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November 1964 Vietnam floods

January 01, 1970

In November 1964, the quick succession of three typhoons—Iris, Joan, and Kate—caused widespread flooding in Vietnam. Constituting part of a very active typhoon season, the three typhoons made landfalls in South Vietnam within a 12-day period. The floods occurred against the backdrop of the escalating Vietnam War. Hardest-hit were the central provinces of South Vietnam where the storms moved ashore. Approximately 7,000 people were killed and over a million people were displaced by the storms as floods inundated over 20,000 km2 (7,500 mi2) of land. An estimated 54,000 homes were destroyed.

November 1964 Vietnam floods
DateNovember 1964
LocationCentral Vietnam
CauseThree tropical cyclones with Vietnamese landfalls on November 4 (Iris), November 8 (Joan), and November 16 (Kate)
DeathsApproximately 7,000

Typhoons Iris, Joan, and Kate made landfall on the coast of Vietnam on November 4, November 8, and November 16, respectively. Individually, Joan was the most damaging, though each exacerbated the impacts of preceding storms. A plurality of fatalities occurred in Quảng Nam Province and Quảng Tín Province. Excessive rainfall caused rivers to overflow, destroying entire villages and inflicting numerous casualties. Heavy losses were sustained by the remaining unharvested rice crop in central Vietnam. U.S. and South Vietnamese military officials stated that the disaster caused a larger setback to their war effort than the Viet Cong had done. A widespread relief effort involving several countries began in the wake of the floods, resulting in the challenging distribution of food, shelter, and medical supplies amid conflict within a contested region.

Background and synopsis edit

Tropical cyclones affecting Vietnam in November 1964
 
The track of Typhoon Iris, which struck Vietnam on November 4
 
The track of Typhoon Joan, which struck Vietnam on November 8
 
The track of Typhoon Kate, which struck Vietnam on November 16

The 1964 typhoon season was the most active Pacific typhoon season on record,[1][2] due in part to unusually strong tropical waves that were prevalent in the latter-half of the year.[3] According to the Mariners Weather Log, six tropical cyclones formed in the western Pacific in November 1964, of which four became typhoons; this represented unusually high tropical activity for the month.[4] Vietnam had been struck by three other typhoons—Tilda, Winnie, and Violet—earlier in the year,[5]: 51  which along with Iris, Joan, and Kate in November constituted a total of six typhoons striking the country between the 11th and 22nd parallel north in 1964, along with two other tropical storms.[6]: 74 

Typhoons Iris, Joan, and Kate made landfalls on Vietnam within a 12-day period in November.[6]: 74  The first storm, Iris, may have developed from a tropical disturbance east of Samar as early as October 31 according to tracking data from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA).[7] Weather observations detected the system, named Iris, as it tracked westward South China Sea in early November.[6]: 78  Iris strengthened into a low-end typhoon with one-minute maximum sustained winds of 120 km/h (75 mph) on October 4 as estimated by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) shortly before moving ashore South Vietnam near Qui Nhơn. The storm weakened quickly over the rough terrain of Southeast Asia, and dissipated inland on November 5.[7][6]: 78 

Like Iris, Typhoon Joan may have begun to develop east on the Philippines as early as November 4 according to data from the JMA. The incipient system moved west into the South China Sea, and on November 6 ships reported the presence of a tropical storm with winds of 75 km/h (45 mph). The system, named Joan, became a typhoon on November 8 and attained peak one-minute sustained winds of 130 km/h (70 mph) before making landfall on Vietnam north of Nha Trang later that day. Heavy rains associated with Joan had already been impacting Vietnam days ahead of landfall.[8][6]: 78  Joan quickly weakened inland, though its remnants may have persisted on a southwestward course into the Gulf of Thailand for five more days.[8]

Typhoon Kate formed within the South China Sea in mid-November and organized into a tropical storm by November 13. It took an initially erratic path, reversing and shifting its heading several times before embarking on a more steady west-northwestward course on November 15. Kate became a typhoon later that day and struck the Vietnamese coast near Nha Trang on November 16; one-minute sustained winds just prior to landfall were estimated by the JTWC at around 120 km/h (75 mph).[9][6]: 78 

Impact and aftermath edit

Deadliest Pacific typhoons
Rank Typhoon Season Fatalities Ref.
1 August 1931 China typhoon 1931 300,000 [10][11][12]
2 Nina 1975 229,000 [13]
3 July 1780 Typhoon 1780 100,000 [14]
4 July 1862 Typhoon 1862 80,000 [15]
5 "Shantou" 1922 60,000 [13]
6 "China" 1912 50,000 [13]
7 "Hong Kong" 1937 10,000 [13]
8 Joan 1964 7,000 [16]
9 Haiyan 2013 6,352 [17]
10 Vera 1959 >5,000 [13]
Main article: List of tropical cyclone records

Seven thousand people were killed and over a million people were left homeless by the three typhoons in the central provinces of South Vietnam, with roughly a third of the country affected.[18][6]: 78  Early estimates placed the number of homeless across four Vietnamese provinces at between 0.8 and 1.2 million.[19] Around 1,000 mm (40 in) of rain fell within the first ten days in November.[19] Some areas recorded rainfall for 15 consecutive days.[20]: 5  Over 20,000 km2 (7,500 mi2) of land was flooded by storms' rains across a 320 km-long (200 mi) strip of the country. The deluge was the most severe in at least six decades, obliterating hamlets in mountain valleys and coastal plains and wiping out the central Vietnamese rice crop.[6]: 78 [21]: 4 [22] Some areas experienced total loss of their crops.[23] However, the completion of the rice harvest in most areas prior to the flood mitigated losses.[20]: 5  Flood inundation stood as high as 6 m (20 ft) atop rice-growing areas.[24] Thousands of water buffalo also drowned in the flood,[20]: 5  comprising part of the significant loss of livestock in Quảng Nam and three other provinces;[25] some areas saw the loss of 80 percent of livestock.[26]

An estimated 90 percent of property across three provinces were damaged.[27] The South Vietnamese press estimated the loss of 54,000 homes.[28] Floods destroyed 14,000 homes in Quảng Tín Province and 1,400 homes in Quảng Nam Province; another 36,000 homes were damaged in Quảng Nam.[25] Along the coast, ships of the Republic of Vietnam Navy's coastal patrol fleet were either destroyed or damaged.[18] United Press International described it as "the worst storm disaster in South Vietnam's history".[19] Its scale interrupted the ongoing Vietnam War as the conflict's belligerents aided storm-stricken areas.[29] The U.S. and South Vietnamese militaries reported that the flooding inflicting greater losses to their war effort than the Viet Cong had done cumulatively since 1954.[30] An American military advisor stated that the floods "hurt [American] communications more than thousands of tons of Viet Cong explosives could have done".[20]: 1  Floodwaters destroyed bridges and hamstrung rail and truck transportation utilized by the joint forces.[30] Roughly 320 km (200 mi) of the only meridional railroad in Vietnam was washed out.[25] A bridge linking Da Nang and the insular base of the 2nd Division of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam was washed out. South Vietnamese military installations and American supply depots were also damaged by the storms. By comparison, American intelligence believed that North Vietnamese guerilla forces sustained fewer losses; the South Vietnamese military believed that underground storehouses and ammunition supplies used by the guerilla forces were damaged by the storm, potentially delaying a winter offensive by at least two months.[30][31]

 
Map of North and South Vietnam from a 1964 U.S. government pamphlet

Qui Nhơn reported heavy damage from the storms.[6]: 78  Approximately 3,000 homes were destroyed in the city by Typhoon Iris.[32] Winds unroofed many homes and heavy rainfall lasted for several days.[23] The barracks of the U.S. 117th Aviation Company were damaged by the storm's winds, forcing its occupants to seek shelter in concrete outhouses.[32][33] The adverse conditions caused by Iris's passage disrupted ongoing flood relief operations started in response to storms earlier in the year, grounding U.S. Marine Corps flights outside of emergency medical evacuations.[34]: 162  Typhoon Joan was more destructive than Iris and impacted similar areas. Qui Nhơn was once again an epicenter of devastation, and lay submerged by 0.6–0.9 m-deep (2–3 ft) floodwaters in Joan's wake. All communications with the city were severed. Nearby villages reportedly saw floods rising to rooftops, causing thatched homes to cave in.[35][29] Some thatched homes were left 10 m (30 ft) high in trees.[30] "Heavy casualties" were reported throughout Bình Định Province.[30] At the base of the 117th Aviation Company, the floods reached a depth of 1.2–1.5 m (4–5 ft).[21]: 1  Reuters described the flooding in Quảng Ngãi, where at least a thousand people were killed, as "the worst flooding in many years".[36][23] Six riverside villages in Quảng Nam Province were rent asunder by swollen rivers, leading to the deaths of some 2,000 people;[30] at least 2,500 people were killed throughout the province.[36] Giang Hoa was destroyed by a landslide that killed 400 of the village's 480 residents.[37] At least 2,600 fatalities occurred in Quảng Tín Province according to Bert Fraleigh, the associate deputy director of the U.S. Operations Mission to Vietnam.[38]: 1  Ahead of Typhoon Kate, all Saigon area schools were closed. The U.S. Air Force evacuated its jet bombers and fighter aircraft from Tan Son Nhut Air Base.[31] Although Kate was expected to be a significant flood threat to the Saigon area, the typhoon was less damaging than anticipated.[39][40][41]

 
A U.S. Marine Corps Sikorsky H-34 helicopter readying relief supplies for South Vietnam

Between five and ten thousand refugees migrated to Tuy Hòa.[18] Helicopter evacuations amid the floods were primarily handled by the U.S. 119th Assault Helicopter Company. Eighteen helicopters evacuated 854 people to Cheo Reo over the course of 210 flights ahead of imminent flooding.[21]: 4  At times, conditions during the operation forced the helicopters to turn back; the flights encountered fire from Viet Cong guerilla forces and cloud ceilings estimated at 90 m (300 ft).[35][42]: A1  Two helicopters were hit, leading to two injuries.[43] The same helicopter company also delivered 6,350 kg (14,000 lb) of rice to isolated communities as part of a joint Vietnamese and American relief effort in Phú Bổn Province.[21]: 4 [44] A statement from the government of South Vietnam appealed for aid from "the people of the free world" with "national solidarity no longer sufficient to respond to the enormous needs of a population curelly stricken" by the floods.[45] The USS Princeton (CV-37) ferried 660 metric tons (600 tons) of supplies to Qui Nhơn.[39] An estimated 500,000–750,000 people required food relief, equating to 45,000–65,000 metric tons (50,000–70,000 tons) of grains as a stopgap before a subsequent rice harvest.[38]: 1  The U.S. Air Force also dispatched emergency supplies for 45,000 people in the Da Nang area.[27] Additional supplies were brought in from Okinawa and the Philippines.[20]: 5 

The resulting food shortage in the floods' aftermath led to conflicts over the relief supplies, including one incident involving a guerilla ambush of an American supply depot in Quảng Ngãi.[38]: 2  North Vietnamese state media alleged that South Vietnamese and American forces were raiding impacted communities while the American press alleged the same of the North Vietnamese.[46][47] Martial law was declared in six South Vietnamese provinces affected by the floods to hinder the Viet Cong advance into coastal regions.[48] North Vietnamese president Ho Chi Minh offered 9,000 metric tons (10,000 tons) in medical supplies, 18,000 metric tons (20,000 tons) of rice, and 1.8 million meters (6 million feet) of textile fabrics to those in displaced in South Vietnam, to be distributed by the Viet Cong and International Red Cross.[49][50][26] The American Red Cross granted $15,000 towards food, medical supplies, and shelter.[51] Canada and the United Kingdom contributed blankets and cloths to the relief effort while the government of New Zealand granted £10,000 to South Vietnam.[52][38]: 2  A team of logistical and medical experts were deployed by commander of U.S. forces William Westmoreland.[42]: A6  Vaccines for the plague, typhoid, and typhus were sent to central Vietnam to thwart potential epidemics.[38]: 2  A few cases of cholera were reported within the disaster zone.[31] Aerial tours of the affected areas were carried out by Prime Minister of South Vietnam Trần Văn Hương, Deputy Prime Minister of South Vietnam Nguyễn Xuân Oánh, Welfare Secretary of South Vietnam Dam Sy Hien, and U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam Maxwell D. Taylor.[25]

See also edit

References edit

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January 01, 1970
november, 1964, vietnam, floods, november, 1964, quick, succession, three, typhoons, iris, joan, kate, caused, widespread, flooding, vietnam, constituting, part, very, active, typhoon, season, three, typhoons, made, landfalls, south, vietnam, within, period, f. In November 1964 the quick succession of three typhoons Iris Joan and Kate caused widespread flooding in Vietnam Constituting part of a very active typhoon season the three typhoons made landfalls in South Vietnam within a 12 day period The floods occurred against the backdrop of the escalating Vietnam War Hardest hit were the central provinces of South Vietnam where the storms moved ashore Approximately 7 000 people were killed and over a million people were displaced by the storms as floods inundated over 20 000 km2 7 500 mi2 of land An estimated 54 000 homes were destroyed November 1964 Vietnam floodsDateNovember 1964LocationCentral VietnamCauseThree tropical cyclones with Vietnamese landfalls on November 4 Iris November 8 Joan and November 16 Kate DeathsApproximately 7 000 Typhoons Iris Joan and Kate made landfall on the coast of Vietnam on November 4 November 8 and November 16 respectively Individually Joan was the most damaging though each exacerbated the impacts of preceding storms A plurality of fatalities occurred in Quảng Nam Province and Quảng Tin Province Excessive rainfall caused rivers to overflow destroying entire villages and inflicting numerous casualties Heavy losses were sustained by the remaining unharvested rice crop in central Vietnam U S and South Vietnamese military officials stated that the disaster caused a larger setback to their war effort than the Viet Cong had done A widespread relief effort involving several countries began in the wake of the floods resulting in the challenging distribution of food shelter and medical supplies amid conflict within a contested region Contents 1 Background and synopsis 2 Impact and aftermath 3 See also 4 ReferencesBackground and synopsis editTropical cyclones affecting Vietnam in November 1964 nbsp The track of Typhoon Iris which struck Vietnam on November 4 nbsp The track of Typhoon Joan which struck Vietnam on November 8 nbsp The track of Typhoon Kate which struck Vietnam on November 16 The 1964 typhoon season was the most active Pacific typhoon season on record 1 2 due in part to unusually strong tropical waves that were prevalent in the latter half of the year 3 According to the Mariners Weather Log six tropical cyclones formed in the western Pacific in November 1964 of which four became typhoons this represented unusually high tropical activity for the month 4 Vietnam had been struck by three other typhoons Tilda Winnie and Violet earlier in the year 5 51 which along with Iris Joan and Kate in November constituted a total of six typhoons striking the country between the 11th and 22nd parallel north in 1964 along with two other tropical storms 6 74 Typhoons Iris Joan and Kate made landfalls on Vietnam within a 12 day period in November 6 74 The first storm Iris may have developed from a tropical disturbance east of Samar as early as October 31 according to tracking data from the Japan Meteorological Agency JMA 7 Weather observations detected the system named Iris as it tracked westward South China Sea in early November 6 78 Iris strengthened into a low end typhoon with one minute maximum sustained winds of 120 km h 75 mph on October 4 as estimated by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center JTWC shortly before moving ashore South Vietnam near Qui Nhơn The storm weakened quickly over the rough terrain of Southeast Asia and dissipated inland on November 5 7 6 78 Like Iris Typhoon Joan may have begun to develop east on the Philippines as early as November 4 according to data from the JMA The incipient system moved west into the South China Sea and on November 6 ships reported the presence of a tropical storm with winds of 75 km h 45 mph The system named Joan became a typhoon on November 8 and attained peak one minute sustained winds of 130 km h 70 mph before making landfall on Vietnam north of Nha Trang later that day Heavy rains associated with Joan had already been impacting Vietnam days ahead of landfall 8 6 78 Joan quickly weakened inland though its remnants may have persisted on a southwestward course into the Gulf of Thailand for five more days 8 Typhoon Kate formed within the South China Sea in mid November and organized into a tropical storm by November 13 It took an initially erratic path reversing and shifting its heading several times before embarking on a more steady west northwestward course on November 15 Kate became a typhoon later that day and struck the Vietnamese coast near Nha Trang on November 16 one minute sustained winds just prior to landfall were estimated by the JTWC at around 120 km h 75 mph 9 6 78 Impact and aftermath editDeadliest Pacific typhoons Rank Typhoon Season Fatalities Ref 1 August 1931 China typhoon 1931 300 000 10 11 12 2 Nina 1975 229 000 13 3 July 1780 Typhoon 1780 100 000 14 4 July 1862 Typhoon 1862 80 000 15 5 Shantou 1922 60 000 13 6 China 1912 50 000 13 7 Hong Kong 1937 10 000 13 8 Joan 1964 7 000 16 9 Haiyan 2013 6 352 17 10 Vera 1959 gt 5 000 13 Main article List of tropical cyclone records Seven thousand people were killed and over a million people were left homeless by the three typhoons in the central provinces of South Vietnam with roughly a third of the country affected 18 6 78 Early estimates placed the number of homeless across four Vietnamese provinces at between 0 8 and 1 2 million 19 Around 1 000 mm 40 in of rain fell within the first ten days in November 19 Some areas recorded rainfall for 15 consecutive days 20 5 Over 20 000 km2 7 500 mi2 of land was flooded by storms rains across a 320 km long 200 mi strip of the country The deluge was the most severe in at least six decades obliterating hamlets in mountain valleys and coastal plains and wiping out the central Vietnamese rice crop 6 78 21 4 22 Some areas experienced total loss of their crops 23 However the completion of the rice harvest in most areas prior to the flood mitigated losses 20 5 Flood inundation stood as high as 6 m 20 ft atop rice growing areas 24 Thousands of water buffalo also drowned in the flood 20 5 comprising part of the significant loss of livestock in Quảng Nam and three other provinces 25 some areas saw the loss of 80 percent of livestock 26 An estimated 90 percent of property across three provinces were damaged 27 The South Vietnamese press estimated the loss of 54 000 homes 28 Floods destroyed 14 000 homes in Quảng Tin Province and 1 400 homes in Quảng Nam Province another 36 000 homes were damaged in Quảng Nam 25 Along the coast ships of the Republic of Vietnam Navy s coastal patrol fleet were either destroyed or damaged 18 United Press International described it as the worst storm disaster in South Vietnam s history 19 Its scale interrupted the ongoing Vietnam War as the conflict s belligerents aided storm stricken areas 29 The U S and South Vietnamese militaries reported that the flooding inflicting greater losses to their war effort than the Viet Cong had done cumulatively since 1954 30 An American military advisor stated that the floods hurt American communications more than thousands of tons of Viet Cong explosives could have done 20 1 Floodwaters destroyed bridges and hamstrung rail and truck transportation utilized by the joint forces 30 Roughly 320 km 200 mi of the only meridional railroad in Vietnam was washed out 25 A bridge linking Da Nang and the insular base of the 2nd Division of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam was washed out South Vietnamese military installations and American supply depots were also damaged by the storms By comparison American intelligence believed that North Vietnamese guerilla forces sustained fewer losses the South Vietnamese military believed that underground storehouses and ammunition supplies used by the guerilla forces were damaged by the storm potentially delaying a winter offensive by at least two months 30 31 nbsp Map of North and South Vietnam from a 1964 U S government pamphlet Qui Nhơn reported heavy damage from the storms 6 78 Approximately 3 000 homes were destroyed in the city by Typhoon Iris 32 Winds unroofed many homes and heavy rainfall lasted for several days 23 The barracks of the U S 117th Aviation Company were damaged by the storm s winds forcing its occupants to seek shelter in concrete outhouses 32 33 The adverse conditions caused by Iris s passage disrupted ongoing flood relief operations started in response to storms earlier in the year grounding U S Marine Corps flights outside of emergency medical evacuations 34 162 Typhoon Joan was more destructive than Iris and impacted similar areas Qui Nhơn was once again an epicenter of devastation and lay submerged by 0 6 0 9 m deep 2 3 ft floodwaters in Joan s wake All communications with the city were severed Nearby villages reportedly saw floods rising to rooftops causing thatched homes to cave in 35 29 Some thatched homes were left 10 m 30 ft high in trees 30 Heavy casualties were reported throughout Binh Định Province 30 At the base of the 117th Aviation Company the floods reached a depth of 1 2 1 5 m 4 5 ft 21 1 Reuters described the flooding in Quảng Ngai where at least a thousand people were killed as the worst flooding in many years 36 23 Six riverside villages in Quảng Nam Province were rent asunder by swollen rivers leading to the deaths of some 2 000 people 30 at least 2 500 people were killed throughout the province 36 Giang Hoa was destroyed by a landslide that killed 400 of the village s 480 residents 37 At least 2 600 fatalities occurred in Quảng Tin Province according to Bert Fraleigh the associate deputy director of the U S Operations Mission to Vietnam 38 1 Ahead of Typhoon Kate all Saigon area schools were closed The U S Air Force evacuated its jet bombers and fighter aircraft from Tan Son Nhut Air Base 31 Although Kate was expected to be a significant flood threat to the Saigon area the typhoon was less damaging than anticipated 39 40 41 nbsp A U S Marine Corps Sikorsky H 34 helicopter readying relief supplies for South Vietnam Between five and ten thousand refugees migrated to Tuy Hoa 18 Helicopter evacuations amid the floods were primarily handled by the U S 119th Assault Helicopter Company Eighteen helicopters evacuated 854 people to Cheo Reo over the course of 210 flights ahead of imminent flooding 21 4 At times conditions during the operation forced the helicopters to turn back the flights encountered fire from Viet Cong guerilla forces and cloud ceilings estimated at 90 m 300 ft 35 42 A1 Two helicopters were hit leading to two injuries 43 The same helicopter company also delivered 6 350 kg 14 000 lb of rice to isolated communities as part of a joint Vietnamese and American relief effort in Phu Bổn Province 21 4 44 A statement from the government of South Vietnam appealed for aid from the people of the free world with national solidarity no longer sufficient to respond to the enormous needs of a population curelly stricken by the floods 45 The USS Princeton CV 37 ferried 660 metric tons 600 tons of supplies to Qui Nhơn 39 An estimated 500 000 750 000 people required food relief equating to 45 000 65 000 metric tons 50 000 70 000 tons of grains as a stopgap before a subsequent rice harvest 38 1 The U S Air Force also dispatched emergency supplies for 45 000 people in the Da Nang area 27 Additional supplies were brought in from Okinawa and the Philippines 20 5 The resulting food shortage in the floods aftermath led to conflicts over the relief supplies including one incident involving a guerilla ambush of an American supply depot in Quảng Ngai 38 2 North Vietnamese state media alleged that South Vietnamese and American forces were raiding impacted communities while the American press alleged the same of the North Vietnamese 46 47 Martial law was declared in six South Vietnamese provinces affected by the floods to hinder the Viet Cong advance into coastal regions 48 North Vietnamese president Ho Chi Minh offered 9 000 metric tons 10 000 tons in medical supplies 18 000 metric tons 20 000 tons of rice and 1 8 million meters 6 million feet of textile fabrics to those in displaced in South Vietnam to be distributed by the Viet Cong and International Red Cross 49 50 26 The American Red Cross granted 15 000 towards food medical supplies and shelter 51 Canada and the United Kingdom contributed blankets and cloths to the relief effort while the government of New Zealand granted 10 000 to South Vietnam 52 38 2 A team of logistical and medical experts were deployed by commander of U S forces William Westmoreland 42 A6 Vaccines for the plague typhoid and typhus were sent to central Vietnam to thwart potential epidemics 38 2 A few cases of cholera were reported within the disaster zone 31 Aerial tours of the affected areas were carried out by Prime Minister of South Vietnam Trần Văn Hương Deputy Prime Minister of South Vietnam Nguyễn Xuan Oanh Welfare Secretary of South Vietnam Dam Sy Hien and U S Ambassador to South Vietnam Maxwell D Taylor 25 See also editPortals nbsp Vietnam nbsp Weather 1964 Pacific typhoon season 1999 Vietnamese floods 2018 Vietnam floods 2019 Vietnam floods 2020 Central Vietnam floodsReferences edit A Tale of Two Cyclone Seasons Earth Observatory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center December 7 2013 Retrieved June 13 2020 Wiltgen Nick October 1 2012 Jelawat Strikes Mainland Japan After Slamming Okinawa The Weather Channel TWC Product and Technology Retrieved June 13 2020 Chang C P Morris V F Wallace J M March 1970 A Statistical Study of Easterly Waves in the Western Pacific July December 1964 Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 27 2 American Meteorological Society 195 201 Bibcode 1970JAtS 27 195C doi 10 1175 1520 0469 1970 027 lt 0195 ASSOEW gt 2 0 CO 2 Rough Log North Pacific Weather September November 1964 Mariners Weather Log 9 1 Silver Spring Maryland National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 28 32 January 1965 via HathiTrust Cassidy Richard M ed February 15 1964 Annual Typhoon Report 1964 PDF Report Annual Typhoon Report Guam Fleet Weather Central Joint Typhoon Warning Center Retrieved June 12 2020 a b c d e f g h i Climatological Data National Summary Annual 1964 PDF Climatological Data 15 13 Asheville North Carolina United States Weather Bureau 1965 Archived from the original PDF on June 13 2020 Retrieved June 12 2020 via National Centers for Environmental Information a b 1964 Typhoon IRIS 1964305N12128 Asheville North Carolina University of North Carolina Asheville 2018 Retrieved November 12 2020 a b 1964 Typhoon JOAN 1964309N11132 Asheville North Carolina University of North Carolina Asheville 2018 Retrieved November 11 2020 1964 Typhoon KATE 1964316N13117 Asheville North Carolina University of North Carolina Asheville 2018 Retrieved November 11 2020 History s worst flood finally revealed www chinadaily com cn Courtney Chris February 15 2018 The Nature of Disaster in China The 1931 Yangzi River Flood Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781108284936 Flood Horror Geraldton Guardian and Express September 1931 a b c d e The Worst Natural Disasters by Death Toll PDF National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2009 Retrieved January 2 2012 Pedro Ribera Ricardo Garcia Herrera and Luis Gimeno July 2008 Historical Deadly Typhoons in the Philippines Weather 63 7 Royal Meteorological Society 196 doi 10 1002 wea 275 Huang G Yim Wyxx W S Reconstruction of an 8 000 year record of Typhoons in the Pearl River Estuary China PDF HKU Scholars Hub Associated Press November 16 1964 Another Typhoon Descends on Flood Stricken Vietnam The Milwaukee Journal p 2 Retrieved March 11 2010 SitRep No 108 re Effects of Typhoon YOLANDA HAIYAN PDF Report National Reduction Risk Reduction And Management Council April 3 2014 Retrieved December 2 2014 a b c Flood Disaster In Vietnam The Sydney Morning Herald No 39594 Sydney Australia Australian Associated Press Reuters November 11 1964 p 3 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com a b c Strikes Floods Typhoons in Vietnam Cripple War With Reds Petsokey News Review Vol 79 no 36 Petoskey Michigan United Press International November 11 1964 p 1 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com a b c d e Foisie Jack November 13 1964 Nature s Devastation Perils Viet War The Boston Globe Vol 186 no 136 Boston Massachusetts pp 1 5 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com p 1 p 5 a b c d Viet Cities Flooded by Typhoon Oakland Tribune Oakland California November 9 1964 pp 1 4 Retrieved November 20 2020 via Newspapers com p 1 p 4 Saigon Beset With Trouble The Record Vol 70 no 135 Hackensack New Jersey United Press International November 11 1964 p 12 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com a b c Forget War To Fight Flood In S Vietnam Chicago Tribune No 315 Chicago Illinois Reuters November 10 1964 p 8 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com More Than 1 000 Drown In Floods In Viet Nam The Minneapolis Star Vol 86 no 302 Minneapolis Minnesota Associated Press November 11 1964 p 1 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com a b c d 5 000 Drowned As Floods Hit Area North Of Saigon The Baltimore Sun Vol 255 no 155 Baltimore Maryland Associated Press November 13 1964 p 2 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com a b U S Speeding Help To Stricken Vietnam The Morning Call Vol 165 no 121 Paterson New Jersey United Press International November 18 1964 p 6 Retrieved November 26 2020 via Newspapers com a b Havoc In Vietnam The Age No 34169 Melbourne Australia Australian Associated Press November 12 1964 p 4 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com Typhoon Ends In S Vietnam The Record Vol 70 no 140 Hackensack New Jersey November 17 1964 p 1 Retrieved November 23 2020 via Newspapers com a b Fosie Jack November 10 1964 Typhoon Stalls War In Vietnam The Los Angeles Times Vol 83 Los Angeles California p 2 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com a b c d e f Foisie Jack November 13 1964 Vietnam Flood Death Toll Reaches 5 000 The Los Angeles Times Vol 83 Los Angeles California p 3 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com a b c S Vietnam Awaits 3d Typhoon Courier Post Vol 89 no 247 Camden New Jersey United Press International November 15 1964 p 2 Retrieved November 21 2020 a b Typhoon Hits Vietnam Coast The Evening Sun Vol 110 no 15 Baltimore Maryland Reuters November 4 1964 p A2 Retrieved November 20 2020 via Newspapers com Typhoon Iris Slams Viets Lexington Herald Leader Vol 76 no 261 Lexington Kentucky United Press International November 4 1964 p 20 Retrieved November 20 2020 via Newspapers com Whitlow Robert H 1977 Fall and Winter Operations U S Marines in Vietnam The Advisory amp Combat Assistance Era 1954 1964 PDF Marine Corps in Vietnam Washington D C United States Marine Corps Retrieved November 20 2020 a b Units of U S Army Rescue S Vietnamese From Floods Alexandria Daily Town Talk Vol 82 no 204 Alexandria Louisiana United Press International November 9 1964 p 6 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com a b Taylor Tours Viet Flood Area Courier Post Vol 89 no 245 Camden New Jersey United Press International November 13 1964 p 1 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com Hoi An s Great Flood of 1964 Saigoneer Urbanist Network March 9 2016 Retrieved November 25 2020 a b c d e Viet Flood Toll Up Honolulu Star Bulletin Vol 53 no 319 Honolulu Hawaii United Press International November 14 1964 pp 1 2 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com p 1 p 2 a b Vietnam Hit By New Typhoon Damage Slight The Evening Sun Vol 110 no 25 Baltimore Maryland Associated Press November 16 1964 pp A3 Retrieved November 23 2020 via Newspapers com Vietnam Typhoon Damage Light Calgary Herald Calgary Alberta Associated Press November 16 1964 p 1 Retrieved November 23 2020 via Newspapers com Typhoon Heading For South Vietnam Dayton Daily News Vol 88 no 88 Dayton Ohio United Press International November 16 1964 p 23 Retrieved November 23 2020 via Newspapers com a b South Viet Nam s Floods Kill 5 000 Harm War Effort The Austin American Austin Texas Associated Press November 13 1964 pp A1 A6 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com p A1 p A6 Typhoon Hits Viet Nam Coast The South Bend Tribune Vol 92 no 252 South Bend Indiana United Press International November 16 1964 p 3 Retrieved November 23 2020 via Newspapers com Viet War Halted By Tropic Storm San Mateo Times Vol 64 no 269 San Mateo California United Press International p 1 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com Flood Ravaged South Vietnam Appeals for Aid Honolulu Star Bulletin Vol 53 no 326 Honolulu Hawaii Associated Press November 21 1964 p 8 Retrieved November 26 2020 via Newspapers com Meagher Ed November 14 1964 Reds Try to Discredit U S Relief in Vietnam Los Angeles Times Vol 83 Los Angeles Florida p 20 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com Reds Advance in Area San Francisco Examiner San Francisco California Associated Press November 14 1964 p 2 Retrieved November 21 2020 via Newspapers com Saigon Hits Border Talks News and Leader Vol 36 no 27 Springfield Missouri Associated Press November 22 1964 p A1 Retrieved November 26 2020 via Newspapers com N Vietnam Aid Offer To S Vietnam The Guardian No 36817 London England November 18 1964 p 11 Retrieved November 26 2020 via Newspapers com A Communist Offer San Francisco Examiner San Francisco California November 18 1964 p 25 Retrieved November 26 2020 via Newspapers com American Red Cross to Aid Vietnamese Flood Victims Published 1964 The New York Times New York New York November 18 1964 p 3 Retrieved November 26 2020 Vietnam Awaits New Typhoon The Sydney Morning Herald No 39599 Sydney Australia Australian Associated Press Reuters November 17 1964 p 3 Retrieved November 23 2020 via Newspapers com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title November 1964 Vietnam floods amp oldid 1168391053, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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