fbpx
Wikipedia

People of the Red Orchestra

May 31, 2024

This is a list of participants, associates and helpers of, and certain infiltrators (such as Heinz Pannwitz) into, the Red Orchestra (German: Die Rote Kapelle) as it was known in Germany. Red Orchestra was the name given by the Abwehr to members of the German resistance to Nazism and anti-Nazi resistance movements in Allied or occupied countries during World War II. Many of the people on this list were arrested by the Abwehr or Gestapo. They were tried at the Nazi Imperial War Court before being executed either by hanging or guillotine, unless otherwise indicated. As the SS-Sonderkommando also took action against Soviet espionage networks within Switzerland, people who worked there are also included here.[1]

Group organisational diagrams edit

The following meticulously researched hierarchy diagrams were created by the Joint security service that consisted of the MI6 and the CIA between 1945 and 31 December 1949.[2]

  •  
    Overall organisational diagram of all anti-fascist and espionage groups by country
  •  
    The Schulze-Boysen group in Germany
  •  
    The Harnack group in Germany
  •  
    Diagram of the Trepper Group in Belgium
  •  
    Gurevich group in Belgium between July 1940 to December 1941 in Belgium
  •  
    The Jeffremov Group, September 1939 - May 1942 in Belgium
  •  
    The Jeffremov Group, May 1942 - August 1942 in Belgium
  •  
    The Rote Drei Group in Switzerland
  •  
    The "Sissy" Group in Switzerland. This group was run by Rachel Dübendorfer
  •  
    The organisation diagram of the "Long" group run by Georges Blun
  •  
    The organisation diagram of the "Pakbo" group run by Otto Pünter
  •  
    The Winterink Group in the Netherlands. It was also known as Group Hilda
  •  
    The Rote Kapelle in France between 1940 and 1944. This diagrams details the seven networks run by Leopold Trepper.
  •  
    Group Andre was the 1st espionage group in Leopold Trepper organisation of seven groups. Its purpose was to gather industrial intelligence from enemy wireless communication networks
  •  
    The Harry Group was the 2nd Group in Leopold Trepper's seven espionage networks. This group collected espionage secrets from French military and political circles, e.g. Vichy, Vichy intelligence Deuxième Bureau and Gaullist circles.
  •  
    Organisation diagram of the "Professor" as the 3rd group in Leopold Trepper organisation of seven groups. Professor was the alias of Johann Wenzel. The "Artzin" group was the 4th group in the Trepper organisation and was run by Anna Maximovitch who collected intelligence from French clerical and royalist circles. The "Professor" group, run by Basile Maximovitch collected intelligence from German Wehrmacht and White Russian emigrant groups.
  •  
    The Simex group was the 5th espionage group in Leopold Trepper organisation of seven groups. It managed finances and gathered intelligence from German firms and the German military
  •  
    The Lyons or Romeo group was the 6th Group in Leopold Trepper's seven espionage networks. Its purpose was to collect intelligence from US and Belgian diplomats.
  •  
    The 7th Group. In January 1942, Trepper ordered Anatoly Gurevich to travel to Marseilles and establish a new branch office of Simex to enable the recruitment of a new espionage network.[3]
  •  
    The Ozols and Mithridate were the final espionage network that was activated by Anatoly Gurevich after he and Trepper were captured by the Germans and Gurevich was forced to take part in a playback operation.[4][5]
  •  
    The French and UK espionage network of Henry Robinson that was taken over by Trepper in September 1941.

Key edit

  • If a person was associated with a group, then they are shaded.
  • If they joined one group and left to join another, perhaps because the first group was disrupted, then the second group is detailed in notes and they are shaded based on the first group.
  • If they worked for Soviet intelligence and built a group, then they are shaded as Soviet intelligence agents.
Country Colour Group Colour Group Colour Group Colour Group
Germany Schulze-Boysen Group Harnack Group von Scheliha Group Uhrig Group
Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group Germany military including Gestapo, Funkabwehr
Belgium Trepper Group Gurevich Group Jeffremov Group September 1939-May 1942 Jeffremov Group May 1942-August 1942
Netherlands Winterink Group or Group Hilda
France Group Andre Lyons Group Marseilles Group Ozols Network
Switzerland Rote Drei Group Sissy Group Long Group Pakbo Group
Soviet Union Soviet intelligence officers

A edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Robert Abshagen (1911–1944) Insurance employee, sailor and construction worker KPD member, Communist Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group 19 October 1942 in Hamburg Sentenced to death by the Volksgerichthof on 2 May 1944. Beheaded in Hamburg on 10 July 10, 1944 The group that Abshagen was part of was created by Anton Saefkow and eventually held resistance cells in large Hamburg companies.[6]
Alexander Abramson (1896–?) Lawyer and economist Rote Drei Codenames: Isaak and Sascha[7]
Vera Ackermann Militant communist Encrypted communications prior to transmission and handed the ciphered text to the Sokols, who were radio operators, for transmission to the Soviets Trepper Group Escaped being arrested [8] (Partial Preview at Google Books)
Maurice Aenis-Haenslin KPD member, liaison between Henry Robinson and Rachel Dübendorfer for the Rote Drei in Geneva Rote Drei Group Real person was never identified as name was identified through radio traffic. The name fitted two individuals but other facts didn't.[9]
Bernhard Almstadt (1897–1944) Managing director of the Arbeiter-Sport-Verlag KPD member. Courier, participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front). Uhrig Group 12 July 1944 and sentenced to death on the 19th Executed on 6 November 1944 in the Brandenburg-Görden penitentiary [10]
Leonid Abramovich Anulov (1897–1974) Soviet agent Organizer of the Rote Drei in Switzerland Recalled to the Soviet Union in 1938, received the Order of Lenin and released from office. He was then arrested under Soviet law § 436 and sentenced to 15 years at a work education detention camp. [11][12]
Rita Arnould (1914–1943) Housewife Courier Trepper Group Rue des Atrebates 101, Brussels on 13 December 1941 Death sentence in April 1943 [13] Rita Arnould (née Bloch) became an informer after being captured by the SS in Brussels. She betrayed the Gurevich group in Brussels, forcing many of its members to flee to France and other minor characters to stay hidden. Arnould was, nonetheless, executed on 20 August 1943 at Plötzensee Prison.[14]

B edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Otto Bach Member of International Labour Office in Geneva Facilitated introductions Rote Drei Member of the German Chamber of Commerce in Paris. Worked with Heinz Pannwitz.[15]
Margarete Barcza (1912–1985)[16] Mistress and later wife of Anatoly Gurevich.[17]
Robert Barth (1910–1945) Typesetter Communist and parachute agent Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested October 1942 Landed with Albert Hoessler[18]
Bernhard Bästlein (1894–1944) Precision mechanic KPD member, Communist. Built the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group. Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group 30 May 1944 and sentenced to death on 5 September 18 September 1944 beheaded with a hatchet Linked to Harnack Group via Wilhelm Guddorf. Also linked to Schulze-Boysen and Uhrig people.[19]
Arnold Bauer [de] (1909–2006) Writer Communist and KPD member Schulze-Boysen Group Survived the war [20]
Carl Baumann (1912–1996) Artist Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested in autumn 1942 and sent to the Eastern Front in 1943 Wounded in 1944 and captured by Soviet forces, but survived the war Baumann created a now famous painting called Rote Kapelle 1941 ref number Inv-Nr. 1967 LM, now located in the Stadtmuseum in Münster in which he portrays Harro Schulze-Boysen, Walter Küchenmeister and Kurt Schumacher as architects building a bridge away from Nazism.[21]
Anna Becker 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Mother of Friedrich Beuthke's wife, Charlotte. Killed as one of the seven members by what the Nazi's called Sippenhaft, where they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge, when a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial.[22]
Emil Becker 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Father of Friedrich Beuthke's wife, Charlotte. Killed as one of the seven members by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, where they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge, when a Red Orchestra member was discovered.[22]
Karl Behrens (1909–1943) Tool designer Communist Black Front member, then member KPD Harnack Group 16 September 1942. The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 18 January 1943, the death penalty Killed on 13 May 1943 in Plötzensee Prison [23]
Clare Behrens (1915–2011) Tailor Survived the war Wife of Karl Behrens
Willy Berg Gestapo Kriminalinspector Sonderkommando Pannwitz. Monitored Trepper and Gurevitch. Worked for Heinz Pannwitz[24]
Helene Berger (1898–?) Austrian economist Supplied intelligence to Rachel Dübendorfer Rote Drei [25]
Hanna Berger (née Johanna Elisabeth Hochleitner-Köllchen) (1910–1962) Teacher, director, theatre director Enabling subversive communist gatherings in her home. KPD member Schulze-Boysen Group 1942, suspected of preparing to commit high treason and sentenced to two years in concentration camp, but was acquitted after several months on 21 August 1943 Survived the war [26]
Liane Berkowitz (1923–1943) Student Took part in pamphleteering against The Soviet Paradise Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 26 September 1942. The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 20 January 1943, the death penalty Executed on 20 January 1943 at Plötzensee Prison [27]
Sergei Bessonov

(1892–1941)

Foreign Intelligence Unit of the Soviet Embassy in Berlin Created the Harro Schulze-Boysen Group. Convinced Harnack to work for the Soviets. Murdered by the Soviet secret police in Stalin's Medvedev Forest massacre on 11 September 1941.
Maurice Beublet

(?–1943)

Belgian lawyer Simexco legal advisor Gurevich Group 4 December 1942 in Brussels 28 July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison [25]
Leon Beurton (1914–1997) Soviet agent Chief cipher expert for Alexander Radó. Trained by Ursula Hamburger in WT procedures. Rote Drei Group Survived the war. Married to Ursula Kuczynski.[9] Codenamed William Miller, John, Fenton.[28]
Anna Beuthke (1883–1943) Mother of the Beuthke family KPD, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Also called Garden Friends.

Arrested 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.[29]

Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial.[22]

Ernst Beuthke (1903–1943) No profession, warehouse man. Only son of the Beuthke family who held no profession.[22] Communist KPD Anti-Fascist fighter in Spain, and Germany fighting the SA. Soviet parachutist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Also called Garden Friends. Hid in Charlotte Hundt's home upon arrival. Arrested with his wife after returning from the USSR and exposing himself in the Little Moscow garden colony. 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial.[30]
Friedrich Beuthke (1906–1943) Welder. Youngest son of the Beuthke family.[22] KPD member, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.

Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial.[31]

Richard Beuthke (1880–1943) Servant and turner. Father of the Beuthke family.[22] KPD member, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp

Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial. [32]

Walter Beuthke (1904–1943) Precision mechanic. Second eldest son of the Beuthke family.[22] KPD member, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp

Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered. Shot without trial.[33]

Charlotte Beuthke (1909–1943) Communist KPD member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Shot without trial.[22] Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Married to Walter Beuthke.[34]
Mario Bianchi (1909–?) Physician, ear, nose and throat specialist Kept a safehouse that hid a number of contacts. Later, hid Alexander and Helen Radó after Rote Drei was broken up. Rote Drei Survived the war [35]
Lotte Bischoff (née Charlotte Wielepp) (1901–1994) stenographer KPD, participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front. SED functionary Saefkov-Jacob-Bästlein Group Survived the war In contact with Wilhelm Knöchel, Robert Uhrig, and Kurt and Elisabeth Schumacher.[36]
Kurt Bietzke (1894–1943) Painter KPD co-founder. Procured illegal quarters, got passports, money and ration cards. Tucholla group, Red Mountain Climbers Sentenced to death by the People's Court (Germany) in July 1942 17 August 1943 in Plötzensee Prison. [37]
Herbert Bittcher (1908–1944) Foreman SPD. Later became a communist and joined the KPD Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group Arrested by Gestapo On 1 January 1944 sentenced to death for the "preparation for high treason". Executed in January 1944 in the Brandenburg-Görden Prison [38]
Joseph Blumsack Member of the foreign workers section of the Communist Party of Belgium Courier between Brussels and Paris Trepper Group Arrested 7 January 1943 and deported to Germany.

Rumoured to have survived but no evidence of this.

Married to Renée Clais-Blumsack.[35]
Georges Blun (1893–1999) French journalist from Le Monde Soviet agent Rote Drei Group. Survived the war Directed small Blun network of six people in Switzerland. Codename Long. Secrets offered by Blun could not match the quality of the Lucy secrets, but still a very important member of the Red Three Group. Survived the war.[9]
Suzanne Boisson (1918–?) Courier Gurevich Group. 13 December 1941 Unknown [39]
Karl Böhme (1914–1943) Commercial clerk Tried to organise the repair of the radio located at Hans Coppi Schulze-Boysen Group

Arrested on 23 October 1942 in Berlin. The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 30 January 1943 "for preparation for high treason in a unit with favorability of the enemy and for aiding espionage".

Wife Margarete Böhme was also picked up by the Gestapo and killed.
Anton Börner Soviet intelligence agent Soviet parachutist KPD Trained as an upholsterer. Captured by the Gestapo upon landing.
Wilhelm Bösch Died 10 April 1945 Locksmith Communist KPD member. Collected money and food for persecuted colleagues. AEG turbine factory group 21 March 1945 sentenced to death by Berlin Superior court Murdered in Plötzensee Prison on 10 April 1945 [40]
Hermann Böse (1871–1943) Music teacher and conductor Communist, KPD member Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group Sent to the KZ Mißler concentration camp [41]
Paul Böttcher (1891–1975) Communist politician, MP, Journalist Passed information between Christian Schneider and Alexander Radó Rote Drei Group 1933 taken into 10 months protective custody by the Nazis, released and emigrated to Switzerland Survived the war Married to Rachel Dübendorfer. Codename Paul, codenamed Hans Saalbach.

[42]

Margrit Bolli (1919–2017) Dancer Radio operator Rote Drei 13 October 1943 and sentenced to 10 months in prison Survived the war Code name Rosa, Schatz-Bolli,Schwarz-Boili. Recruited by Alexander Radó and trained in Wireless Telegraphy by Alexander Foote.[43]
Cato Bontjes van Beek (1920–1943) Artist. Distributed illegal writings and leaflets Schulze-Boysen Group 20 September 1942. The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 18 January 1943 18 January 1943 sentenced to death for high treason and guillotined. A personal clemency to Hitler was refused. [44] Started opposing Hitler when she was 13 years old when she heard a broadcast from Hitler in 1933 in the one nation speech.
Mietje Bontjes van Beek (1922–2012) Artist and author Schulze-Boysen Group Survived the war Not actively involved in the resistance. Occasionally took food and cigarettes along with her sister Cato to French forced labourers in Berlin.[45]
Jan Bontjes van Beek (1899–1969) Ceramist and sculptor Schulze-Boysen Group 20 September 1942 in Berlin Survived the war Became famous sculptor and ceramist after the war, with a particular focus on vases. Fringe member of the group through his daughter Cato[46]
Henriette Bourgeois (1917–?) stenographer Radio operator Rote Drei Group Survived the war Codename Harry[47]
Elsa Boysen (1883–1963) Schulze-Boysen Group 26 September 1942 Survived the war Aunt of Harro Schulze-Boysen.[48]
Walter Bremer (1904–1995) Surveying student and Police officer Helped produce the Die Innere Front newspaper Survived the war [49]
Robert Breyer Painter and illustrator Trepper Group 25 November 1942 in Paris Hanged in July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison
Cay-Hugo Graf von Brockdorff (1915–1999) Sculptor Schulze-Boysen group Arrested in 1943 on the Eastern Front and sent to a Strafbataillon Survived the war and married resistance fighter Eva Lippold. Marie Hübner was maid of honor. [50]
Erika Gräfin von Brockdorff (1911–1943) Office worker Radio experimenter, used own house as communication centre for Hans Coppi Schulze-Boysen Group 16 September 1942 arrested and sentenced to 10 years. The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him on 21 April 1943 to four years in prison for preparation for high treason. Hitler turned penalty into death sentence. 13 May 1943, strangled with a rope attached to a meathook in Plötzensee Prison [51]
Eva-Maria Buch (1921–1943) Interpreter, translator, bookseller and student Translation of individual pamphlets and the Die Innere Front newspaper into French Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 11 October 1942 On 3 February 1943 sentenced by the 2nd Reichskriegsgericht to death for the preparation of a high-treasonous enterprise and because of enemy favouritism and executed in Plötzensee Prison. [52]
Walter Budeus (1902–1944) Machinist Communist, former KPD member. Built illegal group in northern Berlin to report armaments production and to disseminate leaflets. Uhrig Group February 1942 21 August 1944 beheaded [53]
Hugo Buschmann

(1899–1983)[54]

Industrialist. President of the Eternit AG, a construction materials company. Worked as an informant for Schulze-Boysen Schulze-Boysen Group

Survived the war

Travelled as Leo Buschmann[55]

C edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Marcelle Capre (1914–?) Soviet intelligence officer Acted as a cutout for agent Jerome. Provided intelligence on French aircraft. Trepper Group Code name Martha. Hid Germaine Schneider in her apartment. Assistant to Henry Robinson.[56]
Robert Jean Christen (1898–?) Gurevich Group 25 November 1942 in Brussels Survived the war Simexco shareholder[47]
Joséphine Clais (?–1945) Courier Jeffremov Group January 1943 and sent to Breendonk prison camp Died in early 1945 in Ravensbrück concentration camp Married name Joséphine Verhimst. Sister of Germaine Schneider and Reneé Clais. Recruited by Germaine.[57]
Reneé Clais (Blumsack) (1907–1945) Courier between Brussels and Paris Trepper Group Arrested on 7 January 1943 in Brussels 10 March 1945 in the Mauthausen concentration camp Wife of Joseph Blumsack. Sister of Germaine Schneider and Joséphine Clais. Recruited by Germaine.[35]
Suzanne Cointe (1905–1943) Piano teacher. Secretary to Alfred Corbin at Simex Trepper Group 19 November 1942 in Paris July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison [58]
Frieda Coppi Tailor Harnack Group 12 September 1942 in Berlin Mother of Hans Coppi. Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered.
Hans Coppi (1916–1942) Student Disributing phamplets, later establishing a radio link to the Soviet Union Harnack group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin. On 19 December 1942, the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty Death penalty 19 December 1942 Introduced to Schulze-Boysen via Heinrich Scheel.[59] Ran the Coro group. Code name Strahlmann.[60]
Hilde Coppi (1909–1943) Clerk KPD Harnack Group 12 September 1942 in Berlin. On 20 January 1943, the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht pronounced the death penalty. Death penalty on 20 January 1943 Wife of Hans Coppi. Mother of Hans Coppi Jr. (born 27 November 1942)[59]
Kurt Coppi Harnack Group 12 September 1942 in Berlin
Robert Coppi (1882–1960) Painter specialising in lacquer and gilding KPD Harnack Group 12 September 1942 Father of Hans Coppi. Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered.
Alfred Corbin (1919–1943) French commercial director Ran the 5th Trepper sub-network. Managing director of Simex in Paris. Courier Trepper Group 19 November 1942 in Paris 28 July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison Initially never knew anything about the network but was gradually drawn in over many months, eventually becoming a core member.[61]
Denise Corbin 25 November 1942 Fresnes Prison Wife of Robert Corbin. Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered.
Marie Corbin 26 November 1942 Ravensbrück concentration camp.

Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered.

Robert Corbin Liaison between Alfred Corbin and the Organisation Todt Trepper Group 19 November 1942 in Paris 8 March 1943 death penalty Denise Corbin was his wife. Brother of Alfred Corbin. uncovered.

[62]

Fritz Cremer (1906–1993) Sculptor. Soldier between 1940 and 1944. KPD member, Communist Schulze-Boysen Group Survived the war Husband of Hanna Berger, who, although arrested as part of Schulze-Boysen group, escaped in 1944. Both Cremer and Berger survived the war.[63] Cremer had strong contacts with Walter Küchenmeister and Kurt Schumacher
Buntea Crupnic (1911–2002) Lawyer Communist. Provisioned safehouses in the Brussels area and responsible to Elizabeth Depelsenaire. Jeffremov Group Survived the war Code name Irma Salno, Irene Sadnow, Andree, Yvonne[61][64]

D edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Charles Francois Daniels (1911–?) Businessman Courier between Simexco in Brussels and Simex in Paris Gurevich Group Business associate of Guillaume Hoorickx and Heinrich Rauch.[65]
Anton Danilov Belgian communist, Soviet agent Secret writing specialist to prepare identity papers Gurevich Group 12 December 1941 in Brussels while transmitting Believed to have been executed in or around 1943. Code name: Antonio, Desmet, de Smet, de Smith Assistant to Anton Makarov. Assumed to be David Kamy in disguise.[66]
Elizabeth Depelsenaire (1913–1998) Lawyer, feminist Belgian Communist, Intelligence officer Jeffremov Group Arrested July 1942 Survived the war Worked in the group in 1941 and 1942.[67]
Werner Dissel (1912–2003) Actor Volunteered into the Wehrmacht to betray them. Schulze-Boysen group Escaped detection Survived the war Helped to publish the magazine of the Schulze-Boysen Group called The Adversary. Was a personnel friend of Harro Schulze-Boysen.[68]
Rachel Dobrik (1908–?) Rote Drei accountant Supplied monies to Rachel Dübendorfer from an American account Rote Drei Dobrik warned Alexander Radó that the Swiss were going to arrest Rote Drei members.[69]
Martha Dodd (1908–1990) Writer Soviet agent Harnack group Survived the war [70]
Charles Drailly (1901–1945) Banker and commercial expert Became director of Simexco in March 1941. Gurevich Group then worked for the Rote Drei Arrested on 25 November 1942 Died of Typhus on 4 January 1945 Mauthausen concentration camp Drailly was aware of the activities of the Belgian intelligence networks but did not actively take part in them.[71]
Germaine Drailly (1899–1945) Rote Drei Arrested 26 November 1942 and deported to Berlin On 13 May 1945, sentenced to death by the Reichskriegsgericht. Married to Nazarin Drailly.
Nazarin Drailly (1900–1943) Helped to establish Simexco Took over management of Simexco after Gurevich left for France. Gurevich Group, Rote Drei 6 January 1943 Brussels. Tortured with dogs who ripped his legs to shreds and they had to be amputated. 28 July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison Brother of Charles Drailly. Actively involved in the collection of military and industrial intelligence.[72]
Solange Drailly (born 1 February 1926) Rote Drei Arrested as part of the Simexco round up by the Gestapo in November 1942. Released for lack of evidence. Survived the war. Daughter of Nazarin and Germaine Drailly.
Rachel Dübendorfer (1900–1973) Secretary of International Labour Organization Polish Comintern representative Rote Drei Survived the war. Code name was Sissy.[73]
Jutta Dubinsky (1917–1985) KPD/SED Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster group and later Hans Coppi group 21 October 1942 in Berlin The 2nd senate of the People's Court sentenced on 21 August 1943 to eight years in prison. Survived the war. Became involved with Harnack through the Fritz Cremer, Cay-Hugo von Brockdorff and Wolfgang Thiess.
Viktor Dubinsky (1912–1942) Student KPD/SED Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster group and later Hans Coppi group 26 October 1942 in Guben 21 April 1943 sentenced to five years in prison for preparation of High Treason. Became involved with Harnack through the Fritz Cremer, Cay-Hugo von Brockdorff and Wolfgang Thiess.
Jacques Duclos (1896–1975) French Communist politician PKF, Coordinator of the Resistance. Managed connections to Moscow Trepper group Survived the war [74]

E edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Modeste Ehrlich Trepper Group December 1942 Sent to a concentration camp Betrayed by Trepper to save his life.[75]
Erna Eifler (1908–1944) Stenographer Soviet parachutist KPD, Communist agent Arrested on 15 October 1942 in Hamburg On 8 April or 7 June 1944 shot dead in Ravensbrück concentration camp Arrived in Germany with Wilhelm Fellendorf in May 1942 and were to provide communication for the von Scheliha group but Harnack heard of their arrival in Hamburg.[76]
Charlotte Eisenblätter (1903–1944) Chief secretary in a large company Creating leaflets and writing addresses. Uhrig group Arrested in February 1942, she was sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp On the 10 July 1944, sentenced to death for preparing for high treason [77]
Horst von Einsiedel [de] (1905–1947) Lawyer and economist Kreisau group Worked with Arvid Harnack in the 1930s to build a resistance group.
Ina Ender (1917–2008) Seamstress andmodel Courier Schulze-Boysen and Harnack Groups through Hans Coppi who ran the Coro Group Arrested September 1942 In July 1943 sentenced to six years in prison by the Reichskriegsgericht for assisting to disintegrate the military forces (distributing leaflets). Ender survived the war Communited gossip from the couturier shop she worked in that was attended by Eve Braun, to Schulze-Boysen. Married Hans Lautenschläger on 14 September 1936. In December 1952, she married civil servant Siegfried Ender,[78][79]
Alexander Erdberg (1909–1961) Soviet intelligence agent. Acted as contact between Moscow and Harnack Schulze-Boysen Groups Recruited Harnack Group, Created Schulze-Boysen Group Survived the war Worked for the Foreign Intelligence Unit of the Soviet Embassy in Berlin.[80]

F edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Katharina Fellendorf (1884–1944) Housewife Mother of Wilhelm Fellendorf.

Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft, where they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered.[81]

Wilhelm Fellendorf (1903–1944) Locksmith, driver Soviet agent Schulze-Boysen and Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group 15 October 1942 28 October 1942 in Hamburg Came to Germany in May 1942 with Erna Eifler as a parachutist to collect intelligence.[81]
Wilhem Franz Flicke (1897–1957) German Wehrmacht soldier and cryptanalyst, later author Worked on the cryptanalysis of Rote Drei messages Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht (OKW/Chi) Flicke wrote two books. The second one was called War Secrets in the Ether that described an OKW/Chi intercept station at Lauf.[82] The first and most salient book was on the subject of the Die Rote Kapelle.[83] The information is no longer considered fully accurate and is at times, misleading.[84]
Alexander Foote (1905–1957) Radio operator Radio operator Rote Drei Group In November 1943 imprisoned by Swiss who picked up his radio by DF-ing it. Released September 1944 Survived the war Code names:Jim, Alfred, Major Granatow, Alfred Feodorovich Capidus, Alexander Alexandrovich Dymov, John South, Albert Mueller. Worked with Ursula Beurton then Alexander Radó. Had many code names.[85]
Karl Frank (1906–1944) Cabinetmaker and politician KPD member, produced papers and pamphlets attacking the Nazi regime, calling for acts of resistance. Uhrig Group Arrested in May 1942 and in June 1944, sent to the Sachsenhausen and Landsberg concentration camps. Executed on August 21, 1944 at the Brandenburg-Görden Prison. Frank was in the communist group that created resistance cells in factories around Berlin and Hamburg. The cells were coordinated by Robert Uhrig.

G edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Erwin Gehrts (1890–1943) Journalist, Colonel in Luftwaffe Communist, Gehrts passed all his Luftwaffe documents and interesting events to Shulze-Boysen who passed some to Harnack Shulze-Boysen Group 9 October 1942 Reichskriegsgericht announced death penalty 10 January 1943 One of the most important members of the Shulze-Boysen Group.[86]
Walter Gersmann (1914–1942) Gardener KPD member and Soviet intelligence agent. Soviet parachutist. Arrested by the Gestapo on 18 or 19 May 1942, the day after parachuting from a plane near the village of Dittau Executed at the end of 1942 Trained as an agent by the GRU and sent to Europe. Betrayed members of the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group after being turned by the Gestapo after almost a year of captivity.[87]
Selma Gessner–Bührer (1916–1974) Swiss Soviet agent Worked for Maria Josefovna Poliakova in Switzerland in 1936. Rote Drei Survived the war Recalled in 1941 by Moscow to provide assistance to Alexander Radó. Acted as a cutout between Jules Humbert-Droz and Alexander Foote.[88]
Karl Giering (1900–1945) Gestapo agent and police officer First head of Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle. Died of throat cancer before the end of the war. Kriminalrat in AMT, Abteilung II, RSHA. Leading detective in the search for Soviet agents in Belgium and France. Was replaced by Heinz Pannwitz in August 1943 as he was dying of cancer.[89]
Pierre Giraud (1914–1943) Trepper Group December 1942 in Paris Committed suicide in early 1943 at Fresnes. Husband of Suzanne Giraud. [90]
Suzanne Giraud (1910–?) Custodian of a wireless telegraphy set located in Le Pecq. Worked as a courier transporting documents between the French communists and the Trepper Group. Trepper Group Arrested in 1942 Presumably executed in 1942 or 1943 Wife of Pierre Giraud, who was recruited by Léon Grossvogel. Codename was Lucy and worked under the name of Lucienne Giraud, Trepper's connection to the French Communist Party.[89]
Robert Giraud (1906–1943) Courier Trepper Group Giraud was the main liaison between Trepper and executive committee of the French Communist Party.[91]
Hans Bernd Gisevius (1904–1974) German diplomat and intelligence officer Informant Rote Drei Survived the war. Gisevius liaison in Zürich between Allen Dulles, station chief for the American OSS and the German Resistance forces in Germany. Rudolf Roessler identified Gisevius as a source to a friend after the war.[92]
Walter Glass (1889–1956) Pattern shop owner Housed and fed Bernhard Bästlein with his daughters in 1944 at his own apartment 5 July 1944 VGH ruling on 1 November 1944, sentenced to four years in jail Glass was the father of Lucie Nix and Vera Wulff.
Carl Friedrich Goerdeler (1884–1945) German politician Informant Rote Drei 12 August 1944 Hanged on 2 February 1945 in Plötzensee Prison Joined the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler. He is one of the four Rote Drei sources in Germany named by Rudolf Roessler.[93]
Ursula Goetze (1916–1943) Student Apartment was used for a number of secret meetings. Schulze-Boysen and Harnack groups 15 October 1942 in Berlin 18 January 1943, the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced death penalty for conspiracy to commit high treason and favouring the enemy [94][95]
Sarah Goldberg (1921–2003) Radio operator in Belgium. Recruited by Hermann Isbutzki. Trepper Group 4 June 1943 Deported to Germany and then Auschwitz concentration camp After the Red Orchestra was destroyed in Belgium in 1943, transferred to work with Jewish partisans in Brussels. Rescued on 23 April 1945. Survived the war. Founding member of Belgian section of Amnesty International.[96]
Joseph Goldenberg Arrested in early 1942 Fort Breendonk concentration camp from September 1942 to March 1943, died there on 13 April 1943 following an "interrogation".
Herbert Gollnow (1911–1943) Consular Secretary, at the Federal Foreign Office Later, lieutenant in the Luftwaffe working as a Liaison officer from the Abwehr Harnack Group Arrested on 19 October 1942 in Berlin Reichskriegsgericht announced death penalty for conspiracy to commit high treason and favouring the enemy on 19 December 1942. One of the core members of Harnack Group[97]
Otto Gollnow (1923–1944) Bank apprentice, soldier 26 September 1942 in Berlin Reichskriegsgericht announced death penalty for undermining the military, received a six-year prison sentence.
Daniël Goulooze (1901–1965) Director of the Communist Party of the Netherlands Radio operator. Liaison officer between CPN and the Communist International in Moscow. Hilda Group Arrested sometime in 1943 Survived the war. Codenames:Daan.Not charged as a terrorist by as a spy and survived by changing his name in the concentration camp.[98][99]
Max Grabowski (1897–1981) Painter and decorator Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front) Schulze-Boysen Group Brother of Otto Grabowski. Printed the Die Innere Front in his paint workshop.[100][101]
Otto Grabowski (1892–1961) Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Zeitung Neuköllner Sturmfahne Schulze-Boysen Group Brother of Max Grabowski. Founder of Die Innere Front[102]
Herbert Grasse (1910–1942) Printer KJVD, KPD. Participated in the productions of the illegal paper, Zeitung Neuköllner Sturmfahne Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster group Arrested on 23 October 1942 in Berlin Committed suicide the day after his arrest Had close links with the group around Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster and later had contact with John Sieg. Later pushed for joint actions in the AEG factory amongst workers who were resisting.[103]
John Graudenz (1884–1942) Journalist, photographer, sales representative In charge of the technical aspects of the producing the AGIS leaflets. Later helped Schulze Boysen organise intelligence. Schulze Boysen Group 12 September 1942 in Berlin On 19 December 1942 the 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him to the death penalty because of preparation for high treason, enemy favour, destruction of the military force and espionage [104]
Karin Graudenz Schulze Boysen Group

Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin; released after two weeks.

Daughter of John Graudenz. Also called Karin Reetz after being married.
Silva Graudenz Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin; released after two weeks. Daughter of John Graudenz
Toni Graudenz (died 1985) Press photographer Schulze-Boysen group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin On the 12 September 1942 in Berlin the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced to three years in prison for listening to enemy transmitter and omission of an advertisement. Survived the war. Third wife of John Graudenz
Manfred von Grimm (1911–?) Long Group Arrested October 1942 Survived the war. Became the Minister of Cultural Affairs in Lower Saxony. Codenamed Grau for Rote Drei. Worked for Polish intelligence.[105]
Adolf Grimme (1889–1963) Prussian Minister of Science, Art and Education Sent letters to university professors and distributed pamphlets Harnack group Avoided the death penalty in 1943 by informing on the Red Orchestra. The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him on 2 February 1943 for the preparation of a treasonous enterprise and because of enemy privileges to three years penitentiary Survived the war Friends with Adam Kuckhoff.[106]
Maria Grimme Harnack group Survived the war Wife of Adolf Grimme.[106]
Anna Griotto Courier for Henry Robinson group in France Own house used to hold meeting between Henry Robinson and Trepper Group members Trepper Group

Survived the war

Wife of Medardo Griotto.[107]
Medardo Griotto (1901–1943) Engraver Produce fake documents, also operated a safe house Trepper group Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him to death in March 1943. Executed on 28 July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison Suspected of being Henry Robinson's main assistant.[107]
Léon Grossvogel (1904–?) Electrician and manager Ran the 1st Trepper sub-network. Provided intelligence concerning industry and economy. Responsible for the communications networks of the Trepper Group. Trepper Group Arrested in 1943 by Gestapo Possibly executed in Fresnes Prison, possibly survived the war Husband of Jeanne Grossvogel-Pesant. Worked at Le Roi du Caoutchouc. Later created the Foreign Excellent Rain Coat Company with Jules Jaspar.[107]
Jeanne Grossvogel-Pesant (1901–1943) Manager of ostend branch of Le Roi du Caoutchouc Ran the 3rd Trepper sub-network

Later created the Foreign Excellent Rain Coat Company with Jules Jaspar and her husband.

Trepper Group Arrested 25 November 1942 Executed in July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison Wife of Léon Grossvogel[107]
Malvina Gruber (1900–?) Courier between Paris and Brussels and Cutout between Rajchmann and Trepper. Gurevich Group Arrested in Brussels on 12 October 1942 Protected by the Sonderkommando, used to discover other agents in Brussels and Paris. In August 1947 in prison in Belgium, later sentenced to 10 years imprisonment in February 1949 by court martial in Brussels, released December 1951. Wife of Adolf Gruber. Mistress of Abraham Rajchmann, the forger.[108] In 1953, Gruber still engaged in espionage.[108]
Wilhelm Guddorf (1902–1943) Journalist and writer Communist Harnack group Arrested on 10 October 1942 and sentenced to death in February 1943. The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 3 February 1943 the death sentence for preparation for high treason and because of enemy favouritism Executed at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin on 13 May Important member of Schulze-Boysen Group as well.[109]
Hilde Guddorf (1907–1980) Shorthand typist, later GDR politician Communist member of Young Communist League of Germany and Communist Party of Germany Harnack Group Survived the war Husband of Wilhelm Guddorf. Worked with the Uhrig group.[110]
Anatoly Gurevich (1913–2009) Soviet agent. Provided intelligence to Trepper from François Darlan and the Girauds. Ran the 7th Trepper sub-network. Trepper Group 12 November 1942 in Marseille Returned to Soviet Union, sent to Lubyanka prison, later deported to labour camp. Rehabilitated in 1990. Leader of the Gurevich Group. Real name Anatoly Gurevich. Codenames: Kent, Fritz, Arthus Barcza, Simon Urwith, Manolo, Dupuis, Lebrun); see name Table. G. Founded the Simexco company as a cover for intelligence work in Brussels in autumn 1940. Gurevich and Nazarin Drailly were principal stockholders and managing directors.[111][112]

H edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Max Habjanic Swiss bureaucrat of Balkan descent Provider of fake identity papers Rote Drei

Survived the war

Code name:Cobbler Max. Provided passports for Anna Barbara Müller that eventually reached Henry Robinson. Habjanic used blank forms to create passports and then sent individual copies of each form to various senior police officers who signed them without suspecting what they were.[113]
Ruthild Hahne (1910–2001) Sculptor Communist. House used as a meeting place. Worked on the Die Innere Front (The Internal Front) Harnack and Schulze-Boysen Groups Arrested on 21 August 1943. The 2nd Senate of the People's Court sentenced her on 21 August 1943 to four years in prison. In February 1945, Hahne was able to escape from the women's prison in Cottbus Survived the war Became involved with Harnack through Fritz Cremer, Cay von Brockdorff, and Wolfgang Thiess. Moved to East Germany after the war and joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany.[114]
Rudolf Hamburger (1903–1980) Architect GRU, Red Army intelligence agent, Undertaking photographic jobs Rote Drei Survived the war Codename Rudi. First husband of Ursula Kuczynski, who was Sonia directing Swiss groups.[115]
Edmond Hamel (1910–?) Trained as a wireless specialist Trained by Alexander Foote on WT operations and began transmitting to Moscow in March 1941 Rote Drei 8 October 1943. Served only five days as Swiss did not know his true identity. Released July 1944. Sentenced in 1947 and imprisoned for nine months. Survived the war.

Husband of Olga Hamel.[116]

Olga Hamel (1907–?) Trained as a wireless specialist Assisted her husband in the transmission of WT traffic. Rote Drei 8 October 1943 Released July 1944. Later sentenced to 7 months in 1947 by a Swiss court. Code name: Delez, Maud. Wife of Edmond Hamel. When arrested, 129 messages were found in their flat. Received large sums of money from Alexander Radó in 1942 and 1942[117]
Ernst Happach Ran a duplicating machine in his apartment to duplicate AGIS leaflets created in part by John Graudenz Shulze-Boysen Group Arrested in Berlin on 12 September 1942 Spend two years in prison for "failure to report a plan of high treason". Recruited by Libertas Schulze-Boysen
Arvid Harnack (1901–1942) Jurist, economist Scientific expert in the Reich Economic Ministry Formed the Harnack Group Arrested on 7 September 1942. The 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 19 December 1942. Hanged four days later at Plötzensee Prison. [118]
Falk Harnack (1913–1991) Director and screenwriter Leafletting Harnack Group, later joined White Rose Arrested and acquitted on 19 April 1943. In August 1943 he was removed from Wehrmacht and transferred to a penal battalion, the 999th Light Afrika Division. In December 1943 sent to a concentration camp but escaped. Survived the war in Greece Brother to Arvid Harnack.[119]
Mildred Harnack (1902–1943) Literary historian and translator Brought together a discussion circle at home that created the Red Orchestra Harnack Group Arrested on 7 September with her husband Arvid Harnack, when a radio message they had sent was read by Referat 12 Initially given six years in prison, but Hitler ordered a new trial and she was sentenced to death on 16 January 1943 by the 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht. She was executed on the same day. Mildred Harnack is the only member of the Red Orchestra whose burial site is known.[120]
Hilde Hauck (1905–1988) Administrator and interpreter KPD Survived the war Under the supervision of the Gestapo for the duration of the War.
Hans Hausamann (1897–1974) Swiss author and intelligence officer Provided information to Czech Colonel Karel Sedlacek Directed Büro Ha, the unofficial autonomous Swiss intelligence centre, loosely attached to official Swiss military intelligence. Survived the war [121]
Robert Havemann (1910–1982) Chemist and later East German dissident KPD, founded the European Union resistance group Arrested in 1943. Fate was postponed several times until the Brandenburg-Görden Prison was liberated by the Red Army. Survived the war [122]
Wolfgang Havemann (1910–1982) Lawyer Communist Harnack Group Arrested on 5 September 1943 by Gestapo. The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht condemned him on 17 February 1943 for failed high treason to nine months in prison Survived the war Son of Gustav Havemann, who was a prominent Nazi. Created the European Union Resistance Group. On 16 December 1943 sentenced to death by the People's Court and later had the sentence deferred several times by Wolfgang Wirth, a senior scientist from the Waffenamt.[123]
Horst Heilmann (1923–1942) Student and wireless operator. Cryptanalyst Passed secret communications from the Abwehr to the Group. Later tried to warn Shulze-Boysen when the GRU spy Johann Wenzel's traffic was deciphered by Referat 12 and Schulze-Boysen was exposed. Schulze-Boysen Group On 19 December 1942, the 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty On 22 December 1942, executed by decapitation at Plötzensee Prison. Executed with Harro Schulze-Boysen. Recruited by Schulze-Boysen.[124]
Carl Helfrich (1906–1960) Journalist Worked in the Foreign Office, where Rudolf von Scheliha was Head of Unit Harnack and Schulze-Boysen Groups Sent directly to a concentration camp Survived the war [125]
Bruno Hempel Leafleting and pamphleting Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested in spring 1943 2nd Senate of the People's Court condemned him on 21 August 1943 to two years in Plotzensee prison. Hempel survived the war. Had contact with Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster
Hans Henniger (1904–?) Luftwaffe inspector, later soldier Allowed John Graudenz to elicit information from him. Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 9 October 1942 in Berlin the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 20 January 1943 "for disobedience in the field and surrendering a state secret", and sentenced to four years. [126]
Rudolf Herrnstadt (1903–1966) Journalist Communist politician and Soviet agent Von Scheliha Group Survived the war During World War II, he held a senior position in the Red Army.[127]
Kurt Hess (1901–?) Dentist Let John Sieg use his dentist's office to host illegal meetings. Communist.
Henrika Hillbolling Courier Winterink Group Arrested on 19 August 1942 in Amsterdam. Sent to Fort Breendonk prison. Executed in January 1943.

Her husband, Jacob Hillbolling, was executed at the same time as Henrika.

Jacob Hillbolling Scout and Courier Winterink Group Sent to Fort Breendonk prison. Executed in January 1943. His wife, Henrika Hillbolling, was executed at the same time as Jacob.
Helmut Himpel (1907–1943) Electrical engineer, later became a dentist Treated Jewish patients free of charge. Distribution of pamphlets. Distributed the teachings of Galen, which cited the Aktion T4 that resulted in Hitler stopping the killing of mentally ill patients. Through John Graudenz met Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 17 September 1942 in Berlin. The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht Reichskriegsgericht announced on the 26 January 1943 the death penalty citing "preparation for high treason and enemy favoritism". One of the core group around Schulze-Boysen and fiancé of Maria Terwiel.[128][129]
Albert Hoessler (1910–1942?) Labourer KPD member, Communist, Soviet intelligence agent Murdered September 1942 without trial Codename Stein, Franz.[130] On 5 August 1942 parachuted into Germany. Sent to establish a WT link to Moscow for the Schulze-Boysen Group, initially from Erika von Brockdorff's apartment and then from Oda Schottmüller apartment.
Walter Hoffmann Toolmaker Took part in discussion groups, listened to foreign broadcasts and distributed leaflets. Schulze-Boysen Group The 2nd Senate of the People's Court sentenced him to one year in prison on 21 August 1943 Personal friend of Harro and Libertas Schulze-Boysen.
Karl Hofmaier (1897–1988) Journalist Expelled from the Swiss Communist Party. Joined the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland. Rote Drei Group Survived the war Close to Alexander Radó and Rachel Dübendorfer.[130]
Walter Homann (1906–1945) Locksmith and metal worker KPD. Worked at the AEG turbine factory helping his colleagues, who were killed at the same time as him. AEG turbine factory Group Arrested 8 February 1945. Sentenced on 21 March 1945 and murdered on the same day at Plötzensee Prison.
Margarete Hoffmann-Scholz Trepper Group via the small Basile Maximovitch Group Sentenced to six years in prison Niece of the commander of Paris, General Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel.
Caroline Hoorickx Assisted the Belgian network from 1939 to 1941. Courier for Gurevich. Gurevich Group Wife of Guillaume Hoorickx. Mistress of Anton Makarov.[131]
Guillaume Hoorickx (1900–?) Painter Agent of the Gurevich Group in Belgium between 1940-1942. Used own apartments for meetings. In early 1942, moved to Simexco to work as a buyer but really as a courier. Gurevich Group and the Trepper Group Arrested on 28 December 1942. Repatriated to Belgium on 2 June 1945. After the war tried to contact former Simexco people. Codename Bill.[132]
Arthur Hübner (1899–1962) During interwar period sent on missions to Europe for the General Staff of the Red Army. Acted as a Scout Survived the war Precursor to the Red Orchestra. Many of Hübner's family were involved the Schulze-Boysen and Harnack groups. His father was Emil Hübner.[133]
Emil Hübner (1862–1943) Politician Worked for Communist International from the 1920s. Arranged accommodation including his own house for Soviet parachutists. Arrested September 1942 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 10 February 1943 the death penalty. Executed on 5 August 1943 at Plötzensee Prison. Whole family including grandchildren were arrested and executed. Frida Wesolek was his daughter.
Max Hübner (1862–1943) German politician KPD, worked with the Communist International. Trained as radio operator. Ran a photography shop in his basement to create false documents including passports, set up with KPD money. The unit also built radio transceivers. Shulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 18 October 1942 in Berlin. Death penalty on 10 February 1943 "for aiding and abetting the preparation of a highly treacherous enterprise and espionage". Worked with Adam Kuckhoff, Wilhelm Guddorf and John Sieg.[126]
Marie Hübner (1903–2001) Domestic servant Shulze-Boysen Group Survived the war. Became friends with Erika von Brockdorff. Married Wilhelm Hübner.[134]
Jules Humbert-Droz (1872–1971) Swiss journalist and pastor. Thought to be an agent of Maria Josefovna Poliakova before the war. Later recruited agents for Alexander Radó. Rote Drei Arrested June 1942 and expelled from Switzerland Known to have survived the war Established Comintern Youth International in Switzerland with Willi Münzenberg and Henry Robinson.[135]
Arlette Humbert-Laroche (1915–1945) French poet and secretary at an unemployed workers' organisation Distributing leaflets to factories. Travelled between several groups Arrested January 1943 She was locked up in Fresnes Prison, then deported to Germany where she was sent to Ravensbrück camp, then to Mauthausen and later Bergen-Belsen concentration camp [136]
Charlotte Hundt (1900–1943) Clerk Hosted the parachutist Ernst Beuthke at her house. Arrested on 17 May 1943 in Wittenau Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial house of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Friends of the Ernst Beuthke family. Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann, Anna Becker, Anna Beuthke, Charlotte Beuthke, Lina Mueller, Wally Radoch and Ella Trebe, one day after their husbands.[137]
Marta Husemann (1913–1960) Actress Communist. KPD member. Schulze-Boysen Group In November 1936 and the following March to June 1937 detained at the Moringen concentration camp. 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her on 26 January 1943 for preparing a highly treasonous company to a 4 years of imprisonment. Captured in 1945 by the Red Army. Survived the war Husband of Walter Husemann.
Walter Husemann (1909–1943) Editor Communist. Worked for the NKGB Schulze-Boysen Group On 9 September 1942, Husemann was arrested at this workplace. Sentenced to death on January 26, 1943, for "Preparation to high treason and aid for espionage" and executed at Plötzensee Prison 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 26 January 1943 for preparation for treason and aiding espionage. Executed on 13 May 1943 Codename Akim. Taught Hans Coppi the radio in 1941.[138]

I edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Else Imme (1885–1943) Retail manager Collected monies for persecuted fellow citizens. Distributed Soviet radio transmissions. Held illegal meetings in her apartment for the Schulze-Boysen group Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested 18 October 1942. On 30 January 1943, 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her to death for favoring the enemy 5 August 1943 executed at Plötzensee Prison
Hermann Isbutzki (1914–1944) Radio operator who was to build his own network Gurevich Group then Trepper Group and later Jeffremov Group Arrested on August 13, 1942 in Brussels Executed in July 1944 in Plötzensee Prison. Arrested when Jefremov, who was under German control betrayed him, and tortured for almost a year. Heinz Pannwitz used his name to conduct playbacks, i.e. maintaining the connection to Moscow.[139][140]

J edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Franz Jacob (1906–1944) Machine fitter Built the Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Group Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Group 4 July 1944 On 5 September 1944 sentenced to death by the People's Court and executed on 18 September 1944, at Brandenburg-Görden Prison [141]
Krystana Iwanowa Janewa [de] (1914–1944) Soviet agent Shulze-Boysen, Harnack and Bästlein Groups Arrested in late 1944. Taken to the Barnimstrasse women's prison in Berlin and later transferred to a prison in Halle Janewa died from ill treatment [142]
Jean Baptiste Janssens (1898–?) Shoemaker Courier Jeffremov Group Arrested January 1943 Janssens died in Breendonk concentration camp [143]
Jules Jaspar (1878–1963) Belgian Consul Director of Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company. Helped people persecuted by the Nazis. Trepper Group Arrested and sent to Mauthausem concentration camp Liberated in May 1945. Survived the war In 1942, helped establish Simexco in Marseille.[143]
Konstantin Jeffremov (1910–?) Soviet Army Captain, engineer and chemical warfare expert Soviet agent Worked all over Europe, later built Jeffremov Group in Belgium Arrested on 22 July 1942 and conducted a playback in Fort Breendonk until late November 1944 Unknown Agent active in Europe from 1936.[144]

K edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Ludwig Kainz Construction engineer in Organisation Todt December 1942 in Paris Sentenced to three years in prison
David Kamy (1911–1943) Graduate Chemist Radio operator who was trained by Johann Wenzel alongside Sophia Poznańska. Gurevich Group 13 December 1941 Assumed to be Anton Danilov while undercover. Captured at 101 Rue des Atrebates, Brussels[145]
Louis Kapelowitz (1891–19??) Czech commercial director Director of the Excellent Raincoat Company and later director of the subsidiary, the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company Trepper Group Survived the war Kapelowitz's wife, Sarah, was the sister of Leon Grossvogel. Maurice Padawer and Adolf Lerner, directors of the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company, were both married to sisters of Louis Kapelowitz.[146]
Hillel Katz (1905–1943) Secretary at Simex company Trepper Group December 1942 when the Simex people were rounded up. Disappeared in November 1943. Likely shot without trial Code names:Andre Dubois, Rene and Le Petit Andre. Assistant to Trepper who betrayed him. He was responsible for liaison between Leon Grossvogel, Henry Robinson and the Simex company.


His brother, Joseph Katz (aka Mayer ben Josef Katz), was part of the Lyon network.[147]

Gerhard Kegel (1907–1989) Diplomat KPD member Von Scheliha Group Survived the war. According to Simon Wiesenthal, Kegel worked for the Gestapo during World War II.[148]
Waldemar Heinrich Keller (1906–1991) Simex technical advisor Trepper Group Arrested on 19 November 1942 in Paris Sentenced to three years in prison Made a fortune before his arrest by dealing in industrial diamonds with the Todt Organization. Seemed to be an agent who worked mainly for money.[149]
Helmut Kindler (1912–2008) Journalist European Union Group Had a successful career after the war. Kindler was a childhood friend of Ilse Stöbe.
Richard Klotzbücher (1902–1945) Cashier and HR person at AEG Turbine Factory Suppression of Nazi state efforts Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization Arrested on 22 February 1945 Executed on 10 April 1945 in Plötzensee Prison for "preparation of treason" [150]
Heinrich Koenen (1910–1945) German engineer Soviet agent Von Scheliha Group Arrested on 29 October 1942 Executed without trial at Sachsenhausen concentration camp in February 1945 Parachutist. Parachuted into Germany on 23 October 1942 to receive some intelligence from Rudolf von Scheliha and blackmail him if the intelligence was not forthcoming but was arrested within several days.[151]
Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Korotkov (1909–1961) Soviet Agent Recruited Arvid Harnack around December 1941. Survived the war 1941 Deputy Resident of the NKVD in Berlin. Code name was Alexander Erdberg. Erdberg acted as a contact between Moscow and the Harnack and Schulze-Boysen groups in Berlin. Later from 1946 to 1957 Korotkov was deputy Head of foreign intelligence service of the KGB of the USSR[152][153]
Anna Krauss (1884–1943) Lacquer and paint wholesaler Fortune-teller and clairvoyant who counted Libertas Schulze-Boysen as a client. She used her apartment to create and print leaflets and pamphlets with John Graudenz Schulze-Boysen Group September 14, 1942 in Berlin 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 12 February 1943 the death penalty for decomposing the military force Read the fortunes of all the Schulze-Boysen group to provide and engender a steely backbone for the group.[154]
Werner Krauss (1900–1976) German Romanist academic KPD Communist. Schulze-Boysen Group 24 November 1942 in Berlin 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 18 January 1943, the sentence was revised on 14 September 1944 to five years in prison. Survived the war Made contact with Shulze-Boysen via John Rittmeister and supported their actions on many occasions.[155] Krauss wrote an anti-fascist novel Die Passionen der halykonischen Seele in 1943.[156] His sentence was commuted from the death penalty to a period in jail after a plea of clemency from his academic friends at the University of Marburg where he was employed.[157]
Willy Kruyt (John W. Kruyt Sr.) (1877–1943) Dutch Protestant minister Soviet agent, Parachutist Jeffremov Group 20 July 1942 Successively jailed in St Gilles, Breedonck, and Moabit prisons. Believed to have been executed at Moabit in 1943. Sent by Soviet intelligence to provide a bastion for the Jeffremov Group[158]
John W. Kruyt Jr. (1926–?) Soviet agent, Parachutist Dropped in the Netherlands to supply a radio to Daan Goulooze. Son of John W. Kruyt Sr.[158]
Walter Küchenmeister (1897–1943) German machine technician, communist, political writer Wrote a number of pamphlets Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 16 September 1942 On 6 February 1943, he was sentenced to death by the 2nd Senate of the Imperial War Court for belonging to the resistance organisation. Executed on 13 May 1943 in Plötzensee Prison. [159]
Adam Kuckhoff (1887–1943) German writer, journalist who wrote on communist and marxist philosophies Produced and collaborated on illegal pamphlets. Also worked on writing the Die Innere Front (The Inner Front) Harnack Group 12 September 1942, arrested in Prague. The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 6 February 1943 for preparing a highly treasonous company and for Enemy favorability 5 August 1943, executed at Plötzensee Prison Also closely affiliated with the Shulze-Boysen Group and considered an important member of both groups. His wife was Greta Kuckhoff.[158][160]
Margarete Kuckhoff (1902–1981) Economist Harnack Group Arrested on 12 September 1942, the same day as her husband. On 3 February 1943, she was sentenced to death as an accomplice to high treason and [for] failure to report a case of espionage by the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht. However her sentence was lifted on 4 May 1943, but a second trial on 27 September 1943 resulted in a sentence of ten years at Waldheim Prison where she was liberated by the Red Army in May 1945. Survived the war Known by the first name as Greta. Husband was Adam Kuckhoff. Important member of the Harnack Group as well.[161][162]
Ursula Kuczynski (1907–2000) Editor Soviet agent. Survived the war Code name: Ruth Werner, Ursula Beurton, and Ursula Hamburger.[163] Sent to Switzerland during the interwar period to build an intelligence network. Later she became a handler of Klaus Fuchs, couriering intelligence to the Soviet Union from 1943. Considered one of the top Soviet spy's during the post-war period.[164] KPD member.
Yvonne Kuenstlunger Cutout Trepper Group Cousin of Rita Arnould. Managed the contacts between Rue des Atrébates and Isidor Springer.[165][166]
Hans-Heinrich Kummerow (1903–1944) Telecommunications engineer and designer at the Opta Radio AG in Berlin Supplied intelligence to the Soviet Union Arrested in Berlin at the end of November 1942 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 18 December 1942 the death penalty for high treason. Beheaded in Halle Prison on 4 February 1944. Husband of Ingeborg Kummerow.[167] Occasionally used Schulze-Boysen's groups radio transmitter to transmit reports to Moscow.
Ingeborg Kummerow (1912–1943) Arrested in September 1942. On January 27, 1943, she was sentenced to death for aiding and abetting espionage by the 4th Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht. On 5 August 1943, she was executed in Plötzensee Prison Wife of Hansheinrich Kummerow.[167]
Hans Kurfess (1915–?) Lawyer German cryptanalyst worked in Referat 12 Later enciphered texts prepared by Anatoly Gurevich as part of Sonderkommando Pannwitz in Paris.[168][169]

L edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
François Lachenal (1918–1997) Swiss publisher and diplomat Informant Rote Drei Code name: Diener. Passed low grade intelligence to Jean-Pierre Vigier, the son in law of Rachel Dübendorfer.[170]
Otto Lang (1890–1945) Office worker. Also employed as an umbrella maker. SPD Working in AEG factory, spreads foreign news and leaflets. Support families who have been persecuted by the Nazi's. Arrested in February 1945 On 10 April 1945, murdered in Plötzensee Prison [171]
Fritz Lange (1898–1981) Teacher and soldier Co-editor of the Die Innere Front (The Inner Front) Bernhard Bästlein and Wilhelm Guddorf On 8 October 1943 the 2nd Senate of Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him to five years in prison "for aiding the high treason and enemy favoritism" Survived the war Member of the Harnack Group through Wilhelm Guddorf.
Hans Lautenschläger Commercial employee and union official Schulze-Boysen group Arrested on 24 February 1943 on Guernsey

The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht on 3 July 1943 for decomposition of the military force and preparation for high treason. The death penalty was never carried out.

Married Ina Ender on 14 September 1936. He and his wife, Ina, appeared as themselves in a 1988 titular documentary-style film directed by Thomas Grimm.[172][173]

Claire Legrand (?–1944) Trepper Group Arrested on 30 November 1942 in Marseille by the Gestapo In November 1944 sent to Auschwitz concentration camp and executed. Wife of Jules Jaspar.[174]
Willy Lehmann (1884–1942) Police officer, Gestapo Soviet Agent Worked in the Office IV of the Reich Security Main Office December 1942 discovered Shot without a trial [175]
Ernst Lemmer (1898–1970) German journalist, later politician Informant for Georges Blun Rote Drei Survived the war. Code name: Agnes.[9]
Waldemar Lentz (1909-?) German cryptanalyst worked in Referat 12 and part of Sonderkommando Pannwitz in Paris Arrested on 5 September 1942 in Berlin and later released. Survived the war Members of Referat 12 detached to Aussenstelle Paris.[176][177]
Friedrich Lenz (1885–1968) Professor of economics Liaison between intelligence groups and the Soviet embassy. cutout between Harnack and the Soviet embassy in 1941. Harnack Group and others Survived the war and went back into academia. His Soviet principal was Gunther Lubszynski.[178]
Abraham Isaac Lerner (1891–?) Commercial director Director of the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company Trepper Group Managed to escape arrest in May 1941 and moved to New York via Portugal Code name: Adolf.[179]
Antonia Lyon-Smith (1925–2010) Schoolchild Betrayed the French resistance. 21 October 1943 by Heinz Pannwitz. Went on to live a happy life in Devon.[180] Acquainted with Claude Spaak who procured false papers for her. Unwittingly assisted the escape of Leopold Trepper. Daughter of British Brigadier Tristram Lyon-Smith. She became linked to Gestapo agent, Karl Gagl, a member of Sonderkommando Pannwitz, who wanted to marry her but didn't.[180][181]
Wilhelm Leist (1899–1945) Toolmaker KPD Founded a resistance group at the AEG turbine factory Arrested on 7 March 1945 by the Gestapo Murdered on 10 April 1945 at Plötzensee Prison [182]
Hans Gerhardt Lubszynski (1904–?) German research and radio engineer, member of the German Communist Party. Informant Trepper Group Identified in the Robinson papers an agent. Worked with Heinz Erwin Kallmann in England who identified with the code name of Professor.[179]
Rose Luschinsky (1903–?) Physician Trepper Group Sister of Rachel Dübendorfer. Identified in the Robinson papers an agent under the code name: Jenny.[179]

M edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Mikhail Makarov (1915–circa 1942) Soviet intelligence agent Ran the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company. Was an expert in false documents and secret inks. Trepper Group

Executed in Plötzensee Prison circa 1942.

Code name Carlos Alamo, Chemnitz. Offered wireless telegraphy training to people recruited by Trepper.[183]
Helmut Marquardt Assistant radio operator Shulze-Boysen Group Acquittal in a trial of the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht on 3 July 1943 After his acquittal the 19-year-old Marquart received a protective detention order and was admitted to Sachsenhausen concentration camp.[184]
Charles Mathieu Inspector in Belgian Gendarmerie On behalf of the Gestapo, penetrated the Rote Kapelle in Belgium, leading to the arrest of Jeffremov.[185]
Anna Maximovitch (1901–1943) Neurologist Ran the 4th Trepper sub-network Trepper Group December 1942 20 July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison Code name: Arztin. Provided intelligence from French clerical and royalist sources including Bishop Chaptal of Paris.[186]
Basile Maximovitch (1902–1943) Chemist and Civil-Mining engineer Ran the 3rd Trepper sub-network Trepper Group 16 December 1942 6 July 1943 at Plötzensee Prison Code name: Professor. Provided intelligence from white Russian emigrant groups; also from German Wehrmacht personnel. In a relationship with Margarete Hoffmann-Scholz. Brother of Anna Maximovitch.[186]
Bernhard Mayr von Baldegg (1909–1980) Swiss intelligence office Reported to Captain Max Waibel.[187]
Marcel Melliand (?–1943) Businessman and publisher of textile magazine Courier. Schulze-Boysen used John Graudenz to pass information to England via Melliand but Melliand was unable to get a visa.[188] Schulze-Boysen Group 26 September 1942 in Heidelberg Had excellent business contacts in Switzerland and was considered a strong anti-fascist.[188][189]
Franz Mett (1904–1944) Miner and metal worker Built resistance group centred around Robert Uhrig and was in contact with the resistance in Berlin Uhrig group 4 February 1942 Sentenced to death on 7 June 1944 and executed on 21 August 1944 in Brandenburg-Görden Prison. [190]
Ewald Meyer (1911–2003) Artist and graphic artist Illustrated a number of banned book by Nazi's that were used to resist. Also helped illustrate leaflets Survived the war After the war his career flourished and he had a large number of exhibition in different European countries.
Wilhelm Milke (1896–1944) Metalworker KPD member, Communist Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group Arrested on 21 October 1942 Milke was found dead in his cell in Plötzensee Prison Helped to organise aid for those of were persecuted and supported foreign forced labour.[191]
Juliette Moussier (1892–?) Employee of the Confiserie Jacquin, a confectionery manufacturer PCF member, Courier Trepper Group Passed reports from the Trepper Group to the French Communist Party.[192] Later Trepper requested a meeting with Moussier as part of a German playback operation, while he was in custody to prove to Soviet intelligence that he was still free and enable the playback operation to continue, otherwise he would likely have been executed. Instead he managed to pass a long message containing the news that we was exposed along with a large number of people who were captured. Trepper requested that Moscow send a radio message to the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle from the Red Army to indicate that they understood.[193]
Marius Mouttet (1876–1968) French minister, later socialist diplomat and colonial adviser Informer to Foote Rote Drei Did not appear in Rote Drei traffic after 1942.[185]
Anna Barbara Müller (1880–?) Seamstress, later owned an appointments agency Soviet agent Arrested in June 1943 in Freiburg after being enticed in Germany to help her brother. Sentenced to death but the Swiss intervened and was given 2 year sentenced. Released by the Soviets. Code name:Anna (Not the Rote Drei Anna in the German Foreign Office). In 1936 worked for Maria Josefovna Poliakova. Kept in custody during the Robinson interrogation.[185]
Karl Müller (1904–1945) German Locksmith who worked at the AEG turbine factory in Berlin KPD member. Uhrig Group February 24, 1945 when he was tortured by the Gestapo Committed suicide on March 21, 1945 by hanging himself. [194]
Lina Müller (1901–1943) Communist 21 April 1943 Shot dead without trial in Sachsenhausen concentration camp Husband was Heinrich Müller. Friend of the Ernst Beuthke family. Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann, Anna Becker, Anna Beuthke, Charlotte Beuthke, Charlotte Hundt, Wally Radoch and Ella Trebe on 11 August 1943.
Kurt Müller [de] (1903–1944) German carpenter and communist Prepared and distributed pamphlets. Part of the resistance group European Union. Kurt Müller was a half brother of Ilse Stöbe. Also prepared documents to move Jews out of trouble.
Hans Mussig (1904–?) French intelligence agent from February 1939 Arrested in Grenoble by the Gestapo Tortured 35 times by the Gestapo until he agreed to work with the Sonderkommando Pannwitz. Code name: Jean Varon, Rueff. Married to Ilse Bach. Helped to penetrate French resistance.[195]

N edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Eugen Neutert (1905–1943) Electrician. Later retrained as a masseur. KPD member. Courier, organizer, participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front) Uhrig Group Arrested on 23 October 1942 and sentenced to death in August 1943 The 2nd Senate of the People's Court announced the death penalty on 21 August 1943.On 9 September 1943 he was hanged in Plötzensee Prison Later became friends with the actor Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster in autumn 1941 and became part of their discussion group.
Lucie Nix (1916–1991) Housed Bernhard Bästlein in 1944 when he fled after the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group was broken up. Harnack Group by association Arrested on 5 July 1944. Sentenced to 4 years in prison. Survived the war. Father was Walter Glass.[196]
Léon Nicole (1887–1965) Swiss labor organiser. President of the Swiss socialist party Spotter and recruiter Rote Drei Survived the war [185]
Pierre Nicole (1909–1987) Cutout between Léon Nicole Alexander Foote and Alexander Radó Rote Drei Survived the war Radio operator. Son of Léon Nicole.[185]
Elsa Noffke (1905–1943) Publishing house employee. Soviet parachutist. Radio operator Rote Drei Arrested by the Gestapo soon after being dropped by the RAF in April 1943 Shot dead on 6–7 November 1943 in Ravensbrück concentration camp Soviet Pickaxe agent.[197]
Erich Nutis (1918–?) Secretary in Simexco from January 1942 Trepper Group Arrested November 1942 and deported to Germant Released in April 1945 and returned to Belgium Code name: Andre.[198]

O edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Franz Obermanns (1909–1982) Soviet agent Communist Rote Drei Group Arrested in December 1939 in Switzerland Survived the war Sent to help the Rote Drei group but arrested and confined during the war.[199]
Jean Otten (1911–?) Belgian Salesman Worked to provide safehouses for the group Jeffremov Group 2 October 1943 and taken to Fresnes prison Sentenced to three years in prison and deported to Germany. Husband of Jeanne Otten. Recruited by Elizabeth Depelsenaire to provide safehouses for Jeffremov network.[200]
Sara Heya Orschitizer (1904–19??) Polish wife of Leopold Trepper Assisted Trepper in espionage activities while in Belgium Trepper Group Survived the war Orschitizer divorced Trepper after the war when she found out about Georgie de Winter.[201]
Jeanne Otten (1914–?) Belgian secretary to Phillips Radio Company Worked to provide safehouses for the group Jeffremov Group 2 October 1943 and taken to Frensnes prison Survived the war after being liberated from jail Wife of Jean Otten. Recruited by Elizabeth Depelsenaire.[202]
Waldemar Ozols (1898–?) Soviet agent Communist Ozols Group Unknown Codename SOKOL Solja. Worked for Anatoly Gurevich. Leader of Ozols Group.[203]

P edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Maurice Padawar (1897–?) Commercial Director Director of the Excellent Raincoat Company from 1924 Trepper Group Survived the war Helped establish the forerunner to the Raincoat company known as Le Roi du Caoutchouc. Later director of the Foreign Excellent Raincoat company from 1938 onwards. Gurevich used him to send money to Margarete Barcza' mother in New York. Likely new through Grossvogel that both companies were being used for espionage.[204]
Armand Palivoda (1906–?) Swiss Director of RKO in Geneva Transferred funds from New York to Geneva Rote Drei [205]
Erwin Panndorf (1904–1944) Locksmith and machinist KPD member. Soviet parachutist and scout. Links to the Schulze-Boysen and Harnack Groups through the Tuchollas. Arrested on 2 August 1942 Killed on 10 December 1942 in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Helped by Felix and Kathe Tucholla to stay in their apartment in Berlin.[206]
Heinz Pannwitz (1911–1975) German Nazi Gestapo officer Survived the war In the last two years of the war, Pannwitz ran the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle, a Gestapo counterintelligence operation against the Red Orchestra espionage network.[207][208]
Jean Passelecq Travelling salesman Shareholder in Simexco via his association with Nazarin Drailly. Supplied intelligence to Gurevich Gurevich Group Arrested on 25 November 1942 in Brussels and deported to Germany Liberated in April 1945 and survived the war After the war was considered by the 1960 NATO Special Committee report to be anti-communist.[209]
Elfriede Paul (1900–1981) Physician Her medical practice was used as a meeting place. She also helped in creating and disseminate leaflets Schulze-Boysen Group and Harnack Group through Küchenmeister Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her on 6 February 1943 for preparation for high treason to six years in prison. Lover of Walter Küchenmeister and one of the core members of Schulze-Boysen Group.[210]
Fernand Pauriol (1913–1944) Editor Radio technician who maintained the Trepper Group radios. Trepper Group Arrested on 13 August 1943 Sentenced to death on 19 January 1944 after severe torture and shot in his cell on 12 August 1944 in Fresnes Prison near Paris. After many arrests in Belgium, Pauriol became the most important radio link to Leopold Trepper.[211]
Maurice Peper (1906–1943) Courier Gurevich Group. Later Jeffremov Group. Contact person Winterink Group/group Hilda. Arrested August 1942 in Brussels by policeman Henry Piepe, who also arrested Anton Wenzel. Executed on 28 July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison. Code name: Holländer or Wassermann. Belgian member of Gurevich Group in 1940.[212][213]
Rene Petipas (1912–?) French communist Liaison between French communists and the Rote Drei. Trepper Group December 1943. Arrested same time as Henry Robinson. Code name: Blanche, Biquette. Provided a safe house for a transmitter. Associate of Maurice Emile Aenis-Hanslin. Robinson was her controller.[214]
Simone Pheter (1917–1943) Employee in the Paris office of the Belgian Chamber of Commerce Courier Gurevich Group Arrested in December 1942 Executed on 20 August 1943 in Plötzensee Prison Mistress of Leon Grossvogel[215]
Henry Friedrich Wilhelm Piepe (1893–?) Former state attorney who was Captain in the German army, soldier. Abwehr officer. Abwher III F After Piepe arrested Johann Wenzel he drove to Berlin from Brussels, eventually talked to Wilhelm Canaris then Wilhelm Keitel of his finding, which led to order by Keitel to form the Gestapo unit, the Sonderkommando Pannwitz.[216]
Erna Plüschke Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front) and other pamphlets Wife of Heinrich Plüschke
Heinrich Plüschke (1897–1954) Machinist Also participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front) and other pamphlets Harnack Group through John Sieg
Johann Podsialdo (1894–19??) German artist and teacher Worked as a translator in the labour recruitment office of the German Kommandantur in Paris. Stole blank forms from his office for use by Käte Voelkner. Trepper Group 13 January 1943 Date of execution not known. Lover of Käte Voelkner.[217]
Gisela von Poellnitz (or von Pöllnitz) (1915–1939) Young Communist League of Germany member, journalist Posted a letter from Schulze-Boysen that contained information about German agents (Staff W) working in the Spanish Civil War. Schulze-Boysen Group Contracted pulmonary tuberculosis. Poellnitz died on 15 June 1939 in a sanatorium in Switzerland after travelling there on the advice of Dr Elfriede Paul.[218]
Yvonne Clemence Fanny Poelmans (1910–?) Gymnast and masseuse Sheltered Joseph Blumsack and his wife in June or July 1942 following Germaine Schneider's escape to France Jeffremov Group Arrested on 7 January 1943 Code name:Mouni. Both Poelmans and the Blumsacks were betrayed by Franz Schneider.[219]
Maria Josefovna Poliakova (1910–?) Soviet Military Intelligence employee Soviet agent Organised the Rote Drei in Switzerland. Intimately involved in it operation during the war. Code name: Gisela, Mildred, Vera and Meg[220]
Jeanne Emma Madeleine Ponsaint (1921–?) Belgian secretary and typist Worked at SimexCo as a secretary and typist Trepper Group Escaped arrest when Simexco employees were being hunted by the Gestapo in November 1942. Finally arrested on 11 December 1942. In April 1943, she was deported to Germany where she was imprisoned in Mauthausen concentration camp. Repatriated to Belgium on 8 May 1945 From 25 November 1942 until her arrest on 11 December 1942 she provided accommodation for Nazarin Drailly.[221]
Louse Marie Pauline Ponsart (1907–?) Belgian secretary Worked at SimexCo as a secretary and typist Trepper Group Arrested 25 November 1942 Imprisoned in Brussels but released 16 April 1943 [221]
Johann Podsiadlo (1894–1943) Artist and arts teacher Employed as an interpreter at a labour recruiting office. Gave blank forms to his partner stolen from his office to enable resistance workers to travel. Trepper Group Arrested in January 1943 in Paris On 28 July 1943 he was killed at Plötzensee Prison. Lover of Käte Voelkner. His children, Hans Voelkner and Henry Voelkner, were sent to a SS Children's home (Lebensborn).[222]
Jan Postma (1895–1944) Trained by the Comintern and returned from Moscow to run the Dutch section of the International Red Aid Dutch communist. Worked to organize asylum for German communists who had escaped from Hitler. Group Hilda Arrested on 11 November 1943 On April 20, 1944 she was sentenced to death and shot on 23 or 31 July 1944. [223]
Sophia Poznańska (1906–1942) Graduated and Cipher clerk Palestine Communist Party Gurevich Group Arrested on 12–13 December 1941 On 29 September 1942, committed suicide in St Gilles Prison in Brussels Trained alongside David Kamy by Johann Wenzel. Later worked with Anton Makarov.[224][225]
Heinz Priess (1920–1945) Machinist Helped the two Soviet parachutists Erna Eifler and Wilhelm Fellendorf Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group Arrested on 19 June 1944 On 12 March 1945 was executed in Brandenburg-Görden Prison Marie Priess was his mother. His brother, Viktor Priess was an intelligence officer with the Red Army and had named his mother's apartment as a safe refuge to use.[226]
Marie Priess (1885/1899–1983) Social Democratic Party of Germany member later Communist Party of Germany Helped the two Soviet parachutists Erna Eifler and Wilhelm Fellendorf, later supported foreign forced laborers. Arrested on 15 October 1942 in Hamburg, sentenced to death in October 1944 Survived the war due in her own words: Why I survived - I do not know - I was mislaid so often until I was freed from our 'enemies' who were our friends - our liberators What a day! Mother of Heinz Priess.[227]
Otto Pünter (1900–1988) Swiss journalist Low level intelligence source Group Pakbo Survived the war, later lived in Geneva Code name was Pabko. Close to Alexander Radó. Secret member of Communist Party of Switzerland.[228]
Ann-Marie Van Der Putt Encipher/deciphering clerk Belgian Trepper Group. Later worked with Gurevich in Marseilles Escaped arrest Trained by Gurevich in enciphering/deciphering procedures.[229]

R edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Hedwig Raasch Mother of Hilde Coppi. Murdered as part of German Sippenhaft tradition.[230]
Kurt Raasch Brother of Hilde Coppi. Murdered as part of German Sippenhaft tradition.[230]
Helena Radó (1901–?) Soviet intelligence agent Committed communist who worked on the mapping company Geopress in Geneva. Rote Drei Group Wife of Alexander Radó, who was a former secretary to Vladimir Lenin.[231]
Alexander Radó (1899–1981) Soviet intelligence agent Ran the Inpress anti-nazi press agency in Paris before World War II and later became director of the Rote Drei Group Rote Drei Group Survived the war Code names: Dora and Albert. Director of the Rote Drei. Later established the mapping company Geopress in Geneva, that was his cover for espionage work.[232]
Friedrich Radoch (1903–1943) Car locksmith Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Also called Garden Friends. Sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp 18 May 1943 Friends of the Ernst Beuthke family. Killed on the same day as Emil Becker, Ernst Beuthke, Friedrich Beuthke, Richard Beuthke, Walter Beuthke, Heinrich Mueller on 10 August 1943.[233]
Wally Radoch (1904–1943) Saleswomen Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Also called Garden Friends. Sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp 18 May 1943 Wife of Friedrich Radoch. Sister to Charlotte Hundt. Friends of the Ernst Beuthke family. Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann, Anna Becker, Anna Beuthke, Charlotte Beuthke, Charlotte Hundt, Lina Mueller and Ella Trebe on 11 August 1943.[234]
Abraham Rajchmann (1912–?) Polish career criminal, expert forger and engraver Provided false papers for the group Trepper Group 2 September 1942 in Brussels Detailed in Breendonk prison and agreed to work with Gestapo Code names: Adam Blanssi, Kartenmann, Arthur Roussel, Fabrikant, Max. Malvina Gruber was his mistress. Introduced by Grossvogel into the Trepper Group. In 1948 sentenced by a military court in Brussels to 12 years in prison for collaborating with the Gestapo[235]
Jindkinch Heinrich Rauch (1891–1944) Employee of Simexco Gurevich Group 28 December 1942 in Belgium In April 1943 transferred to Mauthausen concentration camp and killed on 8 January 1944 Known as Henri. Arrested along with Caroline Hoorickx.[236]
Friedrich Rehmer (1921–1943) Soldier Distributed illegal writings to soldiers in the front and leaflets and pamphlets to the inmates of a military hospital when he was injured Schulze-Boysen Arrested on 29 November 1942 in Berlin Sentenced on 18 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Imperial War announced the death penalty and killed on 13 May 1943 in Plötzensee Prison Fiancé was Liane Berkowitz. Became part of the Schulze-Boysen through Ursula Götze, Otto Gollnow, Fritz Thiel and Liane Berkowitz and later Eva Rittmeister and John Rittmeister. Eva was his classmate at the evening school.[237]
Gerda Rehmer Not arrested Survived the war Married name was Gerda Siebert. Only tangentially linked to Rote Kapelle. Sister of Friedrich Rehmer.[126]
Oskar Reincke (1907–1944) Carpenter KPD member, Communist Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group 17 October 1942 10 July 1944 at Hamburg's Holstenglacis Prison Helped found the resistance group in December 1941.[238]
Henri Joseph De Reymaeker (1907–?) Belgian agent Obtained false documents for Rauch and Hoorickx that were subsequently used by Anton Danilow and other members of the group. Gurevich Group Arrested multiple times during the war and again arrested in August 1945 by the Belgian authorities but was released by mid 1946. Survived the war Code names: Rik, Rik van Janneke[239]
Herbert Richter-Luckian (1901–1944) German Architect KPD, Communist. Provided intelligence from the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe to Schulze-Boysen, as part of contract work. Schulze-Boysen Group 5 September 1943 by the Gestapo 16 December 1943 by People's Court sentenced to death and killed on 8 May 1944 in Brandenburg-Görden Prison Co-founder of the European Union group, along with the doctor Georg Groscurth, the chemist, Robert Havemann and the dentist Paul Rentsch.[240]
Heinrich Reiser (1895–1963) Gestapo agent and SS officer Ran the Gestapo post in Karlsruhe. Worked with Pannwitz in the Sonderkommando Pannwitz. According to Pannwitz, Reiser was a typical Gestapo type. Reiser and the policeman Henry Piepe arrested Henry Robinson.[240]
Eva Rittmeister (1917–1942) German Paediatric nurse, office clerk Helped Harro Schulze-Boysen to decide to use leaflets and pamphlets to resist the Nazi's. Schulze-Boysen Group 26 September 1942 On the 12 February 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her to three years in prison for intercepting hostile broadcasters One of the core members of the Schulze-Boysen Group[241] Has the original idea for Agis leaflets.
John Rittmeister (1898–1943) German psychoanalyst and neurologist Listen to foreign broadcasts that was used to formulate the contents of pamphlets. Collaborated with Shulze-Boysen in the formulation of the Agis leaflets and eventually worked on The concern for Germany's future goes through the people Schulze-Boysen Group 26 September 1942 in Berlin 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgerichts Court announced the death penalty on 12 February 1943 "for preparation for high treason and enemy favouritism" [242]
Henry Robinson (1897–1943) Communist International (Comintern) agent Ran the 2nd Trepper sub-network. Provided intelligence from French military and political groups, from the Vichy intelligence, specifically the Deuxième Bureau, from Guallist groups and the central committee of the French Communist Party. Trepper Group December 1943. Betrayed by Trepper and arrested by Abwehr Captain Harry Piepe and the Sonderkommando Pannwitz. Tortured for six months before being moved to Moabit detention centre where he was killed in 1944 Robinson became the section leader for the area of Switzerland, France and Great Britain by 1940-1941 and ran a discrete network of agents in the 1930s. Robinson was forced to transfer his agents to Trepper in December 1940 when the Comintern was dissolved. Robinson considered a Trepper a subordinate and considered him an enemy. When he was arrested, the later famous Robinson Papers were found.[243]
Josef Römer (1892–1944) Lawyer KPD member, Communist. Published the KPD underground magazine Aufbruch. Harnack Group 19 June 1944 sentenced to death by the Reichskriegsgerichts court 25 September 1944 executed by a hatchet at Brandenburg-Görden Prison Linked to John Sieg, Arthur Sodtke and Robert Uhrig.[244]
Rudolf Roessler (1897–1958) Ran a small publishing firm in Lucerne, Switzerland called Vita Nova.[245] Provided extraordinarily high quality German intelligence from sources in German to the group Rote Drei Group Survived the war code name: Lucy. Joined the Rote Drei in September 1942.[246]
Helmut Roloff (1912–2001) Pianist Hid a number of shortwave radio transmitters in his parents' apartment Schulze-Boysen Group 17 December 1942 and kept in the basement of Gestapo headquarters at Prince Albrecht Street with his hands tied behind his back Sent to Spandau Prison after two weeks and wasn't released until 26 January 1943. Survived the war. Had contact with the group through John Graudenz and Helmut Himpel. Provided his neighbours, the Jewish Kuttner family, critical moral and logistical support, risking his own life.[247]
Henri de Ryck (1910–1942) Editor and publisher Simexco shareholder 25 November 1942 in Brussels Died at Mauthausen concentration camp [248]

S edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Willy Sachse (1896–1944) Precision mechanic, sailor and writer KPD Communist. Robert Uhrig Group Arrested February 1943 In June 1944 he was sentenced to death for treason and carried out on 21 August 1944 in the Brandenburg-Görden Prison Linked to Beppo Römer.[249]
Klara Schabbel (1894–1943) Shorthand typist Founding members of the KPD. Worked in the Communist International underground organisation in Germany Links to Trepper Group and Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization Arrested on 18 October 1942 in Berlin On 20 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty because of enemy favoritism. She was executed on Plötzensee Prison. Mistress of Henry Robinson. Mother of Leo Schabbel.[250]
Leo Schabbel Arrested on 11 March 1943 Sentenced by the Reichskriegsgericht to 5 years in prison for knowing the activities of his mother Son of Klara Schabbel
Philipp Schaeffer (1894–1943) German orientalist, librarian and sinologist Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 2 October 1942 in Berlin On 6 February 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 6 February 1943 the death penalty "for preparation for high treason in a unit with hostility" Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence in preparation for high treason in tate unity with enemy favoritism. Beheaded at Plötzensee Prison. [251]
Ilse Schaeffer (1899–1972) Sculptor Communist and KPD member Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 2 October 1942 in Zernsdorf On 6 February 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her for abetting treason in two cases to three years in prison. Links to Schulze-Boysen Group through Fritz Cremer, Kurt Schumacher and Ruthild Hahne.
Friedrich Schauer (1913–2007) Architect Took part in the counter demonstration at The Soviet Paradise including posting bills Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster group Arrested on 23 October 1942 in Berlin. On 21 August 1943, the 2nd Senate of the People's Court sentenced him to eight years in prison. Later linked to Harnack and Schulze-Boysen through Hans Coppi.[252]
Heinrich Scheel (1915–1996) Scharfenberg student, historian Replaced Hans Coppi and became very busy as a courier Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on September 16, 1942 in Berlin On 17 February 1943, Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him for non-disclosure of a crime of treason and treason and enemy privileges to five years penitentiary time. Able to hide the truth from the Gestapo about his activities, thereby saving his life. [253]
Rudolf von Scheliha (1897–1942) Diplomat who worked at the German Foreign Office Furnished intelligence to Ilse Stoebe Von Scheliha Group Arrested on 29 October 1942 in Berlin In December 1942, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht proclaimed the death penalty for treason. [254]
Maria Louisa von Scheliha Arrested on October 29, 1942 in Berlin Wife of Rudolf von Scheliha
Lotte Schleif (1903–1965) Librarian KPD member. Communist. Courier, copying documents, using own apartment for meetings. Harnack Group Arrested on 18 September 1942 in Berlin On 6 February 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her, "because of preparation for high treason", to eight years in prison. Married to Rudolf Bergtel. Also worked extensively the Schulze-Boysen Group. Wilhelm Guddorf was her contact for both groups. Worked with Philipp Schaeffer who was a librarian.[255]
Renee Schwing Simexco employee Arrested November 1942 Deported to Germany Mistress of Jindkinch Heinrich Rauch.[254]
Friedrich Schlösinger (1908–1942) Interpreter and Soldier Shot himself in a Russian farmhouse after learning of his wife's death. Husband of Rose Schlösinger.
Rose Schlösinger (1907–1943) Secretary at the Federal Foreign Office SPD. Forwarded encrypted messages from Arvid Harnack to the radio operator Hans Coppi. Harnack Group Arrested on September 18, 1942 in Berlin On 20 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty. [256]
Christian Schneider (1896–1962) Editor and translator Swiss agent working with Hans Hausamann in Swiss Bureau Ha. Acted as a cutout between Rudolf Roessler (Lucy) and Rachel Dübendorfer (Sissy). Rote Drei Group Survived the war Codename Taylor. Later worked for UNESCO in 1948.[257]
Franz Schneider (1900–1956) Courier provided safehouses Swiss Communist Jeffremov Group Arrested in October 1942 by the Gestapo and sent to Fort Breendonk. Released by the Russians at the end of the war. Survived the war and moved back to Zurich in 1947. Codenamed Niggi and possibly Chimor, a courier for the Jefremov Group. Husband of Germaine Schneider. Later worked for the Trepper Group. Also had link to the Harnack Group.[257]
Germaine Schneider (1903–1945) Courier to France, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Later courier between the Jeffremov group and Teppers Group in Paris. Radio operator Jeffremov Group sub-leader Arrested on January 31, 1943 in Paris Imprisoned until 30 November 1944 in Moabit Prison. Survived the war. Died of cancer on 12 November 1945. Wife of Franz Schneider. Sister of Joséphine and Renee Clais, whom she recruited. Later worked for the Trepper Group, Lyons Group. Codenamed Clais, Pauline, Odette, Papillon and Schmeterling. Trained by Wenzel in radio transmission techniques.[258]
Paul Scholz (Mahlow) (1882–1976) Construction contractor Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 18 September 1942 in Berlin On 30 January 1943 the Reichskriegsgericht condemned him for listening to foreign broadcasters. Scholz received a three-year jail sentence.
Oda Schottmüller (1905–1943) Dancer, mask maker and sculptor Hosted a transmitter in her apartment, although not verified. Distributed pamphlets Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin On 26 January 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty for aiding and abetting the preparation of a treasonable enterprise and enemy favouritism. Loosely associated with the Schulze-Boysen Group.[259]
Hesekil Schreiber (1899–1943) Radio operator Trepper Group, later Lyons Group Arrested in December 1942 Codenamed Camille.
Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster (1900–1943) Actor Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested 29 October 1942 in Constance. On 21 August 1943, the 2nd Senate of the People's Court pronounced the death penalty. He was hanged in Plötzensee Prison. Part of Schulze-Boysen group through Hans Coppi[260]
Hermann Schulz (1890–1942) Elementary school teacher Schulze-Boysen Group Sent to the Neuengamme concentration camp and later committed suicide Linked to the Uhrig group
Kurt Schulze (1894–1942) Post worker, later naval radio operator former KPD communist. Soviet agent of the GRU. Kept a transmitter in his house. Schulze-Boysen Group, Harnack Group Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin In December 1942 the death penalty was announced by the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht and executed on the 22 September 1942. Worked as a radio operator trainer and trained Hans Coppi.[261]
Martha Schulze Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin On 20 January 1943, the second senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced a five-year prison sentence, "for not displaying a crime". Wife of Kurt Schulze.
Harro Schulze-Boysen (1909–1942) Journalist, later lieutenant in Luftwaffe Forwarded intelligence to the NKGB . Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 31 August 1942 in Berlin The 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 19 December 1942 the death penalty and he was executed on the 22 December 1942 [262]
Libertas Schulze-Boysen (1913–1942) Received a Soviet Agent Alexander Erdberg and introduced him to Schulze-Boysen, which kickstarted the Schulze-Boysen Group Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on September 8, 1942 in Berlin On 19 December 1943 the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty. Wife of Harro Schulze-Boysen.[263]
Elisabeth Schumacher (1904–1942) Graphic designer Distributing pamphlets and leaflets. Documenting Nazi crimes. Sending letters to prominent individuals. Shulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin On 19 December 1942 the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty. Wife of Kurt Schumacher[264]
Kurt Schumacher (1905–1942) Sculptor Published a leaflet called Open Letter to the Eastern Front, helped an escaped prisoner and later housed the parachute agent Albert Hößler in his apartment. Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin On 19 December 1942, the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence. Husband of Elisabeth Schumacher[265]
Otto Schumacher (1909–?) KPD Jeffremov Group in 1942, later Lyons Group Arrested 30 June 1942 Captured in early 1943 and executed. Possibly worked for Gurevich. Fled Belgium to France and made contact with Hillel Katz.[266]
Henri Marie Sidoine Ghislain Seghers (1914–?) One of the original shareholder in Simexco Gurevich Group Arrested on 24 November 1942 in Brussels Detainee in Breendonk, Mauthausen and Dachau concentration camps. Part of Gurevich Group but not aware of the group's activities. Good friend of Gurevich and Barcza who approached him to invest in Simexco.[267]
Anne Saefkow Wife of Anton Saefkow.[268]
Anton Saefkow (1903–1944) German communist Built the Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization that resisted in German munitions plants Harnack Group Arrested July 1944 On 5 September 1944 sentenced to death by Volksgerichtshof, executed on 18 September by guillotine at Brandenburg-Görden Prison Linked to the Harnack's through Wilhelm Guddorf through Bernhard Bästlein.[269][270]
Auguste Sésée (?–1944) Pianist Agent and radio specialist Trepper Group Arrested on 25 August 1942 and sent to Fort Breendonk. Beheaded in Berlin in January 1944 Later worked in the Gurevich Group as an assistant to Mikhail Makarov and later still Jeffremov Group. Betrayed by Maurice Peper.[267]
Ernst Sieber (1916–1994) Railroad worker Created sticky notes to post on walls and street lamps. Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front). Harnack Group through John Sieg. Arrested on August 14, 1944 in Küstrin Charged in the People's Court for preparation for high treason,favoured by the enemy and war treason. Freed on 14 April 1945 in Bayreuth. Survived the war. Later worked for several other groups in Berlin[271][272]
John Sieg (1903–1942) Railroad worker KPD member. Journalist who published Nazi atrocities in the Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag). Harnack Group through Adam Kuckhoff Arrested on 11 October 1942 in Berlin Sieg committed suicide on 15 October 15, 1942 in the Gestapo headquarters Prinz-Albrecht-Straße. [273]
Sophie Sieg (née Wloszczynski) (1893–1987) Shorthand typist Arrested on 12 October 1942 in Berlin In June 1943, she was taken to Ravensbrück concentration camp and was released on 30 April 1945 by the Red Army. Wife of John Sieg.[273]
Leo Skrzypczynski Proprietor of a firm manufacturing Wireless Telegraphy components for the Luftwaffe Harnack Group Survived the war. Became a high-level official in the Soviet Zone but became disillusioned with the Soviets and so started to pass secrets to the British Strategic Services Unit[274]
Hendrika Smith CPN member Winterink Group Ran a safe house
Pierre Jean De Soete (1886–1948) Belgian Sculptor and medalist Agent and courier for Heinrich Rauch on Simexo business Gurevich Group Made a bust of Marshall Philippe Pétain, and later a bust of General Alexander von Falkenhausen. De Soete was an old friend of Guillaume Hoorickx.[275]
Jacques Sokol (1911–?) Architect Belgian communist Trepper Group Autumn 1942 Brother of Hersch Sokol[275]
Hersch Sokol (1908–1943) Polish physician Radio operator Trepper Group Arrested on 9 June 1942 near Paris Tortured in Fort Breendonk and executed Husband of Miriam Sokol[276]
Miriam Sokol (1908–1943) Helped manage storing and distributing identity documents Trepper Group Sent to Fort Breendonk and executed Wife of Hersch Sokol[277]
Charles Spaak (1903–1975) Belgian screenwriter Survived the war The whole of the Spaak family was arrested on the orders of Heinz Pannwitz. Brother to Paul and Claude Spaak.
Jean Claude Spaak (1904–1990) Noted Belgian author and husband of Suzanne Trepper Group Attempt was made to capture Spaak in 1943 by the Gestapo but evaded arrest. Survived the war Husband of Suzanne Spaak. Leading member of the Trepper Group in France and close friend of Leopold Trepper and Georgie de Winter.[278]
Lucie Spaak (?–1944) Daughter of Suzanne Spaak
Madeleine Spaak (1895–1944) Sister of Claude and Charles Spaak
Suzanne Spaak (1905–1944) Housewife Typing and distributing leaflets. Later saved 60 Jewish children. Helped save Leopold Trepper. Trepper Group Arrested on 9 November 1943 in Brussels In January 1944, she was sentenced to death and shot dead in her cell on 12 August 1944. Initially worked in the French resistance. Heinz Pannwitz wrote a letter to Foreign Minister of the Belgian exile government in London to tell him that his sister-in-law had been taken to Germany for safety.[279][280]
Georgette Savin (1918–?) Dealt in black market gold. Married to German jeweler Hans Mussig who was French agent.[254]
Jean Jaques Spiess (1916–?) Parisian Banker, representative of Zurich machine brokers Communist, Radio operator Rote Drei Associate of Alexander Foote. Thought to be code named: Roger.[281]
Alexander Spoerl (1917–1978) Writer, film and radio author KPD Communist Schulze-Boysen Group Survived the war Linked at the start of the Schulze-Boysen Group through Libertas Schulze-Boysen
Flora Van Springer (1909–1943) Gurevich group, then Lyons Group Arrested on 19 December 1942 near Lyon Sent to Plötzensee Prison where she was killed Mistress of Isidor Springer. Real name Flora van Vliet.
Isidore Springer (1912–1942) Diamond dealer Ran the 6th Trepper sub-network. Provided intelligence to Trepper from US and Belgian diplomats. Trepper Group Betrayed by Trepper. Committed suicide in 1942. Worked as a recruiter and courier between Trepper and Gurevich. Leader of the Lyons Group. Had contacts with Belgian and US diplomats. Group codename was Romeo.[282][283]
Gerhard Sredzki (1917–1988) KJVD Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization Survived the war Husband of Gerda Sredzki. Son of Siegmund Sredzki.
Gerda Sredzki (1917–1995) Machine worker KJVD Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization Survived the war Wife of Gerhard Sredzki
Ilse Stöbe (1911–1942) Employee of the Foreign Office, journalist Soviet agent who worked for the GRU Von Scheliha Group Arrested on 12 September 1942 by the Gestapo On 14 December 1942, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence for treason. Sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp where she died in 1943. (code name "Alta").[284]
Anna Staritsky (1907–?) Draftswomen and designer Courier Gurevich Group Arrested 1 January 1942 but released Survived the war Mistress of Guillaume Hoorickx. Introduced to Hoorickx to Michail Makarov sometime in 1941. Eventually married Hoorickx after the war and lived in Paris.[111]
Heinz Strelow (1915–1943) Journalist and later Non-commissioned officer KJVD Loose links to Schulze-Boysen Group via van Beek Arrested 1 October 1942 On 18 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty. Lover was Cato Bontjes van Beek in shared apartment[285]
Hans Sussmann (1897–1985) Historian and politician KPD, Communist. Created anti-fascist and anti-war leaflets. Shulze-Boysen Group Survived the war Worked with Walter Küchenmeister and Albert Voigts[286]

T edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Maria "Mimi" Terwiel (1910–1943) Secretary Wrote illegal leaflets and took part in attaching stickers at the Nazi propaganda exhibition, The Soviet Paradise. Provided food to hidden Jewish families. Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 17 September 1942 in Berlin On 26 January 1943, the second senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence for the preparation of a treasonous enterprise and enemy favouritism. She was executed in Plötzensee Prison. Her fiancé was Helmut Himpel and they were both devout Catholics.[287] Considered by the Nazis to be first-degree Jewish mixed-race, meaning after 1941, her existence became increasingly fraught and she was at risk of being murdered.[288]
Louis Thevenet (1903–?) Cigarette manufacturer Arrested in November 1942 Died in prison sometime before April 1943 Uninvolved in the Red Orchestra. Anatoly Gurevich sold the remains of Simexco in July 1942.[289]
Fritz Thiel (1916–1943) Precision mechanic Took part in attaching stickers at The Soviet Paradise Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin. On 18 January 1943, the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty. He was executed on 13 May 1943 in Plötzensee Prison. [290][291]
Hannelore Thiel (1924–1998) Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin Sentenced to 6 years in prison at Ravensbrück concentration camp. Survived the war. Wife of Fritz Thiel. Accused of holding a soviet radio in her apartment. Part of the Heillschen Abendschule group.[292]
Wolfgang Thiess (1911–1943) Clerk Communist. Designed leaflets and then distributed them. Painted slogans on walls. Harnack Group Arrested on 21 October 1942 Sentenced to death on 21 August 1943 by the 2nd Senate of People's Court for preparation for high treason. Killed in Plötzensee Prison . Partner was Ruthild Hahne. Took part in The Soviet Paradise resistance.[293]
Edwin Tietjens (1894–1944) Psychologist and author Hid Jewish factory worker Ruth Heynemann and her mother in their home and procured fake papers Schulze-Boysen Group Alias: the Albanians. Authored a book with Adam Kuckhoff and is considered a prime example of literary camouflage.[294]
Erhard Tohmfor (1909–1943) Chemist and engineer. Head of department at Loewe Radio AG. Sabotaging the armaments industry Schulze-Boysen Group and Harnack Group Arrested at the end of November 1942 4th senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on January 27, 1943 the death penalty for aiding and abetting espionage. His wife was Gertrud Tohmfor.
Alfred Traxl (1912–1943) Commercial clerk, then soldier Sergeant in same unit as Horst Heilmann working with Referat 12 Schulze-Boysen Group Imprisoned from 5 September 1942 to 18 May 1943 On 17 February 1943, the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him on for military disobedience in coincidence with the disclosure of a state secret to five years in prison. [295]
Ella Trebe (1902–1943) Metal worker and trade unionist at AEG KPD Communist. Worked as a courier in Europe. Connected to Shulze-Boysen Group and Harnack Group through Wilhelm Guddorf Arrested when a Soviet parachutist Ernst Beuthke she was hiding in her apartment was discovered Sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp and killed immediately Friend of the Ernst Beuthke family. Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann, Anna Becker, Anna Beuthke, Charlotte Beuthke, Charlotte Hundt, and Lina Mueller, on 11 August 1943.[296]
Leopold Trepper (1904–1982) Communist and Soviet intelligence officer Discovered the plans for Operation Barbarossa in 1941 Established seven intelligence groups in Western Europe On 24 November 1942 was arrested in Paris by Heinrich Müller Managed to convince his captors to become double agents and finally escape Codename Mikler. Took over the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company from Leon Grossvogel. Was known as the Le Grand Chef.[297][298]
Felix Tucholla (1899–1943) Locksmith. KPD member. Courier. Distributed anti-nazi pamphlets. Provided accommodation for the Soviet parachutist, Erwin Panndorf. Uhrig Group Arrested 25 July 1942 People's Court sentenced the couple to death on 17 August 1943. Executed on 8 September 1943 in Plötzensee Prison. Husband of Käthe Tucholla. Links to the Schulze-Boysen and Harnack Groups through Robert Uhrig via Wilhelm Guddorf.[299]
Käthe Tucholla (1910–1943) Athlete and gymnast Courier. Also provided accommodation for the Soviet parachutist, Erwin Panndorf, and later provided help build up his contacts. Uhrig Group Arrested on 25 July 1942 while visiting Meerane People's Court sentenced the couple to death on 17 August 1943. Executed on 28 September 1943 in Plötzensee Prison. Links to the Schulze-Boysen and Harnack Groups through Robert Uhrig via Wilhelm Guddorf. Wife of Felix Tucholla.[300]

U edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Carl Uelze (1901–1985) Merchant and executive Communist, KPD. Organised resistance group at the Nordland Deutsche Schnee- und Gleitschutzkettenfabrik, GmbH. Arrested on 1 December 1942. Released on 15 December 1942 after not being identified as part of the Red Orchestra by the Gestapo. Survived the war Husband of Hildegard Uelze. Reduced production at the Nordland Snow and Sliding Chain Factory.[301]
Hildegard Uelze (1915–1967) Arrested along with her husband and Martin Weise. Released on 15 December 1942 Survived the war Wife of Carl Uelze
Robert Uhrig (1903–1944) Toolmaker KPD member. Recognised head of communist resistance up to 1940 and built a resistance network among more than 20 factories. Uhrig Group Arrested in February 1942 along with 200 members of his group On 21 August 1944 guillotined at the Brandenburg-Görden Prison Organised resistance groups in a number of German manufacturing plants that became the Uhrig Group. Linked to the Schulze-Boysen and Harnack Groups through contact with Wilhelm Guddorf and John Sieg. Also had contact with the Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization. Notable for publishing underground paper Informationdienst.[302]

V edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Marthe Angele Francoise Vandenhoeck (1918–?) Courier Jeffremov Group July 1942 Survived the war after being liberated from prison at the end of the war Used to stage the arrest of Elizabeth Depelsenaire[303]
Josephine Francoise Verhimst (1887–?) Courier Jeffremov Group Arrested with the Jeusseur in January 1943 Mistress of Jean Baptiste Jeusseur. Sent to work by her sister Germaine Schneider.[229]
Jean-Pierre Vigier (1920–2004) League of Nations delegate and French physicist Provided low grade intelligence to Rachel Dübendorfer Rote Drei Group Married Rachel Dübendorfer's daughter Tamara Vigier[303]
Tamara Vigier (1922–?) Courier Rote Drei Group Sentenced to two years in jail in May 1944 Code name:Mara. Daughter of Rachel Dübendorfer and wife of Jean-Pierre Vigier.[9]
Pierre Villon (1901–1980) Architect French Communist Party member. Helped publish the communist L'Humanité newspaper. Trepper Group Survived the war Coordinated part of the Trepper Group contacts with the Soviet Union[304]
Käte Voelkner (1906–1943) Secretary Provided blank forms, stamps and signatures for copying Trepper Group 31 January 1943 in Paris by Sonderkommando Pannwitz 15 March 1943 after being tortured. Sentenced by Manfred Roeder at the Imperial War Court. Passed her information to Trepper on tissue paper or in matchboxes[305]
Hans Voelkner (1928–2002) Son of Käte Voelkner. Later became a GDR intelligence officer for most of the 1960s.[306]
Henry Voelkner Son of Käte Voelkner
Charlotte Vogt Partner of the German Diplomat Gerhard Kegel[307]
Albert Voigts (1904–1943) Patent engineer Communist Schulze-Boysen Group October 1942 in Berlin Sent to June 1943 in Sachsenhausen concentration camp and died on June 30, 1943 Heavily tortured by the Gestapo but never exposed his friends. Worked with Walter Küchenmeister, Hans Sussmann, and Elfriede Paul.[308]

W edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Karoline Wagner (1916–?) Member of SAP Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization Collaborated with Anton Saefkow in the 1930s, then Schulze-Boysens later in the 1930s and early 1940s[309]
Max Waibel (1901–1971) Swiss Intelligence Officer Passed military intelligence to the Soviet Union Survived the war Held the rank of Major. Headed the Intelligence Section 1 (NS-1, Rigi) of the Swiss Armed Forces. Later involved in the negotiations of Operation Sunrise.[310]
Martin Weise (1903–1943) German journalist and lecturer KPD member and courier. After being released from jail in 1937 contacted his friend Wilhelm Guddorf to make contact with Bernhard Bästlein and Robert Abshagen to create and distribute illegal pamphlets including Organize the revolutionary mass struggle Arrested on 1 December 1942 in Berlin On 8 October 1943 the 2nd Senate of the People's Court condemned him to death because of preparation for high treason and because of enemy favouritism. Later worked with John Sieg, Fritz Lange and Walter Husemann on The Inner Front[311]
Günther Weisenborn (1902–1969) German writer, playwright and drama critic Involved in writing and distributing subversive pamphlets Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 26 September 1942. Testimony of a cellmate led to the reduction of his sentence from death to 10 years. Saved by the arrival of the Red Army. Husband of Joy Weisenborn. In 1933, all his plays and books were burnt on the orders of Joseph Goebbels. By 1938 he was publishing so called between-the-lines literature that was indirectly critical of the Nazi regime.[312][313] Also worked with the Harnack Group in resistance activities.
Joy Weisenborn (born Margarete Schnabel) (1914–2004) Singer Arrested on 26 September 1942 along with her husband Released on 12 April 1942. Survived the war Wife of Günther Weisenborn, whom she met while staying at the Shulze-Boysens[314]
Ernest David Weiss (1902–1982) Transport economist, later concert pianist Soviet intelligence agent Henry Robinson group Interrogation started on 30 January 1948 by British intelligence. No action was taken against him by MI5. Worked for Soviet intelligence from 1932 to 1939. Associated with Henry Robinson. Alias Walter Lock.[313][315]
Johanna Weissensteiner (1910–1969) Dressmaker. Between 1940-1942 typist at the OKW. Arrested on 16 September 1942 but released Survived the war Wife of Richard Weissensteiner
Richard Weissensteiner (1902–1943) Welder and technical draftsman Communist who attended a number of meetings Harnack Group, later Schulze-Boysen group Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin On the 30 January 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty For the purpose of assisting in the preparation of high treason in concert with enemy favouritism. Executed on 13 May 1943 in Plötzensee Prison. Had strong contacts with Hans Coppi and Erika Gräfin von Brockdorff and involved in discussions
Johann Wenzel (1902–1969) GRU agent Wireless telegraphy specialist and trainer Gurevich Group, then Trepper Group, later Jeffremov Group Arrested 30 June 1942 and forced to take part in playback operation Managed to escape through an unlocked door and survived the war [316]
Frida Wesolek (1887–1943) Housewife KPD member, Communist. Operated a functional radio set that the family owned. Housed Soviet parachutists in her apartment. Schulze-Boysen Group and von Scheliha Group Arrested in October 1942 Sentenced to death by Manfred Roeder in spring 1943. Executed on 5 August 1943. Had contacts with Adam Kuckhoff, Wilhelm Guddorf, and John Sieg as well as Gerhard Kegel and Ilse Stöbe[101] Father was Emil Hübner.[126]
Stanislaus Wesolek (1878–1943) Milling cutter German KPD member Schulze-Boysen Group Husband of Frida Wesolek. Their apartment was used as a safe house.[317][126]
Walter Wesolek (1910–1942) Technician Young Communist International member Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested 18 September 1942 Release 12 April 1943 Grandson of Frida Wesolek[126]
Johannes Wesolek (1907–1942) Radio technician Schulze-Boysen Group Arrested on 19 October 1942 On 28 May 1943, sentenced to six years in prison by the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht for preparation to commit treason at the Brandenburg-Görden Prison. Saved by the Red Army. Grandson of Frida Wesolek[126]
Georgie de Winter Professional dancer Courier, recruiter and fringe member of group with no political convictions Trepper Group Arrested on 19 October 1943, Deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp, the women's only concentration camp.[318] Accidentally exposed the Maximovitch Group as she had a letter from Antonia Lyon-Smith, when she was arrested. The mistress of Leopold Trepper, they had a son together, Patrick De Winter.[319]
Anton Winterink (1914–1944) Dutch communist and active member of the Communist Party of the Netherlands Lead member of Rote Hilfe. Ran his own agent network. Group Hilda Betrayed by Maurice Peper who was his liaison with Jeffremov. Arrested on 18 August 1942 by Piepe. Shot in Brussels in July 1944 [320]
Joseph Wirth (1879–1956) German politician and later Chancellor of Germany Rote Drei Group Survived the war Messages sent by the Rote Drei indicate that Wirth was ambitious and had contact with the British, German, Russians and American in pursuit of a post-war position. Two of his intermediaries were Georges Blun and Louis Suss.[321]
Vera Wulff (1920–?) Student and housewife Housed Bernhard Bästlein in 1944 when he fled after the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group was broken up Arrested on 5 July 1944 On 1 November 1944, the People's Court sentenced Wulff to 4 years in prison. Father was Walter Glass; sister was Lucie Nix[322]

Y edit

No entries.

Z edit

People of the Red Orchestra
Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes
Edouard Van Der Zyphen Civilian employee in Hentschel factory Jeffremov Group December 1942 Code name:Nelly. Possibly surname called Zijpen. Considered the most important agent for the Jeffremov group.[323]

Literature edit

  • Rosiejka, Gert (1986). Die Rote Kapelle : "Landesverrat" als antifaschist. Widerstand (1. Aufl ed.). Hamburg: Ergebnisse-Verlag. p. 80. ISBN 3-925622-16-0.
  • Trepper, Leopold (1978). "Appendix 1 - Victims and survivors of the Red Chapel in Western Europe and Germany. Attempting a balance". The truth. Autobiography (in German) (Ungekürzte Ausg ed.). Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag. ISBN 3-423-01387-7.
  • Griebel, Regina; Coburger, Marlies; Scheel, Heinrich (1992). Erfasst? : das Gestapo-Album zur Roten Kapelle : eine Foto-Dokumentation [Captured? The Gestapo album to the Red Chapel. A photo documentation]. Audioscop. ISBN 3-88384-044-0.
  • Weisenborn, Günther (1981). Der lautlose Aufstand : Bericht über die Widerstandsbewegung des deutschen Volkes 1933-1945 [The silent uprising. Report on the resistance movement of the German people 1933-1945] (in German) (Nachaufl ed.). Frankfurt: Röderberg-Verlag. ISBN 3-87682-022-7.
  • Oleschinski, Brigitte (1970). Gedenkstätte Plötzensee (2 ed.). Berlin: Dietz-Verlag. ISBN 3-926082-05-4.

References edit

  1. ^ Benz, Wolfgang; Pehle, Walther (May 2001). Lexikon des deutschen Widerstandes [Encyclopedia of German Resistance (The Time of National Socialism)]. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verl. p. 281. ISBN 978-3596150830.
  2. ^ British Secret Intelligence Service (17 September 1949). "KV 3/349 The Rote Kapelle:Final Report of a joint Security Service/SIS/CIA investigation after World War II" (pdf). Kew: The National Archives. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  3. ^ Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 77. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  4. ^ "KV 2/2068" (PF 69073). The National Archives, Kew. Foundation for German communication and related technologie. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  5. ^ Shergold, H.T. (11 October 1945). "First detailed interrogation of Lentz, Waldermar and Kurfess, Hans" (pdf). Google Drive. CSDIC. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  6. ^ Bruchmann, Maike. "Franz Jacob * 1906". Stolpersteine Hamburg (in German). Hamburg: Hamburg Stumbling Stone Initiators. Retrieved 25 June 2019.(in German)
  7. ^ Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 255. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  8. ^ Trepper, Leopold (1995). Die Wahrheit : Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle (in German). Ahriman-Verlag GmbH. p. 209. ISBN 978-3-89484-554-4. OCLC 231649421.
  9. ^ a b c d e Tittenhofer, Mark A. . CIA Library. Center for the Study of Intelligence. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  10. ^ "Almstad, Bernhard". Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur (in German). Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  11. ^ Gary Kern (10 September 2008). A Death in Washington: Walter G. Krivitsky and the Stalin Terror. Enigma Books. p. 487. ISBN 978-0-9824911-5-7. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  12. ^ Boris Volodarsky (2015). Stalin's Agent: The Life and Death of Alexander Orlov. Oxford University Press. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-19-965658-5. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  13. ^ Tarrant, V.E. (1995). The Red Orchestra. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-13439-2.
  14. ^ Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 27. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  15. ^ Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 258. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  16. ^ Marguerite Barcza year of death cited as 1985, rg.ru. 5 November 2004. Accessed 13 October 2022.
  17. ^ "KV 2/2069". The National Archives, Kew. PF 69074. Retrieved 30 September 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  18. ^ Ger van Roon (1998). Widerstand im Dritten Reich: ein Überblick. C.H.Beck. p. 81. ISBN 978-3-406-43691-8. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  19. ^ Bruchmann, Maike. "Bernhard Bästlein * 1894". Stolpersteine Hamburg (in German). Hamburg: Hamburg Stumbling Stone Initiators. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  20. ^ Lehmann, Klaus, ed. (1948). "Widerstandsgruppe Schulze-Boysen/Harnack". Zentrale Forschungsstelle der Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes VVN [Central Research Office of the Association of the Persecuted of the Nazi Regime VVN] (in German). Berlin: VVN-Verlag. pp. 18, 28.
  21. ^ Von Stiftel, Ralf (13 December 2012). "Künstlerschicksale im NS-Staat: "Anpassung – Überleben – Widerstand" im Stadtmuseum Münster" (in German). Culture: Westfälischer Anzeiger Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. Westfälische Anzeiger. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h R. Loeffel (29 May 2012). Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth. Springer. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-137-02183-0. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  23. ^ "Karl Behrens". Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. German Resistance Memorial Center. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  24. ^ Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 260. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  25. ^ a b Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 261. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  26. ^ Deborah Holmes; Lisa Silverman (2009). Interwar Vienna: Culture Between Tradition and Modernity. Camden House. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-57113-420-2. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  27. ^ "Liane Berkowitz". Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. German Resistance Memorial Center. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
  28. ^ Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 262. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  29. ^ "Anna Beuthke (born Roßius)". Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin (in German). Berlin: AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  30. ^ "Ernst (Gustav Philip) Beuthke". Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin (in German). Berlin: AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  31. ^ "Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Beuthke". Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin (in German). Berlin: AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  32. ^ "Richard Beuthke". Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin (in German). Berlin: AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  33. ^ "Walter Beuthke". Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin (in German). Berlin: AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  34. ^ "Charlotte (Marie Henriette) Beuthke (born Wielsch)". Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin (in German). Berlin: AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  35. ^ a b c Kesaris, Paul L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 263. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  36. ^ "Bischoff, Charlotte" (in German). Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  37. ^ "Gedenken aus Anlass des 120. Geburtstages von Kurt Bietzke am 13. Januar 2014" [Commemoration on the occasion of the 120th birthday of Kurt Bietzke on January 13, 2014]. Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes - Bund der Antifaschistinnen und Antifaschisten (in German). VVN-BdA e.V. 5 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  38. ^ Meyer, Hans-Joachim. "Herbert Bittcher * 1908". Stolpersteine in Hamburg. Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Hamburg, Stolpersteine in Hamburg. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  39. ^ Kesaris, Paul L., ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 26. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  40. ^ Bruchmann, Maike. "Wilhelm Bösch". Stolpersteine Hamburg (in German). Hamburg: Hamburg Stumbling Stone Initiators. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  41. ^ "Böse, Hermann * 4.5.1871, † 17.7.1943". Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  42. ^ Kesaris, Paul L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 264. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  43. ^ Kesaris, Paul L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 266. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  44. ^ "Cato Bontjes van Beek". Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. German Resistance Memorial Center. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  45. ^ Brigitte Kather (2016). "Mietje Bontjes van Beek". Die Vermittlung des Widerstandes gegen den Nationalsozialismus: Ein Beitrag zur Identitätsentwicklung Jugendlicher (in German). Waxmann Verlag GmbH. p. 106. ISBN 978-3-8309-8471-9. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  46. ^ Gordon Campbell (9 November 2006). The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts: Two-volume Set. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-518948-3. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  47. ^ a b Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 267. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  48. ^ "ptx ruft moskau". SPIEGEL ONLINE GmbH & Co. KG. Der Spiegel. 24 June 1968. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  49. ^ Sandvoß, Hans-Rainer (2019). Widerstand in Neukölln (PDF) (in German). Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. p. 195.
  50. ^ "Einleitung .... Biographische Angaben .... Cay von Brockdorff". Bereitstellendes Archiv: SAPMO. Das Bundesarchiv, Koblenz. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  51. ^ "Erika Gräfin von Brockdorff". Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. German Resistance Memorial Center. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
  52. ^ Kurt Schilde (2007). Jugendopposition 1933-1945: ausgewählte Beiträge (in German). Lukas Verlag. p. 46. ISBN 978-3-86732-009-2. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  53. ^ "Walter Budeus". German Resistance Memorial Center. Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  54. ^ Profile: Hugo Buschmann, bundesarchiv.de. Accessed 15 October 2022. (in German).
  55. ^ Léopold Trepper (1995). Die Wahrheit: Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle. Ahriman-Verlag GmbH. p. 348. ISBN 978-3-89484-554-4. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  56. ^ Kesaris, Paul L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 268. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  57. ^ Léopold Trepper (1995). Die Wahrheit: Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle. Ahriman-Verlag GmbH. p. 409. ISBN 978-3-89484-554-4. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  58. ^ Langeois, Christian (2017). Les chants d'honneur : de la Chorale populaire à l'Orchestre rouge, Suzanne Cointe (1905-1943). Paris: Cherche midi. ISBN 9782749150697.
  59. ^ a b "Hans Coppi". Stolpersteine (in German). Berlin: Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  60. ^ Kesaris, Paul L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 141,268. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  61. ^ a b Kesaris, Paul L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 269. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  62. ^ Léopold Trepper (1995). Die Wahrheit: Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle. Ahriman-Verlag GmbH. p. 383. ISBN 978-3-89484-554-4. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  63. ^ "Fritz Cremer 1906-1993". LeMO-Biografien (in German). Lebendiges Museum Online. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  64. ^ Profile, maitron.fr. Accessed 14 October 2022.
  65. ^ Kesaris, Paul L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 270. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  66. ^ Kesaris, Paul L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington D.C.: University Publications of America. p. 270. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  67. ^ Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 271. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  68. ^ Shareen Blair Brysac (12 October 2000). Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. Oxford University Press. p. 468. ISBN 978-0-19-535102-6. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  69. ^ Kesaris, Paul L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 272. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  70. ^ Shareen Blair Brysac (23 May 2002). Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. Oxford University Press. p. 412. ISBN 978-0-19-992388-5. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  71. ^ Kesaris, Paul L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 272. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  72. ^ Léopold Trepper (1995). Die Wahrheit: Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle. Ahriman-Verlag GmbH. p. 194. ISBN 978-3-89484-554-4. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  73. ^ Kesaris, Paul L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 274. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  74. ^ Coppi Jr., Hans (July 1996). Dietrich Bracher, Karl; Schwarz, Hans-Peter; Möller, Horst (eds.). [The Red Chapel in the field of conflict and intelligence activity, The Trepper Report June 1943] (PDF). Quarterly Books for Contemporary History (in German). 44 (3). Munich: Institute of Contemporary History: 431–548. ISSN 0042-5702. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  75. ^ Trepper, Leopold (1995). Die Wahrheit : Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle (in German). Ahriman-Verlag GmbH. p. 159. ISBN 978-3-89484-554-4.
  76. ^ . Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand (in German and English). Internet Archive: Lehmann & Werder Museumsmedien, Berlin. 30 June 2009. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  77. ^ "Charlotte Eisenblätter". Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin. Stolpersteine Berlin. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  78. ^ Jahnke, Karl Heinz (1999). Zu Hause in der DDR: biographische Notizen (in German). Bonn: Pahl-Rugenstein. p. 42. ISBN 978-3-89144-266-1.
  79. ^ Becker, Bodo; Ender, Lutz (21 February 2022). . Unser Lehnitz (in German). Lehnitz. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024.
  80. ^ Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 275. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  81. ^ a b Léopold Trepper (1995). Die Wahrheit: Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle. Ahriman-Verlag GmbH. p. 352. ISBN 978-3-89484-554-4. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  82. ^ Flicke, Wilhelm F (1977). War secrets in the ether. Cryptographic series, 9, 10. Laguna Hills, California: Aegean Park Press. ISBN 9780894120237.
  83. ^ Flicke, Wilhelm F (1949). Die rote Kapelle (in German). Kreuzlingen: Neptun. ISBN 9780826409454. OCLC 887775619.
  84. ^ Kesaris, Paul L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 277. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  85. ^ Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 277. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  86. ^ Kesaris, Paul L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 144. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  87. ^ Ursel, Hochmuth; Meyer, Gertrud (1980). Streiflichter aus dem Hamburger Widerstand : 1933-1945 [Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance]. Bibliothek des Widerstandes. (in German). Frankfurt: Röderberg-Verl. pp. 341–386. ISBN 9783876820361. OCLC 633634339.
  88. ^ Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 278. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  89. ^ a b Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 279. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  90. ^ Trepper, Léopold (1995). Die Wahrheit : Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle (in German). Freiburg (Breisgau) : Ahriman-Verl. p. 371. ISBN 978-3-89484-554-4.
  91. ^ Bourgeois, Guillaume (24 September 2015). La véritable histoire de l'orchestre rouge (in French). Paris: Nouveau Monde Editions. p. 301. ISBN 978-2-36942-069-9.
  92. ^ Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 280. ISBN 0-89093-203-4.
  93. ^ Kesaris, Paul L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet i

May 31, 2024
people, orchestra, this, list, participants, associates, helpers, certain, infiltrators, such, heinz, pannwitz, into, orchestra, german, rote, kapelle, known, germany, orchestra, name, given, abwehr, members, german, resistance, nazism, anti, nazi, resistance,. This is a list of participants associates and helpers of and certain infiltrators such as Heinz Pannwitz into the Red Orchestra German Die Rote Kapelle as it was known in Germany Red Orchestra was the name given by the Abwehr to members of the German resistance to Nazism and anti Nazi resistance movements in Allied or occupied countries during World War II Many of the people on this list were arrested by the Abwehr or Gestapo They were tried at the Nazi Imperial War Court before being executed either by hanging or guillotine unless otherwise indicated As the SS Sonderkommando also took action against Soviet espionage networks within Switzerland people who worked there are also included here 1 Group organisational diagrams editThe following meticulously researched hierarchy diagrams were created by the Joint security service that consisted of the MI6 and the CIA between 1945 and 31 December 1949 2 nbsp Overall organisational diagram of all anti fascist and espionage groups by country nbsp The Schulze Boysen group in Germany nbsp The Harnack group in Germany nbsp Diagram of the Trepper Group in Belgium nbsp Gurevich group in Belgium between July 1940 to December 1941 in Belgium nbsp The Jeffremov Group September 1939 May 1942 in Belgium nbsp The Jeffremov Group May 1942 August 1942 in Belgium nbsp The Rote Drei Group in Switzerland nbsp The Sissy Group in Switzerland This group was run by Rachel Dubendorfer nbsp The organisation diagram of the Long group run by Georges Blun nbsp The organisation diagram of the Pakbo group run by Otto Punter nbsp The Winterink Group in the Netherlands It was also known as Group Hilda nbsp The Rote Kapelle in France between 1940 and 1944 This diagrams details the seven networks run by Leopold Trepper nbsp Group Andre was the 1st espionage group in Leopold Trepper organisation of seven groups Its purpose was to gather industrial intelligence from enemy wireless communication networks nbsp The Harry Group was the 2nd Group in Leopold Trepper s seven espionage networks This group collected espionage secrets from French military and political circles e g Vichy Vichy intelligence Deuxieme Bureau and Gaullist circles nbsp Organisation diagram of the Professor as the 3rd group in Leopold Trepper organisation of seven groups Professor was the alias of Johann Wenzel The Artzin group was the 4th group in the Trepper organisation and was run by Anna Maximovitch who collected intelligence from French clerical and royalist circles The Professor group run by Basile Maximovitch collected intelligence from German Wehrmacht and White Russian emigrant groups nbsp The Simex group was the 5th espionage group in Leopold Trepper organisation of seven groups It managed finances and gathered intelligence from German firms and the German military nbsp The Lyons or Romeo group was the 6th Group in Leopold Trepper s seven espionage networks Its purpose was to collect intelligence from US and Belgian diplomats nbsp The 7th Group In January 1942 Trepper ordered Anatoly Gurevich to travel to Marseilles and establish a new branch office of Simex to enable the recruitment of a new espionage network 3 nbsp The Ozols and Mithridate were the final espionage network that was activated by Anatoly Gurevich after he and Trepper were captured by the Germans and Gurevich was forced to take part in a playback operation 4 5 nbsp The French and UK espionage network of Henry Robinson that was taken over by Trepper in September 1941 Key editIf a person was associated with a group then they are shaded If they joined one group and left to join another perhaps because the first group was disrupted then the second group is detailed in notes and they are shaded based on the first group If they worked for Soviet intelligence and built a group then they are shaded as Soviet intelligence agents Contents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Country Colour Group Colour Group Colour Group Colour Group Germany Schulze Boysen Group Harnack Group von Scheliha Group Uhrig Group Bastlein Jacob Abshagen Group Germany military including Gestapo Funkabwehr Belgium Trepper Group Gurevich Group Jeffremov Group September 1939 May 1942 Jeffremov Group May 1942 August 1942 Netherlands Winterink Group or Group Hilda France Group Andre Lyons Group Marseilles Group Ozols Network Switzerland Rote Drei Group Sissy Group Long Group Pakbo Group Soviet Union Soviet intelligence officersA editPeople of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Robert Abshagen 1911 1944 Insurance employee sailor and construction worker KPD member Communist Bastlein Jacob Abshagen Group 19 October 1942 in Hamburg Sentenced to death by the Volksgerichthof on 2 May 1944 Beheaded in Hamburg on 10 July 10 1944 The group that Abshagen was part of was created by Anton Saefkow and eventually held resistance cells in large Hamburg companies 6 Alexander Abramson 1896 Lawyer and economist Rote Drei Codenames Isaak and Sascha 7 Vera Ackermann Militant communist Encrypted communications prior to transmission and handed the ciphered text to the Sokols who were radio operators for transmission to the Soviets Trepper Group Escaped being arrested 8 Partial Preview at Google Books Maurice Aenis Haenslin KPD member liaison between Henry Robinson and Rachel Dubendorfer for the Rote Drei in Geneva Rote Drei Group Real person was never identified as name was identified through radio traffic The name fitted two individuals but other facts didn t 9 Bernhard Almstadt 1897 1944 Managing director of the Arbeiter Sport Verlag KPD member Courier participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper Die Innere Front The Inner Front Uhrig Group 12 July 1944 and sentenced to death on the 19th Executed on 6 November 1944 in the Brandenburg Gorden penitentiary 10 Leonid Abramovich Anulov 1897 1974 Soviet agent Organizer of the Rote Drei in Switzerland Recalled to the Soviet Union in 1938 received the Order of Lenin and released from office He was then arrested under Soviet law 436 and sentenced to 15 years at a work education detention camp 11 12 Rita Arnould 1914 1943 Housewife Courier Trepper Group Rue des Atrebates 101 Brussels on 13 December 1941 Death sentence in April 1943 13 Rita Arnould nee Bloch became an informer after being captured by the SS in Brussels She betrayed the Gurevich group in Brussels forcing many of its members to flee to France and other minor characters to stay hidden Arnould was nonetheless executed on 20 August 1943 at Plotzensee Prison 14 B editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Otto Bach Member of International Labour Office in Geneva Facilitated introductions Rote Drei Member of the German Chamber of Commerce in Paris Worked with Heinz Pannwitz 15 Margarete Barcza 1912 1985 16 Mistress and later wife of Anatoly Gurevich 17 Robert Barth 1910 1945 Typesetter Communist and parachute agent Schulze Boysen Group Arrested October 1942 Landed with Albert Hoessler 18 Bernhard Bastlein 1894 1944 Precision mechanic KPD member Communist Built the Bastlein Jacob Abshagen Group Bastlein Jacob Abshagen Group 30 May 1944 and sentenced to death on 5 September 18 September 1944 beheaded with a hatchet Linked to Harnack Group via Wilhelm Guddorf Also linked to Schulze Boysen and Uhrig people 19 Arnold Bauer de 1909 2006 Writer Communist and KPD member Schulze Boysen Group Survived the war 20 Carl Baumann 1912 1996 Artist Schulze Boysen Group Arrested in autumn 1942 and sent to the Eastern Front in 1943 Wounded in 1944 and captured by Soviet forces but survived the war Baumann created a now famous painting called Rote Kapelle 1941 ref number Inv Nr 1967 LM now located in the Stadtmuseum in Munster in which he portrays Harro Schulze Boysen Walter Kuchenmeister and Kurt Schumacher as architects building a bridge away from Nazism 21 Anna Becker 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Mother of Friedrich Beuthke s wife Charlotte Killed as one of the seven members by what the Nazi s called Sippenhaft where they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge when a Red Orchestra member was discovered Shot without trial 22 Emil Becker 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Father of Friedrich Beuthke s wife Charlotte Killed as one of the seven members by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft where they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge when a Red Orchestra member was discovered 22 Karl Behrens 1909 1943 Tool designer Communist Black Front member then member KPD Harnack Group 16 September 1942 The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 18 January 1943 the death penalty Killed on 13 May 1943 in Plotzensee Prison 23 Clare Behrens 1915 2011 Tailor Survived the war Wife of Karl Behrens Willy Berg Gestapo Kriminalinspector Sonderkommando Pannwitz Monitored Trepper and Gurevitch Worked for Heinz Pannwitz 24 Helene Berger 1898 Austrian economist Supplied intelligence to Rachel Dubendorfer Rote Drei 25 Hanna Berger nee Johanna Elisabeth Hochleitner Kollchen 1910 1962 Teacher director theatre director Enabling subversive communist gatherings in her home KPD member Schulze Boysen Group 1942 suspected of preparing to commit high treason and sentenced to two years in concentration camp but was acquitted after several months on 21 August 1943 Survived the war 26 Liane Berkowitz 1923 1943 Student Took part in pamphleteering against The Soviet Paradise Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 26 September 1942 The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 20 January 1943 the death penalty Executed on 20 January 1943 at Plotzensee Prison 27 Sergei Bessonov 1892 1941 Foreign Intelligence Unit of the Soviet Embassy in Berlin Created the Harro Schulze Boysen Group Convinced Harnack to work for the Soviets Murdered by the Soviet secret police in Stalin s Medvedev Forest massacre on 11 September 1941 Maurice Beublet 1943 Belgian lawyer Simexco legal advisor Gurevich Group 4 December 1942 in Brussels 28 July 1943 in Plotzensee Prison 25 Leon Beurton 1914 1997 Soviet agent Chief cipher expert for Alexander Rado Trained by Ursula Hamburger in WT procedures Rote Drei Group Survived the war Married to Ursula Kuczynski 9 Codenamed William Miller John Fenton 28 Anna Beuthke 1883 1943 Mother of the Beuthke family KPD Communist Member of the Little Moscow garden colony Also called Garden Friends Arrested 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp 29 Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered Shot without trial 22 Ernst Beuthke 1903 1943 No profession warehouse man Only son of the Beuthke family who held no profession 22 Communist KPD Anti Fascist fighter in Spain and Germany fighting the SA Soviet parachutist Member of the Little Moscow garden colony Also called Garden Friends Hid in Charlotte Hundt s home upon arrival Arrested with his wife after returning from the USSR and exposing himself in the Little Moscow garden colony 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered Shot without trial 30 Friedrich Beuthke 1906 1943 Welder Youngest son of the Beuthke family 22 KPD member Communist Member of the Little Moscow garden colony Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered Shot without trial 31 Richard Beuthke 1880 1943 Servant and turner Father of the Beuthke family 22 KPD member Communist Member of the Little Moscow garden colony Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered Shot without trial 32 Walter Beuthke 1904 1943 Precision mechanic Second eldest son of the Beuthke family 22 KPD member Communist Member of the Little Moscow garden colony Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft whereby they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge whenever a Red Orchestra member was discovered Shot without trial 33 Charlotte Beuthke 1909 1943 Communist KPD member of the Little Moscow garden colony Shot without trial 22 Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Married to Walter Beuthke 34 Mario Bianchi 1909 Physician ear nose and throat specialist Kept a safehouse that hid a number of contacts Later hid Alexander and Helen Rado after Rote Drei was broken up Rote Drei Survived the war 35 Lotte Bischoff nee Charlotte Wielepp 1901 1994 stenographer KPD participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper Die Innere Front SED functionary Saefkov Jacob Bastlein Group Survived the war In contact with Wilhelm Knochel Robert Uhrig and Kurt and Elisabeth Schumacher 36 Kurt Bietzke 1894 1943 Painter KPD co founder Procured illegal quarters got passports money and ration cards Tucholla group Red Mountain Climbers Sentenced to death by the People s Court Germany in July 1942 17 August 1943 in Plotzensee Prison 37 Herbert Bittcher 1908 1944 Foreman SPD Later became a communist and joined the KPD Bastlein Jacob Abshagen Group Arrested by Gestapo On 1 January 1944 sentenced to death for the preparation for high treason Executed in January 1944 in the Brandenburg Gorden Prison 38 Joseph Blumsack Member of the foreign workers section of the Communist Party of Belgium Courier between Brussels and Paris Trepper Group Arrested 7 January 1943 and deported to Germany Rumoured to have survived but no evidence of this Married to Renee Clais Blumsack 35 Georges Blun 1893 1999 French journalist from Le Monde Soviet agent Rote Drei Group Survived the war Directed small Blun network of six people in Switzerland Codename Long Secrets offered by Blun could not match the quality of the Lucy secrets but still a very important member of the Red Three Group Survived the war 9 Suzanne Boisson 1918 Courier Gurevich Group 13 December 1941 Unknown 39 Karl Bohme 1914 1943 Commercial clerk Tried to organise the repair of the radio located at Hans Coppi Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 23 October 1942 in Berlin The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 30 January 1943 for preparation for high treason in a unit with favorability of the enemy and for aiding espionage Wife Margarete Bohme was also picked up by the Gestapo and killed Anton Borner Soviet intelligence agent Soviet parachutist KPD Trained as an upholsterer Captured by the Gestapo upon landing Wilhelm Bosch Died 10 April 1945 Locksmith Communist KPD member Collected money and food for persecuted colleagues AEG turbine factory group 21 March 1945 sentenced to death by Berlin Superior court Murdered in Plotzensee Prison on 10 April 1945 40 Hermann Bose 1871 1943 Music teacher and conductor Communist KPD member Bastlein Jacob Abshagen Group Sent to the KZ Missler concentration camp 41 Paul Bottcher 1891 1975 Communist politician MP Journalist Passed information between Christian Schneider and Alexander Rado Rote Drei Group 1933 taken into 10 months protective custody by the Nazis released and emigrated to Switzerland Survived the war Married to Rachel Dubendorfer Codename Paul codenamed Hans Saalbach 42 Margrit Bolli 1919 2017 Dancer Radio operator Rote Drei 13 October 1943 and sentenced to 10 months in prison Survived the war Code name Rosa Schatz Bolli Schwarz Boili Recruited by Alexander Rado and trained in Wireless Telegraphy by Alexander Foote 43 Cato Bontjes van Beek 1920 1943 Artist Distributed illegal writings and leaflets Schulze Boysen Group 20 September 1942 The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 18 January 1943 18 January 1943 sentenced to death for high treason and guillotined A personal clemency to Hitler was refused 44 Started opposing Hitler when she was 13 years old when she heard a broadcast from Hitler in 1933 in the one nation speech Mietje Bontjes van Beek 1922 2012 Artist and author Schulze Boysen Group Survived the war Not actively involved in the resistance Occasionally took food and cigarettes along with her sister Cato to French forced labourers in Berlin 45 Jan Bontjes van Beek 1899 1969 Ceramist and sculptor Schulze Boysen Group 20 September 1942 in Berlin Survived the war Became famous sculptor and ceramist after the war with a particular focus on vases Fringe member of the group through his daughter Cato 46 Henriette Bourgeois 1917 stenographer Radio operator Rote Drei Group Survived the war Codename Harry 47 Elsa Boysen 1883 1963 Schulze Boysen Group 26 September 1942 Survived the war Aunt of Harro Schulze Boysen 48 Walter Bremer 1904 1995 Surveying student and Police officer Helped produce the Die Innere Front newspaper Survived the war 49 Robert Breyer Painter and illustrator Trepper Group 25 November 1942 in Paris Hanged in July 1943 in Plotzensee Prison Cay Hugo Graf von Brockdorff 1915 1999 Sculptor Schulze Boysen group Arrested in 1943 on the Eastern Front and sent to a Strafbataillon Survived the war and married resistance fighter Eva Lippold Marie Hubner was maid of honor 50 Erika Grafin von Brockdorff 1911 1943 Office worker Radio experimenter used own house as communication centre for Hans Coppi Schulze Boysen Group 16 September 1942 arrested and sentenced to 10 years The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him on 21 April 1943 to four years in prison for preparation for high treason Hitler turned penalty into death sentence 13 May 1943 strangled with a rope attached to a meathook in Plotzensee Prison 51 Eva Maria Buch 1921 1943 Interpreter translator bookseller and student Translation of individual pamphlets and the Die Innere Front newspaper into French Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 11 October 1942 On 3 February 1943 sentenced by the 2nd Reichskriegsgericht to death for the preparation of a high treasonous enterprise and because of enemy favouritism and executed in Plotzensee Prison 52 Walter Budeus 1902 1944 Machinist Communist former KPD member Built illegal group in northern Berlin to report armaments production and to disseminate leaflets Uhrig Group February 1942 21 August 1944 beheaded 53 Hugo Buschmann 1899 1983 54 Industrialist President of the Eternit AG a construction materials company Worked as an informant for Schulze Boysen Schulze Boysen Group Survived the war Travelled as Leo Buschmann 55 C editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Marcelle Capre 1914 Soviet intelligence officer Acted as a cutout for agent Jerome Provided intelligence on French aircraft Trepper Group Code name Martha Hid Germaine Schneider in her apartment Assistant to Henry Robinson 56 Robert Jean Christen 1898 Gurevich Group 25 November 1942 in Brussels Survived the war Simexco shareholder 47 Josephine Clais 1945 Courier Jeffremov Group January 1943 and sent to Breendonk prison camp Died in early 1945 in Ravensbruck concentration camp Married name Josephine Verhimst Sister of Germaine Schneider and Renee Clais Recruited by Germaine 57 Renee Clais Blumsack 1907 1945 Courier between Brussels and Paris Trepper Group Arrested on 7 January 1943 in Brussels 10 March 1945 in the Mauthausen concentration camp Wife of Joseph Blumsack Sister of Germaine Schneider and Josephine Clais Recruited by Germaine 35 Suzanne Cointe 1905 1943 Piano teacher Secretary to Alfred Corbin at Simex Trepper Group 19 November 1942 in Paris July 1943 in Plotzensee Prison 58 Frieda Coppi Tailor Harnack Group 12 September 1942 in Berlin Mother of Hans Coppi Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered Hans Coppi 1916 1942 Student Disributing phamplets later establishing a radio link to the Soviet Union Harnack group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin On 19 December 1942 the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty Death penalty 19 December 1942 Introduced to Schulze Boysen via Heinrich Scheel 59 Ran the Coro group Code name Strahlmann 60 Hilde Coppi 1909 1943 Clerk KPD Harnack Group 12 September 1942 in Berlin On 20 January 1943 the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht pronounced the death penalty Death penalty on 20 January 1943 Wife of Hans Coppi Mother of Hans Coppi Jr born 27 November 1942 59 Kurt Coppi Harnack Group 12 September 1942 in Berlin Robert Coppi 1882 1960 Painter specialising in lacquer and gilding KPD Harnack Group 12 September 1942 Father of Hans Coppi Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered Alfred Corbin 1919 1943 French commercial director Ran the 5th Trepper sub network Managing director of Simex in Paris Courier Trepper Group 19 November 1942 in Paris 28 July 1943 in Plotzensee Prison Initially never knew anything about the network but was gradually drawn in over many months eventually becoming a core member 61 Denise Corbin 25 November 1942 Fresnes Prison Wife of Robert Corbin Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered Marie Corbin 26 November 1942 Ravensbruck concentration camp Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft whereby they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered Robert Corbin Liaison between Alfred Corbin and the Organisation Todt Trepper Group 19 November 1942 in Paris 8 March 1943 death penalty Denise Corbin was his wife Brother of Alfred Corbin uncovered 62 Fritz Cremer 1906 1993 Sculptor Soldier between 1940 and 1944 KPD member Communist Schulze Boysen Group Survived the war Husband of Hanna Berger who although arrested as part of Schulze Boysen group escaped in 1944 Both Cremer and Berger survived the war 63 Cremer had strong contacts with Walter Kuchenmeister and Kurt Schumacher Buntea Crupnic 1911 2002 Lawyer Communist Provisioned safehouses in the Brussels area and responsible to Elizabeth Depelsenaire Jeffremov Group Survived the war Code name Irma Salno Irene Sadnow Andree Yvonne 61 64 D editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Charles Francois Daniels 1911 Businessman Courier between Simexco in Brussels and Simex in Paris Gurevich Group Business associate of Guillaume Hoorickx and Heinrich Rauch 65 Anton Danilov Belgian communist Soviet agent Secret writing specialist to prepare identity papers Gurevich Group 12 December 1941 in Brussels while transmitting Believed to have been executed in or around 1943 Code name Antonio Desmet de Smet de Smith Assistant to Anton Makarov Assumed to be David Kamy in disguise 66 Elizabeth Depelsenaire 1913 1998 Lawyer feminist Belgian Communist Intelligence officer Jeffremov Group Arrested July 1942 Survived the war Worked in the group in 1941 and 1942 67 Werner Dissel 1912 2003 Actor Volunteered into the Wehrmacht to betray them Schulze Boysen group Escaped detection Survived the war Helped to publish the magazine of the Schulze Boysen Group called The Adversary Was a personnel friend of Harro Schulze Boysen 68 Rachel Dobrik 1908 Rote Drei accountant Supplied monies to Rachel Dubendorfer from an American account Rote Drei Dobrik warned Alexander Rado that the Swiss were going to arrest Rote Drei members 69 Martha Dodd 1908 1990 Writer Soviet agent Harnack group Survived the war 70 Charles Drailly 1901 1945 Banker and commercial expert Became director of Simexco in March 1941 Gurevich Group then worked for the Rote Drei Arrested on 25 November 1942 Died of Typhus on 4 January 1945 Mauthausen concentration camp Drailly was aware of the activities of the Belgian intelligence networks but did not actively take part in them 71 Germaine Drailly 1899 1945 Rote Drei Arrested 26 November 1942 and deported to Berlin On 13 May 1945 sentenced to death by the Reichskriegsgericht Married to Nazarin Drailly Nazarin Drailly 1900 1943 Helped to establish Simexco Took over management of Simexco after Gurevich left for France Gurevich Group Rote Drei 6 January 1943 Brussels Tortured with dogs who ripped his legs to shreds and they had to be amputated 28 July 1943 in Plotzensee Prison Brother of Charles Drailly Actively involved in the collection of military and industrial intelligence 72 Solange Drailly born 1 February 1926 Rote Drei Arrested as part of the Simexco round up by the Gestapo in November 1942 Released for lack of evidence Survived the war Daughter of Nazarin and Germaine Drailly Rachel Dubendorfer 1900 1973 Secretary of International Labour Organization Polish Comintern representative Rote Drei Survived the war Code name was Sissy 73 Jutta Dubinsky 1917 1985 KPD SED Wilhelm Schurmann Horster group and later Hans Coppi group 21 October 1942 in Berlin The 2nd senate of the People s Court sentenced on 21 August 1943 to eight years in prison Survived the war Became involved with Harnack through the Fritz Cremer Cay Hugo von Brockdorff and Wolfgang Thiess Viktor Dubinsky 1912 1942 Student KPD SED Wilhelm Schurmann Horster group and later Hans Coppi group 26 October 1942 in Guben 21 April 1943 sentenced to five years in prison for preparation of High Treason Became involved with Harnack through the Fritz Cremer Cay Hugo von Brockdorff and Wolfgang Thiess Jacques Duclos 1896 1975 French Communist politician PKF Coordinator of the Resistance Managed connections to Moscow Trepper group Survived the war 74 E editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Modeste Ehrlich Trepper Group December 1942 Sent to a concentration camp Betrayed by Trepper to save his life 75 Erna Eifler 1908 1944 Stenographer Soviet parachutist KPD Communist agent Arrested on 15 October 1942 in Hamburg On 8 April or 7 June 1944 shot dead in Ravensbruck concentration camp Arrived in Germany with Wilhelm Fellendorf in May 1942 and were to provide communication for the von Scheliha group but Harnack heard of their arrival in Hamburg 76 Charlotte Eisenblatter 1903 1944 Chief secretary in a large company Creating leaflets and writing addresses Uhrig group Arrested in February 1942 she was sent to Ravensbruck concentration camp On the 10 July 1944 sentenced to death for preparing for high treason 77 Horst von Einsiedel de 1905 1947 Lawyer and economist Kreisau group Worked with Arvid Harnack in the 1930s to build a resistance group Ina Ender 1917 2008 Seamstress andmodel Courier Schulze Boysen and Harnack Groups through Hans Coppi who ran the Coro Group Arrested September 1942 In July 1943 sentenced to six years in prison by the Reichskriegsgericht for assisting to disintegrate the military forces distributing leaflets Ender survived the war Communited gossip from the couturier shop she worked in that was attended by Eve Braun to Schulze Boysen Married Hans Lautenschlager on 14 September 1936 In December 1952 she married civil servant Siegfried Ender 78 79 Alexander Erdberg 1909 1961 Soviet intelligence agent Acted as contact between Moscow and Harnack Schulze Boysen Groups Recruited Harnack Group Created Schulze Boysen Group Survived the war Worked for the Foreign Intelligence Unit of the Soviet Embassy in Berlin 80 F editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Katharina Fellendorf 1884 1944 Housewife Mother of Wilhelm Fellendorf Killed by what the Nazis called Sippenhaft where they were inclined to kill the entire family of any Red Orchestra member who was uncovered 81 Wilhelm Fellendorf 1903 1944 Locksmith driver Soviet agent Schulze Boysen and Bastlein Jacob Abshagen group 15 October 1942 28 October 1942 in Hamburg Came to Germany in May 1942 with Erna Eifler as a parachutist to collect intelligence 81 Wilhem Franz Flicke 1897 1957 German Wehrmacht soldier and cryptanalyst later author Worked on the cryptanalysis of Rote Drei messages Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht OKW Chi Flicke wrote two books The second one was called War Secrets in the Ether that described an OKW Chi intercept station at Lauf 82 The first and most salient book was on the subject of the Die Rote Kapelle 83 The information is no longer considered fully accurate and is at times misleading 84 Alexander Foote 1905 1957 Radio operator Radio operator Rote Drei Group In November 1943 imprisoned by Swiss who picked up his radio by DF ing it Released September 1944 Survived the war Code names Jim Alfred Major Granatow Alfred Feodorovich Capidus Alexander Alexandrovich Dymov John South Albert Mueller Worked with Ursula Beurton then Alexander Rado Had many code names 85 Karl Frank 1906 1944 Cabinetmaker and politician KPD member produced papers and pamphlets attacking the Nazi regime calling for acts of resistance Uhrig Group Arrested in May 1942 and in June 1944 sent to the Sachsenhausen and Landsberg concentration camps Executed on August 21 1944 at the Brandenburg Gorden Prison Frank was in the communist group that created resistance cells in factories around Berlin and Hamburg The cells were coordinated by Robert Uhrig G editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Erwin Gehrts 1890 1943 Journalist Colonel in Luftwaffe Communist Gehrts passed all his Luftwaffe documents and interesting events to Shulze Boysen who passed some to Harnack Shulze Boysen Group 9 October 1942 Reichskriegsgericht announced death penalty 10 January 1943 One of the most important members of the Shulze Boysen Group 86 Walter Gersmann 1914 1942 Gardener KPD member and Soviet intelligence agent Soviet parachutist Arrested by the Gestapo on 18 or 19 May 1942 the day after parachuting from a plane near the village of Dittau Executed at the end of 1942 Trained as an agent by the GRU and sent to Europe Betrayed members of the Bastlein Jacob Abshagen Group after being turned by the Gestapo after almost a year of captivity 87 Selma Gessner Buhrer 1916 1974 Swiss Soviet agent Worked for Maria Josefovna Poliakova in Switzerland in 1936 Rote Drei Survived the war Recalled in 1941 by Moscow to provide assistance to Alexander Rado Acted as a cutout between Jules Humbert Droz and Alexander Foote 88 Karl Giering 1900 1945 Gestapo agent and police officer First head of Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle Died of throat cancer before the end of the war Kriminalrat in AMT Abteilung II RSHA Leading detective in the search for Soviet agents in Belgium and France Was replaced by Heinz Pannwitz in August 1943 as he was dying of cancer 89 Pierre Giraud 1914 1943 Trepper Group December 1942 in Paris Committed suicide in early 1943 at Fresnes Husband of Suzanne Giraud 90 Suzanne Giraud 1910 Custodian of a wireless telegraphy set located in Le Pecq Worked as a courier transporting documents between the French communists and the Trepper Group Trepper Group Arrested in 1942 Presumably executed in 1942 or 1943 Wife of Pierre Giraud who was recruited by Leon Grossvogel Codename was Lucy and worked under the name of Lucienne Giraud Trepper s connection to the French Communist Party 89 Robert Giraud 1906 1943 Courier Trepper Group Giraud was the main liaison between Trepper and executive committee of the French Communist Party 91 Hans Bernd Gisevius 1904 1974 German diplomat and intelligence officer Informant Rote Drei Survived the war Gisevius liaison in Zurich between Allen Dulles station chief for the American OSS and the German Resistance forces in Germany Rudolf Roessler identified Gisevius as a source to a friend after the war 92 Walter Glass 1889 1956 Pattern shop owner Housed and fed Bernhard Bastlein with his daughters in 1944 at his own apartment 5 July 1944 VGH ruling on 1 November 1944 sentenced to four years in jail Glass was the father of Lucie Nix and Vera Wulff Carl Friedrich Goerdeler 1884 1945 German politician Informant Rote Drei 12 August 1944 Hanged on 2 February 1945 in Plotzensee Prison Joined the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler He is one of the four Rote Drei sources in Germany named by Rudolf Roessler 93 Ursula Goetze 1916 1943 Student Apartment was used for a number of secret meetings Schulze Boysen and Harnack groups 15 October 1942 in Berlin 18 January 1943 the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced death penalty for conspiracy to commit high treason and favouring the enemy 94 95 Sarah Goldberg 1921 2003 Radio operator in Belgium Recruited by Hermann Isbutzki Trepper Group 4 June 1943 Deported to Germany and then Auschwitz concentration camp After the Red Orchestra was destroyed in Belgium in 1943 transferred to work with Jewish partisans in Brussels Rescued on 23 April 1945 Survived the war Founding member of Belgian section of Amnesty International 96 Joseph Goldenberg Arrested in early 1942 Fort Breendonk concentration camp from September 1942 to March 1943 died there on 13 April 1943 following an interrogation Herbert Gollnow 1911 1943 Consular Secretary at the Federal Foreign Office Later lieutenant in the Luftwaffe working as a Liaison officer from the Abwehr Harnack Group Arrested on 19 October 1942 in Berlin Reichskriegsgericht announced death penalty for conspiracy to commit high treason and favouring the enemy on 19 December 1942 One of the core members of Harnack Group 97 Otto Gollnow 1923 1944 Bank apprentice soldier 26 September 1942 in Berlin Reichskriegsgericht announced death penalty for undermining the military received a six year prison sentence Daniel Goulooze 1901 1965 Director of the Communist Party of the Netherlands Radio operator Liaison officer between CPN and the Communist International in Moscow Hilda Group Arrested sometime in 1943 Survived the war Codenames Daan Not charged as a terrorist by as a spy and survived by changing his name in the concentration camp 98 99 Max Grabowski 1897 1981 Painter and decorator Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper Die Innere Front The Inner Front Schulze Boysen Group Brother of Otto Grabowski Printed the Die Innere Front in his paint workshop 100 101 Otto Grabowski 1892 1961 Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper Zeitung Neukollner Sturmfahne Schulze Boysen Group Brother of Max Grabowski Founder of Die Innere Front 102 Herbert Grasse 1910 1942 Printer KJVD KPD Participated in the productions of the illegal paper Zeitung Neukollner Sturmfahne Wilhelm Schurmann Horster group Arrested on 23 October 1942 in Berlin Committed suicide the day after his arrest Had close links with the group around Wilhelm Schurmann Horster and later had contact with John Sieg Later pushed for joint actions in the AEG factory amongst workers who were resisting 103 John Graudenz 1884 1942 Journalist photographer sales representative In charge of the technical aspects of the producing the AGIS leaflets Later helped Schulze Boysen organise intelligence Schulze Boysen Group 12 September 1942 in Berlin On 19 December 1942 the 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him to the death penalty because of preparation for high treason enemy favour destruction of the military force and espionage 104 Karin Graudenz Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin released after two weeks Daughter of John Graudenz Also called Karin Reetz after being married Silva Graudenz Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin released after two weeks Daughter of John Graudenz Toni Graudenz died 1985 Press photographer Schulze Boysen group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin On the 12 September 1942 in Berlin the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced to three years in prison for listening to enemy transmitter and omission of an advertisement Survived the war Third wife of John Graudenz Manfred von Grimm 1911 Long Group Arrested October 1942 Survived the war Became the Minister of Cultural Affairs in Lower Saxony Codenamed Grau for Rote Drei Worked for Polish intelligence 105 Adolf Grimme 1889 1963 Prussian Minister of Science Art and Education Sent letters to university professors and distributed pamphlets Harnack group Avoided the death penalty in 1943 by informing on the Red Orchestra The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him on 2 February 1943 for the preparation of a treasonous enterprise and because of enemy privileges to three years penitentiary Survived the war Friends with Adam Kuckhoff 106 Maria Grimme Harnack group Survived the war Wife of Adolf Grimme 106 Anna Griotto Courier for Henry Robinson group in France Own house used to hold meeting between Henry Robinson and Trepper Group members Trepper Group Survived the war Wife of Medardo Griotto 107 Medardo Griotto 1901 1943 Engraver Produce fake documents also operated a safe house Trepper group Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him to death in March 1943 Executed on 28 July 1943 in Plotzensee Prison Suspected of being Henry Robinson s main assistant 107 Leon Grossvogel 1904 Electrician and manager Ran the 1st Trepper sub network Provided intelligence concerning industry and economy Responsible for the communications networks of the Trepper Group Trepper Group Arrested in 1943 by Gestapo Possibly executed in Fresnes Prison possibly survived the war Husband of Jeanne Grossvogel Pesant Worked at Le Roi du Caoutchouc Later created the Foreign Excellent Rain Coat Company with Jules Jaspar 107 Jeanne Grossvogel Pesant 1901 1943 Manager of ostend branch of Le Roi du Caoutchouc Ran the 3rd Trepper sub network Later created the Foreign Excellent Rain Coat Company with Jules Jaspar and her husband Trepper Group Arrested 25 November 1942 Executed in July 1943 in Plotzensee Prison Wife of Leon Grossvogel 107 Malvina Gruber 1900 Courier between Paris and Brussels and Cutout between Rajchmann and Trepper Gurevich Group Arrested in Brussels on 12 October 1942 Protected by the Sonderkommando used to discover other agents in Brussels and Paris In August 1947 in prison in Belgium later sentenced to 10 years imprisonment in February 1949 by court martial in Brussels released December 1951 Wife of Adolf Gruber Mistress of Abraham Rajchmann the forger 108 In 1953 Gruber still engaged in espionage 108 Wilhelm Guddorf 1902 1943 Journalist and writer Communist Harnack group Arrested on 10 October 1942 and sentenced to death in February 1943 The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 3 February 1943 the death sentence for preparation for high treason and because of enemy favouritism Executed at Plotzensee Prison in Berlin on 13 May Important member of Schulze Boysen Group as well 109 Hilde Guddorf 1907 1980 Shorthand typist later GDR politician Communist member of Young Communist League of Germany and Communist Party of Germany Harnack Group Survived the war Husband of Wilhelm Guddorf Worked with the Uhrig group 110 Anatoly Gurevich 1913 2009 Soviet agent Provided intelligence to Trepper from Francois Darlan and the Girauds Ran the 7th Trepper sub network Trepper Group 12 November 1942 in Marseille Returned to Soviet Union sent to Lubyanka prison later deported to labour camp Rehabilitated in 1990 Leader of the Gurevich Group Real name Anatoly Gurevich Codenames Kent Fritz Arthus Barcza Simon Urwith Manolo Dupuis Lebrun see name Table G Founded the Simexco company as a cover for intelligence work in Brussels in autumn 1940 Gurevich and Nazarin Drailly were principal stockholders and managing directors 111 112 H editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Max Habjanic Swiss bureaucrat of Balkan descent Provider of fake identity papers Rote Drei Survived the war Code name Cobbler Max Provided passports for Anna Barbara Muller that eventually reached Henry Robinson Habjanic used blank forms to create passports and then sent individual copies of each form to various senior police officers who signed them without suspecting what they were 113 Ruthild Hahne 1910 2001 Sculptor Communist House used as a meeting place Worked on the Die Innere Front The Internal Front Harnack and Schulze Boysen Groups Arrested on 21 August 1943 The 2nd Senate of the People s Court sentenced her on 21 August 1943 to four years in prison In February 1945 Hahne was able to escape from the women s prison in Cottbus Survived the war Became involved with Harnack through Fritz Cremer Cay von Brockdorff and Wolfgang Thiess Moved to East Germany after the war and joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany 114 Rudolf Hamburger 1903 1980 Architect GRU Red Army intelligence agent Undertaking photographic jobs Rote Drei Survived the war Codename Rudi First husband of Ursula Kuczynski who was Sonia directing Swiss groups 115 Edmond Hamel 1910 Trained as a wireless specialist Trained by Alexander Foote on WT operations and began transmitting to Moscow in March 1941 Rote Drei 8 October 1943 Served only five days as Swiss did not know his true identity Released July 1944 Sentenced in 1947 and imprisoned for nine months Survived the war Husband of Olga Hamel 116 Olga Hamel 1907 Trained as a wireless specialist Assisted her husband in the transmission of WT traffic Rote Drei 8 October 1943 Released July 1944 Later sentenced to 7 months in 1947 by a Swiss court Code name Delez Maud Wife of Edmond Hamel When arrested 129 messages were found in their flat Received large sums of money from Alexander Rado in 1942 and 1942 117 Ernst Happach Ran a duplicating machine in his apartment to duplicate AGIS leaflets created in part by John Graudenz Shulze Boysen Group Arrested in Berlin on 12 September 1942 Spend two years in prison for failure to report a plan of high treason Recruited by Libertas Schulze Boysen Arvid Harnack 1901 1942 Jurist economist Scientific expert in the Reich Economic Ministry Formed the Harnack Group Arrested on 7 September 1942 The 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 19 December 1942 Hanged four days later at Plotzensee Prison 118 Falk Harnack 1913 1991 Director and screenwriter Leafletting Harnack Group later joined White Rose Arrested and acquitted on 19 April 1943 In August 1943 he was removed from Wehrmacht and transferred to a penal battalion the 999th Light Afrika Division In December 1943 sent to a concentration camp but escaped Survived the war in Greece Brother to Arvid Harnack 119 Mildred Harnack 1902 1943 Literary historian and translator Brought together a discussion circle at home that created the Red Orchestra Harnack Group Arrested on 7 September with her husband Arvid Harnack when a radio message they had sent was read by Referat 12 Initially given six years in prison but Hitler ordered a new trial and she was sentenced to death on 16 January 1943 by the 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht She was executed on the same day Mildred Harnack is the only member of the Red Orchestra whose burial site is known 120 Hilde Hauck 1905 1988 Administrator and interpreter KPD Survived the war Under the supervision of the Gestapo for the duration of the War Hans Hausamann 1897 1974 Swiss author and intelligence officer Provided information to Czech Colonel Karel Sedlacek Directed Buro Ha the unofficial autonomous Swiss intelligence centre loosely attached to official Swiss military intelligence Survived the war 121 Robert Havemann 1910 1982 Chemist and later East German dissident KPD founded the European Union resistance group Arrested in 1943 Fate was postponed several times until the Brandenburg Gorden Prison was liberated by the Red Army Survived the war 122 Wolfgang Havemann 1910 1982 Lawyer Communist Harnack Group Arrested on 5 September 1943 by Gestapo The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht condemned him on 17 February 1943 for failed high treason to nine months in prison Survived the war Son of Gustav Havemann who was a prominent Nazi Created the European Union Resistance Group On 16 December 1943 sentenced to death by the People s Court and later had the sentence deferred several times by Wolfgang Wirth a senior scientist from the Waffenamt 123 Horst Heilmann 1923 1942 Student and wireless operator Cryptanalyst Passed secret communications from the Abwehr to the Group Later tried to warn Shulze Boysen when the GRU spy Johann Wenzel s traffic was deciphered by Referat 12 and Schulze Boysen was exposed Schulze Boysen Group On 19 December 1942 the 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty On 22 December 1942 executed by decapitation at Plotzensee Prison Executed with Harro Schulze Boysen Recruited by Schulze Boysen 124 Carl Helfrich 1906 1960 Journalist Worked in the Foreign Office where Rudolf von Scheliha was Head of Unit Harnack and Schulze Boysen Groups Sent directly to a concentration camp Survived the war 125 Bruno Hempel Leafleting and pamphleting Schulze Boysen Group Arrested in spring 1943 2nd Senate of the People s Court condemned him on 21 August 1943 to two years in Plotzensee prison Hempel survived the war Had contact with Wilhelm Schurmann Horster Hans Henniger 1904 Luftwaffe inspector later soldier Allowed John Graudenz to elicit information from him Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 9 October 1942 in Berlin the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 20 January 1943 for disobedience in the field and surrendering a state secret and sentenced to four years 126 Rudolf Herrnstadt 1903 1966 Journalist Communist politician and Soviet agent Von Scheliha Group Survived the war During World War II he held a senior position in the Red Army 127 Kurt Hess 1901 Dentist Let John Sieg use his dentist s office to host illegal meetings Communist Henrika Hillbolling Courier Winterink Group Arrested on 19 August 1942 in Amsterdam Sent to Fort Breendonk prison Executed in January 1943 Her husband Jacob Hillbolling was executed at the same time as Henrika Jacob Hillbolling Scout and Courier Winterink Group Sent to Fort Breendonk prison Executed in January 1943 His wife Henrika Hillbolling was executed at the same time as Jacob Helmut Himpel 1907 1943 Electrical engineer later became a dentist Treated Jewish patients free of charge Distribution of pamphlets Distributed the teachings of Galen which cited the Aktion T4 that resulted in Hitler stopping the killing of mentally ill patients Through John Graudenz met Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 17 September 1942 in Berlin The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht Reichskriegsgericht announced on the 26 January 1943 the death penalty citing preparation for high treason and enemy favoritism One of the core group around Schulze Boysen and fiance of Maria Terwiel 128 129 Albert Hoessler 1910 1942 Labourer KPD member Communist Soviet intelligence agent Murdered September 1942 without trial Codename Stein Franz 130 On 5 August 1942 parachuted into Germany Sent to establish a WT link to Moscow for the Schulze Boysen Group initially from Erika von Brockdorff s apartment and then from Oda Schottmuller apartment Walter Hoffmann Toolmaker Took part in discussion groups listened to foreign broadcasts and distributed leaflets Schulze Boysen Group The 2nd Senate of the People s Court sentenced him to one year in prison on 21 August 1943 Personal friend of Harro and Libertas Schulze Boysen Karl Hofmaier 1897 1988 Journalist Expelled from the Swiss Communist Party Joined the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland Rote Drei Group Survived the war Close to Alexander Rado and Rachel Dubendorfer 130 Walter Homann 1906 1945 Locksmith and metal worker KPD Worked at the AEG turbine factory helping his colleagues who were killed at the same time as him AEG turbine factory Group Arrested 8 February 1945 Sentenced on 21 March 1945 and murdered on the same day at Plotzensee Prison Margarete Hoffmann Scholz Trepper Group via the small Basile Maximovitch Group Sentenced to six years in prison Niece of the commander of Paris General Carl Heinrich von Stulpnagel Caroline Hoorickx Assisted the Belgian network from 1939 to 1941 Courier for Gurevich Gurevich Group Wife of Guillaume Hoorickx Mistress of Anton Makarov 131 Guillaume Hoorickx 1900 Painter Agent of the Gurevich Group in Belgium between 1940 1942 Used own apartments for meetings In early 1942 moved to Simexco to work as a buyer but really as a courier Gurevich Group and the Trepper Group Arrested on 28 December 1942 Repatriated to Belgium on 2 June 1945 After the war tried to contact former Simexco people Codename Bill 132 Arthur Hubner 1899 1962 During interwar period sent on missions to Europe for the General Staff of the Red Army Acted as a Scout Survived the war Precursor to the Red Orchestra Many of Hubner s family were involved the Schulze Boysen and Harnack groups His father was Emil Hubner 133 Emil Hubner 1862 1943 Politician Worked for Communist International from the 1920s Arranged accommodation including his own house for Soviet parachutists Arrested September 1942 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 10 February 1943 the death penalty Executed on 5 August 1943 at Plotzensee Prison Whole family including grandchildren were arrested and executed Frida Wesolek was his daughter Max Hubner 1862 1943 German politician KPD worked with the Communist International Trained as radio operator Ran a photography shop in his basement to create false documents including passports set up with KPD money The unit also built radio transceivers Shulze Boysen Group Arrested on 18 October 1942 in Berlin Death penalty on 10 February 1943 for aiding and abetting the preparation of a highly treacherous enterprise and espionage Worked with Adam Kuckhoff Wilhelm Guddorf and John Sieg 126 Marie Hubner 1903 2001 Domestic servant Shulze Boysen Group Survived the war Became friends with Erika von Brockdorff Married Wilhelm Hubner 134 Jules Humbert Droz 1872 1971 Swiss journalist and pastor Thought to be an agent of Maria Josefovna Poliakova before the war Later recruited agents for Alexander Rado Rote Drei Arrested June 1942 and expelled from Switzerland Known to have survived the war Established Comintern Youth International in Switzerland with Willi Munzenberg and Henry Robinson 135 Arlette Humbert Laroche 1915 1945 French poet and secretary at an unemployed workers organisation Distributing leaflets to factories Travelled between several groups Arrested January 1943 She was locked up in Fresnes Prison then deported to Germany where she was sent to Ravensbruck camp then to Mauthausen and later Bergen Belsen concentration camp 136 Charlotte Hundt 1900 1943 Clerk Hosted the parachutist Ernst Beuthke at her house Arrested on 17 May 1943 in Wittenau Executed on 11 August 1943 in the industrial house of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Friends of the Ernst Beuthke family Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann Anna Becker Anna Beuthke Charlotte Beuthke Lina Mueller Wally Radoch and Ella Trebe one day after their husbands 137 Marta Husemann 1913 1960 Actress Communist KPD member Schulze Boysen Group In November 1936 and the following March to June 1937 detained at the Moringen concentration camp 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her on 26 January 1943 for preparing a highly treasonous company to a 4 years of imprisonment Captured in 1945 by the Red Army Survived the war Husband of Walter Husemann Walter Husemann 1909 1943 Editor Communist Worked for the NKGB Schulze Boysen Group On 9 September 1942 Husemann was arrested at this workplace Sentenced to death on January 26 1943 for Preparation to high treason and aid for espionage and executed at Plotzensee Prison 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 26 January 1943 for preparation for treason and aiding espionage Executed on 13 May 1943 Codename Akim Taught Hans Coppi the radio in 1941 138 I editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Else Imme 1885 1943 Retail manager Collected monies for persecuted fellow citizens Distributed Soviet radio transmissions Held illegal meetings in her apartment for the Schulze Boysen group Schulze Boysen Group Arrested 18 October 1942 On 30 January 1943 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her to death for favoring the enemy 5 August 1943 executed at Plotzensee Prison Hermann Isbutzki 1914 1944 Radio operator who was to build his own network Gurevich Group then Trepper Group and later Jeffremov Group Arrested on August 13 1942 in Brussels Executed in July 1944 in Plotzensee Prison Arrested when Jefremov who was under German control betrayed him and tortured for almost a year Heinz Pannwitz used his name to conduct playbacks i e maintaining the connection to Moscow 139 140 J editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Franz Jacob 1906 1944 Machine fitter Built the Saefkow Jacob Bastlein Group Saefkow Jacob Bastlein Group 4 July 1944 On 5 September 1944 sentenced to death by the People s Court and executed on 18 September 1944 at Brandenburg Gorden Prison 141 Krystana Iwanowa Janewa de 1914 1944 Soviet agent Shulze Boysen Harnack and Bastlein Groups Arrested in late 1944 Taken to the Barnimstrasse women s prison in Berlin and later transferred to a prison in Halle Janewa died from ill treatment 142 Jean Baptiste Janssens 1898 Shoemaker Courier Jeffremov Group Arrested January 1943 Janssens died in Breendonk concentration camp 143 Jules Jaspar 1878 1963 Belgian Consul Director of Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company Helped people persecuted by the Nazis Trepper Group Arrested and sent to Mauthausem concentration camp Liberated in May 1945 Survived the war In 1942 helped establish Simexco in Marseille 143 Konstantin Jeffremov 1910 Soviet Army Captain engineer and chemical warfare expert Soviet agent Worked all over Europe later built Jeffremov Group in Belgium Arrested on 22 July 1942 and conducted a playback in Fort Breendonk until late November 1944 Unknown Agent active in Europe from 1936 144 K editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Ludwig Kainz Construction engineer in Organisation Todt December 1942 in Paris Sentenced to three years in prison David Kamy 1911 1943 Graduate Chemist Radio operator who was trained by Johann Wenzel alongside Sophia Poznanska Gurevich Group 13 December 1941 Assumed to be Anton Danilov while undercover Captured at 101 Rue des Atrebates Brussels 145 Louis Kapelowitz 1891 19 Czech commercial director Director of the Excellent Raincoat Company and later director of the subsidiary the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company Trepper Group Survived the war Kapelowitz s wife Sarah was the sister of Leon Grossvogel Maurice Padawer and Adolf Lerner directors of the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company were both married to sisters of Louis Kapelowitz 146 Hillel Katz 1905 1943 Secretary at Simex company Trepper Group December 1942 when the Simex people were rounded up Disappeared in November 1943 Likely shot without trial Code names Andre Dubois Rene and Le Petit Andre Assistant to Trepper who betrayed him He was responsible for liaison between Leon Grossvogel Henry Robinson and the Simex company His brother Joseph Katz aka Mayer ben Josef Katz was part of the Lyon network 147 Gerhard Kegel 1907 1989 Diplomat KPD member Von Scheliha Group Survived the war According to Simon Wiesenthal Kegel worked for the Gestapo during World War II 148 Waldemar Heinrich Keller 1906 1991 Simex technical advisor Trepper Group Arrested on 19 November 1942 in Paris Sentenced to three years in prison Made a fortune before his arrest by dealing in industrial diamonds with the Todt Organization Seemed to be an agent who worked mainly for money 149 Helmut Kindler 1912 2008 Journalist European Union Group Had a successful career after the war Kindler was a childhood friend of Ilse Stobe Richard Klotzbucher 1902 1945 Cashier and HR person at AEG Turbine Factory Suppression of Nazi state efforts Saefkow Jacob Bastlein Organization Arrested on 22 February 1945 Executed on 10 April 1945 in Plotzensee Prison for preparation of treason 150 Heinrich Koenen 1910 1945 German engineer Soviet agent Von Scheliha Group Arrested on 29 October 1942 Executed without trial at Sachsenhausen concentration camp in February 1945 Parachutist Parachuted into Germany on 23 October 1942 to receive some intelligence from Rudolf von Scheliha and blackmail him if the intelligence was not forthcoming but was arrested within several days 151 Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Korotkov 1909 1961 Soviet Agent Recruited Arvid Harnack around December 1941 Survived the war 1941 Deputy Resident of the NKVD in Berlin Code name was Alexander Erdberg Erdberg acted as a contact between Moscow and the Harnack and Schulze Boysen groups in Berlin Later from 1946 to 1957 Korotkov was deputy Head of foreign intelligence service of the KGB of the USSR 152 153 Anna Krauss 1884 1943 Lacquer and paint wholesaler Fortune teller and clairvoyant who counted Libertas Schulze Boysen as a client She used her apartment to create and print leaflets and pamphlets with John Graudenz Schulze Boysen Group September 14 1942 in Berlin 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 12 February 1943 the death penalty for decomposing the military force Read the fortunes of all the Schulze Boysen group to provide and engender a steely backbone for the group 154 Werner Krauss 1900 1976 German Romanist academic KPD Communist Schulze Boysen Group 24 November 1942 in Berlin 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 18 January 1943 the sentence was revised on 14 September 1944 to five years in prison Survived the war Made contact with Shulze Boysen via John Rittmeister and supported their actions on many occasions 155 Krauss wrote an anti fascist novel Die Passionen der halykonischen Seele in 1943 156 His sentence was commuted from the death penalty to a period in jail after a plea of clemency from his academic friends at the University of Marburg where he was employed 157 Willy Kruyt John W Kruyt Sr 1877 1943 Dutch Protestant minister Soviet agent Parachutist Jeffremov Group 20 July 1942 Successively jailed in St Gilles Breedonck and Moabit prisons Believed to have been executed at Moabit in 1943 Sent by Soviet intelligence to provide a bastion for the Jeffremov Group 158 John W Kruyt Jr 1926 Soviet agent Parachutist Dropped in the Netherlands to supply a radio to Daan Goulooze Son of John W Kruyt Sr 158 Walter Kuchenmeister 1897 1943 German machine technician communist political writer Wrote a number of pamphlets Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 16 September 1942 On 6 February 1943 he was sentenced to death by the 2nd Senate of the Imperial War Court for belonging to the resistance organisation Executed on 13 May 1943 in Plotzensee Prison 159 Adam Kuckhoff 1887 1943 German writer journalist who wrote on communist and marxist philosophies Produced and collaborated on illegal pamphlets Also worked on writing the Die Innere Front The Inner Front Harnack Group 12 September 1942 arrested in Prague The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty on 6 February 1943 for preparing a highly treasonous company and for Enemy favorability 5 August 1943 executed at Plotzensee Prison Also closely affiliated with the Shulze Boysen Group and considered an important member of both groups His wife was Greta Kuckhoff 158 160 Margarete Kuckhoff 1902 1981 Economist Harnack Group Arrested on 12 September 1942 the same day as her husband On 3 February 1943 she was sentenced to death as an accomplice to high treason and for failure to report a case of espionage by the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht However her sentence was lifted on 4 May 1943 but a second trial on 27 September 1943 resulted in a sentence of ten years at Waldheim Prison where she was liberated by the Red Army in May 1945 Survived the war Known by the first name as Greta Husband was Adam Kuckhoff Important member of the Harnack Group as well 161 162 Ursula Kuczynski 1907 2000 Editor Soviet agent Survived the war Code name Ruth Werner Ursula Beurton and Ursula Hamburger 163 Sent to Switzerland during the interwar period to build an intelligence network Later she became a handler of Klaus Fuchs couriering intelligence to the Soviet Union from 1943 Considered one of the top Soviet spy s during the post war period 164 KPD member Yvonne Kuenstlunger Cutout Trepper Group Cousin of Rita Arnould Managed the contacts between Rue des Atrebates and Isidor Springer 165 166 Hans Heinrich Kummerow 1903 1944 Telecommunications engineer and designer at the Opta Radio AG in Berlin Supplied intelligence to the Soviet Union Arrested in Berlin at the end of November 1942 3rd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 18 December 1942 the death penalty for high treason Beheaded in Halle Prison on 4 February 1944 Husband of Ingeborg Kummerow 167 Occasionally used Schulze Boysen s groups radio transmitter to transmit reports to Moscow Ingeborg Kummerow 1912 1943 Arrested in September 1942 On January 27 1943 she was sentenced to death for aiding and abetting espionage by the 4th Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht On 5 August 1943 she was executed in Plotzensee Prison Wife of Hansheinrich Kummerow 167 Hans Kurfess 1915 Lawyer German cryptanalyst worked in Referat 12 Later enciphered texts prepared by Anatoly Gurevich as part of Sonderkommando Pannwitz in Paris 168 169 L editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Francois Lachenal 1918 1997 Swiss publisher and diplomat Informant Rote Drei Code name Diener Passed low grade intelligence to Jean Pierre Vigier the son in law of Rachel Dubendorfer 170 Otto Lang 1890 1945 Office worker Also employed as an umbrella maker SPD Working in AEG factory spreads foreign news and leaflets Support families who have been persecuted by the Nazi s Arrested in February 1945 On 10 April 1945 murdered in Plotzensee Prison 171 Fritz Lange 1898 1981 Teacher and soldier Co editor of the Die Innere Front The Inner Front Bernhard Bastlein and Wilhelm Guddorf On 8 October 1943 the 2nd Senate of Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him to five years in prison for aiding the high treason and enemy favoritism Survived the war Member of the Harnack Group through Wilhelm Guddorf Hans Lautenschlager Commercial employee and union official Schulze Boysen group Arrested on 24 February 1943 on Guernsey The 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht on 3 July 1943 for decomposition of the military force and preparation for high treason The death penalty was never carried out Married Ina Ender on 14 September 1936 He and his wife Ina appeared as themselves in a 1988 titular documentary style film directed by Thomas Grimm 172 173 Claire Legrand 1944 Trepper Group Arrested on 30 November 1942 in Marseille by the Gestapo In November 1944 sent to Auschwitz concentration camp and executed Wife of Jules Jaspar 174 Willy Lehmann 1884 1942 Police officer Gestapo Soviet Agent Worked in the Office IV of the Reich Security Main Office December 1942 discovered Shot without a trial 175 Ernst Lemmer 1898 1970 German journalist later politician Informant for Georges Blun Rote Drei Survived the war Code name Agnes 9 Waldemar Lentz 1909 German cryptanalyst worked in Referat 12 and part of Sonderkommando Pannwitz in Paris Arrested on 5 September 1942 in Berlin and later released Survived the war Members of Referat 12 detached to Aussenstelle Paris 176 177 Friedrich Lenz 1885 1968 Professor of economics Liaison between intelligence groups and the Soviet embassy cutout between Harnack and the Soviet embassy in 1941 Harnack Group and others Survived the war and went back into academia His Soviet principal was Gunther Lubszynski 178 Abraham Isaac Lerner 1891 Commercial director Director of the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company Trepper Group Managed to escape arrest in May 1941 and moved to New York via Portugal Code name Adolf 179 Antonia Lyon Smith 1925 2010 Schoolchild Betrayed the French resistance 21 October 1943 by Heinz Pannwitz Went on to live a happy life in Devon 180 Acquainted with Claude Spaak who procured false papers for her Unwittingly assisted the escape of Leopold Trepper Daughter of British Brigadier Tristram Lyon Smith She became linked to Gestapo agent Karl Gagl a member of Sonderkommando Pannwitz who wanted to marry her but didn t 180 181 Wilhelm Leist 1899 1945 Toolmaker KPD Founded a resistance group at the AEG turbine factory Arrested on 7 March 1945 by the Gestapo Murdered on 10 April 1945 at Plotzensee Prison 182 Hans Gerhardt Lubszynski 1904 German research and radio engineer member of the German Communist Party Informant Trepper Group Identified in the Robinson papers an agent Worked with Heinz Erwin Kallmann in England who identified with the code name of Professor 179 Rose Luschinsky 1903 Physician Trepper Group Sister of Rachel Dubendorfer Identified in the Robinson papers an agent under the code name Jenny 179 M editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Mikhail Makarov 1915 circa 1942 Soviet intelligence agent Ran the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company Was an expert in false documents and secret inks Trepper Group Executed in Plotzensee Prison circa 1942 Code name Carlos Alamo Chemnitz Offered wireless telegraphy training to people recruited by Trepper 183 Helmut Marquardt Assistant radio operator Shulze Boysen Group Acquittal in a trial of the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht on 3 July 1943 After his acquittal the 19 year old Marquart received a protective detention order and was admitted to Sachsenhausen concentration camp 184 Charles Mathieu Inspector in Belgian Gendarmerie On behalf of the Gestapo penetrated the Rote Kapelle in Belgium leading to the arrest of Jeffremov 185 Anna Maximovitch 1901 1943 Neurologist Ran the 4th Trepper sub network Trepper Group December 1942 20 July 1943 in Plotzensee Prison Code name Arztin Provided intelligence from French clerical and royalist sources including Bishop Chaptal of Paris 186 Basile Maximovitch 1902 1943 Chemist and Civil Mining engineer Ran the 3rd Trepper sub network Trepper Group 16 December 1942 6 July 1943 at Plotzensee Prison Code name Professor Provided intelligence from white Russian emigrant groups also from German Wehrmacht personnel In a relationship with Margarete Hoffmann Scholz Brother of Anna Maximovitch 186 Bernhard Mayr von Baldegg 1909 1980 Swiss intelligence office Reported to Captain Max Waibel 187 Marcel Melliand 1943 Businessman and publisher of textile magazine Courier Schulze Boysen used John Graudenz to pass information to England via Melliand but Melliand was unable to get a visa 188 Schulze Boysen Group 26 September 1942 in Heidelberg Had excellent business contacts in Switzerland and was considered a strong anti fascist 188 189 Franz Mett 1904 1944 Miner and metal worker Built resistance group centred around Robert Uhrig and was in contact with the resistance in Berlin Uhrig group 4 February 1942 Sentenced to death on 7 June 1944 and executed on 21 August 1944 in Brandenburg Gorden Prison 190 Ewald Meyer 1911 2003 Artist and graphic artist Illustrated a number of banned book by Nazi s that were used to resist Also helped illustrate leaflets Survived the war After the war his career flourished and he had a large number of exhibition in different European countries Wilhelm Milke 1896 1944 Metalworker KPD member Communist Bastlein Jacob Abshagen Group Arrested on 21 October 1942 Milke was found dead in his cell in Plotzensee Prison Helped to organise aid for those of were persecuted and supported foreign forced labour 191 Juliette Moussier 1892 Employee of the Confiserie Jacquin a confectionery manufacturer PCF member Courier Trepper Group Passed reports from the Trepper Group to the French Communist Party 192 Later Trepper requested a meeting with Moussier as part of a German playback operation while he was in custody to prove to Soviet intelligence that he was still free and enable the playback operation to continue otherwise he would likely have been executed Instead he managed to pass a long message containing the news that we was exposed along with a large number of people who were captured Trepper requested that Moscow send a radio message to the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle from the Red Army to indicate that they understood 193 Marius Mouttet 1876 1968 French minister later socialist diplomat and colonial adviser Informer to Foote Rote Drei Did not appear in Rote Drei traffic after 1942 185 Anna Barbara Muller 1880 Seamstress later owned an appointments agency Soviet agent Arrested in June 1943 in Freiburg after being enticed in Germany to help her brother Sentenced to death but the Swiss intervened and was given 2 year sentenced Released by the Soviets Code name Anna Not the Rote Drei Anna in the German Foreign Office In 1936 worked for Maria Josefovna Poliakova Kept in custody during the Robinson interrogation 185 Karl Muller 1904 1945 German Locksmith who worked at the AEG turbine factory in Berlin KPD member Uhrig Group February 24 1945 when he was tortured by the Gestapo Committed suicide on March 21 1945 by hanging himself 194 Lina Muller 1901 1943 Communist 21 April 1943 Shot dead without trial in Sachsenhausen concentration camp Husband was Heinrich Muller Friend of the Ernst Beuthke family Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann Anna Becker Anna Beuthke Charlotte Beuthke Charlotte Hundt Wally Radoch and Ella Trebe on 11 August 1943 Kurt Muller de 1903 1944 German carpenter and communist Prepared and distributed pamphlets Part of the resistance group European Union Kurt Muller was a half brother of Ilse Stobe Also prepared documents to move Jews out of trouble Hans Mussig 1904 French intelligence agent from February 1939 Arrested in Grenoble by the Gestapo Tortured 35 times by the Gestapo until he agreed to work with the Sonderkommando Pannwitz Code name Jean Varon Rueff Married to Ilse Bach Helped to penetrate French resistance 195 N editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Eugen Neutert 1905 1943 Electrician Later retrained as a masseur KPD member Courier organizer participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper Die Innere Front The Inner Front Uhrig Group Arrested on 23 October 1942 and sentenced to death in August 1943 The 2nd Senate of the People s Court announced the death penalty on 21 August 1943 On 9 September 1943 he was hanged in Plotzensee Prison Later became friends with the actor Wilhelm Schurmann Horster in autumn 1941 and became part of their discussion group Lucie Nix 1916 1991 Housed Bernhard Bastlein in 1944 when he fled after the Bastlein Jacob Abshagen Group was broken up Harnack Group by association Arrested on 5 July 1944 Sentenced to 4 years in prison Survived the war Father was Walter Glass 196 Leon Nicole 1887 1965 Swiss labor organiser President of the Swiss socialist party Spotter and recruiter Rote Drei Survived the war 185 Pierre Nicole 1909 1987 Cutout between Leon Nicole Alexander Foote and Alexander Rado Rote Drei Survived the war Radio operator Son of Leon Nicole 185 Elsa Noffke 1905 1943 Publishing house employee Soviet parachutist Radio operator Rote Drei Arrested by the Gestapo soon after being dropped by the RAF in April 1943 Shot dead on 6 7 November 1943 in Ravensbruck concentration camp Soviet Pickaxe agent 197 Erich Nutis 1918 Secretary in Simexco from January 1942 Trepper Group Arrested November 1942 and deported to Germant Released in April 1945 and returned to Belgium Code name Andre 198 O editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Franz Obermanns 1909 1982 Soviet agent Communist Rote Drei Group Arrested in December 1939 in Switzerland Survived the war Sent to help the Rote Drei group but arrested and confined during the war 199 Jean Otten 1911 Belgian Salesman Worked to provide safehouses for the group Jeffremov Group 2 October 1943 and taken to Fresnes prison Sentenced to three years in prison and deported to Germany Husband of Jeanne Otten Recruited by Elizabeth Depelsenaire to provide safehouses for Jeffremov network 200 Sara Heya Orschitizer 1904 19 Polish wife of Leopold Trepper Assisted Trepper in espionage activities while in Belgium Trepper Group Survived the war Orschitizer divorced Trepper after the war when she found out about Georgie de Winter 201 Jeanne Otten 1914 Belgian secretary to Phillips Radio Company Worked to provide safehouses for the group Jeffremov Group 2 October 1943 and taken to Frensnes prison Survived the war after being liberated from jail Wife of Jean Otten Recruited by Elizabeth Depelsenaire 202 Waldemar Ozols 1898 Soviet agent Communist Ozols Group Unknown Codename SOKOL Solja Worked for Anatoly Gurevich Leader of Ozols Group 203 P editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Maurice Padawar 1897 Commercial Director Director of the Excellent Raincoat Company from 1924 Trepper Group Survived the war Helped establish the forerunner to the Raincoat company known as Le Roi du Caoutchouc Later director of the Foreign Excellent Raincoat company from 1938 onwards Gurevich used him to send money to Margarete Barcza mother in New York Likely new through Grossvogel that both companies were being used for espionage 204 Armand Palivoda 1906 Swiss Director of RKO in Geneva Transferred funds from New York to Geneva Rote Drei 205 Erwin Panndorf 1904 1944 Locksmith and machinist KPD member Soviet parachutist and scout Links to the Schulze Boysen and Harnack Groups through the Tuchollas Arrested on 2 August 1942 Killed on 10 December 1942 in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp Helped by Felix and Kathe Tucholla to stay in their apartment in Berlin 206 Heinz Pannwitz 1911 1975 German Nazi Gestapo officer Survived the war In the last two years of the war Pannwitz ran the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle a Gestapo counterintelligence operation against the Red Orchestra espionage network 207 208 Jean Passelecq Travelling salesman Shareholder in Simexco via his association with Nazarin Drailly Supplied intelligence to Gurevich Gurevich Group Arrested on 25 November 1942 in Brussels and deported to Germany Liberated in April 1945 and survived the war After the war was considered by the 1960 NATO Special Committee report to be anti communist 209 Elfriede Paul 1900 1981 Physician Her medical practice was used as a meeting place She also helped in creating and disseminate leaflets Schulze Boysen Group and Harnack Group through Kuchenmeister Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin The 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her on 6 February 1943 for preparation for high treason to six years in prison Lover of Walter Kuchenmeister and one of the core members of Schulze Boysen Group 210 Fernand Pauriol 1913 1944 Editor Radio technician who maintained the Trepper Group radios Trepper Group Arrested on 13 August 1943 Sentenced to death on 19 January 1944 after severe torture and shot in his cell on 12 August 1944 in Fresnes Prison near Paris After many arrests in Belgium Pauriol became the most important radio link to Leopold Trepper 211 Maurice Peper 1906 1943 Courier Gurevich Group Later Jeffremov Group Contact person Winterink Group group Hilda Arrested August 1942 in Brussels by policeman Henry Piepe who also arrested Anton Wenzel Executed on 28 July 1943 in Plotzensee Prison Code name Hollander or Wassermann Belgian member of Gurevich Group in 1940 212 213 Rene Petipas 1912 French communist Liaison between French communists and the Rote Drei Trepper Group December 1943 Arrested same time as Henry Robinson Code name Blanche Biquette Provided a safe house for a transmitter Associate of Maurice Emile Aenis Hanslin Robinson was her controller 214 Simone Pheter 1917 1943 Employee in the Paris office of the Belgian Chamber of Commerce Courier Gurevich Group Arrested in December 1942 Executed on 20 August 1943 in Plotzensee Prison Mistress of Leon Grossvogel 215 Henry Friedrich Wilhelm Piepe 1893 Former state attorney who was Captain in the German army soldier Abwehr officer Abwher III F After Piepe arrested Johann Wenzel he drove to Berlin from Brussels eventually talked to Wilhelm Canaris then Wilhelm Keitel of his finding which led to order by Keitel to form the Gestapo unit the Sonderkommando Pannwitz 216 Erna Pluschke Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper Die Innere Front The Inner Front and other pamphlets Wife of Heinrich Pluschke Heinrich Pluschke 1897 1954 Machinist Also participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper Die Innere Front The Inner Front and other pamphlets Harnack Group through John Sieg Johann Podsialdo 1894 19 German artist and teacher Worked as a translator in the labour recruitment office of the German Kommandantur in Paris Stole blank forms from his office for use by Kate Voelkner Trepper Group 13 January 1943 Date of execution not known Lover of Kate Voelkner 217 Gisela von Poellnitz or von Pollnitz 1915 1939 Young Communist League of Germany member journalist Posted a letter from Schulze Boysen that contained information about German agents Staff W working in the Spanish Civil War Schulze Boysen Group Contracted pulmonary tuberculosis Poellnitz died on 15 June 1939 in a sanatorium in Switzerland after travelling there on the advice of Dr Elfriede Paul 218 Yvonne Clemence Fanny Poelmans 1910 Gymnast and masseuse Sheltered Joseph Blumsack and his wife in June or July 1942 following Germaine Schneider s escape to France Jeffremov Group Arrested on 7 January 1943 Code name Mouni Both Poelmans and the Blumsacks were betrayed by Franz Schneider 219 Maria Josefovna Poliakova 1910 Soviet Military Intelligence employee Soviet agent Organised the Rote Drei in Switzerland Intimately involved in it operation during the war Code name Gisela Mildred Vera and Meg 220 Jeanne Emma Madeleine Ponsaint 1921 Belgian secretary and typist Worked at SimexCo as a secretary and typist Trepper Group Escaped arrest when Simexco employees were being hunted by the Gestapo in November 1942 Finally arrested on 11 December 1942 In April 1943 she was deported to Germany where she was imprisoned in Mauthausen concentration camp Repatriated to Belgium on 8 May 1945 From 25 November 1942 until her arrest on 11 December 1942 she provided accommodation for Nazarin Drailly 221 Louse Marie Pauline Ponsart 1907 Belgian secretary Worked at SimexCo as a secretary and typist Trepper Group Arrested 25 November 1942 Imprisoned in Brussels but released 16 April 1943 221 Johann Podsiadlo 1894 1943 Artist and arts teacher Employed as an interpreter at a labour recruiting office Gave blank forms to his partner stolen from his office to enable resistance workers to travel Trepper Group Arrested in January 1943 in Paris On 28 July 1943 he was killed at Plotzensee Prison Lover of Kate Voelkner His children Hans Voelkner and Henry Voelkner were sent to a SS Children s home Lebensborn 222 Jan Postma 1895 1944 Trained by the Comintern and returned from Moscow to run the Dutch section of the International Red Aid Dutch communist Worked to organize asylum for German communists who had escaped from Hitler Group Hilda Arrested on 11 November 1943 On April 20 1944 she was sentenced to death and shot on 23 or 31 July 1944 223 Sophia Poznanska 1906 1942 Graduated and Cipher clerk Palestine Communist Party Gurevich Group Arrested on 12 13 December 1941 On 29 September 1942 committed suicide in St Gilles Prison in Brussels Trained alongside David Kamy by Johann Wenzel Later worked with Anton Makarov 224 225 Heinz Priess 1920 1945 Machinist Helped the two Soviet parachutists Erna Eifler and Wilhelm Fellendorf Bastlein Jacob Abshagen Group Arrested on 19 June 1944 On 12 March 1945 was executed in Brandenburg Gorden Prison Marie Priess was his mother His brother Viktor Priess was an intelligence officer with the Red Army and had named his mother s apartment as a safe refuge to use 226 Marie Priess 1885 1899 1983 Social Democratic Party of Germany member later Communist Party of Germany Helped the two Soviet parachutists Erna Eifler and Wilhelm Fellendorf later supported foreign forced laborers Arrested on 15 October 1942 in Hamburg sentenced to death in October 1944 Survived the war due in her own words Why I survived I do not know I was mislaid so often until I was freed from our enemies who were our friends our liberators What a day Mother of Heinz Priess 227 Otto Punter 1900 1988 Swiss journalist Low level intelligence source Group Pakbo Survived the war later lived in Geneva Code name was Pabko Close to Alexander Rado Secret member of Communist Party of Switzerland 228 Ann Marie Van Der Putt Encipher deciphering clerk Belgian Trepper Group Later worked with Gurevich in Marseilles Escaped arrest Trained by Gurevich in enciphering deciphering procedures 229 R editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Hedwig Raasch Mother of Hilde Coppi Murdered as part of German Sippenhaft tradition 230 Kurt Raasch Brother of Hilde Coppi Murdered as part of German Sippenhaft tradition 230 Helena Rado 1901 Soviet intelligence agent Committed communist who worked on the mapping company Geopress in Geneva Rote Drei Group Wife of Alexander Rado who was a former secretary to Vladimir Lenin 231 Alexander Rado 1899 1981 Soviet intelligence agent Ran the Inpress anti nazi press agency in Paris before World War II and later became director of the Rote Drei Group Rote Drei Group Survived the war Code names Dora and Albert Director of the Rote Drei Later established the mapping company Geopress in Geneva that was his cover for espionage work 232 Friedrich Radoch 1903 1943 Car locksmith Member of the Little Moscow garden colony Also called Garden Friends Sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp 18 May 1943 Friends of the Ernst Beuthke family Killed on the same day as Emil Becker Ernst Beuthke Friedrich Beuthke Richard Beuthke Walter Beuthke Heinrich Mueller on 10 August 1943 233 Wally Radoch 1904 1943 Saleswomen Member of the Little Moscow garden colony Also called Garden Friends Sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp 18 May 1943 Wife of Friedrich Radoch Sister to Charlotte Hundt Friends of the Ernst Beuthke family Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann Anna Becker Anna Beuthke Charlotte Beuthke Charlotte Hundt Lina Mueller and Ella Trebe on 11 August 1943 234 Abraham Rajchmann 1912 Polish career criminal expert forger and engraver Provided false papers for the group Trepper Group 2 September 1942 in Brussels Detailed in Breendonk prison and agreed to work with Gestapo Code names Adam Blanssi Kartenmann Arthur Roussel Fabrikant Max Malvina Gruber was his mistress Introduced by Grossvogel into the Trepper Group In 1948 sentenced by a military court in Brussels to 12 years in prison for collaborating with the Gestapo 235 Jindkinch Heinrich Rauch 1891 1944 Employee of Simexco Gurevich Group 28 December 1942 in Belgium In April 1943 transferred to Mauthausen concentration camp and killed on 8 January 1944 Known as Henri Arrested along with Caroline Hoorickx 236 Friedrich Rehmer 1921 1943 Soldier Distributed illegal writings to soldiers in the front and leaflets and pamphlets to the inmates of a military hospital when he was injured Schulze Boysen Arrested on 29 November 1942 in Berlin Sentenced on 18 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Imperial War announced the death penalty and killed on 13 May 1943 in Plotzensee Prison Fiance was Liane Berkowitz Became part of the Schulze Boysen through Ursula Gotze Otto Gollnow Fritz Thiel and Liane Berkowitz and later Eva Rittmeister and John Rittmeister Eva was his classmate at the evening school 237 Gerda Rehmer Not arrested Survived the war Married name was Gerda Siebert Only tangentially linked to Rote Kapelle Sister of Friedrich Rehmer 126 Oskar Reincke 1907 1944 Carpenter KPD member Communist Bastlein Jacob Abshagen Group 17 October 1942 10 July 1944 at Hamburg s Holstenglacis Prison Helped found the resistance group in December 1941 238 Henri Joseph De Reymaeker 1907 Belgian agent Obtained false documents for Rauch and Hoorickx that were subsequently used by Anton Danilow and other members of the group Gurevich Group Arrested multiple times during the war and again arrested in August 1945 by the Belgian authorities but was released by mid 1946 Survived the war Code names Rik Rik van Janneke 239 Herbert Richter Luckian 1901 1944 German Architect KPD Communist Provided intelligence from the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe to Schulze Boysen as part of contract work Schulze Boysen Group 5 September 1943 by the Gestapo 16 December 1943 by People s Court sentenced to death and killed on 8 May 1944 in Brandenburg Gorden Prison Co founder of the European Union group along with the doctor Georg Groscurth the chemist Robert Havemann and the dentist Paul Rentsch 240 Heinrich Reiser 1895 1963 Gestapo agent and SS officer Ran the Gestapo post in Karlsruhe Worked with Pannwitz in the Sonderkommando Pannwitz According to Pannwitz Reiser was a typical Gestapo type Reiser and the policeman Henry Piepe arrested Henry Robinson 240 Eva Rittmeister 1917 1942 German Paediatric nurse office clerk Helped Harro Schulze Boysen to decide to use leaflets and pamphlets to resist the Nazi s Schulze Boysen Group 26 September 1942 On the 12 February 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her to three years in prison for intercepting hostile broadcasters One of the core members of the Schulze Boysen Group 241 Has the original idea for Agis leaflets John Rittmeister 1898 1943 German psychoanalyst and neurologist Listen to foreign broadcasts that was used to formulate the contents of pamphlets Collaborated with Shulze Boysen in the formulation of the Agis leaflets and eventually worked on The concern for Germany s future goes through the people Schulze Boysen Group 26 September 1942 in Berlin 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgerichts Court announced the death penalty on 12 February 1943 for preparation for high treason and enemy favouritism 242 Henry Robinson 1897 1943 Communist International Comintern agent Ran the 2nd Trepper sub network Provided intelligence from French military and political groups from the Vichy intelligence specifically the Deuxieme Bureau from Guallist groups and the central committee of the French Communist Party Trepper Group December 1943 Betrayed by Trepper and arrested by Abwehr Captain Harry Piepe and the Sonderkommando Pannwitz Tortured for six months before being moved to Moabit detention centre where he was killed in 1944 Robinson became the section leader for the area of Switzerland France and Great Britain by 1940 1941 and ran a discrete network of agents in the 1930s Robinson was forced to transfer his agents to Trepper in December 1940 when the Comintern was dissolved Robinson considered a Trepper a subordinate and considered him an enemy When he was arrested the later famous Robinson Papers were found 243 Josef Romer 1892 1944 Lawyer KPD member Communist Published the KPD underground magazine Aufbruch Harnack Group 19 June 1944 sentenced to death by the Reichskriegsgerichts court 25 September 1944 executed by a hatchet at Brandenburg Gorden Prison Linked to John Sieg Arthur Sodtke and Robert Uhrig 244 Rudolf Roessler 1897 1958 Ran a small publishing firm in Lucerne Switzerland called Vita Nova 245 Provided extraordinarily high quality German intelligence from sources in German to the group Rote Drei Group Survived the war code name Lucy Joined the Rote Drei in September 1942 246 Helmut Roloff 1912 2001 Pianist Hid a number of shortwave radio transmitters in his parents apartment Schulze Boysen Group 17 December 1942 and kept in the basement of Gestapo headquarters at Prince Albrecht Street with his hands tied behind his back Sent to Spandau Prison after two weeks and wasn t released until 26 January 1943 Survived the war Had contact with the group through John Graudenz and Helmut Himpel Provided his neighbours the Jewish Kuttner family critical moral and logistical support risking his own life 247 Henri de Ryck 1910 1942 Editor and publisher Simexco shareholder 25 November 1942 in Brussels Died at Mauthausen concentration camp 248 S editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Willy Sachse 1896 1944 Precision mechanic sailor and writer KPD Communist Robert Uhrig Group Arrested February 1943 In June 1944 he was sentenced to death for treason and carried out on 21 August 1944 in the Brandenburg Gorden Prison Linked to Beppo Romer 249 Klara Schabbel 1894 1943 Shorthand typist Founding members of the KPD Worked in the Communist International underground organisation in Germany Links to Trepper Group and Saefkow Jacob Bastlein Organization Arrested on 18 October 1942 in Berlin On 20 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty because of enemy favoritism She was executed on Plotzensee Prison Mistress of Henry Robinson Mother of Leo Schabbel 250 Leo Schabbel Arrested on 11 March 1943 Sentenced by the Reichskriegsgericht to 5 years in prison for knowing the activities of his mother Son of Klara Schabbel Philipp Schaeffer 1894 1943 German orientalist librarian and sinologist Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 2 October 1942 in Berlin On 6 February 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 6 February 1943 the death penalty for preparation for high treason in a unit with hostility Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence in preparation for high treason in tate unity with enemy favoritism Beheaded at Plotzensee Prison 251 Ilse Schaeffer 1899 1972 Sculptor Communist and KPD member Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 2 October 1942 in Zernsdorf On 6 February 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her for abetting treason in two cases to three years in prison Links to Schulze Boysen Group through Fritz Cremer Kurt Schumacher and Ruthild Hahne Friedrich Schauer 1913 2007 Architect Took part in the counter demonstration at The Soviet Paradise including posting bills Wilhelm Schurmann Horster group Arrested on 23 October 1942 in Berlin On 21 August 1943 the 2nd Senate of the People s Court sentenced him to eight years in prison Later linked to Harnack and Schulze Boysen through Hans Coppi 252 Heinrich Scheel 1915 1996 Scharfenberg student historian Replaced Hans Coppi and became very busy as a courier Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on September 16 1942 in Berlin On 17 February 1943 Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him for non disclosure of a crime of treason and treason and enemy privileges to five years penitentiary time Able to hide the truth from the Gestapo about his activities thereby saving his life 253 Rudolf von Scheliha 1897 1942 Diplomat who worked at the German Foreign Office Furnished intelligence to Ilse Stoebe Von Scheliha Group Arrested on 29 October 1942 in Berlin In December 1942 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht proclaimed the death penalty for treason 254 Maria Louisa von Scheliha Arrested on October 29 1942 in Berlin Wife of Rudolf von Scheliha Lotte Schleif 1903 1965 Librarian KPD member Communist Courier copying documents using own apartment for meetings Harnack Group Arrested on 18 September 1942 in Berlin On 6 February 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her because of preparation for high treason to eight years in prison Married to Rudolf Bergtel Also worked extensively the Schulze Boysen Group Wilhelm Guddorf was her contact for both groups Worked with Philipp Schaeffer who was a librarian 255 Renee Schwing Simexco employee Arrested November 1942 Deported to Germany Mistress of Jindkinch Heinrich Rauch 254 Friedrich Schlosinger 1908 1942 Interpreter and Soldier Shot himself in a Russian farmhouse after learning of his wife s death Husband of Rose Schlosinger Rose Schlosinger 1907 1943 Secretary at the Federal Foreign Office SPD Forwarded encrypted messages from Arvid Harnack to the radio operator Hans Coppi Harnack Group Arrested on September 18 1942 in Berlin On 20 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty 256 Christian Schneider 1896 1962 Editor and translator Swiss agent working with Hans Hausamann in Swiss Bureau Ha Acted as a cutout between Rudolf Roessler Lucy and Rachel Dubendorfer Sissy Rote Drei Group Survived the war Codename Taylor Later worked for UNESCO in 1948 257 Franz Schneider 1900 1956 Courier provided safehouses Swiss Communist Jeffremov Group Arrested in October 1942 by the Gestapo and sent to Fort Breendonk Released by the Russians at the end of the war Survived the war and moved back to Zurich in 1947 Codenamed Niggi and possibly Chimor a courier for the Jefremov Group Husband of Germaine Schneider Later worked for the Trepper Group Also had link to the Harnack Group 257 Germaine Schneider 1903 1945 Courier to France Netherlands Germany Switzerland and the United Kingdom Later courier between the Jeffremov group and Teppers Group in Paris Radio operator Jeffremov Group sub leader Arrested on January 31 1943 in Paris Imprisoned until 30 November 1944 in Moabit Prison Survived the war Died of cancer on 12 November 1945 Wife of Franz Schneider Sister of Josephine and Renee Clais whom she recruited Later worked for the Trepper Group Lyons Group Codenamed Clais Pauline Odette Papillon and Schmeterling Trained by Wenzel in radio transmission techniques 258 Paul Scholz Mahlow 1882 1976 Construction contractor Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 18 September 1942 in Berlin On 30 January 1943 the Reichskriegsgericht condemned him for listening to foreign broadcasters Scholz received a three year jail sentence Oda Schottmuller 1905 1943 Dancer mask maker and sculptor Hosted a transmitter in her apartment although not verified Distributed pamphlets Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin On 26 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty for aiding and abetting the preparation of a treasonable enterprise and enemy favouritism Loosely associated with the Schulze Boysen Group 259 Hesekil Schreiber 1899 1943 Radio operator Trepper Group later Lyons Group Arrested in December 1942 Codenamed Camille Wilhelm Schurmann Horster 1900 1943 Actor Schulze Boysen Group Arrested 29 October 1942 in Constance On 21 August 1943 the 2nd Senate of the People s Court pronounced the death penalty He was hanged in Plotzensee Prison Part of Schulze Boysen group through Hans Coppi 260 Hermann Schulz 1890 1942 Elementary school teacher Schulze Boysen Group Sent to the Neuengamme concentration camp and later committed suicide Linked to the Uhrig group Kurt Schulze 1894 1942 Post worker later naval radio operator former KPD communist Soviet agent of the GRU Kept a transmitter in his house Schulze Boysen Group Harnack Group Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin In December 1942 the death penalty was announced by the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht and executed on the 22 September 1942 Worked as a radio operator trainer and trained Hans Coppi 261 Martha Schulze Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin On 20 January 1943 the second senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced a five year prison sentence for not displaying a crime Wife of Kurt Schulze Harro Schulze Boysen 1909 1942 Journalist later lieutenant in Luftwaffe Forwarded intelligence to the NKGB Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 31 August 1942 in Berlin The 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 19 December 1942 the death penalty and he was executed on the 22 December 1942 262 Libertas Schulze Boysen 1913 1942 Received a Soviet Agent Alexander Erdberg and introduced him to Schulze Boysen which kickstarted the Schulze Boysen Group Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on September 8 1942 in Berlin On 19 December 1943 the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty Wife of Harro Schulze Boysen 263 Elisabeth Schumacher 1904 1942 Graphic designer Distributing pamphlets and leaflets Documenting Nazi crimes Sending letters to prominent individuals Shulze Boysen Group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin On 19 December 1942 the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty Wife of Kurt Schumacher 264 Kurt Schumacher 1905 1942 Sculptor Published a leaflet called Open Letter to the Eastern Front helped an escaped prisoner and later housed the parachute agent Albert Hossler in his apartment Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin On 19 December 1942 the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence Husband of Elisabeth Schumacher 265 Otto Schumacher 1909 KPD Jeffremov Group in 1942 later Lyons Group Arrested 30 June 1942 Captured in early 1943 and executed Possibly worked for Gurevich Fled Belgium to France and made contact with Hillel Katz 266 Henri Marie Sidoine Ghislain Seghers 1914 One of the original shareholder in Simexco Gurevich Group Arrested on 24 November 1942 in Brussels Detainee in Breendonk Mauthausen and Dachau concentration camps Part of Gurevich Group but not aware of the group s activities Good friend of Gurevich and Barcza who approached him to invest in Simexco 267 Anne Saefkow Wife of Anton Saefkow 268 Anton Saefkow 1903 1944 German communist Built the Saefkow Jacob Bastlein Organization that resisted in German munitions plants Harnack Group Arrested July 1944 On 5 September 1944 sentenced to death by Volksgerichtshof executed on 18 September by guillotine at Brandenburg Gorden Prison Linked to the Harnack s through Wilhelm Guddorf through Bernhard Bastlein 269 270 Auguste Sesee 1944 Pianist Agent and radio specialist Trepper Group Arrested on 25 August 1942 and sent to Fort Breendonk Beheaded in Berlin in January 1944 Later worked in the Gurevich Group as an assistant to Mikhail Makarov and later still Jeffremov Group Betrayed by Maurice Peper 267 Ernst Sieber 1916 1994 Railroad worker Created sticky notes to post on walls and street lamps Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper Die Innere Front The Inner Front Harnack Group through John Sieg Arrested on August 14 1944 in Kustrin Charged in the People s Court for preparation for high treason favoured by the enemy and war treason Freed on 14 April 1945 in Bayreuth Survived the war Later worked for several other groups in Berlin 271 272 John Sieg 1903 1942 Railroad worker KPD member Journalist who published Nazi atrocities in the Die Rote Fahne The Red Flag Harnack Group through Adam Kuckhoff Arrested on 11 October 1942 in Berlin Sieg committed suicide on 15 October 15 1942 in the Gestapo headquarters Prinz Albrecht Strasse 273 Sophie Sieg nee Wloszczynski 1893 1987 Shorthand typist Arrested on 12 October 1942 in Berlin In June 1943 she was taken to Ravensbruck concentration camp and was released on 30 April 1945 by the Red Army Wife of John Sieg 273 Leo Skrzypczynski Proprietor of a firm manufacturing Wireless Telegraphy components for the Luftwaffe Harnack Group Survived the war Became a high level official in the Soviet Zone but became disillusioned with the Soviets and so started to pass secrets to the British Strategic Services Unit 274 Hendrika Smith CPN member Winterink Group Ran a safe house Pierre Jean De Soete 1886 1948 Belgian Sculptor and medalist Agent and courier for Heinrich Rauch on Simexo business Gurevich Group Made a bust of Marshall Philippe Petain and later a bust of General Alexander von Falkenhausen De Soete was an old friend of Guillaume Hoorickx 275 Jacques Sokol 1911 Architect Belgian communist Trepper Group Autumn 1942 Brother of Hersch Sokol 275 Hersch Sokol 1908 1943 Polish physician Radio operator Trepper Group Arrested on 9 June 1942 near Paris Tortured in Fort Breendonk and executed Husband of Miriam Sokol 276 Miriam Sokol 1908 1943 Helped manage storing and distributing identity documents Trepper Group Sent to Fort Breendonk and executed Wife of Hersch Sokol 277 Charles Spaak 1903 1975 Belgian screenwriter Survived the war The whole of the Spaak family was arrested on the orders of Heinz Pannwitz Brother to Paul and Claude Spaak Jean Claude Spaak 1904 1990 Noted Belgian author and husband of Suzanne Trepper Group Attempt was made to capture Spaak in 1943 by the Gestapo but evaded arrest Survived the war Husband of Suzanne Spaak Leading member of the Trepper Group in France and close friend of Leopold Trepper and Georgie de Winter 278 Lucie Spaak 1944 Daughter of Suzanne Spaak Madeleine Spaak 1895 1944 Sister of Claude and Charles Spaak Suzanne Spaak 1905 1944 Housewife Typing and distributing leaflets Later saved 60 Jewish children Helped save Leopold Trepper Trepper Group Arrested on 9 November 1943 in Brussels In January 1944 she was sentenced to death and shot dead in her cell on 12 August 1944 Initially worked in the French resistance Heinz Pannwitz wrote a letter to Foreign Minister of the Belgian exile government in London to tell him that his sister in law had been taken to Germany for safety 279 280 Georgette Savin 1918 Dealt in black market gold Married to German jeweler Hans Mussig who was French agent 254 Jean Jaques Spiess 1916 Parisian Banker representative of Zurich machine brokers Communist Radio operator Rote Drei Associate of Alexander Foote Thought to be code named Roger 281 Alexander Spoerl 1917 1978 Writer film and radio author KPD Communist Schulze Boysen Group Survived the war Linked at the start of the Schulze Boysen Group through Libertas Schulze Boysen Flora Van Springer 1909 1943 Gurevich group then Lyons Group Arrested on 19 December 1942 near Lyon Sent to Plotzensee Prison where she was killed Mistress of Isidor Springer Real name Flora van Vliet Isidore Springer 1912 1942 Diamond dealer Ran the 6th Trepper sub network Provided intelligence to Trepper from US and Belgian diplomats Trepper Group Betrayed by Trepper Committed suicide in 1942 Worked as a recruiter and courier between Trepper and Gurevich Leader of the Lyons Group Had contacts with Belgian and US diplomats Group codename was Romeo 282 283 Gerhard Sredzki 1917 1988 KJVD Saefkow Jacob Bastlein Organization Survived the war Husband of Gerda Sredzki Son of Siegmund Sredzki Gerda Sredzki 1917 1995 Machine worker KJVD Saefkow Jacob Bastlein Organization Survived the war Wife of Gerhard Sredzki Ilse Stobe 1911 1942 Employee of the Foreign Office journalist Soviet agent who worked for the GRU Von Scheliha Group Arrested on 12 September 1942 by the Gestapo On 14 December 1942 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence for treason Sent to Ravensbruck concentration camp where she died in 1943 code name Alta 284 Anna Staritsky 1907 Draftswomen and designer Courier Gurevich Group Arrested 1 January 1942 but released Survived the war Mistress of Guillaume Hoorickx Introduced to Hoorickx to Michail Makarov sometime in 1941 Eventually married Hoorickx after the war and lived in Paris 111 Heinz Strelow 1915 1943 Journalist and later Non commissioned officer KJVD Loose links to Schulze Boysen Group via van Beek Arrested 1 October 1942 On 18 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty Lover was Cato Bontjes van Beek in shared apartment 285 Hans Sussmann 1897 1985 Historian and politician KPD Communist Created anti fascist and anti war leaflets Shulze Boysen Group Survived the war Worked with Walter Kuchenmeister and Albert Voigts 286 T editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Maria Mimi Terwiel 1910 1943 Secretary Wrote illegal leaflets and took part in attaching stickers at the Nazi propaganda exhibition The Soviet Paradise Provided food to hidden Jewish families Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 17 September 1942 in Berlin On 26 January 1943 the second senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence for the preparation of a treasonous enterprise and enemy favouritism She was executed in Plotzensee Prison Her fiance was Helmut Himpel and they were both devout Catholics 287 Considered by the Nazis to be first degree Jewish mixed race meaning after 1941 her existence became increasingly fraught and she was at risk of being murdered 288 Louis Thevenet 1903 Cigarette manufacturer Arrested in November 1942 Died in prison sometime before April 1943 Uninvolved in the Red Orchestra Anatoly Gurevich sold the remains of Simexco in July 1942 289 Fritz Thiel 1916 1943 Precision mechanic Took part in attaching stickers at The Soviet Paradise Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin On 18 January 1943 the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty He was executed on 13 May 1943 in Plotzensee Prison 290 291 Hannelore Thiel 1924 1998 Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin Sentenced to 6 years in prison at Ravensbruck concentration camp Survived the war Wife of Fritz Thiel Accused of holding a soviet radio in her apartment Part of the Heillschen Abendschule group 292 Wolfgang Thiess 1911 1943 Clerk Communist Designed leaflets and then distributed them Painted slogans on walls Harnack Group Arrested on 21 October 1942 Sentenced to death on 21 August 1943 by the 2nd Senate of People s Court for preparation for high treason Killed in Plotzensee Prison Partner was Ruthild Hahne Took part in The Soviet Paradise resistance 293 Edwin Tietjens 1894 1944 Psychologist and author Hid Jewish factory worker Ruth Heynemann and her mother in their home and procured fake papers Schulze Boysen Group Alias the Albanians Authored a book with Adam Kuckhoff and is considered a prime example of literary camouflage 294 Erhard Tohmfor 1909 1943 Chemist and engineer Head of department at Loewe Radio AG Sabotaging the armaments industry Schulze Boysen Group and Harnack Group Arrested at the end of November 1942 4th senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on January 27 1943 the death penalty for aiding and abetting espionage His wife was Gertrud Tohmfor Alfred Traxl 1912 1943 Commercial clerk then soldier Sergeant in same unit as Horst Heilmann working with Referat 12 Schulze Boysen Group Imprisoned from 5 September 1942 to 18 May 1943 On 17 February 1943 the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him on for military disobedience in coincidence with the disclosure of a state secret to five years in prison 295 Ella Trebe 1902 1943 Metal worker and trade unionist at AEG KPD Communist Worked as a courier in Europe Connected to Shulze Boysen Group and Harnack Group through Wilhelm Guddorf Arrested when a Soviet parachutist Ernst Beuthke she was hiding in her apartment was discovered Sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp and killed immediately Friend of the Ernst Beuthke family Killed on the same day as Dora Baumann Anna Becker Anna Beuthke Charlotte Beuthke Charlotte Hundt and Lina Mueller on 11 August 1943 296 Leopold Trepper 1904 1982 Communist and Soviet intelligence officer Discovered the plans for Operation Barbarossa in 1941 Established seven intelligence groups in Western Europe On 24 November 1942 was arrested in Paris by Heinrich Muller Managed to convince his captors to become double agents and finally escape Codename Mikler Took over the Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company from Leon Grossvogel Was known as the Le Grand Chef 297 298 Felix Tucholla 1899 1943 Locksmith KPD member Courier Distributed anti nazi pamphlets Provided accommodation for the Soviet parachutist Erwin Panndorf Uhrig Group Arrested 25 July 1942 People s Court sentenced the couple to death on 17 August 1943 Executed on 8 September 1943 in Plotzensee Prison Husband of Kathe Tucholla Links to the Schulze Boysen and Harnack Groups through Robert Uhrig via Wilhelm Guddorf 299 Kathe Tucholla 1910 1943 Athlete and gymnast Courier Also provided accommodation for the Soviet parachutist Erwin Panndorf and later provided help build up his contacts Uhrig Group Arrested on 25 July 1942 while visiting Meerane People s Court sentenced the couple to death on 17 August 1943 Executed on 28 September 1943 in Plotzensee Prison Links to the Schulze Boysen and Harnack Groups through Robert Uhrig via Wilhelm Guddorf Wife of Felix Tucholla 300 U editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Carl Uelze 1901 1985 Merchant and executive Communist KPD Organised resistance group at the Nordland Deutsche Schnee und Gleitschutzkettenfabrik GmbH Arrested on 1 December 1942 Released on 15 December 1942 after not being identified as part of the Red Orchestra by the Gestapo Survived the war Husband of Hildegard Uelze Reduced production at the Nordland Snow and Sliding Chain Factory 301 Hildegard Uelze 1915 1967 Arrested along with her husband and Martin Weise Released on 15 December 1942 Survived the war Wife of Carl Uelze Robert Uhrig 1903 1944 Toolmaker KPD member Recognised head of communist resistance up to 1940 and built a resistance network among more than 20 factories Uhrig Group Arrested in February 1942 along with 200 members of his group On 21 August 1944 guillotined at the Brandenburg Gorden Prison Organised resistance groups in a number of German manufacturing plants that became the Uhrig Group Linked to the Schulze Boysen and Harnack Groups through contact with Wilhelm Guddorf and John Sieg Also had contact with the Saefkow Jacob Bastlein Organization Notable for publishing underground paper Informationdienst 302 V editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Marthe Angele Francoise Vandenhoeck 1918 Courier Jeffremov Group July 1942 Survived the war after being liberated from prison at the end of the war Used to stage the arrest of Elizabeth Depelsenaire 303 Josephine Francoise Verhimst 1887 Courier Jeffremov Group Arrested with the Jeusseur in January 1943 Mistress of Jean Baptiste Jeusseur Sent to work by her sister Germaine Schneider 229 Jean Pierre Vigier 1920 2004 League of Nations delegate and French physicist Provided low grade intelligence to Rachel Dubendorfer Rote Drei Group Married Rachel Dubendorfer s daughter Tamara Vigier 303 Tamara Vigier 1922 Courier Rote Drei Group Sentenced to two years in jail in May 1944 Code name Mara Daughter of Rachel Dubendorfer and wife of Jean Pierre Vigier 9 Pierre Villon 1901 1980 Architect French Communist Party member Helped publish the communist L Humanite newspaper Trepper Group Survived the war Coordinated part of the Trepper Group contacts with the Soviet Union 304 Kate Voelkner 1906 1943 Secretary Provided blank forms stamps and signatures for copying Trepper Group 31 January 1943 in Paris by Sonderkommando Pannwitz 15 March 1943 after being tortured Sentenced by Manfred Roeder at the Imperial War Court Passed her information to Trepper on tissue paper or in matchboxes 305 Hans Voelkner 1928 2002 Son of Kate Voelkner Later became a GDR intelligence officer for most of the 1960s 306 Henry Voelkner Son of Kate Voelkner Charlotte Vogt Partner of the German Diplomat Gerhard Kegel 307 Albert Voigts 1904 1943 Patent engineer Communist Schulze Boysen Group October 1942 in Berlin Sent to June 1943 in Sachsenhausen concentration camp and died on June 30 1943 Heavily tortured by the Gestapo but never exposed his friends Worked with Walter Kuchenmeister Hans Sussmann and Elfriede Paul 308 W editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Karoline Wagner 1916 Member of SAP Saefkow Jacob Bastlein Organization Collaborated with Anton Saefkow in the 1930s then Schulze Boysens later in the 1930s and early 1940s 309 Max Waibel 1901 1971 Swiss Intelligence Officer Passed military intelligence to the Soviet Union Survived the war Held the rank of Major Headed the Intelligence Section 1 NS 1 Rigi of the Swiss Armed Forces Later involved in the negotiations of Operation Sunrise 310 Martin Weise 1903 1943 German journalist and lecturer KPD member and courier After being released from jail in 1937 contacted his friend Wilhelm Guddorf to make contact with Bernhard Bastlein and Robert Abshagen to create and distribute illegal pamphlets including Organize the revolutionary mass struggle Arrested on 1 December 1942 in Berlin On 8 October 1943 the 2nd Senate of the People s Court condemned him to death because of preparation for high treason and because of enemy favouritism Later worked with John Sieg Fritz Lange and Walter Husemann on The Inner Front 311 Gunther Weisenborn 1902 1969 German writer playwright and drama critic Involved in writing and distributing subversive pamphlets Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 26 September 1942 Testimony of a cellmate led to the reduction of his sentence from death to 10 years Saved by the arrival of the Red Army Husband of Joy Weisenborn In 1933 all his plays and books were burnt on the orders of Joseph Goebbels By 1938 he was publishing so called between the lines literature that was indirectly critical of the Nazi regime 312 313 Also worked with the Harnack Group in resistance activities Joy Weisenborn born Margarete Schnabel 1914 2004 Singer Arrested on 26 September 1942 along with her husband Released on 12 April 1942 Survived the war Wife of Gunther Weisenborn whom she met while staying at the Shulze Boysens 314 Ernest David Weiss 1902 1982 Transport economist later concert pianist Soviet intelligence agent Henry Robinson group Interrogation started on 30 January 1948 by British intelligence No action was taken against him by MI5 Worked for Soviet intelligence from 1932 to 1939 Associated with Henry Robinson Alias Walter Lock 313 315 Johanna Weissensteiner 1910 1969 Dressmaker Between 1940 1942 typist at the OKW Arrested on 16 September 1942 but released Survived the war Wife of Richard Weissensteiner Richard Weissensteiner 1902 1943 Welder and technical draftsman Communist who attended a number of meetings Harnack Group later Schulze Boysen group Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin On the 30 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty For the purpose of assisting in the preparation of high treason in concert with enemy favouritism Executed on 13 May 1943 in Plotzensee Prison Had strong contacts with Hans Coppi and Erika Grafin von Brockdorff and involved in discussions Johann Wenzel 1902 1969 GRU agent Wireless telegraphy specialist and trainer Gurevich Group then Trepper Group later Jeffremov Group Arrested 30 June 1942 and forced to take part in playback operation Managed to escape through an unlocked door and survived the war 316 Frida Wesolek 1887 1943 Housewife KPD member Communist Operated a functional radio set that the family owned Housed Soviet parachutists in her apartment Schulze Boysen Group and von Scheliha Group Arrested in October 1942 Sentenced to death by Manfred Roeder in spring 1943 Executed on 5 August 1943 Had contacts with Adam Kuckhoff Wilhelm Guddorf and John Sieg as well as Gerhard Kegel and Ilse Stobe 101 Father was Emil Hubner 126 Stanislaus Wesolek 1878 1943 Milling cutter German KPD member Schulze Boysen Group Husband of Frida Wesolek Their apartment was used as a safe house 317 126 Walter Wesolek 1910 1942 Technician Young Communist International member Schulze Boysen Group Arrested 18 September 1942 Release 12 April 1943 Grandson of Frida Wesolek 126 Johannes Wesolek 1907 1942 Radio technician Schulze Boysen Group Arrested on 19 October 1942 On 28 May 1943 sentenced to six years in prison by the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht for preparation to commit treason at the Brandenburg Gorden Prison Saved by the Red Army Grandson of Frida Wesolek 126 Georgie de Winter Professional dancer Courier recruiter and fringe member of group with no political convictions Trepper Group Arrested on 19 October 1943 Deported to Ravensbruck concentration camp the women s only concentration camp 318 Accidentally exposed the Maximovitch Group as she had a letter from Antonia Lyon Smith when she was arrested The mistress of Leopold Trepper they had a son together Patrick De Winter 319 Anton Winterink 1914 1944 Dutch communist and active member of the Communist Party of the Netherlands Lead member of Rote Hilfe Ran his own agent network Group Hilda Betrayed by Maurice Peper who was his liaison with Jeffremov Arrested on 18 August 1942 by Piepe Shot in Brussels in July 1944 320 Joseph Wirth 1879 1956 German politician and later Chancellor of Germany Rote Drei Group Survived the war Messages sent by the Rote Drei indicate that Wirth was ambitious and had contact with the British German Russians and American in pursuit of a post war position Two of his intermediaries were Georges Blun and Louis Suss 321 Vera Wulff 1920 Student and housewife Housed Bernhard Bastlein in 1944 when he fled after the Bastlein Jacob Abshagen Group was broken up Arrested on 5 July 1944 On 1 November 1944 the People s Court sentenced Wulff to 4 years in prison Father was Walter Glass sister was Lucie Nix 322 Y editNo entries Z editContents Top 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z People of the Red Orchestra Name Life Employment Rote Kapelle or military position Group Arrested Fate Notes Edouard Van Der Zyphen Civilian employee in Hentschel factory Jeffremov Group December 1942 Code name Nelly Possibly surname called Zijpen Considered the most important agent for the Jeffremov group 323 Literature editRosiejka Gert 1986 Die Rote Kapelle Landesverrat als antifaschist Widerstand 1 Aufl ed Hamburg Ergebnisse Verlag p 80 ISBN 3 925622 16 0 Trepper Leopold 1978 Appendix 1 Victims and survivors of the Red Chapel in Western Europe and Germany Attempting a balance The truth Autobiography in German Ungekurzte Ausg ed Munich Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag ISBN 3 423 01387 7 Griebel Regina Coburger Marlies Scheel Heinrich 1992 Erfasst das Gestapo Album zur Roten Kapelle eine Foto Dokumentation Captured The Gestapo album to the Red Chapel A photo documentation Audioscop ISBN 3 88384 044 0 Weisenborn Gunther 1981 Der lautlose Aufstand Bericht uber die Widerstandsbewegung des deutschen Volkes 1933 1945 The silent uprising Report on the resistance movement of the German people 1933 1945 in German Nachaufl ed Frankfurt Roderberg Verlag ISBN 3 87682 022 7 Oleschinski Brigitte 1970 Gedenkstatte Plotzensee 2 ed Berlin Dietz Verlag ISBN 3 926082 05 4 References edit Benz Wolfgang Pehle Walther May 2001 Lexikon des deutschen Widerstandes Encyclopedia of German Resistance The Time of National Socialism Frankfurt am Main Fischer Taschenbuch Verl p 281 ISBN 978 3596150830 British Secret Intelligence Service 17 September 1949 KV 3 349 The Rote Kapelle Final Report of a joint Security Service SIS CIA investigation after World War II pdf Kew The National Archives Retrieved 7 July 2021 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 77 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 KV 2 2068 PF 69073 The National Archives Kew Foundation for German communication and related technologie Retrieved 16 August 2019 Shergold H T 11 October 1945 First detailed interrogation of Lentz Waldermar and Kurfess Hans pdf Google Drive CSDIC Retrieved 8 September 2019 Bruchmann Maike Franz Jacob 1906 Stolpersteine Hamburg in German Hamburg Hamburg Stumbling Stone Initiators Retrieved 25 June 2019 in German Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 255 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Trepper Leopold 1995 Die Wahrheit Autobiographie des Grand Chef der Roten Kapelle in German Ahriman Verlag GmbH p 209 ISBN 978 3 89484 554 4 OCLC 231649421 a b c d e Tittenhofer Mark A The Rote Drei Getting Behind the Lucy Myth CIA Library Center for the Study of Intelligence Archived from the original on 27 March 2010 Retrieved 22 February 2019 Almstad Bernhard Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED Diktatur in German Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin Retrieved 21 July 2019 Gary Kern 10 September 2008 A Death in Washington Walter G Krivitsky and the Stalin Terror Enigma Books p 487 ISBN 978 0 9824911 5 7 Retrieved 5 March 2019 Boris Volodarsky 2015 Stalin s Agent The Life and Death of Alexander Orlov Oxford University Press p 528 ISBN 978 0 19 965658 5 Retrieved 5 March 2019 Tarrant V E 1995 The Red Orchestra John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 0 471 13439 2 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 27 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 258 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Marguerite Barcza year of death cited as 1985 rg ru 5 November 2004 Accessed 13 October 2022 KV 2 2069 The National Archives Kew PF 69074 Retrieved 30 September 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint location link Ger van Roon 1998 Widerstand im Dritten Reich ein Uberblick C H Beck p 81 ISBN 978 3 406 43691 8 Retrieved 4 March 2019 Bruchmann Maike Bernhard Bastlein 1894 Stolpersteine Hamburg in German Hamburg Hamburg Stumbling Stone Initiators Archived from the original on 28 November 2012 Retrieved 21 January 2019 Lehmann Klaus ed 1948 Widerstandsgruppe Schulze Boysen Harnack Zentrale Forschungsstelle der Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes VVN Central Research Office of the Association of the Persecuted of the Nazi Regime VVN in German Berlin VVN Verlag pp 18 28 Von Stiftel Ralf 13 December 2012 Kunstlerschicksale im NS Staat Anpassung Uberleben Widerstand im Stadtmuseum Munster in German Culture Westfalischer Anzeiger Verlagsgesellschaft mbH amp Co KG Westfalische Anzeiger Retrieved 21 July 2019 a b c d e f g h R Loeffel 29 May 2012 Family Punishment in Nazi Germany Sippenhaft Terror and Myth Springer p 67 ISBN 978 1 137 02183 0 Retrieved 23 February 2019 Karl Behrens Gedenkstatte Deutscher Widerstand German Resistance Memorial Center Retrieved 21 July 2019 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 260 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 a b Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 261 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Deborah Holmes Lisa Silverman 2009 Interwar Vienna Culture Between Tradition and Modernity Camden House p 133 ISBN 978 1 57113 420 2 Retrieved 21 January 2019 Liane Berkowitz Gedenkstatte Deutscher Widerstand German Resistance Memorial Center Retrieved 23 February 2018 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 262 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Anna Beuthke born Rossius Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin in German Berlin AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf Retrieved 17 January 2019 Ernst Gustav Philip Beuthke Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin in German Berlin AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf Retrieved 17 January 2019 Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Beuthke Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin in German Berlin AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf Retrieved 17 January 2019 Richard Beuthke Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin in German Berlin AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf Retrieved 17 January 2019 Walter Beuthke Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin in German Berlin AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf Retrieved 17 January 2019 Charlotte Marie Henriette Beuthke born Wielsch Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin in German Berlin AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf Retrieved 17 January 2019 a b c Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 263 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Bischoff Charlotte in German Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED Diktatur Biographische Datenbanken Retrieved 21 July 2019 Gedenken aus Anlass des 120 Geburtstages von Kurt Bietzke am 13 Januar 2014 Commemoration on the occasion of the 120th birthday of Kurt Bietzke on January 13 2014 Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes Bund der Antifaschistinnen und Antifaschisten in German VVN BdA e V 5 January 2014 Retrieved 19 January 2019 Meyer Hans Joachim Herbert Bittcher 1908 Stolpersteine in Hamburg Landeszentrale fur politische Bildung Hamburg Stolpersteine in Hamburg Retrieved 15 May 2023 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 26 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Bruchmann Maike Wilhelm Bosch Stolpersteine Hamburg in German Hamburg Hamburg Stumbling Stone Initiators Retrieved 12 February 2019 Bose Hermann 4 5 1871 17 7 1943 Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED Diktatur Biographische Datenbanken Retrieved 24 July 2015 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 264 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 266 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Cato Bontjes van Beek Gedenkstatte Deutscher Widerstand German Resistance Memorial Center Retrieved 18 January 2018 Brigitte Kather 2016 Mietje Bontjes van Beek Die Vermittlung des Widerstandes gegen den Nationalsozialismus Ein Beitrag zur Identitatsentwicklung Jugendlicher in German Waxmann Verlag GmbH p 106 ISBN 978 3 8309 8471 9 Retrieved 7 July 2019 Gordon Campbell 9 November 2006 The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts Two volume Set Oxford University Press USA p 92 ISBN 978 0 19 518948 3 Retrieved 7 July 2019 a b Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 267 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 ptx ruft moskau SPIEGEL ONLINE GmbH amp Co KG Der Spiegel 24 June 1968 Retrieved 16 May 2019 Sandvoss Hans Rainer 2019 Widerstand in Neukolln PDF in German Berlin Gedenkstatte Deutscher Widerstand p 195 Einleitung Biographische Angaben Cay von Brockdorff Bereitstellendes Archiv SAPMO Das Bundesarchiv Koblenz Retrieved 22 February 2018 Erika Grafin von Brockdorff Gedenkstatte Deutscher Widerstand German Resistance Memorial Center Retrieved 23 February 2018 Kurt Schilde 2007 Jugendopposition 1933 1945 ausgewahlte Beitrage in German Lukas Verlag p 46 ISBN 978 3 86732 009 2 Retrieved 22 February 2019 Walter Budeus German Resistance Memorial Center Gedenkstatte Deutscher Widerstand Retrieved 1 March 2019 Profile Hugo Buschmann bundesarchiv de Accessed 15 October 2022 in German Leopold Trepper 1995 Die Wahrheit Autobiographie des Grand Chef der Roten Kapelle Ahriman Verlag GmbH p 348 ISBN 978 3 89484 554 4 Retrieved 18 January 2019 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 268 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Leopold Trepper 1995 Die Wahrheit Autobiographie des Grand Chef der Roten Kapelle Ahriman Verlag GmbH p 409 ISBN 978 3 89484 554 4 Retrieved 19 May 2019 Langeois Christian 2017 Les chants d honneur de la Chorale populaire a l Orchestre rouge Suzanne Cointe 1905 1943 Paris Cherche midi ISBN 9782749150697 a b Hans Coppi Stolpersteine in German Berlin Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Retrieved 4 January 2019 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 141 268 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 a b Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 269 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Leopold Trepper 1995 Die Wahrheit Autobiographie des Grand Chef der Roten Kapelle Ahriman Verlag GmbH p 383 ISBN 978 3 89484 554 4 Retrieved 2 September 2019 Fritz Cremer 1906 1993 LeMO Biografien in German Lebendiges Museum Online Retrieved 4 March 2019 Profile maitron fr Accessed 14 October 2022 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 270 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington D C University Publications of America p 270 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 271 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Shareen Blair Brysac 12 October 2000 Resisting Hitler Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra Oxford University Press p 468 ISBN 978 0 19 535102 6 Retrieved 2 May 2019 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 272 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Shareen Blair Brysac 23 May 2002 Resisting Hitler Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra Oxford University Press p 412 ISBN 978 0 19 992388 5 Retrieved 31 January 2019 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 272 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Leopold Trepper 1995 Die Wahrheit Autobiographie des Grand Chef der Roten Kapelle Ahriman Verlag GmbH p 194 ISBN 978 3 89484 554 4 Retrieved 18 January 2019 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 274 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Coppi Jr Hans July 1996 Dietrich Bracher Karl Schwarz Hans Peter Moller Horst eds Die Rote Kapelle The Red Chapel in the field of conflict and intelligence activity The Trepper Report June 1943 PDF Quarterly Books for Contemporary History in German 44 3 Munich Institute of Contemporary History 431 548 ISSN 0042 5702 Archived from the original PDF on 18 May 2015 Retrieved 18 January 2019 Trepper Leopold 1995 Die Wahrheit Autobiographie des Grand Chef der Roten Kapelle in German Ahriman Verlag GmbH p 159 ISBN 978 3 89484 554 4 The dead of the Red Orchestra Gedenkstatte Deutscher Widerstand in German and English Internet Archive Lehmann amp Werder Museumsmedien Berlin 30 June 2009 Archived from the original on 30 June 2009 Retrieved 1 February 2019 Charlotte Eisenblatter Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin Stolpersteine Berlin Retrieved 14 February 2019 Jahnke Karl Heinz 1999 Zu Hause in der DDR biographische Notizen in German Bonn Pahl Rugenstein p 42 ISBN 978 3 89144 266 1 Becker Bodo Ender Lutz 21 February 2022 Vorfuhrdame und Widerstandlerin Ina Ender in Lehnitz Unser Lehnitz in German Lehnitz Archived from the original on 14 February 2024 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 275 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 a b Leopold Trepper 1995 Die Wahrheit Autobiographie des Grand Chef der Roten Kapelle Ahriman Verlag GmbH p 352 ISBN 978 3 89484 554 4 Retrieved 1 February 2019 Flicke Wilhelm F 1977 War secrets in the ether Cryptographic series 9 10 Laguna Hills California Aegean Park Press ISBN 9780894120237 Flicke Wilhelm F 1949 Die rote Kapelle in German Kreuzlingen Neptun ISBN 9780826409454 OCLC 887775619 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 277 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 277 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 144 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Ursel Hochmuth Meyer Gertrud 1980 Streiflichter aus dem Hamburger Widerstand 1933 1945 Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance Bibliothek des Widerstandes in German Frankfurt Roderberg Verl pp 341 386 ISBN 9783876820361 OCLC 633634339 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 278 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 a b Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 279 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Trepper Leopold 1995 Die Wahrheit Autobiographie des Grand Chef der Roten Kapelle in German Freiburg Breisgau Ahriman Verl p 371 ISBN 978 3 89484 554 4 Bourgeois Guillaume 24 September 2015 La veritable histoire de l orchestre rouge in French Paris Nouveau Monde Editions p 301 ISBN 978 2 36942 069 9 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe 1936 1945 Washington DC University Publications of America p 280 ISBN 0 89093 203 4 Kesaris Paul L ed 1979 The Rote Kapelle the CIA s history of Soviet i, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.