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Mossad

January 01, 1970

For the institute that facilitated Jewish immigration to the Levant from 1938 to 1952, see Mossad LeAliyah Bet.

The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations (Hebrew: המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים, romanized: ha-Mosád le-Modiʿín u-le-Tafkidím Meyuḥadím), popularly known as Mossad[a] (UK: /ˈmɒsæd/ MOSS-ad; US: /moʊˈsɑːd/ moh-SAHD), is the national intelligence agency of the State of Israel. It is one of the main entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community, along with Aman (military intelligence) and Shin Bet (internal security).

Mossad
Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations
המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים‎
الموساد للاستخبارات والمهام الخاصة‎
"Where there is no guidance, a nation falls, but in an abundance of counselors there is safety." (Proverbs 11:14)
Agency overview
FormedDecember 13, 1949; 74 years ago (1949-12-13) (as the Central Institute for Coordination)
HeadquartersTel Aviv, Israel
EmployeesClassified (est. 7,000)
Annual budgetClassified (est. US$2.73 billion)
Agency executive
Parent agencyOffice of the Prime Minister
Websitewww.mossad.gov.il

Mossad is responsible for intelligence collection, covert operations, and counter-terrorism. Its director answers directly and only to the Prime Minister. Its annual budget is estimated to be around ₪10 billion (US$2.73 billion), and it is estimated that it employs around 7,000 people, making it one of the world's largest espionage agencies.[1]

History

Mossad was formed on December 13, 1949, as the Central Institute for Coordination at the recommendation of Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion to Reuven Shiloah. Ben Gurion wanted a central body to coordinate and improve cooperation between the existing security services—the army's intelligence department (AMAN), the Internal Security Service (Shin Bet), and the Political Intelligence Service (Mossad).[2][3][4] The central body governing the three security services was Va'adat;[4] today it is the Ministry of Intelligence.[5]

In March 1951, it was reorganized and incorporated into the prime minister's office, reporting directly to the Prime Minister of Israel.[3] Due to Mossad's accountability directly to the prime minister and not to the Knesset, journalist Ronen Bergman has described Mossad as a "deep state".[6]

In the 1990s, Aliza Magen-Halevi became the highest-ranking woman in Mossad's history when she served as the agency's deputy director under Shabtai Shavit and Danny Yatom.[7]

The Mossad made an unusual move on Israel's 68th Independence Day by releasing a secret recruitment ad for its Cyber Division. The ad featured seemingly random letters and numbers, which turned out to be a hidden puzzle. Over 25,000 people attempted to solve it, and while most failed, dozens succeeded and were recruited.[8] In a rare 2012 interview with "Lady Globes," Mossad fighters talked about the recruitment of men and women to the Mossad, the screening tests, their work in the Mossad alongside starting a family, the relationship between the time to prepare for the actions and the actions themselves, working in teams, the emotional intelligence required of them, the nature of the activity, avoiding fame and omnipotence, and conversations with enemies.[9]

Organization

Divisions

The organizational structure of the Mossad is officially classified. Mossad is organized into divisions, led by a director who is equivalent to a major general in the Israel Defense Forces.[10]

  • Tzomet: Mossad's largest division, staffed with case officers called katsas tasked with conducting espionage overseas and running agents.[11] Employees in Tzomet operate under a variety of covers, including diplomatic and unofficial. The division was led from 2006 to 2011 by Yossi Cohen[12] and from 2013 to 2019 by David Barnea, both of whom later served as Mossad directors.[13]
  • Caesarea: conducts special operations and houses the Kidon (Hebrew: כידון, "bayonet", "javelin" or a "spear") unit, an elite group of assassins.[14]
  • Keshet ("Rainbow"): electronic surveillance, break-ins, and wiretapping[10]
  • Human Resources[10]
  • A special unit called Metsada allegedly runs "small units of combatants" whose missions include "assassinations and sabotage".[15][better source needed]

Venture capital

Mossad opened a venture capital fund in June 2017,[16] to invest in high-tech startups to develop new cyber technologies.[17] The names of technology startups funded by Mossad are not published.[17]

Personnel

Katsa

A katsa is a field intelligence officer of the Mossad.[18] The word katsa is a Hebrew acronym for Hebrew: קצין איסוף, romanized: ktsin issuf, "intelligence officer", literally "gathering officer". A katsa is a case officer who runs agents to clandestinely collect intelligence.

Kidon

The kidon are Mossad's elite assassins. Recruits receive two years of training at Mossad's training facility near Herzliya.[11]

Sayanim

Sayanim (Hebrew: סייענים, lit. helpers, assistants)[19] are unpaid Jewish civilians who help Mossad out of a sense of devotion to Israel.[20] They are recruited by Mossad's field agents, katsas, to provide logistical support for Mossad operations.[11] A sayan running a rental agency, for instance, could help Mossad agents rent a car without the usual documentation.[21][22] The usage of sayanim allows the Mossad to operate with a slim budget yet conduct vast operations worldwide.[23] Sayanim can have dual citizenships but are often not Israeli citizens.[24][25]

According to Gordon Thomas, there were 4,000 sayanim in Britain and some 16,000 in the United States in 1998.[21]

Israeli students called bodlim are often used as gofers for Mossad.[26]

Motto

Mossad's former motto, be-tachbūlōt ta`aseh lekhā milchāmāh (Hebrew: בתחבולות תעשה לך מלחמה) is a quote from the Bible (Proverbs 24:6): "For by wise guidance you can wage your war" (NRSV). The motto was later[when?] changed to another Proverbs passage: be-'éyn tachbūlōt yippol `ām; ū-teshū`āh be-rov yō'éts (Hebrew: באין תחבולות יפול עם, ותשועה ברוב יועץ, Proverbs 11:14). This is translated by NRSV as: "Where there is no guidance, a nation falls, but in an abundance of counselors there is safety."[27]

Directors

 
Directors of the Mossad in 2015

About half of the Mossad's leaders rose through its ranks, while the rest are retired IDF soldiers appointed to head the agency. The Prime Minister personally appoints the head of the Mossad for Intelligence and Special Duties without needing government or other supervisory body approval (unlike the Chief of Staff or the Shin Bet's head). The appointment undergoes review by the advisory committee for appointing senior civil service officials. The term is five years, extendable by the Prime Minister for another year without conditions.[28]

Until 1996, the head of the Mossad's name was kept confidential. The Mossad argued that secrecy allowed the head to move freely worldwide. In response to public criticism, the government began revealing the head's name when Danny Yatom assumed office.[29]

# Image Director Term
1   Reuven Shiloah 1949–1953
2   Isser Harel 1953–1963
3   Meir Amit 1963–1968
4   Zvi Zamir 1968–1973
5   Yitzhak Hofi 1973–1982
6   Nahum Admoni 1982–1989
7   Shabtai Shavit 1989–1996
8   Danny Yatom 1996–1998
9   Efraim Halevy 1998–2002
10   Meir Dagan 2002–2011
11   Tamir Pardo 2011–2016
12   Yossi Cohen 2016–2021
13   David Barnea 2021–present

Alleged operations

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Mossad operations.

Operation Harpoon

Together with Shurat HaDin, Mossad[when?] started Operation Harpoon, for "destroying terrorists' money networks".[30][31]

Africa

Egypt

  • Provision of intelligence for the cutting of communications between Port Said and Cairo in 1956.[citation needed]
  • Mossad spy Wolfgang Lotz, holding West German citizenship, infiltrated Egypt in 1957, and gathered intelligence on Egyptian missile sites, military installations, and industries. He also composed a list of German rocket scientists working for the Egyptian government, and sent some of them letter bombs. After the East German head of state made a state visit to Egypt, the Egyptian government detained thirty West German citizens as a goodwill gesture. Lotz, assuming that he had been discovered, confessed to his cold war espionage activities.[32]
  • After a tense May 25, 1967, confrontation with CIA Tel Aviv station chief John Hadden, who warned that the United States would help defend Egypt if Israel launched a surprise attack, Mossad director Meir Amit flew to Washington, D.C. to meet with U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and reported back to the Israeli cabinet that the United States had given Israel "a flickering green light" to attack.[33]
  • Provision of intelligence on the Egyptian Air Force for Operation Focus, the opening air strike of the Six-Day War.
  • Operation Bulmus 6 – Intelligence assistance in the Commando Assault on Green Island, Egypt during the War of Attrition.[citation needed]
  • Operation Damocles – A campaign of assassination and intimidation against German rocket scientists employed by Egypt in building missiles.[citation needed]
    • A bomb sent to the Heliopolis rocket factory killed five Egyptian workers, allegedly sent by Otto Skorzeny on behalf of the Mossad.[34]
    • Heinz Krug, 49, the chief of a Munich company supplying military hardware to Egypt disappeared in September 1962 and is believed to have been assassinated by Otto Skorzeny on behalf of the Mossad.[34]

Morocco

In September 1956, Mossad established a secretive network in Morocco to smuggle Moroccan Jews to Israel after a ban on immigration to Israel was imposed.[35]

In early 1991, two Mossad operatives infiltrated the Moroccan port of Casablanca and planted a tracking device on the freighter Al-Yarmouk, which was carrying a cargo of North Korean missiles bound for Syria. The ship was to be sunk by the Israeli Air Force, but the mission was later called off by Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin.[36]

Tunisia

The 1988 killing of Khalil al-Wazir (Abu Jihad), a founder of Fatah.[37]

The alleged killing of Salah Khalaf, head of intelligence of the PLO and second in command of Fatah behind Yasser Arafat, in 1991.[38]

The 2016 alleged killing of Hamas operative Mohamed Zouari in Tunisia. Known to Israel's security echelon as "The Engineer", he was a Hamas-affiliated engineer who was believed to be constructing drones for the group. He was shot at close range.[39][40]

Uganda

For Operation Entebbe in 1976, Mossad provided intelligence regarding Entebbe International Airport[41] and extensively interviewed hostages who had been released.[42]

South Africa

In the late 1990s, after Mossad was tipped off to the presence of two Iranian agents in Johannesburg on a mission to procure advanced weapons systems from Denel, a Mossad agent was deployed, and met up with a local Jewish contact. Posing as South African intelligence, they abducted the Iranians, drove them to a warehouse, and beat and intimidated them before forcing them to leave the country.[36]

Sudan

After the 1994 AMIA bombing, the largest bombing in Argentine history, Mossad began gathering intelligence for a raid by Israeli Special Forces on the Iranian embassy in Khartoum as retaliation. The operation was called off due to fears that another attack against worldwide Jewish communities might take place as revenge. Mossad also assisted in Operation Moses, the evacuation of Ethiopian Jews to Israel from a famine-ridden region of Sudan in 1984, also maintaining a relationship with the Ethiopian government. [citation needed]

Americas

Argentina

In 1960, Mossad discovered that the Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was in Argentina. A team of five Mossad agents led by Shimon Ben Aharon slipped into Argentina and, through surveillance, confirmed that he had been living there under the name of Ricardo Klement. He was abducted on May 11, 1960 and taken to a hideout. He was subsequently smuggled to Israel, where he was tried and executed. Argentina protested what it considered as a violation of its sovereignty, and the United Nations Security Council noted that "repetition of acts such as [this] would involve a breach of the principles upon which international order is founded, creating an atmosphere of insecurity and distrust incompatible with the preservation of peace" while also acknowledging that "Eichmann should be brought to appropriate justice for the crimes of which he is accused" and that "this resolution should in no way be interpreted as condoning the odious crimes of which Eichmann is accused."[b][46] Mossad abandoned a second operation, intended to capture Josef Mengele.[47]

United States

During the 1990s, Mossad discovered that a Hezbollah agent was operating inside the United States to procure materials needed to manufacture IEDs and other weapons. In a joint operation with U.S. intelligence, the Hezbollah agent was kept under surveillance in hopes that his communications would expose additional Hezbollah operatives. The agent was eventually arrested.[36]

Mossad informed the FBI and CIA in August 2001 that, based on its intelligence, as many as 200 terrorists were slipping into the United States and planning "a major assault on the United States". The Israeli intelligence agency cautioned the FBI that it had picked up indications of a "large-scale target" in the United States and that Americans would be "very vulnerable".[48] However, "It is not known whether U.S. authorities thought the warning to be credible, or whether it contained enough details to allow counter-terrorism teams to come up with a response." A month later, terrorists struck at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in the largest terrorist attack in history.[48]

The US journalists Dylan Howard, Melissa Cronin and James Robertson linked the Mossad to American sex offender Jeffrey Epstein in their book Epstein: Dead Men Tell No Tales. They relied for the most part on the former Israeli intelligence officer Ari Ben-Menashe.[49] According to him, Epstein's activities as a spy served to gather compromising material on powerful people in order to blackmail them.[50] There is also a possible connection to the Mossad via Ghislaine Maxwell, whose father Robert Maxwell is said to have had contacts with the Mossad.[51] Epstein's victim Virginia Giuffre also alleged Epstein to be an intelligence asset, linking on Twitter to a Reddit page, that alleged Epstein being a spy, running a blackmail operation.[52]

Uruguay

In 1965, the Mossad assassinated Latvian Nazi collaborator Herberts Cukurs.[53]

Asia

Central Asia and the Middle East

A report published on the Israeli military's official website in February 2014 said that Middle Eastern countries that cooperate with Israel (Mossad) are the United Arab Emirates, Afghanistan, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. The report claimed that Bahrain has been providing Israel with intelligence on Iranian and Palestinian organizations. The report also highlights the growing secret cooperation with Saudi Arabia, claiming that Mossad has been in direct contact with Saudi intelligence about Iran’s nuclear energy program.[54][55]

Iran

Prior to the Iranian Revolution of 1978–79, SAVAK (Organization of National Security and Information), the Iranian secret police and intelligence service was created under the guidance of United States and Israeli intelligence officers in 1957.[56][57] After security relations between the United States and Iran grew more distant in the early 1960s which led the CIA training team to leave Iran, Mossad became increasingly active in Iran, "training SAVAK personnel and carrying out a broad variety of joint operations with SAVAK."[58]

A US intelligence official told The Washington Post that Israel orchestrated the defection of Iranian general Ali Reza Askari on February 7, 2007.[59] This has been denied by Israeli spokesman Mark Regev. The Sunday Times reported that Askari had been a Mossad asset since 2003, and left only when his cover was about to be blown.[60]

Le Figaro claimed that Mossad was possibly behind a blast at the Iranian Revolutionary Guard's Imam Ali military base, on October 12, 2011. The explosion at the base killed 18 and injured 10 others. Among the dead was also general Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam, who served as the commander of the Revolutionary Guards’ missile program and was a crucial figure in building Iran's long-range missile program.[61] The base is believed to store long-range missiles, including the Shahab-3, and also has hangars. It is one of Iran's most secure military bases.[62]

Mossad has been accused of assassinating Masoud Alimohammadi, Ardeshir Hosseinpour, Majid Shahriari, Darioush Rezaeinejad and Mostafa Ahmadi-Roshan; scientists involved in the Iranian nuclear program. It is also suspected of being behind the attempted assassination of Iranian nuclear scientist Fereydoon Abbasi.[63] Meir Dagan, who served as Director of Mossad from 2002 until 2009, while not taking credit for the assassinations, praised them in an interview with a journalist, saying "the removal of important brains" from the Iranian nuclear project had achieved so-called "white defections", frightening other Iranian nuclear scientists into requesting that they be transferred to civilian projects.[33]

In 2018 the Mossad infiltrated into Iran's secret nuclear archive in Tehran and smuggled over 100,000 documents and computer files to Israel. The documents and files showed that the Iranian AMAD Project aimed to develop nuclear weapons.[64] Israel shared the information with its allies, including European countries and the United States.[65]

Iraq

 
MiG-21 at the Israeli Air Force Museum in Hatzerim

Assistance in the defection and rescuing of the family of Munir Redfa, an Iraqi pilot who defected and flew his MiG-21 to Israel in 1966: "Operation Diamond". Redfa's entire family was also successfully smuggled from Iraq to Israel. Previously unknown information about the MiG-21 was subsequently shared with the United States.

Operation Sphinx[66] – Between 1978 and 1981, obtained highly sensitive information about Iraq's Osirak nuclear reactor by recruiting an Iraqi nuclear scientist in France.

Operation Bramble Bush II – In the 1990s, Mossad began scouting locations in Iraq where Saddam Hussein could be ambushed by Sayeret Matkal commandos inserted into Iraq from Jordan. The mission was called off due to Operation Desert Fox and the ongoing Israeli-Arab peace process.[citation needed]

Jordan

In what is thought to have been a reprisal action for a Hamas suicide-bombing in Jerusalem on July 30, 1997 that killed 16 Israelis, Benjamin Netanyahu authorised an operation against Khaled Mashal, the Hamas representative in Jordan.[67] On September 25, 1997, Mashal was injected in the ear with a toxin (thought to have been a derivative of the synthetic opiate Fentanyl called Levofentanyl).[68][69] Jordanian authorities apprehended two Mossad agents posing as Canadian tourists and trapped a further six in the Israeli embassy. In exchange for their release, an Israeli physician had to fly to Amman and deliver an antidote for Mashal. The fallout from the failed killing eventually led to the release of Sheik Ahmed Yassin, the founder and spiritual leader of the Hamas movement, and scores of Hamas prisoners. Netanyahu flew into Amman on September 29 to apologize personally to King Hussein, but he was instead met by the King's brother, Crown Prince Hassan.[68]

Lebanon

The sending of letter bombs to PFLP member Bassam Abu Sharif in 1972. Sharif was severely wounded, but survived.[70]

The killing of the Palestinian writer and leading PFLP member Ghassan Kanafani by a car bomb in 1972.[71]

The provision of intelligence and operational assistance in the 1973 Operation Spring of Youth special forces raid on Beirut.

The targeted killing of Ali Hassan Salameh, the leader of Black September, on January 22, 1979 in Beirut by a car bomb.[72][73]

Providing intelligence for the killing of Abbas al-Musawi, secretary general of Hezbollah, in southern Lebanon in 1992.[74]

Allegedly killed Jihad Ahmed Jibril, the leader of the military wing of the PFLP-GC, in Beirut in 2002.[75]

Allegedly killed Ali Hussein Saleh, member of Hezbollah, in Beirut in 2003.[76]

Allegedly killed Ghaleb Awwali, a senior Hezbollah official, in Beirut in 2004.[77]

Allegedly killed Mahmoud al-Majzoub, a leader of Palestinian Islamic Jihad, in Sidon in 2006.[78]

Mossad was suspected of establishing a large spy network in Lebanon, recruited from Druze, Christian, and Sunni Muslim communities, and officials in the Lebanese government, to spy on Hezbollah and its Iranian Revolutionary Guard advisors. Some have allegedly been active since the 1982 Lebanon War. In 2009, Lebanese Security Services supported by Hezbollah's intelligence unit, and working in collaboration with Syria, Iran, and possibly Russia, launched a major crackdown which resulted in the arrests of around 100 alleged spies "working for Israel".[79] Previously, in 2006, the Lebanese army uncovered a network that allegedly assassinated several Lebanese and Palestinian leaders on behalf of Israeli intelligence agency Mossad.[80]

Palestine

Caesarea tried for many years to assassinate Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat, a job later tasked by Israel's Minister of Defense Ariel Sharon to a military special ops task force code named "Salt Fish", later renamed "Operation Goldfish", specially created for the job of assassinating Arafat,[81] with Ronan Bergman suggesting that Israel used radiation poisoning to kill Yasser Arafat.[82]

Syria

Eli Cohen infiltrated the highest echelons of the Syrian government, was a close friend of the Syrian President, and was considered for the post of Minister of Defense. He gave his handlers a complete plan of the Syrian defenses on the Golan Heights, the Syrian Armed Forces order of battle, and a complete list of the Syrian military's weapons inventory. He also ordered the planting of trees by every Syrian fortified position under the pretext of shading soldiers, but the trees actually served as targeting markers for the Israel Defense Forces. He was discovered by Syrian and Soviet intelligence, tried in secret, and executed publicly in 1965.[83] His information played a crucial role during the Six-Day War.

On April 1, 1978, 12 Syrian military and secret service personnel were killed by a booby trapped sophisticated Israeli listening device planted on the main telephone cable between Damascus and Jordan.[84]

The alleged death of General Anatoly Kuntsevich, who from the late 1990s was suspected of aiding the Syrians in the manufacture of VX nerve-gas, in exchange for which he was paid huge amounts of money by the Syrian government. On April 3, 2002, Kuntsevich died mysteriously during a plane journey, amid allegations that Mossad was responsible.[84]

The alleged killing of Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil, a senior member of the military wing of Hamas, in an automobile booby trap in September 2004 in Damascus.[85]

The uncovering of a nuclear reactor being built in Syria as a result of surveillance by Mossad of Syrian officials working under the command of Muhammad Suleiman. As a result, the Syrian nuclear reactor was destroyed by Israeli Air Forces in September 2007 (see Operation Orchard).[84]

The alleged killing of Muhammad Suleiman, head of Syria's nuclear program, in 2008. Suleiman was on a beach in Tartus and was killed by a sniper firing from a boat.[86]

On July 25, 2007, the al-Safir chemical weapons depot exploded, killing 15 Syrian personnel as well as 10 Iranian engineers. Syrian investigations blamed Israeli sabotage.[84]

The alleged killing of Imad Mughniyah, a senior leader of Hezbollah complicit in the 1983 United States embassy bombing, with an exploding headrest in Damascus in 2008.[87]

The decomposed body of Yuri Ivanov, the deputy head of the GRU, Russia's foreign military intelligence service, was found on a Turkish beach in early August 2010,[88] amid allegations that Mossad may have played a role. He had disappeared while staying near Latakia, Syria.[89]

Mossad was accused of being behind the assassination of Aziz Asbar, a senior Syrian scientist responsible for developing long-range rockets and chemical weapons programs. He was killed in a car bomb in Masyaf on August 5, 2018.[90]

United Arab Emirates

Mossad is suspected of killing Mahmoud al-Mabhouh, a senior Hamas military commander, in January 2010 at Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The team which carried out the killing is estimated, on the basis of CCTV and other evidence, to have consisted of at least 26 agents traveling on bogus passports. The operatives entered al-Mabhouh's hotel room, where Mabhouh was subjected to electric shocks and interrogated. The door to his room was reported to have been locked from the inside.[91][92][93][94][95] Although the UAE police and Hamas have declared Israel responsible for the killing, no direct evidence linking Mossad to the crime has been found. The agents' bogus passports included six British passports, cloned from those of real British nationals resident in Israel and suspected by Dubai, five Irish passports, apparently forged from those of living individuals,[96] forged Australian passports that raised fears of reprisal against innocent victims of identity theft,[97] a genuine German passport and a false French passport. Emirati police say they have fingerprint and DNA evidence of some of the attackers, as well as retinal scans of 11 suspects recorded at Dubai airport.[98][99] Dubai's police chief has said "I am now completely sure that it was Mossad," adding: "I have presented the (Dubai) prosecutor with a request for the arrest of (Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin) Netanyahu and the head of Mossad," for the murder.[100]

South Asia and East/Southeast Asia

India

A Rediff story in 2003 revealed that Mossad had clandestine links with the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), India's external intelligence agency. When R&AW was founded in September 1968 by Rameshwar Nath Kao, he was advised by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to cultivate links with Mossad. This was suggested as a countermeasure to military links between that of Pakistan and China, as well as with North Korea. Israel was also concerned that Pakistani army officers were training Libyans and Iranians in handling Chinese and North Korean military equipment.[101]

Pakistan believed intelligence relations between India and Israel threatened Pakistani security. When young Israeli tourists began visiting the Kashmir valley in the early 1990s, Pakistan suspected they were disguised Israeli army officers there to help Indian security forces with anti-terrorism operations. Israeli tourists were attacked, with one slain and another kidnapped. Pressure from the Kashmiri Muslim diaspora in the United States led to his release. Kashmiri Muslims feared that the attacks could isolate the American Jewish community, and result in them lobbying the US government against Kashmiri separatist groups.[101]

India Today reported that the two flats were RAW safe houses used as operational fronts for Mossad agents and housed Mossad's station chief between 1989 and 1992. RAW had reportedly decided to have closer ties to Mossad, and the subsequent secret operation was approved by then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. India Today cites "RAW insiders" as saying that RAW agents hid a Mossad agent holding an Argentine passport and exchanged intelligence and expertise in operations, including negotiations for the release of an Israeli tourist by the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front militants in June 1991. When asked about the case Verma refused to speak about the companies, but claimed his relationship with them was purely professional. Raman stated, "Sometimes, spy agencies float companies for operational reasons. All I can say is that everything was done with government approval. Files were cleared by the then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi and his cabinet secretary. Balachandran stated, "It is true that we did a large number of operations but at every stage, we kept the Cabinet Secretariat and the prime minister in the loop."[102]

In November 2015, The Times of India reported that agents from Mossad and MI5 were protecting Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his visit to Turkey. Modi was on a state visit to the United Kingdom and was scheduled to attend the 2015 G-20 Summit in Antalya, Turkey. The paper reported that the agents had been called in to provide additional cover to Modi's security detail, composed of India's Special Protection Group and secret agents from RAW and IB, in wake of the November 2015 Paris attacks.[103][104]

Malaysia

In 2018, Hamas and the family of Malaysian-based Hamas engineer and university lecturer Fadi Mohammad al-Batsh have accused the Mossad of assassinating him. In April 2018, al-Batsh was shot dead by two men on a motorbike in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi described the suspects as Europeans with links to an unidentified foreign intelligence agency. In response, Israeli Defense Minister Avigdor Lieberman denied that Mossad was involved in al-Batsh's assassination and suggested that his death was the result of an internal Palestinian dispute.[105][106] Hamas also issued a statement describing Batsh as a "martyr" and "distinguished scientist who has widely contributed to the energy sector."[107]

In October 2022, the New Straits Times and Al Jazeera Arabic reported that several Malaysian Mossad operatives had attempted to kidnap two Palestinian computer experts in Kuala Lumpur in late September 2022. Though they managed to kidnap one of the men, the second escaped and alerted Malaysian police. The operatives allegedly assisted Mossad officials via video call in interrogating and beating their captive, who was questioned about the computer programming and software capabilities of Hamas and its Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. With the aid of the second Palestinian man, Malaysian police were able to track down the car registration plates to a house where the alleged kidnappers were arrested and the man was freed. According to Al Jazeera Arabic, a "well-informed Malaysian source" claimed that an investigation had uncovered an undercover 11-member Mossad cell in Malaysia that was involved in spying on important sites including airports, government electronic companies, and tracking down Palestinian activists. This Mossad cell allegedly consisted of Malaysian nationals who received training in Europe.[108][109][110]

North Korea

Mossad may have been involved in the 2004 explosion of Ryongchon, where several Syrian nuclear scientists working on the Syrian and Iranian nuclear-weapons programs were killed and a train carrying fissionable material was destroyed.[111]

Pakistan

In a September 2003 news article,[112] it was alleged by Rediff News that General Pervez Musharraf, the then-president of Pakistan, decided to establish a clandestine relationship between Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and Mossad via officers of the two services posted at their embassies in Washington, DC.

Sri Lanka

Mossad had helped both Sri Lanka and the Eelam. Mossad agent Victor Ostrovsky claimed that Mossad trained both the Sri Lankan armed forces and the LTTE while keeping the two separated. Ravi Jayawardene, head of the STF, had toured Israel in 1984 and took inspiration from the Israeli settlements in the Palestinian Territories to form armed Sinhalese settlements in strategic border areas of the Tamil-dominant Northern and Eastern provinces.[113]

Europe

Austria

In 1954, after Mossad received intelligence that an Israeli officer who had access to classified military technologies, Major Alexander Israel, had approached Egyptian officials in Europe and offered to sell Israeli military secrets and documents, a team of Mossad and Shin Bet officers was quickly sent to Europe to locate him and abduct him, and located him in Vienna. The mission was code-named Operation Bren. A female agent managed to lure him to a meeting through a honey trap operation, and he was subsequently kidnapped, sedated, and flown to Israel aboard a waiting Israeli military plane. However, the plane had to make several refueling stops, and he was given an additional dose of sedatives each time, which ultimately caused him to overdose, killing him. Upon arrival in Israel, after it was discovered that he was dead, he was given a burial at sea, and the case remained highly classified for decades.[114]

Mossad gathered information on Austrian politician Jörg Haider using a mole.[115]

Belgium

Mossad is alleged to be responsible for the killing of Canadian engineer and ballistics expert Gerald Bull on March 22, 1990. He was shot multiple times in the head outside his Brussels apartment.[116] Bull was at the time working for Iraq on the Project Babylon supergun.[117] Others, including Bull's son, believe that Mossad is taking credit for an act they did not commit to scare off others who may try to help enemy regimes. The alternative theory is that Bull was killed by the CIA. Iraq and Iran are also candidates for suspicion.[118]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Assisted in air and overland evacuations of Bosnian Jews from war-torn Sarajevo to Israel in 1992 and 1993.[119]

Cyprus

The killing of Hussein Al Bashir in Nicosia, Cyprus, in 1973 in relation to the Munich massacre.[74]

France

Mossad allegedly assisted Morocco's domestic security service in the disappearance of dissident politician Mehdi Ben Barka in 1965.[120]

Cherbourg Project – Operation Noa, the 1969 smuggling of five Sa'ar 3-class missile boats out of Cherbourg.[citation needed]

The killing of Mahmoud Hamshari, alleged coordinator of the Munich massacre, with an exploding telephone in his Paris apartment in 1972.[74]

The killing of Basil Al Kubaisi, who was involved in the Munich massacre, in Paris in 1973.[74]

The killing of Mohamed Boudia, member of the PFLP, in Paris in 1973.[74]

On April 5, 1979, Mossad agents are believed to have triggered an explosion which destroyed 60 percent of components being built in Toulouse for an Iraqi reactor. Although an environmental organization, Groupe des écologistes français, unheard of before this incident, claimed credit for the blast,[66] most French officials discount the claim. The reactor itself was subsequently destroyed by an Israeli air strike in 1981.[66][121]

The alleged killing of Zuheir Mohsen, a pro-Syrian member of the PLO, in 1979.[122]

The killing of Yehia El-Mashad, the head of the Iraq nuclear weapons program, in 1980.[123]

The alleged killing of Atef Bseiso, a top intelligence officer of the PLO, in Paris in 1992. French police believe that a team of assassins followed Atef Bseiso from Berlin, where that first team connected with another team to close in on him in front of a Left Bank hotel, where he received three head-shots at point blank range.[124]

Germany

Operation Plumbat (1968) was an operation by Lekem-Mossad to further Israel's nuclear program. The German freighter "Scheersberg A" disappeared on its way from Antwerp to Genoa along with its cargo of 200 tons of yellowcake, after supposedly being transferred to an Israeli ship.[125]

The sending of letter bombs during the assassination campaign. Some of these attacks were not fatal. Their purpose might not have been to kill the receiver. A Mossad letter bomb led to fugitive Nazi war-criminal Alois Brunner's losing four fingers from his right hand in 1980.[126] Years earlier, on 25 September 1963, the Mossad tried to kill SS-Hauptsturmführer and concentration camp doctor Hans Eisele with a mail bomb. However, the bomb detonated early, instead killing a postal worker.[127][128]

The alleged targeted killing of Wadie Haddad, using poisoned chocolate. Haddad died on 28 March 1978, in the German Democratic Republic supposedly from leukemia. According to the book Striking Back, published by Aharon Klein in 2006, Haddad was eliminated by Mossad, which had sent the chocolate-loving Haddad Belgian chocolates coated with a slow-acting and undetectable poison which caused him to die several months later. "It took him a few long months to die", Klein said in the book.[129]

Mossad discovered that Hezbollah had recruited a German national named Steven Smyrek, and that he was travelling to Israel. In an operation conducted by Mossad, the CIA, the German Internal Security agency Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV), and the Israeli Internal Security agency Shin Bet, Smyrek was kept under constant surveillance, and arrested as soon as he landed in Israel.[130]

Greece

The killing of Zaiad Muchasi, Fatah representative to Cyprus, by an explosion in his Athens hotel room in 1973.[74]

Ireland

The assassination of Mahmoud Al-Mabhouh – a senior Hamas military commander – in Dubai, 2010, was suspected to be the work of Mossad, and there were eight Irish passports (six of which were used) fraudulently obtained by the Israeli embassy in Dublin, Ireland for use by alleged Mossad agents in the operation. The Irish government was angered over the use of Irish passports, summoned the Israeli ambassador for an explanation and expelled the Israeli diplomat deemed responsible from Dublin, following an investigation. One of the passports was registered to a residence on Pembroke Road, Ballsbridge, on the same road as the Israeli embassy. The house was empty when later searched, but there was suspicion by Irish authorities it had been used as a Mossad safe house in the past.[131][132] Mossad is reported to have a working relationship with the Irish military intelligence service[133] and has previously tipped the Irish authorities off about arms shipments from the Middle East to Ireland for use by dissident republican militants, resulting in their interception and arrests.[134]

Italy

The killing of Wael Zwaiter, thought to be a member of Black September.[135][136]

In 1986, Mossad used an undercover agent to lure Mordechai Vanunu, in a honey trap style operation, from the United Kingdom to Italy. There, he was abducted and returned to Israel, where he was tried and found guilty of treason because of his role in exposing Israel's nuclear weapons programme.[137]

Malta

The killing of Fathi Shiqaqi. Shiqaqi, a leader of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, was shot several times in the head in 1995 in front of the Diplomat Hotel in Sliema, Malta.[138]

Norway

Main article: Lillehammer affair

On July 21, 1973, Ahmed Bouchiki, a Moroccan waiter in Lillehammer, Norway, was killed by Mossad agents. He had been mistaken for Ali Hassan Salameh, one of the leaders of Black September, the Palestinian group responsible for the Munich massacre, who had been given shelter in Norway. Mossad agents had used fake Canadian passports, which angered the Canadian government. Six Mossad agents were arrested, and the incident came to be known as the Lillehammer affair. Israel subsequently paid compensation to Bouchiki's family.[137][139][140]

Serbia

Israel provided weapons to the Serbs during the Bosnian War, possibly due to the pro-Serbian bias of the government of the time,[141] or possibly in exchange for the immigration of the Sarajevo Jewish community to Israel.[142] The Mossad allegedly was responsible for providing Serbian groups with arms.[143]

Switzerland

According to secret CIA and US State Department documents discovered by the Iranian students who took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran on November 4, 1979:

In Switzerland the Israelis have an Embassy in Bern and a Consulate-General in Zürich which provide cover for Collection Department officers involved in unilateral operations. These Israeli diplomatic installations also maintain close relations with the Swiss on a local level in regard to overt functions such as physical security for Israeli official and commercial installations in the country and the protection of staff members and visiting Israelis. There is also close collaboration between the Israelis and Swiss on scientific and technical matters pertaining to intelligence and security operations. Swiss officials have made frequent trips to Israel. There is a continual flow of Israelis to and through Switzerland. These visits, however, are usually arranged through the Political Action and Liaison regional controller at the Embassy in Paris directly with the Swiss and not through the officials in the Israeli Embassy in Bern, although the latter are kept informed.[citation needed]

In February 1998, five Mossad agents were caught wiretapping the home of a Hezbollah agent in a Bern suburb. Four agents were freed, but the fifth was tried, found guilty, sentenced to one year in prison, and following his release was banned from entering Switzerland for five years.[144]

Soviet Union

Mossad was involved in outreach to refuseniks in the Soviet Union during the crackdown on Soviet Jews in the period between the 1950s and the 1980s. Mossad helped establish contact with Refuseniks in the USSR, and helped them acquire Jewish religious items, banned by the Soviet government, in addition to passing communications into and out of the USSR. Many rabbinical students from Western countries travelled to the Soviet Union as part of this program in order to establish and maintain contact with refuseniks.

United Kingdom

In 1984 Mossad agents were caught attempting to kidnap Nigerian politician Umaru Dikko from London. On July 4, 1984 customs officials at Stansted airport discovered Dikko in a crate about to be flown to Nigeria. Agents Alexander Barak, Felix Abithol and anesthetist Dr Levi-Arie Shapiro were given prison sentences of between ten and fourteen years.

In 1986, a bag containing eight forged British passports was discovered in a telephone booth in West Germany. The passports had been the work of Mossad and were intended for the Israeli Embassy in London for use in covert operations. The British government, furious, demanded that Israel give a promise not forge its passports again, which was obtained.[145]

On June 15, 1988, following the trial and conviction of a Palestinian post-graduate student studying at Hull University, Ismail Sowan, two Mossad agents were expelled from the UK. Sowan was found in possession of a large arms cache and was sentenced to eleven years in prison. During his trial it had been revealed that he had employed by Mossad for ten years. The Mossad agents, Arie Regev and Jacob Barad, were Sowan’s controllers. They had failed to inform MI6 of Sowan’s activities and that they were aware that a Palestinian, Abd al-Rahim Mustapha, believed to be involved in the assassination of Naji al-Ali had entered the country illegally.[146] The Mossad station in UK remained closed until the 1994 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in London.

Ukraine

In February 2011, a Palestinian engineer, Dirar Abu Seesi, was allegedly pulled off a train by Mossad agents en route to the capital Kyiv from Kharkiv. He had been planning to apply for Ukrainian citizenship, and reappeared in an Israeli jail only three weeks after the incident.[147]

Oceania

New Zealand

Further information: Israel-New Zealand relations and Foreign espionage in New Zealand

In July 2004, New Zealand imposed diplomatic sanctions on Israel over an incident in which two Australia-based Israelis, Uriel Kelman and Eli Cara, who were allegedly working for Mossad, attempted to fraudulently obtain New Zealand passports by claiming the identity of a severely disabled man. Israeli Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom later apologized to New Zealand for their actions. New Zealand cancelled several other passports believed to have been obtained by Israeli agents.[148] Both Kelman and Cara served half of their six-month sentences and, upon release, were deported to Israel. Two others, an Israeli, Ze'ev Barkan, and a New Zealander, David Reznick, are believed to have been the third and fourth men involved in the passport affair but they both managed to leave New Zealand before being apprehended.[149]

In popular culture

Films (including made-for-television movies)
Literature

(Alphabetical by author's surname)

  • In Jeffrey Archer's novel Honour Among Thieves (1993), the lead female protagonist is a Mossad agent.
  • In book 4 of Mark Greaney's Gray Man series, Dead Eye, Mossad and the CIA partner to capture the world's most feared and lethal rogue former black ops agent Courtland Gentry.
  • Daniel Silva's spy novel series is centered on fictional Mossad agent and assassin, Gabriel Allon. The term "Mossad" is never used in the novels, but the protagonist is described as working for Israel's intelligence service (which the characters refer to simply as "the Office").
  • John Le Carre's novel The Little Drummer Girl (1983) describes a fictional Mossad operation against Palestinian terrorists.
  • Frederick Forsyth's novel The Fist of God describes the inner workings of various Mossad divisions.
Television

(Alphabetical by show)

  • Tehran (2020–present) is a spy thriller television series about a Mossad agent working undercover in Iran.
  • In the TV series The Blacklist (2013–present), Mossad agent Samar Navabi (played by Mozhan Marnò) is one of the side characters.
  • In the TV series Covert Affairs (2010–2015), Mossad agent Eyal Lavin is a recurring character.
  • Since the NCIS season 3 episode "Kill Ari (Part 1)" (2005), Mossad has played an instrumental part. Mossad's presence includes one of the main characters, Agent Ziva David, who is a former Mossad Agent. She originally filled the position of Mossad liaison to NCIS, until the end of season 7, when she became a full-time NCIS agent. Her father, Eli David, was the director of Mossad, until the season 10 episode "Shabbat Shalom", when he was killed. Many other characters have been included in the show from Mossad, including Michael Rivkin and Ari Haswari. Some episodes of the show have taken place in Israel.
  • The Spy (2019) is a web television miniseries on the life of top Mossad spy Eli Cohen.

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Also referred to as "the Mossad" (Hebrew: הַמּוֹסָד, romanized: ha-Mosád, IPA: [hamoˈsad]; Arabic: الموساد, romanized: al-Mōsād, IPA: [almoːˈsaːd]; lit. 'the Institute').
  2. ^ Argentina claimed that the "illicit and clandestine transfer of Eichmann from Argentine territory constitutes a flagrant violation of the Argentine State's right of sovereignty[.]"[43] In Eichmann's case, the most salient feature from the perspective of international law was the fact of Israeli law enforcement action in another state's territory without consent; the human element includes the dramatic circumstances of the capture by Mossad agents and the ensuing custody and transfer to Israel[.][44] At its most obvious level this means that the exercise of enforcement jurisdiction within the territory of another state will be a violation of territorial integrity. For example, after Adolf Eichmann [...] was abducted from Argentina by a group of Israelis, now known to be from the Israeli Secret Service (Mossad), the Argentine Government lodged a complaint with the UN Security Council [...] It is however unclear whether as a matter of international law the obligation to make reparation for a violation of territorial sovereignty such as that involved in the Eichmann case includes an obligation to return the offender.[45]

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Further reading

  • Bar-Zohar, Michael and Mishal, Nissim. Mossad: The Great Operations of Israel's Secret Service. The Robson Press, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84954-368-2.
  • Ben-Menashe, Ari. Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network. New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992. ISBN 1-879823-01-2. OCLC 26586922.
  • Black, Ian and Benny Morris. Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991. ISBN 978-0-8021-3286-4. OCLC 249707944.
  • Central Intelligence Agency. Israel: Foreign Intelligence and Security Services: A Survey. Washington, D.C., 1979. (Included in Documents from the US Espionage Den. Tehran: Center for the Publication of the US Espionage Den's Documents, 1982.)
  • Jonas, George. Vengeance. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984. ISBN 0-671-50611-0. OCLC 10507421.
  • Lapid, Ephraim and Amos Gilboa, Israel's Silent Defender: An Inside Look at Sixty Years of Israeli Intelligence (2012)
  • Libel, Tamir. "Looking for meaning: lessons from Mossad’s failed adaptation to the post-Cold War era, 1991–2013." Journal of Intelligence History 14.2 (2015): 83–95. abstract
  • Raviv, Dan and Melman, Yossi. Spies Against Armageddon: Inside Israel's Secret Wars. Sea Cliff: Levant Books, 2012. ISBN 978-0985437831.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mossad.
  • Official website
  • Official website (in Hebrew)
  • Official website (in Arabic)
  • Libertad website

January 01, 1970
mossad, institute, that, facilitated, jewish, immigration, levant, from, 1938, 1952, lealiyah, institute, intelligence, special, operations, hebrew, המוסד, למודיעין, ולתפקידים, מיוחדים, romanized, mosád, modiʿín, tafkidím, meyuḥadím, popularly, known, moss, ɑː. For the institute that facilitated Jewish immigration to the Levant from 1938 to 1952 see Mossad LeAliyah Bet The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations Hebrew המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים romanized ha Mosad le Modiʿin u le Tafkidim Meyuḥadim popularly known as Mossad a UK ˈ m ɒ s ae d MOSS ad US m oʊ ˈ s ɑː d moh SAHD is the national intelligence agency of the State of Israel It is one of the main entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community along with Aman military intelligence and Shin Bet internal security MossadInstitute for Intelligence and Special Operationsהמוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים الموساد للاستخبارات والمهام الخاصة Where there is no guidance a nation falls but in an abundance of counselors there is safety Proverbs 11 14 Agency overviewFormedDecember 13 1949 74 years ago 1949 12 13 as the Central Institute for Coordination HeadquartersTel Aviv IsraelEmployeesClassified est 7 000 Annual budgetClassified est US 2 73 billion Agency executiveDavid Barnea DirectorParent agencyOffice of the Prime MinisterWebsitewww wbr mossad wbr gov wbr il Mossad is responsible for intelligence collection covert operations and counter terrorism Its director answers directly and only to the Prime Minister Its annual budget is estimated to be around 10 billion US 2 73 billion and it is estimated that it employs around 7 000 people making it one of the world s largest espionage agencies 1 Contents 1 History 2 Organization 2 1 Divisions 2 2 Venture capital 2 3 Personnel 2 3 1 Katsa 2 3 2 Kidon 2 3 3 Sayanim 3 Motto 4 Directors 5 Alleged operations 5 1 Operation Harpoon 5 2 Africa 5 2 1 Egypt 5 2 2 Morocco 5 2 3 Tunisia 5 2 4 Uganda 5 2 5 South Africa 5 2 6 Sudan 5 3 Americas 5 3 1 Argentina 5 3 2 United States 5 3 3 Uruguay 5 4 Asia 5 4 1 Central Asia and the Middle East 5 4 2 Iran 5 4 3 Iraq 5 4 4 Jordan 5 4 5 Lebanon 5 4 6 Palestine 5 4 7 Syria 5 4 8 United Arab Emirates 5 4 9 South Asia and East Southeast Asia 5 4 9 1 India 5 4 9 2 Malaysia 5 4 9 3 North Korea 5 4 9 4 Pakistan 5 4 9 5 Sri Lanka 5 5 Europe 5 5 1 Austria 5 5 2 Belgium 5 5 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 5 4 Cyprus 5 5 5 France 5 5 6 Germany 5 5 7 Greece 5 5 8 Ireland 5 5 9 Italy 5 5 10 Malta 5 5 11 Norway 5 5 12 Serbia 5 5 13 Switzerland 5 5 14 Soviet Union 5 5 15 United Kingdom 5 5 16 Ukraine 5 6 Oceania 5 6 1 New Zealand 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 Explanatory notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistoryMossad was formed on December 13 1949 as the Central Institute for Coordination at the recommendation of Prime Minister David Ben Gurion to Reuven Shiloah Ben Gurion wanted a central body to coordinate and improve cooperation between the existing security services the army s intelligence department AMAN the Internal Security Service Shin Bet and the Political Intelligence Service Mossad 2 3 4 The central body governing the three security services was Va adat 4 today it is the Ministry of Intelligence 5 In March 1951 it was reorganized and incorporated into the prime minister s office reporting directly to the Prime Minister of Israel 3 Due to Mossad s accountability directly to the prime minister and not to the Knesset journalist Ronen Bergman has described Mossad as a deep state 6 In the 1990s Aliza Magen Halevi became the highest ranking woman in Mossad s history when she served as the agency s deputy director under Shabtai Shavit and Danny Yatom 7 The Mossad made an unusual move on Israel s 68th Independence Day by releasing a secret recruitment ad for its Cyber Division The ad featured seemingly random letters and numbers which turned out to be a hidden puzzle Over 25 000 people attempted to solve it and while most failed dozens succeeded and were recruited 8 In a rare 2012 interview with Lady Globes Mossad fighters talked about the recruitment of men and women to the Mossad the screening tests their work in the Mossad alongside starting a family the relationship between the time to prepare for the actions and the actions themselves working in teams the emotional intelligence required of them the nature of the activity avoiding fame and omnipotence and conversations with enemies 9 OrganizationDivisions The organizational structure of the Mossad is officially classified Mossad is organized into divisions led by a director who is equivalent to a major general in the Israel Defense Forces 10 Tzomet Mossad s largest division staffed with case officers called katsas tasked with conducting espionage overseas and running agents 11 Employees in Tzomet operate under a variety of covers including diplomatic and unofficial The division was led from 2006 to 2011 by Yossi Cohen 12 and from 2013 to 2019 by David Barnea both of whom later served as Mossad directors 13 Caesarea conducts special operations and houses the Kidon Hebrew כידון bayonet javelin or a spear unit an elite group of assassins 14 Keshet Rainbow electronic surveillance break ins and wiretapping 10 Human Resources 10 A special unit called Metsada allegedly runs small units of combatants whose missions include assassinations and sabotage 15 better source needed Venture capital Mossad opened a venture capital fund in June 2017 16 to invest in high tech startups to develop new cyber technologies 17 The names of technology startups funded by Mossad are not published 17 Personnel Katsa A katsa is a field intelligence officer of the Mossad 18 The word katsa is a Hebrew acronym for Hebrew קצין איסוף romanized ktsin issuf intelligence officer literally gathering officer A katsa is a case officer who runs agents to clandestinely collect intelligence Kidon The kidon are Mossad s elite assassins Recruits receive two years of training at Mossad s training facility near Herzliya 11 Sayanim Sayanim Hebrew סייענים lit helpers assistants 19 are unpaid Jewish civilians who help Mossad out of a sense of devotion to Israel 20 They are recruited by Mossad s field agents katsas to provide logistical support for Mossad operations 11 A sayan running a rental agency for instance could help Mossad agents rent a car without the usual documentation 21 22 The usage of sayanim allows the Mossad to operate with a slim budget yet conduct vast operations worldwide 23 Sayanim can have dual citizenships but are often not Israeli citizens 24 25 According to Gordon Thomas there were 4 000 sayanim in Britain and some 16 000 in the United States in 1998 21 Israeli students called bodlim are often used as gofers for Mossad 26 MottoMossad s former motto be tachbulōt ta aseh lekha milchamah Hebrew בתחבולות תעשה לך מלחמה is a quote from the Bible Proverbs 24 6 For by wise guidance you can wage your war NRSV The motto was later when changed to another Proverbs passage be eyn tachbulōt yippol am u teshu ah be rov yō ets Hebrew באין תחבולות יפול עם ותשועה ברוב יועץ Proverbs 11 14 This is translated by NRSV as Where there is no guidance a nation falls but in an abundance of counselors there is safety 27 Directors nbsp Directors of the Mossad in 2015About half of the Mossad s leaders rose through its ranks while the rest are retired IDF soldiers appointed to head the agency The Prime Minister personally appoints the head of the Mossad for Intelligence and Special Duties without needing government or other supervisory body approval unlike the Chief of Staff or the Shin Bet s head The appointment undergoes review by the advisory committee for appointing senior civil service officials The term is five years extendable by the Prime Minister for another year without conditions 28 Until 1996 the head of the Mossad s name was kept confidential The Mossad argued that secrecy allowed the head to move freely worldwide In response to public criticism the government began revealing the head s name when Danny Yatom assumed office 29 Image Director Term 1 nbsp Reuven Shiloah 1949 1953 2 nbsp Isser Harel 1953 1963 3 nbsp Meir Amit 1963 1968 4 nbsp Zvi Zamir 1968 1973 5 nbsp Yitzhak Hofi 1973 1982 6 nbsp Nahum Admoni 1982 1989 7 nbsp Shabtai Shavit 1989 1996 8 nbsp Danny Yatom 1996 1998 9 nbsp Efraim Halevy 1998 2002 10 nbsp Meir Dagan 2002 2011 11 nbsp Tamir Pardo 2011 2016 12 nbsp Yossi Cohen 2016 2021 13 nbsp David Barnea 2021 presentAlleged operationsFor a more comprehensive list see List of Mossad operations Operation Harpoon Together with Shurat HaDin Mossad when started Operation Harpoon for destroying terrorists money networks 30 31 Africa Egypt Provision of intelligence for the cutting of communications between Port Said and Cairo in 1956 citation needed Mossad spy Wolfgang Lotz holding West German citizenship infiltrated Egypt in 1957 and gathered intelligence on Egyptian missile sites military installations and industries He also composed a list of German rocket scientists working for the Egyptian government and sent some of them letter bombs After the East German head of state made a state visit to Egypt the Egyptian government detained thirty West German citizens as a goodwill gesture Lotz assuming that he had been discovered confessed to his cold war espionage activities 32 After a tense May 25 1967 confrontation with CIA Tel Aviv station chief John Hadden who warned that the United States would help defend Egypt if Israel launched a surprise attack Mossad director Meir Amit flew to Washington D C to meet with U S Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and reported back to the Israeli cabinet that the United States had given Israel a flickering green light to attack 33 Provision of intelligence on the Egyptian Air Force for Operation Focus the opening air strike of the Six Day War Operation Bulmus 6 Intelligence assistance in the Commando Assault on Green Island Egypt during the War of Attrition citation needed Operation Damocles A campaign of assassination and intimidation against German rocket scientists employed by Egypt in building missiles citation needed A bomb sent to the Heliopolis rocket factory killed five Egyptian workers allegedly sent by Otto Skorzeny on behalf of the Mossad 34 Heinz Krug 49 the chief of a Munich company supplying military hardware to Egypt disappeared in September 1962 and is believed to have been assassinated by Otto Skorzeny on behalf of the Mossad 34 Morocco In September 1956 Mossad established a secretive network in Morocco to smuggle Moroccan Jews to Israel after a ban on immigration to Israel was imposed 35 In early 1991 two Mossad operatives infiltrated the Moroccan port of Casablanca and planted a tracking device on the freighter Al Yarmouk which was carrying a cargo of North Korean missiles bound for Syria The ship was to be sunk by the Israeli Air Force but the mission was later called off by Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin 36 Tunisia The 1988 killing of Khalil al Wazir Abu Jihad a founder of Fatah 37 The alleged killing of Salah Khalaf head of intelligence of the PLO and second in command of Fatah behind Yasser Arafat in 1991 38 The 2016 alleged killing of Hamas operative Mohamed Zouari in Tunisia Known to Israel s security echelon as The Engineer he was a Hamas affiliated engineer who was believed to be constructing drones for the group He was shot at close range 39 40 Uganda For Operation Entebbe in 1976 Mossad provided intelligence regarding Entebbe International Airport 41 and extensively interviewed hostages who had been released 42 South Africa In the late 1990s after Mossad was tipped off to the presence of two Iranian agents in Johannesburg on a mission to procure advanced weapons systems from Denel a Mossad agent was deployed and met up with a local Jewish contact Posing as South African intelligence they abducted the Iranians drove them to a warehouse and beat and intimidated them before forcing them to leave the country 36 Sudan After the 1994 AMIA bombing the largest bombing in Argentine history Mossad began gathering intelligence for a raid by Israeli Special Forces on the Iranian embassy in Khartoum as retaliation The operation was called off due to fears that another attack against worldwide Jewish communities might take place as revenge Mossad also assisted in Operation Moses the evacuation of Ethiopian Jews to Israel from a famine ridden region of Sudan in 1984 also maintaining a relationship with the Ethiopian government citation needed Americas Argentina In 1960 Mossad discovered that the Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was in Argentina A team of five Mossad agents led by Shimon Ben Aharon slipped into Argentina and through surveillance confirmed that he had been living there under the name of Ricardo Klement He was abducted on May 11 1960 and taken to a hideout He was subsequently smuggled to Israel where he was tried and executed Argentina protested what it considered as a violation of its sovereignty and the United Nations Security Council noted that repetition of acts such as this would involve a breach of the principles upon which international order is founded creating an atmosphere of insecurity and distrust incompatible with the preservation of peace while also acknowledging that Eichmann should be brought to appropriate justice for the crimes of which he is accused and that this resolution should in no way be interpreted as condoning the odious crimes of which Eichmann is accused b 46 Mossad abandoned a second operation intended to capture Josef Mengele 47 United States During the 1990s Mossad discovered that a Hezbollah agent was operating inside the United States to procure materials needed to manufacture IEDs and other weapons In a joint operation with U S intelligence the Hezbollah agent was kept under surveillance in hopes that his communications would expose additional Hezbollah operatives The agent was eventually arrested 36 Mossad informed the FBI and CIA in August 2001 that based on its intelligence as many as 200 terrorists were slipping into the United States and planning a major assault on the United States The Israeli intelligence agency cautioned the FBI that it had picked up indications of a large scale target in the United States and that Americans would be very vulnerable 48 However It is not known whether U S authorities thought the warning to be credible or whether it contained enough details to allow counter terrorism teams to come up with a response A month later terrorists struck at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in the largest terrorist attack in history 48 The US journalists Dylan Howard Melissa Cronin and James Robertson linked the Mossad to American sex offender Jeffrey Epstein in their book Epstein Dead Men Tell No Tales They relied for the most part on the former Israeli intelligence officer Ari Ben Menashe 49 According to him Epstein s activities as a spy served to gather compromising material on powerful people in order to blackmail them 50 There is also a possible connection to the Mossad via Ghislaine Maxwell whose father Robert Maxwell is said to have had contacts with the Mossad 51 Epstein s victim Virginia Giuffre also alleged Epstein to be an intelligence asset linking on Twitter to a Reddit page that alleged Epstein being a spy running a blackmail operation 52 Uruguay In 1965 the Mossad assassinated Latvian Nazi collaborator Herberts Cukurs 53 Asia Central Asia and the Middle East A report published on the Israeli military s official website in February 2014 said that Middle Eastern countries that cooperate with Israel Mossad are the United Arab Emirates Afghanistan the Republic of Azerbaijan Bahrain and Saudi Arabia The report claimed that Bahrain has been providing Israel with intelligence on Iranian and Palestinian organizations The report also highlights the growing secret cooperation with Saudi Arabia claiming that Mossad has been in direct contact with Saudi intelligence about Iran s nuclear energy program 54 55 Iran Prior to the Iranian Revolution of 1978 79 SAVAK Organization of National Security and Information the Iranian secret police and intelligence service was created under the guidance of United States and Israeli intelligence officers in 1957 56 57 After security relations between the United States and Iran grew more distant in the early 1960s which led the CIA training team to leave Iran Mossad became increasingly active in Iran training SAVAK personnel and carrying out a broad variety of joint operations with SAVAK 58 A US intelligence official told The Washington Post that Israel orchestrated the defection of Iranian general Ali Reza Askari on February 7 2007 59 This has been denied by Israeli spokesman Mark Regev The Sunday Times reported that Askari had been a Mossad asset since 2003 and left only when his cover was about to be blown 60 Le Figaro claimed that Mossad was possibly behind a blast at the Iranian Revolutionary Guard s Imam Ali military base on October 12 2011 The explosion at the base killed 18 and injured 10 others Among the dead was also general Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam who served as the commander of the Revolutionary Guards missile program and was a crucial figure in building Iran s long range missile program 61 The base is believed to store long range missiles including the Shahab 3 and also has hangars It is one of Iran s most secure military bases 62 Mossad has been accused of assassinating Masoud Alimohammadi Ardeshir Hosseinpour Majid Shahriari Darioush Rezaeinejad and Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan scientists involved in the Iranian nuclear program It is also suspected of being behind the attempted assassination of Iranian nuclear scientist Fereydoon Abbasi 63 Meir Dagan who served as Director of Mossad from 2002 until 2009 while not taking credit for the assassinations praised them in an interview with a journalist saying the removal of important brains from the Iranian nuclear project had achieved so called white defections frightening other Iranian nuclear scientists into requesting that they be transferred to civilian projects 33 In 2018 the Mossad infiltrated into Iran s secret nuclear archive in Tehran and smuggled over 100 000 documents and computer files to Israel The documents and files showed that the Iranian AMAD Project aimed to develop nuclear weapons 64 Israel shared the information with its allies including European countries and the United States 65 Iraq This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp MiG 21 at the Israeli Air Force Museum in Hatzerim Assistance in the defection and rescuing of the family of Munir Redfa an Iraqi pilot who defected and flew his MiG 21 to Israel in 1966 Operation Diamond Redfa s entire family was also successfully smuggled from Iraq to Israel Previously unknown information about the MiG 21 was subsequently shared with the United States Operation Sphinx 66 Between 1978 and 1981 obtained highly sensitive information about Iraq s Osirak nuclear reactor by recruiting an Iraqi nuclear scientist in France Operation Bramble Bush II In the 1990s Mossad began scouting locations in Iraq where Saddam Hussein could be ambushed by Sayeret Matkal commandos inserted into Iraq from Jordan The mission was called off due to Operation Desert Fox and the ongoing Israeli Arab peace process citation needed Jordan In what is thought to have been a reprisal action for a Hamas suicide bombing in Jerusalem on July 30 1997 that killed 16 Israelis Benjamin Netanyahu authorised an operation against Khaled Mashal the Hamas representative in Jordan 67 On September 25 1997 Mashal was injected in the ear with a toxin thought to have been a derivative of the synthetic opiate Fentanyl called Levofentanyl 68 69 Jordanian authorities apprehended two Mossad agents posing as Canadian tourists and trapped a further six in the Israeli embassy In exchange for their release an Israeli physician had to fly to Amman and deliver an antidote for Mashal The fallout from the failed killing eventually led to the release of Sheik Ahmed Yassin the founder and spiritual leader of the Hamas movement and scores of Hamas prisoners Netanyahu flew into Amman on September 29 to apologize personally to King Hussein but he was instead met by the King s brother Crown Prince Hassan 68 Lebanon The sending of letter bombs to PFLP member Bassam Abu Sharif in 1972 Sharif was severely wounded but survived 70 The killing of the Palestinian writer and leading PFLP member Ghassan Kanafani by a car bomb in 1972 71 The provision of intelligence and operational assistance in the 1973 Operation Spring of Youth special forces raid on Beirut The targeted killing of Ali Hassan Salameh the leader of Black September on January 22 1979 in Beirut by a car bomb 72 73 Providing intelligence for the killing of Abbas al Musawi secretary general of Hezbollah in southern Lebanon in 1992 74 Allegedly killed Jihad Ahmed Jibril the leader of the military wing of the PFLP GC in Beirut in 2002 75 Allegedly killed Ali Hussein Saleh member of Hezbollah in Beirut in 2003 76 Allegedly killed Ghaleb Awwali a senior Hezbollah official in Beirut in 2004 77 Allegedly killed Mahmoud al Majzoub a leader of Palestinian Islamic Jihad in Sidon in 2006 78 Mossad was suspected of establishing a large spy network in Lebanon recruited from Druze Christian and Sunni Muslim communities and officials in the Lebanese government to spy on Hezbollah and its Iranian Revolutionary Guard advisors Some have allegedly been active since the 1982 Lebanon War In 2009 Lebanese Security Services supported by Hezbollah s intelligence unit and working in collaboration with Syria Iran and possibly Russia launched a major crackdown which resulted in the arrests of around 100 alleged spies working for Israel 79 Previously in 2006 the Lebanese army uncovered a network that allegedly assassinated several Lebanese and Palestinian leaders on behalf of Israeli intelligence agency Mossad 80 Palestine Caesarea tried for many years to assassinate Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat a job later tasked by Israel s Minister of Defense Ariel Sharon to a military special ops task force code named Salt Fish later renamed Operation Goldfish specially created for the job of assassinating Arafat 81 with Ronan Bergman suggesting that Israel used radiation poisoning to kill Yasser Arafat 82 Syria Eli Cohen infiltrated the highest echelons of the Syrian government was a close friend of the Syrian President and was considered for the post of Minister of Defense He gave his handlers a complete plan of the Syrian defenses on the Golan Heights the Syrian Armed Forces order of battle and a complete list of the Syrian military s weapons inventory He also ordered the planting of trees by every Syrian fortified position under the pretext of shading soldiers but the trees actually served as targeting markers for the Israel Defense Forces He was discovered by Syrian and Soviet intelligence tried in secret and executed publicly in 1965 83 His information played a crucial role during the Six Day War On April 1 1978 12 Syrian military and secret service personnel were killed by a booby trapped sophisticated Israeli listening device planted on the main telephone cable between Damascus and Jordan 84 The alleged death of General Anatoly Kuntsevich who from the late 1990s was suspected of aiding the Syrians in the manufacture of VX nerve gas in exchange for which he was paid huge amounts of money by the Syrian government On April 3 2002 Kuntsevich died mysteriously during a plane journey amid allegations that Mossad was responsible 84 The alleged killing of Izz El Deen Sheikh Khalil a senior member of the military wing of Hamas in an automobile booby trap in September 2004 in Damascus 85 The uncovering of a nuclear reactor being built in Syria as a result of surveillance by Mossad of Syrian officials working under the command of Muhammad Suleiman As a result the Syrian nuclear reactor was destroyed by Israeli Air Forces in September 2007 see Operation Orchard 84 The alleged killing of Muhammad Suleiman head of Syria s nuclear program in 2008 Suleiman was on a beach in Tartus and was killed by a sniper firing from a boat 86 On July 25 2007 the al Safir chemical weapons depot exploded killing 15 Syrian personnel as well as 10 Iranian engineers Syrian investigations blamed Israeli sabotage 84 The alleged killing of Imad Mughniyah a senior leader of Hezbollah complicit in the 1983 United States embassy bombing with an exploding headrest in Damascus in 2008 87 The decomposed body of Yuri Ivanov the deputy head of the GRU Russia s foreign military intelligence service was found on a Turkish beach in early August 2010 88 amid allegations that Mossad may have played a role He had disappeared while staying near Latakia Syria 89 Mossad was accused of being behind the assassination of Aziz Asbar a senior Syrian scientist responsible for developing long range rockets and chemical weapons programs He was killed in a car bomb in Masyaf on August 5 2018 90 United Arab Emirates Mossad is suspected of killing Mahmoud al Mabhouh a senior Hamas military commander in January 2010 at Dubai United Arab Emirates The team which carried out the killing is estimated on the basis of CCTV and other evidence to have consisted of at least 26 agents traveling on bogus passports The operatives entered al Mabhouh s hotel room where Mabhouh was subjected to electric shocks and interrogated The door to his room was reported to have been locked from the inside 91 92 93 94 95 Although the UAE police and Hamas have declared Israel responsible for the killing no direct evidence linking Mossad to the crime has been found The agents bogus passports included six British passports cloned from those of real British nationals resident in Israel and suspected by Dubai five Irish passports apparently forged from those of living individuals 96 forged Australian passports that raised fears of reprisal against innocent victims of identity theft 97 a genuine German passport and a false French passport Emirati police say they have fingerprint and DNA evidence of some of the attackers as well as retinal scans of 11 suspects recorded at Dubai airport 98 99 Dubai s police chief has said I am now completely sure that it was Mossad adding I have presented the Dubai prosecutor with a request for the arrest of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the head of Mossad for the murder 100 South Asia and East Southeast Asia India A Rediff story in 2003 revealed that Mossad had clandestine links with the Research and Analysis Wing R amp AW India s external intelligence agency When R amp AW was founded in September 1968 by Rameshwar Nath Kao he was advised by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to cultivate links with Mossad This was suggested as a countermeasure to military links between that of Pakistan and China as well as with North Korea Israel was also concerned that Pakistani army officers were training Libyans and Iranians in handling Chinese and North Korean military equipment 101 Pakistan believed intelligence relations between India and Israel threatened Pakistani security When young Israeli tourists began visiting the Kashmir valley in the early 1990s Pakistan suspected they were disguised Israeli army officers there to help Indian security forces with anti terrorism operations Israeli tourists were attacked with one slain and another kidnapped Pressure from the Kashmiri Muslim diaspora in the United States led to his release Kashmiri Muslims feared that the attacks could isolate the American Jewish community and result in them lobbying the US government against Kashmiri separatist groups 101 India Today reported that the two flats were RAW safe houses used as operational fronts for Mossad agents and housed Mossad s station chief between 1989 and 1992 RAW had reportedly decided to have closer ties to Mossad and the subsequent secret operation was approved by then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi India Today cites RAW insiders as saying that RAW agents hid a Mossad agent holding an Argentine passport and exchanged intelligence and expertise in operations including negotiations for the release of an Israeli tourist by the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front militants in June 1991 When asked about the case Verma refused to speak about the companies but claimed his relationship with them was purely professional Raman stated Sometimes spy agencies float companies for operational reasons All I can say is that everything was done with government approval Files were cleared by the then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi and his cabinet secretary Balachandran stated It is true that we did a large number of operations but at every stage we kept the Cabinet Secretariat and the prime minister in the loop 102 In November 2015 The Times of India reported that agents from Mossad and MI5 were protecting Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his visit to Turkey Modi was on a state visit to the United Kingdom and was scheduled to attend the 2015 G 20 Summit in Antalya Turkey The paper reported that the agents had been called in to provide additional cover to Modi s security detail composed of India s Special Protection Group and secret agents from RAW and IB in wake of the November 2015 Paris attacks 103 104 Malaysia In 2018 Hamas and the family of Malaysian based Hamas engineer and university lecturer Fadi Mohammad al Batsh have accused the Mossad of assassinating him In April 2018 al Batsh was shot dead by two men on a motorbike in Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi described the suspects as Europeans with links to an unidentified foreign intelligence agency In response Israeli Defense Minister Avigdor Lieberman denied that Mossad was involved in al Batsh s assassination and suggested that his death was the result of an internal Palestinian dispute 105 106 Hamas also issued a statement describing Batsh as a martyr and distinguished scientist who has widely contributed to the energy sector 107 In October 2022 the New Straits Times and Al Jazeera Arabic reported that several Malaysian Mossad operatives had attempted to kidnap two Palestinian computer experts in Kuala Lumpur in late September 2022 Though they managed to kidnap one of the men the second escaped and alerted Malaysian police The operatives allegedly assisted Mossad officials via video call in interrogating and beating their captive who was questioned about the computer programming and software capabilities of Hamas and its Izz ad Din al Qassam Brigades With the aid of the second Palestinian man Malaysian police were able to track down the car registration plates to a house where the alleged kidnappers were arrested and the man was freed According to Al Jazeera Arabic a well informed Malaysian source claimed that an investigation had uncovered an undercover 11 member Mossad cell in Malaysia that was involved in spying on important sites including airports government electronic companies and tracking down Palestinian activists This Mossad cell allegedly consisted of Malaysian nationals who received training in Europe 108 109 110 North Korea Mossad may have been involved in the 2004 explosion of Ryongchon where several Syrian nuclear scientists working on the Syrian and Iranian nuclear weapons programs were killed and a train carrying fissionable material was destroyed 111 Pakistan In a September 2003 news article 112 it was alleged by Rediff News that General Pervez Musharraf the then president of Pakistan decided to establish a clandestine relationship between Inter Services Intelligence ISI and Mossad via officers of the two services posted at their embassies in Washington DC Sri Lanka Mossad had helped both Sri Lanka and the Eelam Mossad agent Victor Ostrovsky claimed that Mossad trained both the Sri Lankan armed forces and the LTTE while keeping the two separated Ravi Jayawardene head of the STF had toured Israel in 1984 and took inspiration from the Israeli settlements in the Palestinian Territories to form armed Sinhalese settlements in strategic border areas of the Tamil dominant Northern and Eastern provinces 113 Europe Austria In 1954 after Mossad received intelligence that an Israeli officer who had access to classified military technologies Major Alexander Israel had approached Egyptian officials in Europe and offered to sell Israeli military secrets and documents a team of Mossad and Shin Bet officers was quickly sent to Europe to locate him and abduct him and located him in Vienna The mission was code named Operation Bren A female agent managed to lure him to a meeting through a honey trap operation and he was subsequently kidnapped sedated and flown to Israel aboard a waiting Israeli military plane However the plane had to make several refueling stops and he was given an additional dose of sedatives each time which ultimately caused him to overdose killing him Upon arrival in Israel after it was discovered that he was dead he was given a burial at sea and the case remained highly classified for decades 114 Mossad gathered information on Austrian politician Jorg Haider using a mole 115 Belgium Mossad is alleged to be responsible for the killing of Canadian engineer and ballistics expert Gerald Bull on March 22 1990 He was shot multiple times in the head outside his Brussels apartment 116 Bull was at the time working for Iraq on the Project Babylon supergun 117 Others including Bull s son believe that Mossad is taking credit for an act they did not commit to scare off others who may try to help enemy regimes The alternative theory is that Bull was killed by the CIA Iraq and Iran are also candidates for suspicion 118 Bosnia and Herzegovina Assisted in air and overland evacuations of Bosnian Jews from war torn Sarajevo to Israel in 1992 and 1993 119 Cyprus The killing of Hussein Al Bashir in Nicosia Cyprus in 1973 in relation to the Munich massacre 74 France Mossad allegedly assisted Morocco s domestic security service in the disappearance of dissident politician Mehdi Ben Barka in 1965 120 Cherbourg Project Operation Noa the 1969 smuggling of five Sa ar 3 class missile boats out of Cherbourg citation needed The killing of Mahmoud Hamshari alleged coordinator of the Munich massacre with an exploding telephone in his Paris apartment in 1972 74 The killing of Basil Al Kubaisi who was involved in the Munich massacre in Paris in 1973 74 The killing of Mohamed Boudia member of the PFLP in Paris in 1973 74 On April 5 1979 Mossad agents are believed to have triggered an explosion which destroyed 60 percent of components being built in Toulouse for an Iraqi reactor Although an environmental organization Groupe des ecologistes francais unheard of before this incident claimed credit for the blast 66 most French officials discount the claim The reactor itself was subsequently destroyed by an Israeli air strike in 1981 66 121 The alleged killing of Zuheir Mohsen a pro Syrian member of the PLO in 1979 122 The killing of Yehia El Mashad the head of the Iraq nuclear weapons program in 1980 123 The alleged killing of Atef Bseiso a top intelligence officer of the PLO in Paris in 1992 French police believe that a team of assassins followed Atef Bseiso from Berlin where that first team connected with another team to close in on him in front of a Left Bank hotel where he received three head shots at point blank range 124 Germany Operation Plumbat 1968 was an operation by Lekem Mossad to further Israel s nuclear program The German freighter Scheersberg A disappeared on its way from Antwerp to Genoa along with its cargo of 200 tons of yellowcake after supposedly being transferred to an Israeli ship 125 The sending of letter bombs during the assassination campaign Some of these attacks were not fatal Their purpose might not have been to kill the receiver A Mossad letter bomb led to fugitive Nazi war criminal Alois Brunner s losing four fingers from his right hand in 1980 126 Years earlier on 25 September 1963 the Mossad tried to kill SS Hauptsturmfuhrer and concentration camp doctor Hans Eisele with a mail bomb However the bomb detonated early instead killing a postal worker 127 128 The alleged targeted killing of Wadie Haddad using poisoned chocolate Haddad died on 28 March 1978 in the German Democratic Republic supposedly from leukemia According to the book Striking Back published by Aharon Klein in 2006 Haddad was eliminated by Mossad which had sent the chocolate loving Haddad Belgian chocolates coated with a slow acting and undetectable poison which caused him to die several months later It took him a few long months to die Klein said in the book 129 Mossad discovered that Hezbollah had recruited a German national named Steven Smyrek and that he was travelling to Israel In an operation conducted by Mossad the CIA the German Internal Security agency Bundesamt fur Verfassungsschutz BfV and the Israeli Internal Security agency Shin Bet Smyrek was kept under constant surveillance and arrested as soon as he landed in Israel 130 Greece The killing of Zaiad Muchasi Fatah representative to Cyprus by an explosion in his Athens hotel room in 1973 74 Ireland The assassination of Mahmoud Al Mabhouh a senior Hamas military commander in Dubai 2010 was suspected to be the work of Mossad and there were eight Irish passports six of which were used fraudulently obtained by the Israeli embassy in Dublin Ireland for use by alleged Mossad agents in the operation The Irish government was angered over the use of Irish passports summoned the Israeli ambassador for an explanation and expelled the Israeli diplomat deemed responsible from Dublin following an investigation One of the passports was registered to a residence on Pembroke Road Ballsbridge on the same road as the Israeli embassy The house was empty when later searched but there was suspicion by Irish authorities it had been used as a Mossad safe house in the past 131 132 Mossad is reported to have a working relationship with the Irish military intelligence service 133 and has previously tipped the Irish authorities off about arms shipments from the Middle East to Ireland for use by dissident republican militants resulting in their interception and arrests 134 Italy The killing of Wael Zwaiter thought to be a member of Black September 135 136 In 1986 Mossad used an undercover agent to lure Mordechai Vanunu in a honey trap style operation from the United Kingdom to Italy There he was abducted and returned to Israel where he was tried and found guilty of treason because of his role in exposing Israel s nuclear weapons programme 137 Malta The killing of Fathi Shiqaqi Shiqaqi a leader of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad was shot several times in the head in 1995 in front of the Diplomat Hotel in Sliema Malta 138 Norway Main article Lillehammer affair On July 21 1973 Ahmed Bouchiki a Moroccan waiter in Lillehammer Norway was killed by Mossad agents He had been mistaken for Ali Hassan Salameh one of the leaders of Black September the Palestinian group responsible for the Munich massacre who had been given shelter in Norway Mossad agents had used fake Canadian passports which angered the Canadian government Six Mossad agents were arrested and the incident came to be known as the Lillehammer affair Israel subsequently paid compensation to Bouchiki s family 137 139 140 Serbia Israel provided weapons to the Serbs during the Bosnian War possibly due to the pro Serbian bias of the government of the time 141 or possibly in exchange for the immigration of the Sarajevo Jewish community to Israel 142 The Mossad allegedly was responsible for providing Serbian groups with arms 143 Switzerland According to secret CIA and US State Department documents discovered by the Iranian students who took over the U S Embassy in Tehran on November 4 1979 In Switzerland the Israelis have an Embassy in Bern and a Consulate General in Zurich which provide cover for Collection Department officers involved in unilateral operations These Israeli diplomatic installations also maintain close relations with the Swiss on a local level in regard to overt functions such as physical security for Israeli official and commercial installations in the country and the protection of staff members and visiting Israelis There is also close collaboration between the Israelis and Swiss on scientific and technical matters pertaining to intelligence and security operations Swiss officials have made frequent trips to Israel There is a continual flow of Israelis to and through Switzerland These visits however are usually arranged through the Political Action and Liaison regional controller at the Embassy in Paris directly with the Swiss and not through the officials in the Israeli Embassy in Bern although the latter are kept informed citation needed In February 1998 five Mossad agents were caught wiretapping the home of a Hezbollah agent in a Bern suburb Four agents were freed but the fifth was tried found guilty sentenced to one year in prison and following his release was banned from entering Switzerland for five years 144 Soviet Union This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Mossad was involved in outreach to refuseniks in the Soviet Union during the crackdown on Soviet Jews in the period between the 1950s and the 1980s Mossad helped establish contact with Refuseniks in the USSR and helped them acquire Jewish religious items banned by the Soviet government in addition to passing communications into and out of the USSR Many rabbinical students from Western countries travelled to the Soviet Union as part of this program in order to establish and maintain contact with refuseniks United Kingdom In 1984 Mossad agents were caught attempting to kidnap Nigerian politician Umaru Dikko from London On July 4 1984 customs officials at Stansted airport discovered Dikko in a crate about to be flown to Nigeria Agents Alexander Barak Felix Abithol and anesthetist Dr Levi Arie Shapiro were given prison sentences of between ten and fourteen years In 1986 a bag containing eight forged British passports was discovered in a telephone booth in West Germany The passports had been the work of Mossad and were intended for the Israeli Embassy in London for use in covert operations The British government furious demanded that Israel give a promise not forge its passports again which was obtained 145 This section may be confusing or unclear to readers Please help clarify the section There might be a discussion about this on the talk page November 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message On June 15 1988 following the trial and conviction of a Palestinian post graduate student studying at Hull University Ismail Sowan two Mossad agents were expelled from the UK Sowan was found in possession of a large arms cache and was sentenced to eleven years in prison During his trial it had been revealed that he had employed by Mossad for ten years The Mossad agents Arie Regev and Jacob Barad were Sowan s controllers They had failed to inform MI6 of Sowan s activities and that they were aware that a Palestinian Abd al Rahim Mustapha believed to be involved in the assassination of Naji al Ali had entered the country illegally 146 The Mossad station in UK remained closed until the 1994 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in London Ukraine In February 2011 a Palestinian engineer Dirar Abu Seesi was allegedly pulled off a train by Mossad agents en route to the capital Kyiv from Kharkiv He had been planning to apply for Ukrainian citizenship and reappeared in an Israeli jail only three weeks after the incident 147 Oceania New Zealand Further information Israel New Zealand relations and Foreign espionage in New Zealand In July 2004 New Zealand imposed diplomatic sanctions on Israel over an incident in which two Australia based Israelis Uriel Kelman and Eli Cara who were allegedly working for Mossad attempted to fraudulently obtain New Zealand passports by claiming the identity of a severely disabled man Israeli Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom later apologized to New Zealand for their actions New Zealand cancelled several other passports believed to have been obtained by Israeli agents 148 Both Kelman and Cara served half of their six month sentences and upon release were deported to Israel Two others an Israeli Ze ev Barkan and a New Zealander David Reznick are believed to have been the third and fourth men involved in the passport affair but they both managed to leave New Zealand before being apprehended 149 In popular cultureFilms including made for television movies The films Sword of Gideon 1986 and Munich 2005 depict Mossad agents retaliation against Black September following the events of the 1972 Munich Olympics The Impossible Spy 1987 is a TV movie about the life of top Mossad spy Eli Cohen In the film Swordfish 2001 the lead character Gabriel Shear played by John Travolta is believed to be a Mossad agent The Red Sea Diving Resort 2019 is loosely based on the events of Operation Moses and Operation Joshua jointly referred to as Operation Brothers in which Ethiopian Jews were covertly moved from refugee camps in Sudan to Israel The House on Garibaldi Street 1979 and Operation Finale 2018 movies about the Mossad exfiltration of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann from Argentina Literature Alphabetical by author s surname In Jeffrey Archer s novel Honour Among Thieves 1993 the lead female protagonist is a Mossad agent In book 4 of Mark Greaney s Gray Man series Dead Eye Mossad and the CIA partner to capture the world s most feared and lethal rogue former black ops agent Courtland Gentry Daniel Silva s spy novel series is centered on fictional Mossad agent and assassin Gabriel Allon The term Mossad is never used in the novels but the protagonist is described as working for Israel s intelligence service which the characters refer to simply as the Office John Le Carre s novel The Little Drummer Girl 1983 describes a fictional Mossad operation against Palestinian terrorists Frederick Forsyth s novel The Fist of God describes the inner workings of various Mossad divisions Television Alphabetical by show Tehran 2020 present is a spy thriller television series about a Mossad agent working undercover in Iran In the TV series The Blacklist 2013 present Mossad agent Samar Navabi played by Mozhan Marno is one of the side characters In the TV series Covert Affairs 2010 2015 Mossad agent Eyal Lavin is a recurring character Since the NCIS season 3 episode Kill Ari Part 1 2005 Mossad has played an instrumental part Mossad s presence includes one of the main characters Agent Ziva David who is a former Mossad Agent She originally filled the position of Mossad liaison to NCIS until the end of season 7 when she became a full time NCIS agent Her father Eli David was the director of Mossad until the season 10 episode Shabbat Shalom when he was killed Many other characters have been included in the show from Mossad including Michael Rivkin and Ari Haswari Some episodes of the show have taken place in Israel The Spy 2019 is a web television miniseries on the life of top Mossad spy Eli Cohen See also nbsp Israel portal Duvdevan Unit Israel s undercover strike unit List of Israeli assassinations Special Activities Division The Spy Machine 1998 a British documentary special about the work of the Mossad Unit 8200 Israeli Intelligence Corps SIGINT and cyber unit Yamam Israel s elite Border Police SWAT unitExplanatory notes Also referred to as the Mossad Hebrew ה מ ו ס ד romanized ha Mosad IPA hamoˈsad Arabic الموساد romanized al Mōsad IPA almoːˈsaːd lit the Institute Argentina claimed that the illicit and clandestine transfer of Eichmann from Argentine territory constitutes a flagrant violation of the Argentine State s right of sovereignty 43 In Eichmann s case the most salient feature from the perspective of international law was the fact of Israeli law enforcement action in another state s territory without consent the human element includes the dramatic circumstances of the capture by Mossad agents and the ensuing custody and transfer to Israel 44 At its most obvious level this means that the exercise of enforcement jurisdiction within the territory of another state will be a violation of territorial integrity For example after Adolf Eichmann was abducted from Argentina by a group of Israelis now known to be from the Israeli Secret Service Mossad the Argentine Government lodged a complaint with the UN Security Council It is however unclear whether as a matter of international law the obligation to make reparation for a violation of territorial sovereignty such as that involved in the Eichmann case includes an obligation to return the offender 45 References Levinson Chaim August 26 2018 A Golden Age for the Mossad More Targets More Ops More Money Haaretz Retrieved July 2 2019 Mossad History amp Functions Britannica www britannica com December 18 2023 Retrieved December 20 2023 a b Mossad www mossad gov il in Hebrew Retrieved December 20 2023 a b Israel Foreign Intelligence and Security Service PDF March 1979 8 10 15 Retrieved December 20 2023 Ministry of Intelligence in Hebrew The secret history of Mossad Israel s feared and respected intelligence agency New Statesman Retrieved July 2 2019 Shoan Amir February 1 2018 If she wants to a woman can head the Mossad Ynet Retrieved August 29 2023 אייכנר איתמר May 11 2016 מעוניינים לעבוד במוסד פתרו את כתב החידה Ynet in Hebrew Retrieved April 6 2024 ריבלין ורד רמון September 11 2012 לראשונה בתולדות המדינה 5 לוחמות מוסד בכירות מדברות אני עושה דברים שרואים בסרטי ריגול אם אני נתפסת נגמרו לי החיים Globes Retrieved April 6 2024 a b c Bergman Ronen October 2 2017 Gender revolution in Mossad ranks Ynet Retrieved August 29 2023 a b c Thomas Gordon February 17 2010 Mossad s licence to kill Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on January 11 2022 Retrieved November 5 2020 Moore Jack December 9 2015 Who Is Yossi Cohen Mossad s New Spymaster Newsweek Retrieved July 18 2023 Veteran Mossad operative named Israeli spy agency s new chief Reuters May 21 2021 Retrieved July 18 2023 Israel Vs Iran The Shadow War Potomac Books Inc 2012 page 91 By Yaakov Katz Yoaz Hendel Workings of Israel s secret service exposed London Times 2 August 1996 Libertad Ventures libertad gov il a b ISRAEL S MOSSAD IS LOOKING FOR A FEW GOOD STARTUPS BY HERB KEINON JUNE 27 2017 Jerusalem Post Mossad s licence to kill The Daily Telegraph February 17 2010 Melman Yossi February 25 2001 All the Fugitive s Men in Israel Los Angeles Times Retrieved November 5 2020 What if they are innocent The Guardian April 17 2009 Retrieved November 5 2020 a b Thomas Gordon November 19 2015 Gideon s Spies Mossad s Secret Warriors Pan Macmillan ISBN 978 0330375375 Kahana Ephraim April 19 2006 Historical Dictionary of Israeli Intelligence Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence Scarecrow Press Illustrated edition p 244 ISBN 978 0810855816 Hallel Amir October 1 2004 At home with the Mossad men New Zealand Herald Retrieved November 5 2020 Richelson Jeffrey T February 15 2007 The Mossad Imagined The Israeli Secret Service in Film and Fiction International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 20 1 138 doi 10 1080 08850600600889431 S2CID 154278415 Retrieved November 5 2020 Dajani Jamal December 6 2017 Mossad s Little Helpers Huffington Post Retrieved November 5 2020 Ostrovsky Victor Hoy Claire 1991 By Way of Deception A Devastating Insider s Portrait of the Mossad Toronto General Paperback pp 76 77 ISBN 978 0 7736 7316 8 Proverbs 11 14 For lack of guidance a nation falls but with many counselors comes deliverance biblehub com Retrieved May 19 2021 Shapira Asaf June 27 2011 אסף שפירא מינויים לתפקידים בכירים בשירות המדינה והפיקוח עליהם Appointments to senior positions in the civil service and their supervision Israel Democracy Institute in Hebrew 69 Archived from the original on December 4 2018 Israeli Intelligence Agencies irp fas org Retrieved April 6 2024 OP HARPOON HOW THE MOSSAD AND AN ISRAELI NGO DESTROYED TERRORIST MONEY NETWORKS Jerusalem Post 7 Nov 2017 Following the Money By Yishai Schwartz January 18 2018 Sirrs Owen L 2006 Nasser and the Missile Age in the Middle East Routledge p 93 ISBN 9780415407984 a b Bergman Ronen January 25 2012 Will Israel Attack Iran The New York Times Retrieved March 2 2012 a b The Forward and Dan Raviv And Yossi Melman March 27 2016 The Strange Case of a Nazi Who Became an Israeli Hitman Haaretz Israel Intelligence and covert operations Chronology 1948 1955 Zionism israel Retrieved December 4 2011 a b c Ross Michael 2007 The Volunteer Skyhorse Publishing pp 251 272 ISBN 978 1602391321 Aburish Said K 1998 From Defender to Dictator New York Bloomsbury Publishing pp 203 210 ISBN 978 1 58234 049 4 Aburish Said K 1998 From Defender to Dictator New York Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 1 58234 049 4 Report Hamas operative known as The Engineer assassinated by Mossad in Tunisia By JPOST COM STAFF 12 16 2016 Tunisia investigating Mossad suspected assassination Roi Kais 17 December 2016 ynetnews Roffe Ofir Sharon 2006 Mossad took photos Entebbe Operation was on its way Ynetnews Retrieved July 6 2009 Israel marks 30th anniversary of Entebbe Associated Press in USA Today July 5 2006 Bass Gary J 2004 The Adolf Eichmann Case Universal and National Jurisdiction In Stephen Macedo ed Universal Jurisdiction National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes ch 4 Philadelphia U Penn Press Damrosch Lori F 2004 Connecting the Threads in the Fabric of International Law In Stephen Macedo ed Universal Jurisdiction National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes ch 5 Philadelphia U Penn Press The principle of territorial integrity in Art 2 4 UN Charter Higgins Rosalyn and Maurice Floy 1997 Terrorism and International Law UK Routledge p 48 Security Council Resolution 138 Question Relating to the Case of Adolf Eichmann UN Archived from the original on November 26 2011 Retrieved December 4 2011 Posner Gerald L John Ware How Nazi war criminal Josef Mengele cheated justice for 34 years Chicago Tribune Magazine May 18 1986 a b Officials Told of Major Assault Plans The disturbing reason Jeffrey Epstein s homes had a camera in every room 7NEWS December 9 2019 Archived from the original on December 27 2021 Retrieved January 7 2024 McKay Hollie June 17 2020 Jeffrey Epstein s alleged spy ties under fresh scrutiny in new book Fox News Archived from the original on January 7 2024 Retrieved January 7 2024 O Malley JP For writer who broke Epstein case a rumored Mossad link is worth digging into The Times of Israel Archived from the original on January 4 2024 Retrieved January 7 2024 Correspondent Jack Royston Chief Royal October 5 2023 Prince Andrew s accuser shares Jeffrey Epstein spy theory Newsweek Archived from the original on January 7 2024 Retrieved January 7 2024 Simon Wiesenthal Center Wiesenthal Archived from the original on September 29 2007 Retrieved December 4 2011 Mossad chief reportedly visited Saudi Arabia for talks on Iran Haaretz Israeli army report reveals intelligence and security relations with several Arab and Muslim countries middleeastmonitor com Archived from the original on February 22 2014 Iran Library of Congress Country Studies pp 276 Retrieved August 12 2015 Ervand Abrahamian Tortured Confessions University of California Press 1999 p 104 CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY Encyclopaedia Iranica www iranicaonline org Retrieved January 13 2019 Linzer Dafna Former Iranian Defense Official Talks to Western Intelligence The Washington Post March 8 2007 Retrieved March 8 2007 Mahnaimi Uzi Defector spied on Iran for years The Sunday Times March 11 2007 Retrieved March 11 2007 Iran mourns missile commander killed in blastt New York Times November 14 2011 Mossad behind Iranian military base blast Ynet October 25 2010 Geopolitical Diary Israeli Covert Operations in Iran Stratfor February 2 2007 Archived from the original on October 10 2009 Retrieved February 4 2007 requires premium subscription Mossad s stunning op in Iran overshadows the actual intelligence it stole Times of Israel May 1 2018 European intelligence officials briefed in Israel on Iran s nuclear archive Times of Israel May 5 2018 a b c Ostrovsky Victor 1990 By Way of Deception The making and unmaking of a Mossad Officer New York St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 9717595 0 3 McGeough Paul 2009 Kill Khalid The Failed Mossad Assassination of Khalid Mishal and the Rise of Hamas Quartet Books ISBN 978 0 7043 7157 6 Pages 126 127 a b Cowell Alan October 15 1997 The Daring Attack That Blew Up in Israel s Face The New York Times McGeough Paul 2009 Kill Khalid The Failed Mossad Assassination of Khalid Mishal and the Rise of Hamas Quartet Books ISBN 978 0 7043 7157 6 Page 184 Guerin Orla Arafat On borrowed time BBC News June 29 2002 Retrieved October 27 2006 Barbara Harlow Winter Spring 1986 Return to Haifa Opening the Borders in Palestinian Literature Social Text 13 14 3 23 JSTOR 466196 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a More than one of number and issue specified help Life and Death of a Terrorist The New York Times July 10 1983 Shalev Noam The hunt for Black September BBC News Online January 26 2006 Retrieved March 14 2006 a b c d e f Israeli Hits On Terrorists Jewish Virtual Library last updated December 18 2007 Retrieved December 24 2007 Blanford Nicholas June 15 2006 Lebanon exposes deadly Israeli spy ring The Times London Retrieved August 14 2006 Beirut blast kills Hezbollah fighter BBC News August 2 2003 Retrieved June 9 2013 Beirut bomb kills Hezbollah man BBC News July 19 2004 Retrieved April 21 2011 Mrque Baseem May 26 2006 Islamic Jihad Leader Killed in Lebanon The Washington Post Washington Retrieved January 22 2010 Lebanon arrests another 2 over spying for Israel Ya Libnan June 28 2010 Retrieved October 23 2010 Lebanon Israeli spying cell busted Xinhua June 13 2006 Archived from the original on February 11 2012 Retrieved April 21 2011 Bergman Ronen January 23 2018 How Arafat Eluded Israel s Assassination Machine New York Times Poisoned toothpaste and exploding phones New book chronicles Israel s 2 700 assassination operations Ethan Bronner Saturday 27 January 2018 The Independent Our Man in Damascus 1969 a b c d Ronen Bergman The Spies Inside Damascus Foreign Policy September 19 2013 Hamas member assassinated in Syria News From Bangladesh September 27 2004 Assassinations the work of Mossad Times February 16 2010 Mahnaimi Uzi Jaber Hala Swain Jon February 17 2008 Israel kills terror chief with headrest bomb The Sunday Times London Retrieved February 16 2008 Top Russian spy s body washes up after swimming accident Telegraph Israel s Red Line Fate of Syrian Chemical Weapons May Trigger WarDer Spiegel By Ronen Bergman Juliane von Mittelstaedt Matthias Schepp and Holger Stark July 31 2012 A Top Syrian Scientist Is Killed and Fingers Point at Israel The New York Times August 6 2018 Dubai Releases Video Of Alleged Assassins In Hamas Chief Killing Huffington Post February 16 2010 attributed to Associated Press UAE European team killed Mabhouh Jerusalem Post and Associated Press February 15 2010 Katz Yaakov January 31 2010 Analysis Another blow to the axis of evil The Jerusalem Post Retrieved January 31 2010 Issacharoff Avi February 2 2010 Who killed Mahmoud al Mabhouh Many wanted Hamas man dead Haaretz Retrieved February 2 2010 Melman Yossi February 11 2010 10 agents including 3 women took part in Dubai Hamas assassination Haaretz Retrieved February 11 2010 Dubai suspects had five fake Irish passports RTE News February 18 2010 Retrieved February 21 2010 Man in photo on Hamas leader hit squad passport not my son says mum The Australian February 25 2010 Retrieved February 25 2010 U K police in Israel to probe passports used in Dubai hit Haaretz February 27 2010 Interpol adds suspected Dubai assassins to most wanted list Haaretz February 22 2010 Israeli PM s arrest sought over murder News March 3 2010 a b RAW and MOSSAD the Secret Link rediff com An ex RAW employee takes boss to unveil a riveting story of safe houses for Mossad fake firms and secret funds India Today March 15 2013 Retrieved November 13 2016 Rajshekhar Jha November 15 2015 Mossad MI5 roped in to shield Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Turkey The Times of India Retrieved November 13 2016 Mossad may be protecting Modi at Turkey G20 summit paper claims The Times of Israel November 15 2015 Retrieved November 13 2016 Fadi al Batsh killing Israel dismisses involvement BBC News April 22 2018 Archived from the original on January 10 2022 Retrieved October 20 2022 Israel dismisses suggestions it killed Palestinian in Malaysia Reuters April 22 2018 Archived from the original on February 2 2021 Retrieved October 20 2022 Palestinian engineer killed by Mossad in Malaysia says family Middle East Eye April 21 2018 Archived from the original on October 18 2022 Retrieved October 20 2022 Mossad used locals to kidnap Palestinian New Straits Times October 18 2022 Archived from the original on October 20 2022 Retrieved October 20 2022 Malaysian media says Israel s Mossad behind kidnapped Palestinian Al Jazeera October 18 2022 Archived from the original on October 19 2022 Retrieved October 20 2022 Malaysian forces free Gazan after alleged Mossad abduction in Kuala Lumpur report The Times of Israel October 18 2022 Archived from the original on October 19 2022 Retrieved October 20 2022 Thomas Gordon Gideon s Spies The Secret History of the Mossad Fifth Edition RAW amp Mossad The Secret Link rediff com September 8 2003 Hoole Rajan October 17 2014 Sri Lanka The Arrogance of Power Myths Decadence amp Murder UTHR J Retrieved May 17 2021 Goldman Jan Ethics of Spying A Reader for the Intelligence Professional Volume 2 p 63 64 Boyes Roger June 2 2005 Mossad spied on farright Austrian The Times London Murdered by the Mossad asf Canadian Broadcasting Corporation February 12 1991 Retrieved August 30 2009 Frum Barbara April 5 1990 Who killed Gerald Bull Video CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved July 15 2009 Dr Gerald Bull Scientist Weapons Maker Dreamer at CBC ca Traynor Ian Cover story Those who are called The Guardian 10 December 1994 Benjamin Beit Hallahmi 1987 The Israeli connection I B Tauris p 46 FRANCE PROTESTS TO ISRAEL ON RAID The New York Times June 10 1981 Retrieved November 16 2006 Friedman From Beirut to Jerusalem HarperCollins Publishers 1998 2nd ed p 118 Ford Peter S Major USAF Israel s Attack on Osiraq A Model for Future Preventive Strikes INSS Occasional Paper 59 USAF Institute for National Security Studies USAF Academy Colorado July 2005 p 15 Striking Back The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel s Deadly Response ISBN 0 8129 7463 8 ISRAEL The Plumbat Operation 1968 retrieved 10 12 2008 Henley Jon March 3 2001 French court strikes blow against fugitive Nazi The Guardian Retrieved October 27 2006 Fisk Robert August 7 2010 Butcher of Buchenwald in an Egyptian paradise The Independent Archived from the original on May 9 2022 Bergman Ronen July 9 2019 Rise and Kill First The Secret History of Israel s Targeted Assassinations Random House Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 8129 8211 4 Israel used chocs to poison Palestinian SMH May 8 2008 Retrieved February 27 2013 Ross Michael The Volunteer pp 158 159 Black Ian June 15 2010 Ireland orders Israeli diplomat out of embassy over forged passports The Guardian Retrieved May 10 2014 Mossad and the Irish connection Irish Independent December 1 2012 Retrieved May 10 2014 Secret army squad keeps watch on 60 Al Qaeda in Ireland Irish Daily Star March 26 2013 Archived from the original on August 20 2014 Retrieved May 30 2014 O Hanlon Ray February 16 2011 Inside File The Mossad s long arm Irish Echo Retrieved May 19 2014 Johnson Ken February 13 2009 Material for a Palestinian s Life and Death The New York Times Retrieved December 4 2011 An Eye for an Eye Bob Simon CBS News November 20 2011 Retrieved December 4 2011 a b Capturing nuclear whistle blower Haaretz Archived from the original on February 21 2009 Palestinian Islamic Jihad PIJ Military com Archived from the original on April 10 2005 Retrieved November 23 2023 Israelis to Compensate Family of Slain Waiter The New York Times January 28 1996 Retrieved December 4 2011 TERRORISM Fatal Error Time August 6 1973 Archived from the original on March 7 2008 How are Bosnia s Serbs getting Israeli arms By Tom Sawicki The Jerusalem Report January 1995 Intelligence and the War in Bosnia 1992 1995 New Brunswick N J Transaction 2003 215 America used Islamists to arm the Bosnian Muslims Richard J Aldrich Monday 22 April 2002 The Guardian Probert Roy July 7 2000 Mossad agent gets 12 month suspended sentence Swissinfo Retrieved July 1 2022 Weber Yonatan June 20 1995 Expelling Israeli diplomats Thatcher did it first Israel News Ynetnews Ynetnews Ynetnews com Retrieved November 19 2015 Middle East International No 328 24 June 1988 Publishers Lord Mayhew Dennis Walters MP George Joffe p 5 UN confirms Mossad kidnaps Gaza s chief power plant engineer Dirar Abu Seesi from Ukraine suspects Ukrainian help WikiLeaks Central March 10 2011 Retrieved March 11 2011 Israeli government apologises to New Zealand The New Zealand Herald NZPA June 26 2005 Retrieved October 26 2011 Hallel Amir October 2 2004 At home with the Mossad men The New Zealand Herald Retrieved October 26 2011 Further readingBar Zohar Michael and Mishal Nissim Mossad The Great Operations of Israel s Secret Service The Robson Press 2012 ISBN 978 1 84954 368 2 Ben Menashe Ari Profits of War Inside the Secret U S Israeli Arms Network New York Sheridan Square Press 1992 ISBN 1 879823 01 2 OCLC 26586922 Black Ian and Benny Morris Israel s Secret Wars A History of Israel s Intelligence Services New York Grove Weidenfeld 1991 ISBN 978 0 8021 3286 4 OCLC 249707944 Central Intelligence Agency Israel Foreign Intelligence and Security Services A Survey Washington D C 1979 Included in Documents from the US Espionage Den Tehran Center for the Publication of the US Espionage Den s Documents 1982 Jonas George Vengeance New York Simon amp Schuster 1984 ISBN 0 671 50611 0 OCLC 10507421 Lapid Ephraim and Amos Gilboa Israel s Silent Defender An Inside Look at Sixty Years of Israeli Intelligence 2012 Libel Tamir Looking for meaning lessons from Mossad s failed adaptation to the post Cold War era 1991 2013 Journal of Intelligence History 14 2 2015 83 95 abstract Raviv Dan and Melman Yossi Spies Against Armageddon Inside Israel s Secret Wars Sea Cliff Levant Books 2012 ISBN 978 0985437831 External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mossad Official website Official website in Hebrew Official website in Arabic Libertad website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mossad amp oldid 1220958744, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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