Typhoon Nina (1975)
Typhoon Nina, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Bebeng, was a deadly tropical cyclone that triggered the Banqiao Dam collapse in China's Henan Province, China in August 1975. It formed on July 30, and gradually intensified as it moved generally to the west. On August 2, Nina reached peak intensity, and a day later the typhoon struck Taiwan. It weakened before moving ashore southeastern China, and later moved slowly through Central China. There, it dropped heavy rainfall, causing several dam failures, including the Banqiao Dam. It is the deadliest typhoon in the Pacific, killing 229,000 people. The floods killed 26,000 people, 100,000 people died from subsequent famine and diseases, and 230,000 people died from the consequences of the 1975 Banqiao Dam failure.
Typhoon Nina on August 2 | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | July 30, 1975 |
| Remnant low | August 6, 1975 |
| Dissipated | August 8, 1975 |
| Violent typhoon | |
| 10-minute sustained (JMA) | |
| Highest winds | 250 km/h (155 mph) |
| Lowest pressure | 900 hPa (mbar); 26.58 inHg |
| Category 4-equivalent super typhoon | |
| 1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC) | |
| Highest winds | 250 km/h (155 mph) |
| Lowest pressure | 916 hPa (mbar); 27.05 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 26,000 direct, ≥203,000 indirect (≥229,000 total) |
| Damage | $1.2 billion |
| Areas affected | Taiwan, Eastern and Central China |
| IBTrACS | |
Part of the 1975 Pacific typhoon season | |
Meteorological history edit
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
A well defined trough line extending southeastward into the Philippine Sea spawned a disturbance on July 29. After its initial status as a disturbance, Tropical Depression 04W was designated and moved southwestward for 36 hours as the structure of the system began to organize. On July 31, the depression slowed and began to rapidly intensify, becoming a tropical storm and was named "Nina". It began to turn to the northwest afterward. A subtropical ridge prevented Nina from turning further north and it began to track west-northwest just before reaching typhoon intensity.
Nina underwent explosive development on the late hours of August 1. Aircraft reconnaissance reported a 65 hPa drop of pressure, increasing from a mere 65 to 130 knots (75 to 150 mph; 120 to 241 km/h) the day after. During that period, it attained its peak intensity of 135 knots (155 mph; 250 km/h). The typhoon began to weaken as it approached Taiwan, making landfall near the coastal city of Hualien as a Category 3 storm with 100 kn (120 mph; 190 km/h) winds.[1]
The storm began to weaken as it went across the island's central mountain range, sparing the most populated areas from the eyewall. It entered the Formosa Straits as a weak typhoon, making another landfall near Jinjiang, Fujian.[2] After moving northwest and crossing Jiangxi, it turned north on the night of August 5 near Changde, Hunan. A day later, the storm moved over Xinyang, Henan, and was later blocked by a cold front near Zhumadian, Henan for three days.[3] The stationary thunderstorm system brought heavy rainfall, causing the infamous collapse of the Banqiao Dam. The storm moved southwest on August 8, and dissipated soon afterwards.[4]
Impact edit
| Rank | Name/Year | Region | Fatalities |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bhola 1970 | Bangladesh | 300,000 |
| 2 | Bangladesh 1991 | Bangladesh | 138,866 |
| 3 | Nargis 2008 | Myanmar | 138,373 |
| 4 | Unnamed 1911 | Bangladesh | 120,000 |
| 5 | Unnamed 1917 | Bangladesh | 70,000 |
| 6 | Harriet 1962 | Thailand, Bangladesh | 50,935 |
| 7 | Unnamed 1919 | Bangladesh | 40,000 |
| 8 | Nina 1975 | China | 26,000 |
| 9 | Unnamed 1958 | Bangladesh | 12,000 |
| Unnamed 1965 | Bangladesh |
Taiwan edit
Upon making landfall in Taiwan, the storm brought winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) to places near the storm's eye.[9] Wind gusts were also measured up to 222 km/h (138 mph).[10] Widespread heavy rainfall, peaking around 700 mm (28 in),[11] from the storm triggered deadly flooding and landslides which killed 29 people and injured 168 others. Reports from the island indicate that 3,000 homes were damaged or destroyed by the typhoon.[9] In the city of Hualien alone, four people were killed, 561 homes were destroyed, and 1,831 more homes were damaged.[12] Across the island, domestic flights, trains, and bus services were all suspended due to the storm; however, Taipei Songshan Airport remained open for international flights.[13]
China edit
Due to the interaction with the mountains of Taiwan, Nina weakened to a tropical storm before making landfall in China. The storm crossed the coastline with winds of 110 km/h (70 mph); however, little damage resulted near where the system struck land.[9] Further inland, the remnants of the storm produced widespread torrential rainfall, with more than 400 mm (16 in) falling across an area of 19,410 km2 (7,490 sq mi). The heaviest rainfall was recorded along the Banqiao Dam where 1,631 mm (64.2 in) of rain fell, 830 mm (33 in) of which fell in a six-hour span.[14] These rains led to the collapse of the Banqiao Dam, which received 1-in-2000-year flood conditions. In all, 62 dams failed during the disaster, causing large temporary lakes and $1.2 billion (1975 USD, US$6.86 billion in 2023) in damage.[15] The floods killed 26,000 people, while another 100,000 people died from subsequent famine and disease. The overall death toll from the event was estimated as high as 230,000.[16][17]
See also edit
- Banqiao Dam
- 1970 Bhola cyclone – the deadliest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide.
- Cyclone Nargis (2008) – the deadliest named tropical cyclone worldwide in terms of direct fatalities.
- Storm Daniel (2023) – a medicane which also caused catastrophic dam failures that led to thousands of deaths in Libya.
References edit
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-02. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) JTWC's ATCR on the 1975 typhoon season - ^ http://www.hnqx.cn/xqhy/xq_view.jsp?id=6814 Pan Jiazheng, the progress of the 1975 flood March 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Monsoons Over China by Ding Yihui, Springer 1994 edition (December 31, 1993), page 229.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2006-06-01.
- ^ NOAA
- ^ MDR
- ^ Climatological Center, Meteorological Development Bureau (2011). (PDF) (Report). Thai Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
- ^ https://www.academia.edu/14280191/CYCLONE_HAZARD_IN_BANGLADESH
- ^ a b c Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1976). (PDF). Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
- ^ Staff Writer (August 4, 1975). "Typhoon batters Taiwan". The Montreal Gazette. p. 2. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
- ^ 台灣全區總雨量 (in Chinese). Chinese Weather Bureau. 1975. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
- ^ "Typhoon Kills 12 In Taiwan". The Modesto Bee. Associated Press. August 4, 1975. p. 83. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
- ^ United Press International (August 4, 1975). "Typhoon Nina Batters Taiwan With Rain, Wind". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. p. 5. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
- ^ (in Chinese). 华东师范大学. 2010. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
- ^ Anderson-Berry 5-1 paper
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization's World Weather & Climate Extremes Archive".
- ^ "The 16 deadliest storms of the last century". Business Insider India. September 13, 2017. from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
External links edit
- FIFTH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON TROPICAL CYCLONES TOPIC 2.1 Observing and forecasting rainfall
- 27th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology