polder projects are Beemster Schermer Flevopolder and Noordoostpolder Contents 1 Etymology 2 Netherlands 3 Examples of polders 3 1 Brazil 3 2 Bangladesh 3 3 Belgium 3 4 Canada 3 5 China 3 5 1 History 3 6 Denmark 3 7 Finland 3 8 France 3 9 Germany 3 10 Guyana 3 11 India 3 12 Ireland 3 13 Italy 3 14 Japan 3 15 Lithuania 3 16 Netherlands 3 17 Poland 3 18 Singapore 3 19 Slovenia 3 20 South Korea 3 21 Spain 3 22 United Kingdom 3 23 United States 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksEtymology editThe Dutch word polder derives successively from Middle Dutch polre from Old Dutch polra and ultimately from pol a piece of land elevated above its surroundings with the augmentative suffix er and epenthetical d The word has been adopted in thirty six languages 1 Netherlands editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Polder news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Pumping station in Zoetermeer Netherlands The polder lies lower than the surrounding water on the other side of the dike The Archimedes screws are clearly visible The Netherlands is frequently associated with polders as its engineers became noted for developing techniques to drain wetlands and make them usable for agriculture and other development This is illustrated by the saying God created the world but the Dutch created the Netherlands 2 The Dutch have a long history of reclamation of marshes and fenland resulting in some 3 000 polders 3 nationwide By 1961 about half of the country s land 18 000 square kilometres 6 800 sq mi was reclaimed from the sea 4 better source needed About half the total surface area of polders in north west Europe is in the Netherlands The first embankments in Europe were constructed in Roman times The first polders were constructed in the 11th century The oldest extant polder is the Achtermeer polder from 1533 As a result of flooding disasters water boards called waterschap when situated more inland or hoogheemraadschap near the sea mainly used in the Holland region 5 6 were set up to maintain the integrity of the water defences around polders maintain the waterways inside a polder and control the various water levels inside and outside the polder Water boards hold separate elections levy taxes and function independently from other government bodies Their function is basically unchanged even today As such they are the oldest democratic institutions in the country The necessary cooperation among all ranks to maintain polder integrity gave its name to the Dutch version of third way politics the Polder Model The 1953 flood disaster prompted a new approach to the design of dikes and other water retaining structures based on an acceptable probability of overflowing Risk is defined as the product of probability and consequences The potential damage in lives property and rebuilding costs is compared with the potential cost of water defences From these calculations follows an acceptable flood risk from the sea at one in 4 000 10 000 years while it is one in 100 2 500 years for a river flood The particular established policy guides the Dutch government to improve flood defences as new data on threat levels become available Major Dutch polders and the years they were laid dry include Beemster 1609 1612 Schermer 1633 1635 and Haarlemmermeerpolder 1852 Polders created as part of the Zuiderzee Works include Wieringermeerpolder 1930 Noordoostpolder 1942 and Flevopolder 1956 1968 Examples of polders editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Polder news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Brazil edit Several cities on the Paraiba Valley region in the Sao Paulo state have polders on land claimed from the floodplains around the Paraiba do Sul river Bangladesh edit Bangladesh has 139 polders of which 49 are sea facing while the rest are along the numerous distributaries of the Ganges Brahmaputra Meghna River delta These were constructed in the 1960s to protect the coast from tidal flooding and reduce salinity incursion 7 They reduce long term flooding and waterlogging following storm surges from tropical cyclones They are also cultivated for agriculture 8 Belgium edit nbsp The Yser river and West Flemish polders near DiksmuideDe Moeren near Veurne in West Flanders Polders along the Yser river between Nieuwpoort and Diksmuide Polders of Muisbroek and Ettenhoven in Ekeren and Hoevenen Polder of Stabroek in Stabroek Kabeljauwpolder in Zandvliet Scheldepolders on the left bank of the Scheldt Uitkerkse polders near Blankenberge in West Flanders Prosperpolder near Doel Antwerp and Kieldrecht Canada edit Tantramar Marshes Holland Marsh Pitt Polder Ecological Reserve Grand Pre Nova Scotia Minas BasinChina edit The city of Kunshan has over 100 polders 9 History edit The Jiangnan region at the Yangtze River Delta has a long history of constructing polders Most of these projects were performed between the 10th and 13th centuries 10 The Chinese government also assisted local communities in constructing dikes for swampland water drainage 11 The Lijia 里甲 self monitoring system of 110 households under a lizhang 里长 headman was used for the purposes of service administration and tax collection in the polder with a liangzhang 粮长 grain chief responsible for maintaining the water system and a tangzhang 塘长 dike chief for polder maintenance 12 Denmark edit Filso LammefjordenFinland edit Soderfjarden Munsmo Two polders three square kilometres or 1 2 square miles in total near Vassor in KorsholmFrance edit Marais Poitevin Les Moeres adjacent to the Flemish polder De Moeren in Belgium Polders de Couesnon near Mont Saint Michel in Normandy 13 Germany edit Main article Koog nbsp Friedrichskoog is a polder in Schleswig Holstein nbsp WesselburenerkoogIn Germany land reclaimed by diking is called a koog The German Deichgraf system was similar to the Dutch and is widely known from Theodor Storm s novella The Rider on the White Horse Altes Land near Hamburg Blockland and Hollerland near Bremen Nordstrand Germany Bormerkoog and Meggerkoog near Friedrichstadt 36 koogs in the district of Nordfriesland 12 koogs in the district of DithmarschenIn southern Germany the term polder is used for retention basins recreated by opening dikes during river floodplain restoration a meaning somewhat opposite to that in coastal context Guyana edit Black Bush Polder Corentyne Berbice India edit Kuttanad Region Kerala 14 15 Ireland edit Lough Swilly County Donegal Near Inch Island and Newtowncunningham 16 Italy edit Delta of the river Po such as Bonifica Valle del MezzanoJapan edit Around the Ariake Sea in Kyushu mainly in Saga but also in Fukuoka and Kumamoto PrefecturesLithuania edit Rusne IslandNetherlands edit nbsp The meandering Stingsloot separates the Vrouw Vennepolder left and the Rode Polder right nbsp Wind farms in the Noordoostpolder nbsp Areas of the Netherlands located below sea level blue Achtermeer the oldest polder from 1533 Alblasserwaard containing the windmills of Kinderdijk a World Heritage Site Alkmaar Andijk Anna Paulownapolder Beemster a World Heritage Site Bijlmermeer Flevopolder the largest artificial island in the world last part drained in 1968 s Gravesloot Haarlemmermeer containing Schiphol airport Krimpenerwaard Lauwersmeer Mastenbroek Noordoostpolder Prins Alexanderpolder Purmer Schermer Watergraafsmeer Wieringermeer Wieringerwaard Wijdewormer Zestienhoven home of the Rotterdam The Hague Airport Overschie in the city of Rotterdam Zuidplaspolder along with Lammefjord in Denmark the lowest point of the European UnionPoland edit Vistula delta near Elblag and Nowy Dwor Gdanski Warta delta near Kostrzyn nad OdraSingapore edit Parts of Pulau TekongSlovenia edit The Ankaran Ancarano Polder Slovene Ankaranska bonifika Semedela Polder Semedelska bonifika and Skocjan Polder Skocjanska bonifika in reclaimed land around Koper Capodistria South Korea edit Parts of the coast of Ganghwa Island adjacent to the river Han in Incheon Delta of the river Nakdong in Busan Saemangeum in North Jeolla ProvinceSpain edit Parts of Malaga were built on reclaimed landUnited Kingdom edit Traeth Mawr Sunk Island on the north shore of the Humber east of Hull Caldicot and Wentloog Levels along the Severn Estuary in South Wales Parts of The Fens Branston Island by the River Witham outside the conventional area of the fens but connected to them Parts of the coast of Essex Some land along the River Plym in Plymouth Some land around Meathop east of Grange over Sands reclaimed as a side effect of building a railway embankment The Somerset Levels and North Somerset Levels Romney Marsh Sealand Flintshire Humberhead LevelsUnited States edit New Orleans Sacramento San Joaquin River DeltaSee also editAfsluitdijk Flood control in the Netherlands Land reclamation WindpumpReferences edit Sijs N van der 2010 Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd 747 pp Sdu Uitgevers bv Den Haag ISBN 9789012582148 https pure knaw nl portal files 458170 Nww compleet archief pdf page 155 Cf Forrest Clingerman Brian Treanor Martin Drenthen David Utsler Interpreting Nature The Emerging Field of Environmental Hermeneutics Fordham University Press 1 sep 2013 The sentence stems from a poem by Archibald Pitcairn 1652 1713 Tellurem fecere dei sua littora Belgae C D van Strien British Travellers in Holland During the Stuart Period Edward Browne and John Locke as Tourists in the United Provinces Leiden 1993 164 Kijk naar de geschiedenis Rijkswaterstaat Retrieved 2008 01 21 permanent dead link Ley Willy October 1961 The Home Made Land For Your Information Galaxy Science Fiction pp 92 106 waterschap Archived from the original on 2012 11 02 Reh W Steenbergen C Aten D 2007 Sea of Land The polder as an experimental atlas of Dutch landscape architecture 344 pp Uitgeverij Architectura amp Natura ISBN 9789071123962 Bangladesh polders under threat Irin News Bangladeshi project to enhance polders amidst climate woes Archived 2014 04 08 at the Wayback Machine Unearth News CRCWSC Trade Mission to Kunshan PDF 2016 12 01 Archived PDF from the original on 2017 04 09 Liao Qiyu 繆启愉 1985 Taihu Tangpu Weitian Shi Yanjiu 太湖塘浦圩田史研究 The research of the dikes and polders of Lake Tai Beijing Nongye Chubanshe Xie Shi 谢湜 2010 11 Shiji Taihu Diqu Nongtian Shuili Geju de Xingcheng 11 世纪太湖地区农田水利格局的形成 The formation of water management system in the farmland of the Lake Tai region in the eleventh century Journal of Sun Yat sen University 50 5 94 106 Hamashima Atsutoshi 滨岛敦俊 1982 Mindai Kōnan nōson shakai no kenkyu 明代江南農村社会の研究 Rural Society in Jiangnan during the Ming Dynasty Tokyo Tokyo University Press pp 9 65 les polders PDF littoral normand n2000 fr Retrieved 2023 03 25 Rain continues to throw a challenge in Kuttanad The Hindu The Hindu Group 2011 Retrieved 2011 06 10 Thampatti Manorama March 1999 Rice Bowl in Turmoil The Kuttanad Wetland Ecosystem Resonance Indian Academy of Sciences Archived from the original on 2010 12 16 Retrieved 2011 06 10 Inch Wildfowl Reserve History Inch and Foyle Wildfowl Project Archived from the original on 7 September 2015 Retrieved 5 June 2015 Further reading editDerex Jean Michel Franco Cazzola eds 2004 2nd ed 2013 Eau et developpement dans l Europe moderne Paris Maison des Sciences De L Homme Farjon J M J J Dirkx A Koomen J Vervloet amp W Lammers 2001 Neder landschap Internationaal bouwstenen voor een selectie van gebieden landschapsbehoud Alterra Wageningen Rapport 358 Stenak Morten 2005 De inddaemmede Landskaber En historisk geografi Landbohistorik Selskab Polders of the World Keynotes International Symposium 1982 Lelystad The Netherlands Ven G P van de ed 1993 4th ed 2004 Man made Lowlands History of Water Management and Land Reclamation in the Netherlands Matrijs Utrecht Wagret Paul 1972 Polderlands London Methuen External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polders Polder landscapes in the Netherlands in a northwest European and a landmark context How to make a polder online film Archived 2021 04 17 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Polder amp oldid 1181057554, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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