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List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy

April 28, 2024

Main article: Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend
Hrólfr Kraki spreading gold to escape the Swedes, by Jenny Nyström (1895).

Hi edit

Figure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations
Hildebrand1 Old High German: Hiltbrand, Middle High German: Hildebrand, Old Norse: Hildibrandr or Hildebrandr, Latin: Hildigerus (Gesta Danorum) Disputed.[1] The first element is PGmc *hildjō- ("strife, conflict"),[2] and the second element "sword" or "conflagration".[3] Instructor and mentor of Dietrich von Bern, son of Heribrand, father of Hadubrand, uncle of Wolfhart and Alphart. In the Hildebrandslied, Hildebrand1 is returning with an army to Italy when he encounters his son Hadubrand, against him he is forced to fight. In the Jüngeres Hildebrandslied, the fight ends in reconciliation. In the Nibelungenlied, he appears with Dietrich von Bern at Attila's hall and kills Kriemhild after she kills Hagen/Högni1.[4] In other epics, he leads Dietrich's men and teaches him how to be a warrior and ruler, including rescuing Dietrich from opponents.[5] In Ásmundar saga kappabana, he is the half-brother of Ásmundr, who kills him.[6] Tale of Wade Gesta Danorum, Ásmundar saga kappabana Hildebrandslied, Nibelungenlied, Nibelungenklage, Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Alpharts Tod, Rosengarten zu Worms, Eckenlied, Sigenot, Goldemar, Dietrich und Fasolt, Laurin, Virginal, Wunderer, Ermenrichs Tod, Heldenbuch-Prosa, Jüngeres Hildebrandslied
Hildeburh1 The first element is PGmc *hildjō- "strife, conflict",[2] the second one is PGmc *-berʒō or *-burʒō ("helper", "assistant").[7] Sister of Hnæf, wife of Finn1. She had either been given as a peace-maker to the Frisian ruler Finn, or kidnapped by him. From that time, some twenty years should have passed when the Battle of Finnsburh starts between her husband and her brother, as one of her sons fall in the battle.[8] She is taken back to the Danish lands together with the Frisian royal treasure.[9] Beowulf
Hildeburg2 Middle High German: Hildeburc, Old Norse: Hilldr See Hildeburh1 In Kudrun, she accompanies Kudrun when she is abducted by Hartmut and Ludwig. She eventually marries Hartmut. In Biterolf und Dietleib, Herbort relates how he abducted Hildeburg, daughter of Ludwig and sister of Hartmut. In the Þiðreks saga, a Hildr, who is the daughter of King Arthur, is abducted and married by the Herbort character.[1] See Hildeburh1 Kudrun, Þiðreks saga
Hildeburg3 Middle High German: Hildeburc See Hildeburh1 The wife of Hugdietrich and mother of Wolfdietrich. She is also the sister of Buðli (Botelung) in some versions. In one version, Hugdietrich's counselor Sabene2 tries to seduce her but fails. In another, Hugdietrich must free her from the tower where she has been locked by her father, Walgunt, in order to seduce and impregnate her with Wolfdietrich.[10] Wolfdietrich
Hildegund Old English: *Hildegȳþ, Old Norse: Hilldigundr, Latin: Hiltgunt, Middle High German: Hildegund First element PGmc *hildjō- ("strife, conflict"), second element from PGmc *gunð- ("war, battle").[11] Lover of Walter of Aquitaine. She is a hostage at Attila's court with Walter and Hagen/Högni1. They escape Attila's court together and have a conflict with the Burgundians while crossing their territory.[10] Assumed to be the speaker in Waldere.[12] Waltharius, Þiðreks saga, Walther und Hildegund, Biterolf und Dietleib
Hildibrand2 the Great Old Norse: Hildibrandr inn ríki See Hildebrand1. Hildibrand2 is the father of Helgi and receives Helgi's son Hildibrandr1 as his foster-son to raise him among the Huns. When he receives his grandson he declares that the boy will grow up to become a hero.[13] Ásmundar saga kappabana
Hildibrand3 Old Norse: Hildibrandr See Hildibrand1. When Harald Wartooth was the king of Denmark and Sweden, Hildibrand3 was a renowned warrior and a powerful king in Jutland. Eventually, he settled down and had the son Hildir2 and the daughter Hild5. On his deathbed he told his son to be loyal to his father's friends, and also to marry off his beautiful but arrogant sister to a far-away place, not share any land with her and not give her any warriors.[14] When Hildir2 had succeeded his father, his sister approached him and had a request, but what later happened to Hildir2 and Hildr5, a story named "About the Eagerness of Hildr" is unfortunately lost due to a lacuna in the manuscript of Sögubrot.[15] Sögubrot
Hildibrand4 Old Norse: Hildibrandr See Hildebrand1. Hildibrand4 was a berserker who was killed with eleven of his men by a twelve-year-old boy named Sigurd Hart.[16] Ragnarssona þáttr, Hálfdanar saga svarta
Hildiguðr Old Norse: Hildiguðr For the etymology, see Hildegund. The very beautiful daughter of Granmar, the king of Södermanland and Hildr4. When the sea king Hjörvard2 Wulfing visits her father for a banquet, she offers him a toast in a silver goblet to the Wulfings. For her sake, he renounces the pirate custom of never drinking in pairs with women, and after having conversed with her, he asks the king for her hand which is accepted. He thereby enters an alliance with her father against the Swedish king Ingjald.[17] Ynglinga saga (37)
Hildir1 Old Norse: Hildir From an earlier PN *Heldija- with ja-ablaut from PN *heldaʀ, which evolved into the ON word hjaldr ("discussion", "noise", "fight").[18] The son of Högni3, the king of Östergötland, and the brother of Hildr4. They are allies with Granmar, the king of Södermanland and Hjörvard2 Wulfing against king Ingjald of Sweden.[17] They meet the much larger Swedish army in battle, and after having routed the warriors from Västergötland, Närke, Fjädrundaland and Attundaland, they force Ingjald to retreat. After a peace treaty, the Swedish king kills Granmar through arson and takes over Södermanland, but although, Högni and Hildir1 make frequent raids into Södermanland killing Ingjald's men, king Högni manages to defend his kingdom as long as he lives.[17] Ynglinga saga (38-39)
Hildir2 See Hildir1. When Harald Wartooth was the king of Denmark and Sweden, Hildibrand3 was a renowned warrior and a powerful king in Jutland. Eventually, he settled down and had the son Hildir2 and the daughter Hild5. On his deathbed he told his son to be loyal to his father's friends, and also to marry off his beautiful but arrogant sister to a far-away place, not share any land with her and not give her any warriors.[14] When Hildir2 had succeeded his father, his sister approached him and had a request, but what later happened to Hildir2 and Hildr5, a story named "About the Eagerness of Hildr" is unfortunately lost due to a lacuna in the manuscript of Sögubrot.[15] Sögubrot
Hildisvid The name is likely the invention of the saga author.[19] For the first element is the genitive form of hildr ("battle") as used in compounds,[20] and the second element svið means "a location".[21] The daughter of earl Rodgeir, she is abducted by Samson and bears him the children Dietmar and Ermanaric.[22] Þiðreks saga
Hildr1 Old Norse: Hildr, Middle High German: Hilde Possibly a historical figure from around the Baltic Sea, 4th century.[23] PGmc *hildjō- ("strife, conflict")[2] The daughter of Högni/Hagen2, she is abducted by Heoden. An early version of the scene found on the picture stone Smiss I seems to show Hildr trying to mediate between the two sides, which is her role in the German versions.[24] In Kudrun, she is successful in preventing the battle and becomes the mother of Kudrun, but an earlier version is alluded to in the Alexanderlied of Lamprecht (c. 1130) in which her father Hagen2 dies.[25] In the attested Norse versions, each night, Hildr resurrects the fallen warriors, so they can fight again the next day, making the battle eternal. Simek considers that the myth of the resurrected warriors is probably based on a relatively widespread Celtic tradition.[26] Ragnarsdrápa, Gesta Danorum, Skáldskaparmál Kudrun, Dukus Horant
Hildr2 Old Norse: Hildr or Old Norse: Drótt, Latin: Drot For the etymology of Hildr, see Hildr1. The author of the saga has evidently replaced the unusual name Drótt ("band of warriors"[27]) found in his poetic source with the common name Hildr.[28] Hildr is the daughter of Buðli2, the king of Sweden, who marries her to the Hunnish king Helgi Hildibrandsson, and they have the son Hildibrand1 (Hildigerus) who is sent to be raised by his grandfather Hildibrandr2. When Helgi is away, the aging king is attacked by Danes and killed by the Danish king Álfr4 and his champion Áki1, and they take Hildr2 away. Áki1 marries Hildr2 and they have the son Ásmundr.[29] Gesta Danorum, Ásmundar saga kappabanna
Hildr3, Hervor3 Old Norse: Hildr For the etymology of Hildr, see Hildr1 In Hervarar saga, Hildr is the daughter of Heidrek Wolf skin and the mother of Halfdan the Valiant.[30] In Hversu Noregr byggðist, she is called Hervor, daughter of Heidrek. Hervarar saga, Hversu Noregr byggðist
Hildr4 Old Norse: Hildr For the etymology of Hildr, see Hildr1 The daughter of Högni3, the king of Östergötland, and the sister of Hildir1. She is married to her father's ally Granmar, the king of Södermanland. When Hjörvard2 Wulfing wants to marry their daughter Hildiguðr to seal an alliance against king Ingjald of Sweden, Granmar first asks for her opinion.[31] Ynglinga saga (37)
Hildr5 See Hildr1. When Harald Wartooth was the king of Denmark and Sweden, Hildibrand3 was a renowned warrior and a powerful king in Jutland. Eventually, he settled down and had the son Hildir2 and the daughter Hild5. On his deathbed he told his son to be loyal to his father's friends, and also to marry off his beautiful but arrogant sister to a far-away place, not share any land with her and not give her any warriors.[14] When Hildir2 had succeeded his father, his sister approached him and had a request, but what later happened to Hildir2 and Hildr5, a story named "About the Eagerness of Hildr" is unfortunately lost due to a lacuna in the manuscript of Sögubrot.[15] Sögubrot
Hjalli Old Norse: Hjalli From ON hilla ("shelf"),[32] or from hjallr ("bed"),[33] a typical thrall name.[34] A cowardly cook at the court of Atli (Attila) and whose heart is cut out to present it to Gunnar as belonging to Gunnar's brother Högni. In the Völsunga saga, his life is spared by the intervention of Högni who can't bear to hear Hjalli's sobbing, but Hjalli's heart is cut out anyway.[35] Atlakvíða, Atlamál, Völsunga saga
Hjalmar Old Norse: Hjálmarr The first element Hialmʀ means "helmet",[36] while the second element -arr can have three different origins: *-harjaʀ ("war chief, warrior"), *-warjaʀ ("defender") or *-ʒaiʀaʀ ("spear").[37] Hjalmar the Great-hearted was the champion of the Swedish king Ingjald (or Yngvi1) at Uppsala, and in love with the king's daughter Ingeborg. However, the twelve berserker sons of Arngrim came to Uppsala and Hjörvard1 (or Angantyr2) challenged him to a duel on Samsø for the hand of Ingeborg. During the holmgang, he fought Hjörvard1's brother Angantyr2 while his friend Orvar-Odd fought Hjörvard1 and the other ten brothers protected by a silken mailcoat. The twelve berserkers were slain, but Hjalmar died from the wounds of the cursed sword Tyrfing that Angantyr had wielded. Dying he sings Hjalmar's death song. Learning that her lover is dead, Ingeborg joins him in death.[38] Hervarar saga, Orvar-Odd's saga, Gesta Danorum
Hjalmgunnar Old Norse: Hjálmgunnarr For the first element hjálmr ("helmet"), see Hjalmar, and for Gunnar, see Gunther/Gunnar. King Hjalmgunnar who was an old and able warrior to whom Odin had promised victory in his war against king Agnar5. However, Odin's Valkyrie Brynhild killed Hjalmgunnar instead. As punishment Odin pricked her with a sleep thorn and cursed her never to be victorious again, and that she would marry. Brynhild responded with an oath that she would never marry a man who could feel fear.[39][40] In Norna-Gests þáttr identified as a Gothic warrior.[41] Sigrdrífumál, Helreið Brynhildar, Völsunga saga, Norna-Gests þáttr
Hjalti/Hött Old Norse: Hjalti/Hǫttr Hjalti is a nickname from hjalt meaning the "boss or knob at the end of a sword's hilt", but "also the guard between the hilt and the blade".[42] Hǫttr means "hood".[43] One of Hrólfr Kraki's champions. He is initially very cowardly, but Bodvar Bjarki cures him of his cowardice.[44] Hrólfr kraki (Hróðulf), lends Hött his sword "Golden hilt" and Hött uses it to "kill" the troll that terrorizes the Danes. Bödvar Bjarki had already killed it, but left it to look alive so that Hött could "slay" it. King Hrólfr understands the ruse but keeps the secret, and names Hött Hjalti after the sword.[45] It is considered to be the same sword as the giant-sword "Golden Hilt" with which the hero Beowulf slays Grendel's mother in Beowulf.[46] Gesta Danorum, Hrólfs saga kraka
Hjördís/Sieglinde Middle High German: Sigelint, Old Norse: Hiǫrdís or Old Norse: Sisibe (Þiðreks saga) The MHG name from OHG sigu- ("victory") and lindi ("soft"), with a possible connection to OHG lint ("dragon").[47] The name Hjördís means "sword woman" in Old Norse.[48] The first element of the name Sisibe is sīsi-, a form of sigis (i.e. sigu) that shows Romance-language influence and is found in Visigothic, Burgundian, Swabian, and West Frankish names.[49] Mother of Sigurd/Siegfried. In Dietrichs Flucht, also the sister of Ortnit. In Norse tradition, she is the daughter of king Eylimi, and she gives birth to Sigurd after his father Sigmund's death. She remarries Alf3, the son of king Hjalprekr of Denmark. In the Þiðreks saga, Sisibe is falsely accused by Sigmund's vassals Hartwin and Herman of adultery while pregnant and forced to flee and give birth to Siegfried in the woods. She places the baby in a basket, sets it in a stream, and then dies.[47] Skáldskaparmál, Völsunga saga, Hyndluljóð (26), Frá dauða Sinfjötla, Grípispá, Norna-Gests þáttr Nibelungenlied, Þiðreks saga, Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid, Heldenbuch-Prosa.
Hjörleif, Leif Old Norse: Hiǫrleifr, Old Norse: Herleifr, Latin: Herlewar Old Norse: Leifr Hjör- is from PN *heruz ("sword")[50] and leifr is from PN *laibaʀ ("remnant", "heir").[51] In Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Helgi Hundingsbane asks Hjörleif if he has mustered the force, and he answers that there are 1200 warriors in Orva Sound, and more than 1800 in Hátun.[52] In the Völsunga saga, he is instead called Leif and gives much larger figures telling that there are 12 000 warriors in Norva Sound, and an even larger force elsewhere.[53] He is also mentioned among the participants in the Battle of the Brávellir.[54] Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Völsunga saga (8), Gesta Danorum (VIII), Sögubrot
Hjort Old Norse: Hjǫrtr, Latin: Hort The name means "hart, stag" (red deer).[55] His name has been connected to Heorot.[56] In Sögubrot, Hjort is a warrior fighting on Danish king Harald Wartooth's side at the massive Battle of Brávellir against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring. Hjort is a member of Harald's house guard and takes on the legendary giant warrior Starkad, but is killed.[57] In Gesta Danorum Hort arrives from the Danish royal seat Lejre, and is one of several warriors sequentially killed by Starkad.[58] Sögubrot, Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Hjörvard1 Arngrimsson Old Norse: Hiǫrvarðr Arngrimsson PN *Heruwarduz[59] from *heruz ("sword")[50] and *warduz ("guard, protector").[60] One of twelve brothers and berserkers who were the sons of Arngrim. Although only twelve they were famous and formidable, never losing battles, and kings were eager to employ them. One Yule, he (or Angangtyr) made a bragarfull vow to marry Ingibjörg, the daughter of the Swedish king Ingjald (or Yngvi1) or no one else. However, at Uppsala, the king's champion Hjálmar the Great-hearted contested this and Ingibjörg wanted him, and so Hjörvard challenged him to a duel on Samsø. During the holmgang, he and his brothers are killed by Hjálmar and Orvar-Odd.[38] Hervarar saga, Orvar-Odd's saga, Gesta Danorum
Hjörvard2 Wulfing Old Norse: Hiǫrvarðr ylfingr See Hjörvard Arngrimsson above. In Ynglinga saga, he marries Hildegunn, the daughter of king Granmar of Södermanland. Granmar appoints him his successor and together they fight a defensive war against king Ingjald Ill-ruler of Sweden, allied with Högni3 king of Östergötland. Ingjald kills both Hjorvard2 Wulfing and Granmar on the island of Selaön through arson. Sögubrot says that he had a son named Hjormund who was appointed ruler of Östergötland by king Harald Wartooth, because Hjorvard2 Wulfing's father had been its king.[61] Ynglinga saga, Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum
Hjörvard3 Old Norse: Hiǫrvarðr See Hjörvard1 Hjörvard was the son of a king named Hunding who was killed by Sigmund's son Helgi, who thus earned himself the cognomen Hundingsbane. Helgakviða Hundingsbana I tells that Helgi refused to give his sons compensation, and so they attacked him but were defeated.[62] In Helgakviða Hundingsbana I and II the brothers are named Alf2 and Eyjolf, Hjorvard3 and Havard,[63] but in The Völsunga saga, the names Hervard2 and Hagbard2 appear instead of Hjörvard and Havard.[53] Helgakviða Hundingsbana II adds a brother named Heming,[64] and the Völsunga saga adds yet another brother called king Lyngvi who killed Sigmund in battle.[65] According to the Völsunga saga, Hjörvard was killed together with Lyngvi while defending against Sigurd who wanted to avenge his father Sigmund.[66] Norna-Gests þáttr tells that in the first battle against Helgi Hundingsbane, Eyjolf, Hervard and Hjörvard were slain, but Lyngvi, Alf and Heming escaped to be killed later in battle against Sigurd.[67] Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Helgakviða Hundingsbana II, Völsunga saga, Norna-Gests þáttr
Hjörvard4 Old Norse: Hiǫrvarðr See Hjörvard1 In Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar, Hjörvard is a king in Norway who had four wives. With Alfhild2 he had son named Hedin, with Særeid a son named Humlung, and with Sinriód a son named Hymling. He wanted his fourth wife to be the most beautiful woman and it was Sigrlinn, the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland. He sent Atli, the son of his jarl Ithmund, to negotiate with Svafnir, but Franmar, the girl's foster-father advised against it. Franmar had previously appeared to Atli in the form of a bird demanding and exorbitant price for her. Hjörvard and Atli ride to Svavaland and find it being invaded and pillaged by Sigrlinn's second suitor Hrothmar who has already killed Svafnir. They find the house where Franmar has hidden Sigrlinn and his daughter Álof1, and where he is magically protecting them in the form of an eagle. Atli kills him and then Atli marries Álof1 and Hjörvard marries Sigrlinn with whom he has the son Helgi Hjörvardsson, the hero of Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar.[68][69] Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
Hlaðguðr svanhvít Old Norse: Hlaðguðr svanhvít First name "weaver of battle" from ON hlaða ("to weave") and guðr ("battle). Jan de Vries instead suggested that the first element meant "headdress". The second name means "swan-white".[70] A valkyrie and swan maiden, wife of Slagfidr. Völundarkviða.
Hljod Old Norse: Hljóð The name means "sound" or "hearing",[71] from PGmc *χleuþan.[72] A Valkyrie and the daughter of the giant Hrímnir. When the Hunnish king Rerir and his queen were unable to conceive, Odin and Frigg heard their prayer and sent an apple with Hjlod in the shape of a crow to Rerir. The queen became pregnant with Völsung, but he stayed in her womb for six years until his mother asked to have him cut out of her. Völsung grew to be big and strong and when he was a grown man Hrímnir sent his to daughter to him to be his wife. They had 10 children and among them the twins Sigmund and Signy.[73][74] Völsunga saga.
Hlöd Old Norse: Hlǫðr, possibly Old English: Hliþe.[75] Unknown, possibly a historical figure from modern Ukraine.[75] The name means "destroyer, vanquisher", to compare with his opponent Heiðrekr that means "king of the heathlands (the steppe)".[76] King Heidrek of the Goths kidnaps the Hunnish princess Sifka whom he rapes then sends back pregnant with Hlöd, to be raised by Sifka's father Humli.[77] When Heidrek dies, Hlöd visits his half-brother Angantýr1 to claim half of the Gothic kingdom. According to Germanic tradition, he is offered a third of the kingdom,[78] which he refuses. His Hunnish grandfather Humli declares a large-scale invasion.[79] In the first battle Hlöd's half-sister Hervor1 is killed, but in the end his half-brother Angantýr wins the war and both Hlöd and Humli are killed.[80] Possibly in Widsith.[75] Hervarar saga
Hlodvard's sons Old Norse: Hlǫðvarðs synir Hlǫðr means "murderer, killer",[81] while varðr is from *warduz ("guard, protector").[60] In Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar, Hrimgerth brags that she had drowned Hlodvard's sons. Nothing else has survived about those characters.[82][83] Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
Hlodver Old Norse: Hlǫðvér The name refers to kings of the Franks.[82] Derived from Frankish Chlodowich, which meant "glorious fighter".[84] The first element of the Frankish form is derived from PGmc *χluđaz ("famous"),[85] but in the Norse form the first element is not the same,[84] see Hlöd, above. The second element of the Norse form, -vér, is either from PGmc *wīhaz, probably meaning "priest", or an agent noun of a verb cognate with Gothic weihan ("fight"), and would thus mean "fighter".[86] He is mentioned in Guðrúnarkviða II in a subordinate role. Hollander comments that as the Franks were neighbours with the Burgundians they may be referred to as their vassals.[87] Guðrúnarkviða II, Völundarkviða, Norna-Gests þáttr
Hnæf Old English: Hnæf Possibly originally a historical person, but absent from Danish sources.[88] Possibly from ON hnefi, Old Swedish næfve ("fist").[89] King of the Danes, brother-in-law of Finn1. Hnæf was invited to his Frisian brother-in-law Finn with 60 other Danes. In the morning, they are attacked in the Frisian hall and they defend themselves for five days without losses, but eventually Hnæf is slain. Finn has so few men left that he is unable to continue the attack, so he has to agree on peace with Hnæf's successor Hengest.[8] The legend of Hnæf and his father Hoc was so widespread that they were included in an 8th c. Alemannic ducal line.[90] Finnsburg Fragment, Beowulf, Widsith (29), Gesta Hludowici imperatoris
Hniflungr (Aldrian2) Old Norse: Hniflungr or Old Norse: Niflungr; Old Norse: Aldrian For Aldrian, see Aldrian1 "Hniflungr" means "small nail" and is probably derived from hnefi (see Hnæf).[91][92] The son of Hagen/Högni1. He takes revenge on Attila for the death of his father.[93] Atlamál, Völsunga saga Þiðreks saga
Hoc Old English: Hōc, Middle High German: Hûc The name is from *χōkaz ("hook").[94] The father of Hnæf and Hildeburh in Beowulf. He is briefly referenced as a Danish king in medieval German epic.[95] The legend of Hoc and his son Hnæf was so widespread that they were included in an 8th c. Alemannic ducal line.[90] Beowulf, Widsith (29), Gesta Hludowici imperatoris Biterolf und Dietleib, Eckenlied, Heldenbuch-Prosa
Höfund Old Norse: Hǫfundr The name means "author" or "judge", from hefja ("heave"[96]) and the suffix -undr,[97] which is a present participle in a construction comparable to the Gothic nēhwundja ("neighbour").[98] He is the good-hearted son of Gudmund of Glæsisvellir, and his trusted advisor. After a visit by the shieldmaiden Hervor2 during which she kills one of their courtiers, Höfund decides with his father that she should be his future wife. She accepts the proposal and they have the children Heidrek and Angantyr3. When he is king, his ill-natured son Heidrek unintentionally kills his own brother, at a feast, and so Höfund has to banish his own son from his kingdom.[99] Hervarar saga
Högni3 Old Norse: Hǫgni Disputed, possibly based on PGmc *hag- "hedge", a proposed PGmc *haganaz (breeding animal/boar), or related to ON hagr ("service").[100] Hag- also means "fenced area" so it may mean "protector".[101] According to Ynglinga saga, king of Östergötland. He was allied to king Granmar of Södermanland who had married his daughter Hildr. They fought a defensive war against the Swedish king Ingjald Ill-ruler, and after Ingjald had killed Granmar through arson, Högni kept defending Östergötland, together with his son Hilder, until his death .[61] Sögubrot tells that Harald Wartooth appointed Hjörvard2 Wulfing's son Hjörmund as the ruler of Östergötland which had belonged to Hjörvard2 Wulfing's father and to Granmar.[61] According to the Völsunga saga and the Helgi lays, Högni is the father of Sigrún who is betrothed to Granmar's son Hothbrodd, but coveted by Helgi Hundingsbane who starts a war against Granmar's sons.[102] Helgakviða Hundingsbana II also adds the sons Bragi and Dag, and the latter would avenge his father by sacrificing to Odin and kill Helgi at a location named Fjoturlund.[103] Ynglinga saga, Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum, Völsunga saga, Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Helgakviða Hundingsbana II.
Holen Old English: Holen The name may mean "protector", based on helan ("protect") and geholen ("protector"). His name has been interpreted as "holly", but that would not have been a suitable name for a king.[104] Appears in Widsith, line 33, as a king of the Wrosnan. He is otherwise unknown.[104] Widsith
Hondscioh Old Norse: Hondscioh Hondscioh is a Hapax legomenon in Old English that only appears in line 2076 in Beowulf. The name means "glove", cf. Continental Scandinavian handske, Modern Icelandic hanzki, Old High German hantscuoh, and Middle Dutch hantscoe.[105] Hondscioh is one of the Geatish warriors who follow Beowulf to king Hrothgar, and when Grendel arrives at Heorot he devours Hondscioh whole.[106] Beowulf
Hord Old Norse: Hǫrðr The name means "hard", or a man from Hordaland,[107] or it means "forest", and is the same word as in Hordaland and Harudes,[108] see also Hæreð. In Sögubrot, Hord is the foster-father of Ivar Vidfamne. During the voyage when Ivar wants to recuperate his escaped daughter Auðr from Ráðbarðr, the king of Gardariki, Ivar has a dream and asks his foster-father about its meaning. Hord answers that various people he has dreamt of represent Norse gods, Halfdan the Valiant was Baldr, Hrœrekr was Hœnir, Helgi was Hermóðr, Guðröðr was Heimdallr and finally he answers that Ivar himself is the Midgard Serpent. Ivar attacks him and Hord jumps into the sea, but Ivar jumps after him and both disappear.[109] Sögubrot
Hornboge Middle High German: Hornboge, Old Norse: Hornbogi The name means "hornbow" and, by extension, "bowman" in MHG.[110] In German sources, one of Attila's vassals and a leader of the Wallachians/Vlachs. In the Þiðreks saga, he is a Wend and one of Dietrich's men.[111] Nibelungenlied, Nibelungenklage, Þiðreks saga, Biterolf und Dietleib
Hothbrodd Old Norse: Hǫðbroddr, Latin: Hothbroddus Several scholars suggest that he is a memory of the Heaðobards,[112][113] but Wessén notes that this is contradicted by -broddr instead of -barðr.[114] The first element is from *haþu- ("battle")[101] and the second from broddr ("spike"),[101] from PGmc *bruzđaz ("spike").[115] In the Helgi lays and in Völsunga saga, he is the son of Granmar,[116][117] but while the Helgi lays name his brother Gudmund2,[116] he has erroneously been renamed Granmar in the Völsunga saga,[118] or it is his father Granmar who takes his place,[119] and the lays have also added the hero Starkad as a third son.[120] In the saga and the lays, Hothbrodd had been betrothed to the Valkyrie Sigrún, the daughter of Högni3, but Sigrún told Helgi Hundingsbane that she would rather marry him instead. Helgi wages war on Hothbrodd and his brothers and kills them, after which he marries Sigrún.[116][117] In the Danish Gesta Danorum, he was a Swedish king who killed Roe (Hrothgar), but who was in turn killed by Roe's brother Helgi (Halga), who could add the epithet "Hothbrodd's-bane" to "Hundingsbane".[121] It also adds that Hothbrodd was the son of the Swedish king Regnerus (Ragnar), and the father of Adislus (Eadgils) and Hotherus (Ohthere).[122] He is also mentioned in Gesta Danorum as a participant in the Battle of Brávellir.[54] Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Helgakviða Hundingsbana II, Völsunga saga, Gesta Danorum, Chronicon Lethrense and the included Annales Lundenses
Hrethel Old English: Hrēðel Beowulf is generally considered to be based on historic people and events.[123][124] Hrēðel is either PN *Hrōþilaz or *Hrōþila which are derived with the diminutive suffixes -*ilaz and -*ilan from names with *Hrōþi- such as *Hrōþigaizaz, *Hrōþiharjaz or *Hrōþiwarjaz,[125] for their meanings see Hrothgar below. King of the Geats and the father of Hygelac, Herebeald, Hæþcyn and an unnamed daughter who married Ecgþēow, Beowulf's father. He died from grief when his son Hæþcyn accidentally killed Herebeald with an arrow. He was succeeded by Hygelac.[126] Beowulf
Hreðric Old English: Hrēðrīk, Latin: Røricus, Old Norse: Hrærekr, Old Norse: Rørik The first element Hrōð- is from PN *hrōþi- meaning "fame",[127] and the second element is from PN *rīkia- ("powerful", "prominent", "rich") or from *rīkaz ("ruler").[128] In Beowulf Hreðrik and Hroðmund are the sons of king Hrothgar. Only Hreðrik survives in Scandinavian tradition and he appears as Røricus in Gesta Danorum and as Bøki avari ("Rørik son of the avaricious Bøk") in Bjarkamál, and where the father's name can be explained as a misinterpretation of his epithet in ON, hnøggvanbaugi ("ring stingy"). This epithet survives in Langfeðgatal where a Skjöldung (Scylding) named Hrærekr hnøggvanbaugi is the successor of Hrólfr kraki (Hroðulf),[129] who in other sources is also called Ringslinger.[130] In Gesta Danorum, the early ringslinger is the son of the Swedish king Höðr (who took over Denmark and Sweden after the death of Hiartvar (Heoroweard), and who is the maternal grandfather of Amleth.[131] The Skjöldunga saga and Bjarkarímur tell of ringslinger in the same context, who is the son of Ingeld and kill Roar (Hrothgar) and after Hrólf's death (and Hiartwar/Heoroweard's), he rules with Hrólf's son. There is an account where he throws a ring into the sea (Svíagriss), but in Holfs saga kraka, he is renamed Hrók.[132] Beowulf Gesta Danorum, Bjarkamál, Bjarkarímur, Langfeðgatal, Skjöldunga saga
Hreiðmarr Old Norse: Hreiðmarr The meaning of the first element hreiðr is contested, but it may be mean "home" and be derived from the meaning "bird's nest".[133] The second element marr is from PN *māriʀ ("excellent").[134] A shape-shifter with three sons who are also shape-shifters, Fafnir, Regin and Ótr, and the daughters Lyngheid and Lofnheid (the daughters are only in Reginsmál). When Ótr ("Otter") has been killed by Loki in company with Odin and Hönir, Hreidmar wants as compensation the cursed hoard of gold (including the cursed ring Andvaranaut) that is guarded by the dwarf Andvari. Soon Hreidmar is killed by Fafnir who is greedy for the gold and turns himself into a dragon to guard it. Regin who wants both the gold and revenge becomes Sigurd's foster-father and eventually persuades him to kill Fafnir.[135][136][137] Reginsmál, Völsunga saga, Norna-Gests þáttr
Hrimgerth Old Norse: Hrímgerðr Hrímr means "hoarfrost",[138] while gerðr is derived from garðr, a fenced-in area.[139] In Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar, Hrimgerth was the daughter of Hati, a giant who was killed by its hero Helgi Hjörvarðsson, at a fjord named after the giant. Hrímgerth was upset and started a raunchy flyting contest with Helgi and his companion Atli2 that ended with Hrimgreth being caught by sunrise and turning to stone.[140][141] Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
Hrimnir Old Norse: Hrímnir Hrímr means "hoarfrost".[138] Hrímnir is a giant. In Hyndluljóð (32), he is the father of Heiðr and Hrossþjófr. In Gríms saga loðinkinna, he is married to the giantess Hyrja and the father of Feima and Kleima. In the Völsunga saga, he is the father of the Valkyrie Hljod. When the Hunnish king Rerir and his queen were unable to conceive, Odin and Frigg heard their prayer and sent an apple with the Valkyrie Hljod in the shape of a crow to Rerir. The queen became pregnant with Völsung, but he stayed in her womb for six years until his mother asked to have him cut out of her. Völsung grew to be big and strong and when he was a grown man, Hrímnir sent his daughter Hljod to him to be his wife.[73][74] Völsunga saga, Prose Edda (Þulur), Gríms saga loðinkinna, Skírnismál (28), Hyndluljóð (32)
Hringr1 Old Norse: Hringr The name is derived from PN *hrengaz ("ring").[138] A king who is allied with the kings Högni3 and Granmar. Before the impending battle with Helgi Hundingsbane, Hothbrodd asks the messengers to send for Hring's sons Atli2, Yngvi2 and Alfr6 the Hoary.[142] Elias Wessén agrees with Sophus Bugge's identification of Hring as the Swedish king Sigurd Ring, and considers Atli2, Yngvi2 and Alfr6 to be the same men as Áli, Yngvi and Alf of the Swedish Yngling dynasty who are counted among the warriors in the Battle of the Brávellir.[143] Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
Hringr2 Old Norse: Hringr See Hringr1 A king in Norway and the grandfather of Bodvar Bjarki. Hrolfs saga kraka
Hroðmund Old English: Hrōðmund, Old Norse: Hrómundr harði? The first element Hrōð- is from PN *hrōþi- meaning "fame",[127] and mund is from PN *munduz, meaning "protection".[144] In Beowulf Hreðrik and Hroðmund are the sons of king Hrothgar. The only survival of him in Scandinavian tradition may be the mentioning of Hrómundr harði as the first of Hrólfr kraki's champions in Hrólfs saga kraka.[129] Beowulf Possibly Hrólfs saga kraka
Hroald Toe Old Norse: Hróaldr tá, Latin: Rolder The first element Hró- is from Hróðr meaning "fame", from PN *hrōþiʀ ("fame").[145] The second element -aldr is from valdr meaning "ruler", from PGmc *waldaz.[146] He appears at the massive Battle of Brávellir as one of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring's warriors in the battle against the Danish king Harald Wartooth. He was one of the archers sent from Telemark, and the Swedes expected little from these archers that they held to be slow speaking drawlers.[147] During the battle, Ubbi, on the Danish side, cleared a path in his wake with one sword in each hand and blood up to his shoulders. Having killed six champions and wounded 11, he went straight for the archers, so Hroald and Hadd shot 24 arrows in chest and killed him, which took a while.[148] In Gesta Danorum, the archers are described a brave but humble.[149] Seeing Ubbi having killed 25 champions and wounded 11 among the Swedes and the Geats, Haddir, Roald and Grettir stopped the massacre by showering the warrior with arrows and he died having been riddled with 144 arrows, an event that turned the battle against the Danes.[149] Sögubrot, Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Hrœrekr Ringslinger Old Norse: Hrœrekr slöngvanbaugi, Old Norse: Rørik Slængeborræ May be based on Hreðric in Beowulf.[150] For the meaning of Hrœrekr, see Hreðric above. The epithet means "ringslinger".[151] The accounts vary greatly. Sögubrot tells of a Hrœrekr who married Auðr the Deep-Minded, although it was his brother Helgi and Auðr who wanted each other, a situation connived by Auð's father Ivar Vidfamne. Hrœrekr and Auðr had the son Harald Wartooth, whose son was named Hrœrekr Ringslinger.[152] In Njáls saga, Hversu and Hyndluljóð, it was instead the first Hrœrekr, Harald Wartooth's father, who was called Hrœrekr Ringslinger.[153] This first Hrœrekr (Ringslinger) was tricked by his father-in-law Ivar to believe that Auðr and Helgi were unfaithful and killed his brother. Ivar then took advantage of the situation and killed Hrœrekr, which caused Auðr to flee with her son Harald Wartooth to Ráðbarðr in Gardariki.[154] Langfeðgatal mentions this late Ringslinger, but also an earlier (Beowulf era) Hrærekr hnøggvanbaugi ("ring stingy") who in other sources is also called Ringslinger,[130] see Hreðrik. Sögubrot, Njáls saga, Hversu Noregr byggðist, Hyndluljóð
Hrok Old Norse: Hrókr Appears to be based on the other legendary character Hrœrekr Ringslinger.[132] The name means "shag".[155][156] The son of Saevil and Signy3. He demands a precious ring from his uncle Hroar (Hrothgar), but then throws it into the sea when he cannot have it. Hroar cuts off his foot, and Hrok kills him and usurps his kingdom. He is badly beaten by his uncle Helgi (Halga) after that.[157] Hrólfs saga kraka
Hrólfr Gautreksson Old Norse: Hrólfr Gautreksson, Hrólfr inn gamli The name Hrólfr is from PN *Hrōþiwulfaz, meaning "fame wolf"[127] Hrólf is the son of the Geatish king Gautrek, and his second wife Ingibjorg, the daughter of Thorir, a chieftain in Sogn.[158] Hrólf has an older brother, Ketil, but everyone, even the brother, agrees that Hrólf should succeed their father.[159] His first adventure is wooing Þornbjorg, the daughter of the Swedish king Eric, who is a shield-maiden. He wins her after having fought against her.[160] The second adventure is helping Ketill marry Alof, the daughter of the Russian king Harald.[161] The third and most dangerous adventure is in Ireland helping his blood-brother Ásmund marry the daughter of the king of Ireland.[162] Hrólf ruled for a very long time and became an old man.[163] He is mentioned in Hyndluljóð as Hrolf the Old, together with his housecarls Thorir Iron-Shield, Grim the Hardy, Gunnar Midwall, Ulf the Gaping, Brodd and Harvi, of whom the first two also appear in Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar.[164] Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar, Hyndluljóð
Hrólfr Kraki Old Norse: Hrólfr Kraki, Old English: Hrōðulf, Old English: Hrōðwulf, Latin: Rolfo Krake or Roluo Krake No historical origin has been identified, but Hrolfr's career is probably based on competition between the Danes, Swedes, and other Germanic peoples in the sixth century.[165] For the meaning of Hrólfr, see Hrólfr Gautreksson, above. His epithet kraki means "rod" or "pole".[166] A Danish king of the Scylding dynasty, the nephew of Hrothgar, and the son of King Helgi and his daughter Yrsa. After Helgi dies in battle, the Swedish king Eadgils marries Yrsa and then asks Hrolfr for help against Àli/Onela, and Hrolfr fights for him the Battle on the Ice (In Beowulf done by Geats). He visits Eadgils in Uppsala, but flees with his gold and spreads the stolen gold behind himself to escape. In Danish sources he conquers Sweden giving to Hereoweard, as fief. He is finally betrayed by Heoroweard, but Vögg avenges him.[167][168] Beowulf, Widsith (lines 45–49) Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses, Gesta danorum, Hrólfs saga kraka, Landnámabók, Ynglinga saga, Skáldskaparmál, Skjöldunga saga, Gróttasöngr (Yrsa's son), Gautrek's saga
Hrólfr the Marksman/Bowman/Swift-handed Old Norse: Hrólfr Skjótandi The name is probably not authentic.[169] See above. One of Hrólfr kraki's champions.[169] He is mentioned in one of the few surviving stanzas from Bjarkamál that were recited at dawn before the Battle of Stiklestad, and they concern the last battle of Hrólfr kraki and the Skjöldungs: Hárr the Hard-gripper,/Hrólfr the Marksman,/Noble-born warriors/Who never will flee!/Not for wine do I wake you /Nor for women's lore,/Nay, I wake you for warfare,/The hard battle-play.[170] He also appears in the last battle in Hrólfs saga kraka, but his companion Hárr has been replaced by Hrómundr harði, Svipdag2 and Beigaðr and Hvítserkr1, Haklangr, Harðrefill, Haki2, Vǫtt, Storolfr, Hjalti and Bödvar Bjarki.[171] Hrólfs saga kraka, Bjarkamál
Hrollaugr Old Norse: Hrollaugr From hróðr and laugr with assimilation of -ðl- into -ll-.[172] Hróðr means "fame" from PN *hrōðiʀ[173] and laugr means "promised to" or "initiated to" from PGmc -*lauʒ, related to Gothic liugan "give a sacred vow" or "to marry".[174] The king of Garðar (Rus'). The R version and the HU versions give different accounts on his interaction with Heidrek. No names appear in the R version, but in the HU versions he is called Hrollaugr, his son is named Herlaug, and his daughter is called Hergerd. Only the U version names his queen, Herborg.[175] Hervarar saga
Hromund Gripsson Old Norse: Hróðmundr Gripsson See Hroðmund above. There was an early 12th c. saga, about Hromund Gripson that has been lost but which was preserved in a late medieval rhyme called Griplur, which was rewritten in the 17th c. as a saga. Enough has been preserved in Þorgils saga ok hafliða for scholars to retrieve parts of the original legend. It was about king Ólafr and his men including Hrómundr, a battle in the Gothenburg archipelago (Elfarsker) between Hrǫgviðr and the king, in which Hrómundr kills the former. During a Viking raid led by Ólafr, Hrómundr breaks into a barrow and kills its inhabitant Þráinn and takes the treasure and a sword. It may also have contained Hrómundr being accused of seducing the king's sister Svanhvit, a fight against Hrǫgvið's brother Helgi Haddingjaskati and two kings. Hrómundr is wounded but they win the battle, after which Hrómundr marries the princess.[176] Þorgils saga ok hafliða, Hrómundar saga Gripssonar
Hrothgar Old English: Hrōðgār, Old Norse: Hróarr, Latin: Roas or Roe Beowulf is generally considered to be based on historic people and events.[123][124] Hrothgar probably has his origin in a king may have ruled around 500.[165] AS Hrothgar is derived from *Hrōþi-gaizaz, meaning "fame spear",[177] while ON Hróarr and Roar are derived from a cluster of related names in Proto-Norse:[178] *Hrōþi-gaizaz, meaning "fame spear",[177] *Hrōþi-harjaz, meaning "fame warrior",[179] and *Hrōþi-warjaz meaning "fame protector".[180] Hrothgar was a Scylding king who was the son of Healfdene. He had the brother Heorogar and through him the nephew Heoroweard, and the brother Halga and through him the nephew Hroðulf. He may also have had an unnamed sister who was married to the Swedish king Onela. He was married to Wealþeow with whom he had the sons Hreðric and Hroðmund and the daughter Freawaru.[181] He is not as prominent in surviving Scandinavian sources as he is in Beowulf.[182] Beowulf, Widsith Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses, Gesta danorum, Hrólfs saga kraka, Skjöldunga saga, Bjarkarímur, Hversu
Hrothmar Old Norse: Hróðmarr The first element Hróð- means "fame" from PN *hrōðiʀ[173] and -marr means "excellent", "commendable".[134] A king who wanted the most beautiful woman Sigrlinn, the daughter of king Sváfnir of Svávaland. He invaded Svávaland and killed king Sváfnir, but he could not find Sigrlinn who was instead found and married by king Hjörvard. Sigrlinn and Hjörvard would have the son Helgi Hjörvardsson who would avenge his maternal grandfather by killing Hrothmar. Helgi would in turn be killed by Hrothmar's son Alf7, and the lay Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar ends with Helgi's brother Hethin preparing to kill Alf7 in turn.[68] Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
Hugdietrich1 Latin: Hug Theodoricus, Middle High German: Hugdietrîch Possibly a Merovingian king such as Theuderic I or Clovis.[183][184] Hūg-, possibly meaning "high", is a name applied to the Salian Franks: thus Hugdietrich might mean "Frankish Dietrich."[185] Father of Wolfdietrich, ancestor of Dietrich von Bern. Different versions of Wolfdietrich portray him as being betrayed by his counsellor Sabene, wooing a bride from an unwilling father, or in conflict with Ortnit.[95] Wolfdietrich, Dietrichs Flucht, Heldenbuch-Prosa
Hugdietrich2 Middle High German: Hugdietrîch In Wolfdietrich D, the son of Wolfdietrich who is brought up by Heribrand. In Dietrichs Flucht he marries Sigeminne von Frankreich and has a son named Amelung.[184] Wolfdietrich, Dietrichs Flucht
Huld Old Norse: Hulð or Huld The name is from PGmc *χuldōn meaning "hiding, secrecy".[186] Snorri tells in Ynglinga saga that one winter Vanlandi, the king of Sweden, stayed with Snær ("snow") in Lappland and his daughter Drífa. He married her promising to return for her after three years. However, after ten years he had still not returned. Humiliated Drífa1 sent their son Vísburr to Uppsala (where the Swedish king resided) accompanied by a witch named Huld, whom she had paid to transport Vanlandi to Lappland with magic, or kill him. The magic caused Vanlandi to want to go Lappland, but his advisors made him stay. Instead Huld had him hag ridden to death.[187] When Vanlandi's son Vísburr was king, he rejected his first wife and she went to her father with their sons Gísl and Ǫndurr. He married another woman and had the son Dómaldi with her. When his rejected sons were 12 and 13, they came to him to claim their mother's gold necklace, but their father refused. Gísl and Ǫndurr contacted Huld who promised to help them kill their father by casting a curse on him, but warned that doing so she would curse the Yngling dynasty with kinslaying. The two boys did not heed the warning but set their father's hall on fire one night and burnt him to death with his retinue.[188] Huld also had a legendary saga of her own which is mentioned in Sturlunga saga, *Huldar saga,[189] but it only exists in two reconstructed versions (Sagan af Huld drottningu hinni ríku) of which the youngest manuscript is from the 18th c.[190] Ynglinga saga (13 and 14), Sturlunga saga
Hulvid Old Norse: Hulvíðr The first element Hul- may be Holm-[191] which means "small island",[192] while the last element is -víðr, from PN *wiðu- meaning "trees" or "forest".[193] The names of the three brothers Hulvíðr, Gautvíðr and Fólkvíðr agree with Swedish naming traditions.[191] According to the Ynglinga saga, Hulvíðr, Gautvíðr and Fólkvíðr were the sons of Svipdag4 the Blind, the king of Sweden's representative while away from Uppsala. When Ingjald ill-ruler invited several neighbouring petty kings to a feast at his hall, it was Folkvid and Hulvid who barred the doors of the hall and set it ablaze, as previously ordered by the king.[194][195] Together with his brother Gautvid, and their father Svipdag, Hulvid fell in battle against Granmar of Södermanland and his ally Hjörvard2 Wulfing.[196] Ynglinga saga
Humli Old Norse: Humli, Latin: Hulmul, Latin: Humblus *Humli is a reconstructed word for "hind". ON humula-, or *humala- meant "hornless" and referred especially to hinds, and Jordanes stressed the importance of the hind (cerva) in Gothic mythology. Consequently, Humli of the Huns may have originated in a Gothic expression that meant "protector (king) of the Huns".[197] King of the Huns. His daughter Sifka is captured and raped by Heidrek, and then sent back pregnant with Hlöd, whom Humli raises.[77] When Heidrek has been killed by his slaves, Humli tells Hlöd to claim his inheritance from his brother Angantýr1.[198] Hlöd does not accept receiving only a third of the inheritance, and Humli resolves to invade the Gothic lands,[199] but after an epic battle, both he and Hlöd are slain.[200] He is also mentioned in Jordanes' Getica (Hulmul) and as a Danish king in Gesta Danorum.[201] Getica Hervarar saga, Gesta Danorum
Humlung Old Norse: Humlungr The name is a doublet of Hymlingr.[202] Humall (humla-) means "hops",[203] but there is also Humli which was the name of legendary Hunnish king and the etymology of his name may be based on Gothic mythology (see above).[197] The suffix -ingr/ungr could mean "descendant" or "person associated with".[204] In Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar, Humlung is one of four sons of Hjörvard4, a king in Norway. With Alfhild2 he had son named Hedin, with Særeid a son named Humlung, and with Sinriód a son named Hymling. Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar deals with how he won his fourth wife, Sigrlinn, the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland, and the story of their son Helgi Hjörvarðsson.[205][69] Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
Hun Old Norse: Húnn, Old English: Hūn Latin: Hun Húnn means "child" or "bear cub",[206] "giant", or "the high one", i.e. "king".[207] Hun appears at the massive Battle of Brávellir as one of the Danish king Harald Wartooth's warriors in his battle against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring. Hun is the first champion on the Danish side that Starkad attacks and quickly kills. Hun's friend Ella wants to avenge his friend and takes on the giant warrior, only to be killed as well.[148] Gesta Danorum only mentions him in a list of warriors sequentially killed by Starkad before he cuts off the hand of the shield-maiden Visna.[208] He may be the same as the sea-king Húnn who appears in Skáldskaparmál,[209][207] and as Hūn, the king of the Hætwere in Widsith.[207] Widsith Skáldskaparmál, Sögubrot, Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Hunding Old Norse: Hundingr The name means "descendant of a dog" in Old Norse.[210] Hunding was a powerful king who was killed by Sigmund's son Helgi, who thus earned himself the cognomen Hundingsbane, and Helgakviða Hundingsbana I adds that Helgi was only 15 years old. The lay tells that he refused to give his sons compensation, and so they attacked him but were defeated and killed.[62] The Völsunga saga names them Alf2 and Eyjolf, Hervard2 and Hagbard2,[53] but Helgakviða Hundingsbana I and II call them Alf2 and Eyjolf, Hjorvard3 and Havarth.[63] Helgakviða Hundingsbana II adds a son named Heming,[64] and the Völsunga saga adds yet another son called king Lyngvi who killed Sigmund in battle.[65] Helgakviða Hundingsbana II adds the backstory that Hunding was the king of Hundland, and that Helgi had been sent to be raised by a man named Hagal. As Hunding was at war with Sigmund, Helgi went to Hunding's hall to spy but met Heming, one of Hunding's sons, and called himself Hamal (the name of Hagal's son). Suspicious Hunding sent men, led by a man named Blind, to Hagal to search for Helgi but he escaped dressed as a female servant. Helgi went to a warship and after that he killed Hunding.[64] The second lay adds that when Helgi met Hunding at Valhalla, he humiliated him by having him do menial chores.[211] Finch identifies him with a Norwegian king from Flateyjarbók, and a son of a Saxon king Syrik in Gesta Danorum.[212] Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Helgakviða Hundingsbana II, Völsunga saga, Skáldskaparmál, Norna-Gests þáttr
Hundingus Latin: Hundingus Probably based on the tradition of the Swedish king Fjölnir.[213] See Hunding, above. In Gesta Danorum (I), Hundingus, the king of Sweden, erroneously believes his friend Hadingus to have been killed in a plot and holds a memorial feast for him. However, he falls into a huge vat of beer and drowns. When Hadingus learns of this he returns the honour by sacrificing himself publicly by hanging.[214] Hundingus death is similar to that of the Swedish king Fjölnir,[214] and the tradition of Fjölnir has probably been transposed to different characters.[213] Gesta Danorum (I)
Hungar Old English: Hungar Malone translated the name as "dog spear",[104] while Chambers connects it to the Gothic name Hunigais.[215] According to Förstemann, the first element hun, in Hunegais, may have several meanings, such as "bear cub" and "hunnish" and he considers "dog" to be a possibility,[216] and as to the second element it means "spear".[217] Appears in Widsith, line 117. Malone identifies him with Lamissio, in Historia Langobardorum by Paul the Deacon, and with Lyngvi from the legends of Helgi Hundingsbane,[104] while Chambers connects him to Onegesius, Attila's viceroy.[218] Widsith
Hunlaf Old English: Hūnlāf, Latin: Hunleifus, Latin: Hunlapi The first element hūn- means "high",[219] and the second element is *-laibaz which means "descendant" or "heir".[220] Hunlaf appears in the Finnsburg Fragment and in Beowulf, as one of Hengest's men. In Beowulf an unnamed son of his offers Hengest a famous sword to incite him to vengeance.[221] Hunlaf may have been the brother of Guthlaf and Oslaf,[222] and the three appear in a list of six or seven sons of a Danish king Leifus in the Skjöldunga saga.[223][224] Hunlaf was a well-known hero in Anglo-Saxon legends, as is shown by the mentioning of him among the other Germanic heroes Wudga, Hama, Hrothulf, Hengest and Horsa, in the manuscript MS Cotton Vesp D. IV. (fol 139 b).[224] Finnsburg Fragment, Beowulf Skjöldunga saga
Hunolt Middle High German: Hûnolt The chamberlain (kamerære) of the Burgundians.[184] Nibelungenlied, Biterolf und Dietleib
Husto Old Norse: Hústó, Latin: Hubba and Ubbi Hús- means "house",[225] and -tó means a "tuft of grass" or "tow of wool".[226] The unusual name may be a corruption of Hubba, which is the same as Ubbi,[227] a hypocoristic form of Úlfr ("wolf"), or possibly a form of úfr, earlier ūb- ("unpleasant").[228] In Ragnarssona þáttr, Husto and Yngvar are the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok by a concubine. When their half-brother Ivar the Boneless had conquered England, he had them torture Edmund the Martyr.[229] The names Yngvar and Ivar may have been variant forms of the same name[230] and so Yngvar may have originated in Ivar the Boneless himself. In Abbo of Fleury's Life of St. Edmund, it is reported that Edmund was killed by Yngware (probably Ivar) and Hubba, and Hubba is the same name as Ubbi, who appears as a bastard son of Ragnar Lodbrok in Gesta Danorum.[231] Life of St. Edmund Ragnarssona þáttr, Gesta Danorum (IX)
Hvit Old Norse: Hvít The name means "white" in ON.[232] A Saami princess who marries the Norwegian king Hring. After the king's son Björn refuses her advances, she curses him to become a bear at night. His son Bodvar Bjarki eventually kills her in revenge.[233] Hrolfs saga kraka
Hvitserk1 Old Norse: Hvítserkr, Latin: Witserchus Hvítr means "white",[234] and serkr means "shirt".[235] He is the brother of Svipdag2 and Beigaðr.[236] In the Bjarkarímur, he is the oldest of the three sons of the Swedish farmer Svip, and he goes to Uppsala and kills the first two warriors who try to stop him. The next day, he has to fight king Aðils' (Eadgils) berserkers, and kills five of them before the king dismisses the rest. The berserkers come back with an army to have revenge and Hvitserk is sent out with a small company to fight them and would have lost unless his father had sent his brothers to help him. He loses an eye and leaves Sweden for Hrólfr Kraki, when he understands that it had been a ruse by the king.[237] In Hrólfs saga kraka, his role is given to the youngest brother, Svipdag2.[238] In the Skjöldunga saga, Hvitserk is a Swedish warrior who was compared to Starkad in fame, and he had excelled Starkad by fighting twelve giants at the same time, and killing six of them on his own. Hrólfr kraki gave his daughter Driva to him in marriage, while he gave his daughter Skur as wife to Bödvar Bjarki.[239][240] Hvitserk is also mentioned as one of Hrólf kraki's champions in the Prose Edda and in Hrólfs saga kraka.[241] In the Prose Edda, he is sent with his brothers Svipdag and Beiguðr by Hrólfr kraki to fight for Aðils in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern,[242] and in Hrólfs saga kraka, he and his brothers take part in Hrólfs expedition to Uppsala,[243] and in his final battle.[171] Skjöldunga saga, Prose Edda, Hrólfs saga kraka, Bjarkarímur
Hvitserk2 the Swift Old Norse: Hvítserkr, Latin: Witserc, Withsercus No historical prototype.[244] See Hvitserk1 In Ragnars saga loðbrókar, the third son of Ragnar Lodbrok and Aslaug1 after Ivar the Boneless and Björn Ironside and before Rognvald,[245] and Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye.[246] He goes with his brothers to attack Hvítabœr and its dangerous bulls that were strengthened through sacrifices,[247] and he takes part in his brothers' expedition to Sweden to avenge their half-brothers Agnar4 and Eric3, where there is an even more dangerous cow, Sibilja.[248] He also takes part in the invasion of England to avenge their father Ragnar.[249] He ends his life in Eastern Europe, where he is taken captive and is on his own request burnt alive on a pyre of severred heads.[250] In Ragnarssona Þáttr and Ad catalogum, the same family relations are mentioned, but the only further naming of him in expeditions are in the first source, where he takes part in the expedition to Sweden,[251] and in the Battle of Leuven (891).[252] In Ragnars saga loðbrókar, he is said to have a kingdom,[250] and in Ragnarssona Þáttr this is specified as Jutland and Wendland.[229] In Gesta Danorum (IX), he is the son of Ragnar with Svanlaug and the brother of Regnald and Eric. He becomes the king of Scythia, and is taken captive by king Daxon of Ruthenia, who grants his request to burn him alive on a pyre,[253] and this in spite of Daxon being impressed with his physical beauty and offering him his daughter.[254] This happens before the death of his father Ragnar, and Ragnar avenges him,[253] by banishing Daxon to Útgarðar, although he later lets him return and accepts tribute.[255] Ragnars saga loðbrókar, Ad catalogum regum Sveciæ annotanda, Ragnarssona Þáttr, Gesta Danorum (IX)
Hwala Old English: Hwala Appears to be unhistorical.[256] The meaning of the name is unknown.[256] Appears in Widsith, line 14, and he is also mentioned in the West Saxon genealogy as the grandson of Sheaf.[256] Widsith, West Saxon genealogy
Hygd Old English: Hygd Hygelac was probably married, but the character in Beowulf is found only there and probably not "genuinely historical".[257] From OE gehygd ("thought, mind").[257] Wife of the Geatish king Hygelac. She is young and inexperienced but she handles her role as queen well and she is courteous to the retainers at Hygelac's court. Her behaviour is contrasted with that of Modthryth, the queen of king Offa of Angel. When Beowulf returns from the Danes, he gives her the necklace that Wealhtheow had given him and three horses. When Hygelac dies in battle against the Franks, it is Hygd who is the kingmaker, which shows that her authority is unchallenged among the Geats. Instead of giving the throne to her son Heardred, she offers it to Beowulf, who accepts to serve as regent until Heardred is old and mature enough to become king. Her behaviour is in accordance with her name.[258] Beowulf
Hygelac Old English: Hygelāc, Old Norse: Hugleikr, Latin: Hugletus Historical king of the Geats, died c. 521-[259] c. 523.[260] PN *Hugilaikaz, from *hugi- ("mind"),[125] and an agent noun of *laikan ("to play", "to jump", "to dance").[261] In Beowulf, he is king of the Geats and the son of the previous king Hreðel. He has the brothers Hæþcyn and Herebeald, and his sister is the mother of Beowulf,[181] with whom he has a warm relationship.[262] He led an ill-fated raid in the Frankish terrories in the lower Rhine territory.[263] In Liber monstrorum, described as a giant whose bones were shown to visitors on an island in the estuary of the Rhine.[262] By the time, Snorri tells of his death, the Geats appear to have been subsumed by the Swedes, and Hugleikr is described as a Swedish king who was killed by Starkad, but in Gesta Danorum (VI) the same story is told with Huglethus as a king of Ireland (but this story does not appear in Starkad's Death Song).[264] In Gesta Danorum (IV) he also appears as a Danish king who defeats the Swedish chieftains Hømothus (Eymóðr, i.e. Ēanmund)[265] and Øgrim.[266][265] Beowulf, Liber monstrorum, Liber Frankorum Ynglinga saga (22), Gesta Danorum (IV and VI)
Hymling Old Norse: Hymlingr The name is a doublet of Humlungr.[202] See Humlung for etymology. In Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar, Humlung is one of four sons of Hjörvard4, a king in Norway. With Alfhild2 he had son named Hedin, with Særeid a son named Humlung, and with Sinriód a son named Hymling. Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar deals with how he won his fourth wife, Sigrlinn, the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland, and the story of their son Helgi Hjörvarðsson.[205][69] Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar

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list, figures, germanic, heroic, legend, main, article, lists, figures, germanic, heroic, legend, hrólfr, kraki, spreading, gold, escape, swedes, jenny, nyström, 1895, editfigure, names, medieval, languages, historical, origin, name, meaning, relationships, ea. Main article Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend Hrolfr Kraki spreading gold to escape the Swedes by Jenny Nystrom 1895 Hi editFigure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations Hildebrand1 Old High German Hiltbrand Middle High German Hildebrand Old Norse Hildibrandr or Hildebrandr Latin Hildigerus Gesta Danorum Disputed 1 The first element is PGmc hildjō strife conflict 2 and the second element sword or conflagration 3 Instructor and mentor of Dietrich von Bern son of Heribrand father of Hadubrand uncle of Wolfhart and Alphart In the Hildebrandslied Hildebrand1 is returning with an army to Italy when he encounters his son Hadubrand against him he is forced to fight In the Jungeres Hildebrandslied the fight ends in reconciliation In the Nibelungenlied he appears with Dietrich von Bern at Attila s hall and kills Kriemhild after she kills Hagen Hogni1 4 In other epics he leads Dietrich s men and teaches him how to be a warrior and ruler including rescuing Dietrich from opponents 5 In Asmundar saga kappabana he is the half brother of Asmundr who kills him 6 Tale of Wade Gesta Danorum Asmundar saga kappabana Hildebrandslied Nibelungenlied Nibelungenklage THidreks saga Dietrichs Flucht Rabenschlacht Alpharts Tod Rosengarten zu Worms Eckenlied Sigenot Goldemar Dietrich und Fasolt Laurin Virginal Wunderer Ermenrichs Tod Heldenbuch Prosa Jungeres Hildebrandslied Hildeburh1 The first element is PGmc hildjō strife conflict 2 the second one is PGmc berʒō or burʒō helper assistant 7 Sister of Hnaef wife of Finn1 She had either been given as a peace maker to the Frisian ruler Finn or kidnapped by him From that time some twenty years should have passed when the Battle of Finnsburh starts between her husband and her brother as one of her sons fall in the battle 8 She is taken back to the Danish lands together with the Frisian royal treasure 9 Beowulf Hildeburg2 Middle High German Hildeburc Old Norse Hilldr See Hildeburh1 In Kudrun she accompanies Kudrun when she is abducted by Hartmut and Ludwig She eventually marries Hartmut In Biterolf und Dietleib Herbort relates how he abducted Hildeburg daughter of Ludwig and sister of Hartmut In the THidreks saga a Hildr who is the daughter of King Arthur is abducted and married by the Herbort character 1 See Hildeburh1 Kudrun THidreks saga Hildeburg3 Middle High German Hildeburc See Hildeburh1 The wife of Hugdietrich and mother of Wolfdietrich She is also the sister of Budli Botelung in some versions In one version Hugdietrich s counselor Sabene2 tries to seduce her but fails In another Hugdietrich must free her from the tower where she has been locked by her father Walgunt in order to seduce and impregnate her with Wolfdietrich 10 Wolfdietrich Hildegund Old English Hildegȳth Old Norse Hilldigundr Latin Hiltgunt Middle High German Hildegund First element PGmc hildjō strife conflict second element from PGmc gund war battle 11 Lover of Walter of Aquitaine She is a hostage at Attila s court with Walter and Hagen Hogni1 They escape Attila s court together and have a conflict with the Burgundians while crossing their territory 10 Assumed to be the speaker in Waldere 12 Waltharius THidreks saga Walther und Hildegund Biterolf und Dietleib Hildibrand2 the Great Old Norse Hildibrandr inn riki See Hildebrand1 Hildibrand2 is the father of Helgi and receives Helgi s son Hildibrandr1 as his foster son to raise him among the Huns When he receives his grandson he declares that the boy will grow up to become a hero 13 Asmundar saga kappabana Hildibrand3 Old Norse Hildibrandr See Hildibrand1 When Harald Wartooth was the king of Denmark and Sweden Hildibrand3 was a renowned warrior and a powerful king in Jutland Eventually he settled down and had the son Hildir2 and the daughter Hild5 On his deathbed he told his son to be loyal to his father s friends and also to marry off his beautiful but arrogant sister to a far away place not share any land with her and not give her any warriors 14 When Hildir2 had succeeded his father his sister approached him and had a request but what later happened to Hildir2 and Hildr5 a story named About the Eagerness of Hildr is unfortunately lost due to a lacuna in the manuscript of Sogubrot 15 Sogubrot Hildibrand4 Old Norse Hildibrandr See Hildebrand1 Hildibrand4 was a berserker who was killed with eleven of his men by a twelve year old boy named Sigurd Hart 16 Ragnarssona thattr Halfdanar saga svarta Hildigudr Old Norse Hildigudr For the etymology see Hildegund The very beautiful daughter of Granmar the king of Sodermanland and Hildr4 When the sea king Hjorvard2 Wulfing visits her father for a banquet she offers him a toast in a silver goblet to the Wulfings For her sake he renounces the pirate custom of never drinking in pairs with women and after having conversed with her he asks the king for her hand which is accepted He thereby enters an alliance with her father against the Swedish king Ingjald 17 Ynglinga saga 37 Hildir1 Old Norse Hildir From an earlier PN Heldija with ja ablaut from PN heldaʀ which evolved into the ON word hjaldr discussion noise fight 18 The son of Hogni3 the king of Ostergotland and the brother of Hildr4 They are allies with Granmar the king of Sodermanland and Hjorvard2 Wulfing against king Ingjald of Sweden 17 They meet the much larger Swedish army in battle and after having routed the warriors from Vastergotland Narke Fjadrundaland and Attundaland they force Ingjald to retreat After a peace treaty the Swedish king kills Granmar through arson and takes over Sodermanland but although Hogni and Hildir1 make frequent raids into Sodermanland killing Ingjald s men king Hogni manages to defend his kingdom as long as he lives 17 Ynglinga saga 38 39 Hildir2 See Hildir1 When Harald Wartooth was the king of Denmark and Sweden Hildibrand3 was a renowned warrior and a powerful king in Jutland Eventually he settled down and had the son Hildir2 and the daughter Hild5 On his deathbed he told his son to be loyal to his father s friends and also to marry off his beautiful but arrogant sister to a far away place not share any land with her and not give her any warriors 14 When Hildir2 had succeeded his father his sister approached him and had a request but what later happened to Hildir2 and Hildr5 a story named About the Eagerness of Hildr is unfortunately lost due to a lacuna in the manuscript of Sogubrot 15 Sogubrot Hildisvid The name is likely the invention of the saga author 19 For the first element is the genitive form of hildr battle as used in compounds 20 and the second element svid means a location 21 The daughter of earl Rodgeir she is abducted by Samson and bears him the children Dietmar and Ermanaric 22 THidreks saga Hildr1 Old Norse Hildr Middle High German Hilde Possibly a historical figure from around the Baltic Sea 4th century 23 PGmc hildjō strife conflict 2 The daughter of Hogni Hagen2 she is abducted by Heoden An early version of the scene found on the picture stone Smiss I seems to show Hildr trying to mediate between the two sides which is her role in the German versions 24 In Kudrun she is successful in preventing the battle and becomes the mother of Kudrun but an earlier version is alluded to in the Alexanderlied of Lamprecht c 1130 in which her father Hagen2 dies 25 In the attested Norse versions each night Hildr resurrects the fallen warriors so they can fight again the next day making the battle eternal Simek considers that the myth of the resurrected warriors is probably based on a relatively widespread Celtic tradition 26 Ragnarsdrapa Gesta Danorum Skaldskaparmal Kudrun Dukus Horant Hildr2 Old Norse Hildr or Old Norse Drott Latin Drot For the etymology of Hildr see Hildr1 The author of the saga has evidently replaced the unusual name Drott band of warriors 27 found in his poetic source with the common name Hildr 28 Hildr is the daughter of Budli2 the king of Sweden who marries her to the Hunnish king Helgi Hildibrandsson and they have the son Hildibrand1 Hildigerus who is sent to be raised by his grandfather Hildibrandr2 When Helgi is away the aging king is attacked by Danes and killed by the Danish king Alfr4 and his champion Aki1 and they take Hildr2 away Aki1 marries Hildr2 and they have the son Asmundr 29 Gesta Danorum Asmundar saga kappabanna Hildr3 Hervor3 Old Norse Hildr For the etymology of Hildr see Hildr1 In Hervarar saga Hildr is the daughter of Heidrek Wolf skin and the mother of Halfdan the Valiant 30 In Hversu Noregr byggdist she is called Hervor daughter of Heidrek Hervarar saga Hversu Noregr byggdist Hildr4 Old Norse Hildr For the etymology of Hildr see Hildr1 The daughter of Hogni3 the king of Ostergotland and the sister of Hildir1 She is married to her father s ally Granmar the king of Sodermanland When Hjorvard2 Wulfing wants to marry their daughter Hildigudr to seal an alliance against king Ingjald of Sweden Granmar first asks for her opinion 31 Ynglinga saga 37 Hildr5 See Hildr1 When Harald Wartooth was the king of Denmark and Sweden Hildibrand3 was a renowned warrior and a powerful king in Jutland Eventually he settled down and had the son Hildir2 and the daughter Hild5 On his deathbed he told his son to be loyal to his father s friends and also to marry off his beautiful but arrogant sister to a far away place not share any land with her and not give her any warriors 14 When Hildir2 had succeeded his father his sister approached him and had a request but what later happened to Hildir2 and Hildr5 a story named About the Eagerness of Hildr is unfortunately lost due to a lacuna in the manuscript of Sogubrot 15 Sogubrot Hjalli Old Norse Hjalli From ON hilla shelf 32 or from hjallr bed 33 a typical thrall name 34 A cowardly cook at the court of Atli Attila and whose heart is cut out to present it to Gunnar as belonging to Gunnar s brother Hogni In the Volsunga saga his life is spared by the intervention of Hogni who can t bear to hear Hjalli s sobbing but Hjalli s heart is cut out anyway 35 Atlakvida Atlamal Volsunga saga Hjalmar Old Norse Hjalmarr The first element Hialmʀ means helmet 36 while the second element arr can have three different origins harjaʀ war chief warrior warjaʀ defender or ʒaiʀaʀ spear 37 Hjalmar the Great hearted was the champion of the Swedish king Ingjald or Yngvi1 at Uppsala and in love with the king s daughter Ingeborg However the twelve berserker sons of Arngrim came to Uppsala and Hjorvard1 or Angantyr2 challenged him to a duel on Samso for the hand of Ingeborg During the holmgang he fought Hjorvard1 s brother Angantyr2 while his friend Orvar Odd fought Hjorvard1 and the other ten brothers protected by a silken mailcoat The twelve berserkers were slain but Hjalmar died from the wounds of the cursed sword Tyrfing that Angantyr had wielded Dying he sings Hjalmar s death song Learning that her lover is dead Ingeborg joins him in death 38 Hervarar saga Orvar Odd s saga Gesta Danorum Hjalmgunnar Old Norse Hjalmgunnarr For the first element hjalmr helmet see Hjalmar and for Gunnar see Gunther Gunnar King Hjalmgunnar who was an old and able warrior to whom Odin had promised victory in his war against king Agnar5 However Odin s Valkyrie Brynhild killed Hjalmgunnar instead As punishment Odin pricked her with a sleep thorn and cursed her never to be victorious again and that she would marry Brynhild responded with an oath that she would never marry a man who could feel fear 39 40 In Norna Gests thattr identified as a Gothic warrior 41 Sigrdrifumal Helreid Brynhildar Volsunga saga Norna Gests thattr Hjalti Hott Old Norse Hjalti Hǫttr Hjalti is a nickname from hjalt meaning the boss or knob at the end of a sword s hilt but also the guard between the hilt and the blade 42 Hǫttr means hood 43 One of Hrolfr Kraki s champions He is initially very cowardly but Bodvar Bjarki cures him of his cowardice 44 Hrolfr kraki Hrodulf lends Hott his sword Golden hilt and Hott uses it to kill the troll that terrorizes the Danes Bodvar Bjarki had already killed it but left it to look alive so that Hott could slay it King Hrolfr understands the ruse but keeps the secret and names Hott Hjalti after the sword 45 It is considered to be the same sword as the giant sword Golden Hilt with which the hero Beowulf slays Grendel s mother in Beowulf 46 Gesta Danorum Hrolfs saga kraka Hjordis Sieglinde Middle High German Sigelint Old Norse Hiǫrdis or Old Norse Sisibe THidreks saga The MHG name from OHG sigu victory and lindi soft with a possible connection to OHG lint dragon 47 The name Hjordis means sword woman in Old Norse 48 The first element of the name Sisibe is sisi a form of sigis i e sigu that shows Romance language influence and is found in Visigothic Burgundian Swabian and West Frankish names 49 Mother of Sigurd Siegfried In Dietrichs Flucht also the sister of Ortnit In Norse tradition she is the daughter of king Eylimi and she gives birth to Sigurd after his father Sigmund s death She remarries Alf3 the son of king Hjalprekr of Denmark In the THidreks saga Sisibe is falsely accused by Sigmund s vassals Hartwin and Herman of adultery while pregnant and forced to flee and give birth to Siegfried in the woods She places the baby in a basket sets it in a stream and then dies 47 Skaldskaparmal Volsunga saga Hyndluljod 26 Fra dauda Sinfjotla Gripispa Norna Gests thattr Nibelungenlied THidreks saga Lied vom Hurnen Seyfrid Heldenbuch Prosa Hjorleif Leif Old Norse Hiǫrleifr Old Norse Herleifr Latin Herlewar Old Norse Leifr Hjor is from PN heruz sword 50 and leifr is from PN laibaʀ remnant heir 51 In Helgakvida Hundingsbana I Helgi Hundingsbane asks Hjorleif if he has mustered the force and he answers that there are 1200 warriors in Orva Sound and more than 1800 in Hatun 52 In the Volsunga saga he is instead called Leif and gives much larger figures telling that there are 12 000 warriors in Norva Sound and an even larger force elsewhere 53 He is also mentioned among the participants in the Battle of the Bravellir 54 Helgakvida Hundingsbana I Volsunga saga 8 Gesta Danorum VIII Sogubrot Hjort Old Norse Hjǫrtr Latin Hort The name means hart stag red deer 55 His name has been connected to Heorot 56 In Sogubrot Hjort is a warrior fighting on Danish king Harald Wartooth s side at the massive Battle of Bravellir against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring Hjort is a member of Harald s house guard and takes on the legendary giant warrior Starkad but is killed 57 In Gesta Danorum Hort arrives from the Danish royal seat Lejre and is one of several warriors sequentially killed by Starkad 58 Sogubrot Gesta Danorum VIII Hjorvard1 Arngrimsson Old Norse Hiǫrvardr Arngrimsson PN Heruwarduz 59 from heruz sword 50 and warduz guard protector 60 One of twelve brothers and berserkers who were the sons of Arngrim Although only twelve they were famous and formidable never losing battles and kings were eager to employ them One Yule he or Angangtyr made a bragarfull vow to marry Ingibjorg the daughter of the Swedish king Ingjald or Yngvi1 or no one else However at Uppsala the king s champion Hjalmar the Great hearted contested this and Ingibjorg wanted him and so Hjorvard challenged him to a duel on Samso During the holmgang he and his brothers are killed by Hjalmar and Orvar Odd 38 Hervarar saga Orvar Odd s saga Gesta Danorum Hjorvard2 Wulfing Old Norse Hiǫrvardr ylfingr See Hjorvard Arngrimsson above In Ynglinga saga he marries Hildegunn the daughter of king Granmar of Sodermanland Granmar appoints him his successor and together they fight a defensive war against king Ingjald Ill ruler of Sweden allied with Hogni3 king of Ostergotland Ingjald kills both Hjorvard2 Wulfing and Granmar on the island of Selaon through arson Sogubrot says that he had a son named Hjormund who was appointed ruler of Ostergotland by king Harald Wartooth because Hjorvard2 Wulfing s father had been its king 61 Ynglinga saga Sogubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum Hjorvard3 Old Norse Hiǫrvardr See Hjorvard1 Hjorvard was the son of a king named Hunding who was killed by Sigmund s son Helgi who thus earned himself the cognomen Hundingsbane Helgakvida Hundingsbana I tells that Helgi refused to give his sons compensation and so they attacked him but were defeated 62 In Helgakvida Hundingsbana I and II the brothers are named Alf2 and Eyjolf Hjorvard3 and Havard 63 but in The Volsunga saga the names Hervard2 and Hagbard2 appear instead of Hjorvard and Havard 53 Helgakvida Hundingsbana II adds a brother named Heming 64 and the Volsunga saga adds yet another brother called king Lyngvi who killed Sigmund in battle 65 According to the Volsunga saga Hjorvard was killed together with Lyngvi while defending against Sigurd who wanted to avenge his father Sigmund 66 Norna Gests thattr tells that in the first battle against Helgi Hundingsbane Eyjolf Hervard and Hjorvard were slain but Lyngvi Alf and Heming escaped to be killed later in battle against Sigurd 67 Helgakvida Hundingsbana I Helgakvida Hundingsbana II Volsunga saga Norna Gests thattr Hjorvard4 Old Norse Hiǫrvardr See Hjorvard1 In Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Hjorvard is a king in Norway who had four wives With Alfhild2 he had son named Hedin with Saereid a son named Humlung and with Sinriod a son named Hymling He wanted his fourth wife to be the most beautiful woman and it was Sigrlinn the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland He sent Atli the son of his jarl Ithmund to negotiate with Svafnir but Franmar the girl s foster father advised against it Franmar had previously appeared to Atli in the form of a bird demanding and exorbitant price for her Hjorvard and Atli ride to Svavaland and find it being invaded and pillaged by Sigrlinn s second suitor Hrothmar who has already killed Svafnir They find the house where Franmar has hidden Sigrlinn and his daughter Alof1 and where he is magically protecting them in the form of an eagle Atli kills him and then Atli marries Alof1 and Hjorvard marries Sigrlinn with whom he has the son Helgi Hjorvardsson the hero of Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar 68 69 Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Hladgudr svanhvit Old Norse Hladgudr svanhvit First name weaver of battle from ON hlada to weave and gudr battle Jan de Vries instead suggested that the first element meant headdress The second name means swan white 70 A valkyrie and swan maiden wife of Slagfidr Volundarkvida Hljod Old Norse Hljod The name means sound or hearing 71 from PGmc xleuthan 72 A Valkyrie and the daughter of the giant Hrimnir When the Hunnish king Rerir and his queen were unable to conceive Odin and Frigg heard their prayer and sent an apple with Hjlod in the shape of a crow to Rerir The queen became pregnant with Volsung but he stayed in her womb for six years until his mother asked to have him cut out of her Volsung grew to be big and strong and when he was a grown man Hrimnir sent his to daughter to him to be his wife They had 10 children and among them the twins Sigmund and Signy 73 74 Volsunga saga Hlod Old Norse Hlǫdr possibly Old English Hlithe 75 Unknown possibly a historical figure from modern Ukraine 75 The name means destroyer vanquisher to compare with his opponent Heidrekr that means king of the heathlands the steppe 76 King Heidrek of the Goths kidnaps the Hunnish princess Sifka whom he rapes then sends back pregnant with Hlod to be raised by Sifka s father Humli 77 When Heidrek dies Hlod visits his half brother Angantyr1 to claim half of the Gothic kingdom According to Germanic tradition he is offered a third of the kingdom 78 which he refuses His Hunnish grandfather Humli declares a large scale invasion 79 In the first battle Hlod s half sister Hervor1 is killed but in the end his half brother Angantyr wins the war and both Hlod and Humli are killed 80 Possibly in Widsith 75 Hervarar saga Hlodvard s sons Old Norse Hlǫdvards synir Hlǫdr means murderer killer 81 while vardr is from warduz guard protector 60 In Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Hrimgerth brags that she had drowned Hlodvard s sons Nothing else has survived about those characters 82 83 Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Hlodver Old Norse Hlǫdver The name refers to kings of the Franks 82 Derived from Frankish Chlodowich which meant glorious fighter 84 The first element of the Frankish form is derived from PGmc xluđaz famous 85 but in the Norse form the first element is not the same 84 see Hlod above The second element of the Norse form ver is either from PGmc wihaz probably meaning priest or an agent noun of a verb cognate with Gothic weihan fight and would thus mean fighter 86 He is mentioned in Gudrunarkvida II in a subordinate role Hollander comments that as the Franks were neighbours with the Burgundians they may be referred to as their vassals 87 Gudrunarkvida II Volundarkvida Norna Gests thattr Hnaef Old English Hnaef Possibly originally a historical person but absent from Danish sources 88 Possibly from ON hnefi Old Swedish naefve fist 89 King of the Danes brother in law of Finn1 Hnaef was invited to his Frisian brother in law Finn with 60 other Danes In the morning they are attacked in the Frisian hall and they defend themselves for five days without losses but eventually Hnaef is slain Finn has so few men left that he is unable to continue the attack so he has to agree on peace with Hnaef s successor Hengest 8 The legend of Hnaef and his father Hoc was so widespread that they were included in an 8th c Alemannic ducal line 90 Finnsburg Fragment Beowulf Widsith 29 Gesta Hludowici imperatoris Hniflungr Aldrian2 Old Norse Hniflungr or Old Norse Niflungr Old Norse Aldrian For Aldrian see Aldrian1 Hniflungr means small nail and is probably derived from hnefi see Hnaef 91 92 The son of Hagen Hogni1 He takes revenge on Attila for the death of his father 93 Atlamal Volsunga saga THidreks saga Hoc Old English Hōc Middle High German Huc The name is from xōkaz hook 94 The father of Hnaef and Hildeburh in Beowulf He is briefly referenced as a Danish king in medieval German epic 95 The legend of Hoc and his son Hnaef was so widespread that they were included in an 8th c Alemannic ducal line 90 Beowulf Widsith 29 Gesta Hludowici imperatoris Biterolf und Dietleib Eckenlied Heldenbuch Prosa Hofund Old Norse Hǫfundr The name means author or judge from hefja heave 96 and the suffix undr 97 which is a present participle in a construction comparable to the Gothic nehwundja neighbour 98 He is the good hearted son of Gudmund of Glaesisvellir and his trusted advisor After a visit by the shieldmaiden Hervor2 during which she kills one of their courtiers Hofund decides with his father that she should be his future wife She accepts the proposal and they have the children Heidrek and Angantyr3 When he is king his ill natured son Heidrek unintentionally kills his own brother at a feast and so Hofund has to banish his own son from his kingdom 99 Hervarar saga Hogni3 Old Norse Hǫgni Disputed possibly based on PGmc hag hedge a proposed PGmc haganaz breeding animal boar or related to ON hagr service 100 Hag also means fenced area so it may mean protector 101 According to Ynglinga saga king of Ostergotland He was allied to king Granmar of Sodermanland who had married his daughter Hildr They fought a defensive war against the Swedish king Ingjald Ill ruler and after Ingjald had killed Granmar through arson Hogni kept defending Ostergotland together with his son Hilder until his death 61 Sogubrot tells that Harald Wartooth appointed Hjorvard2 Wulfing s son Hjormund as the ruler of Ostergotland which had belonged to Hjorvard2 Wulfing s father and to Granmar 61 According to the Volsunga saga and the Helgi lays Hogni is the father of Sigrun who is betrothed to Granmar s son Hothbrodd but coveted by Helgi Hundingsbane who starts a war against Granmar s sons 102 Helgakvida Hundingsbana II also adds the sons Bragi and Dag and the latter would avenge his father by sacrificing to Odin and kill Helgi at a location named Fjoturlund 103 Ynglinga saga Sogubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum Volsunga saga Helgakvida Hundingsbana I Helgakvida Hundingsbana II Holen Old English Holen The name may mean protector based on helan protect and geholen protector His name has been interpreted as holly but that would not have been a suitable name for a king 104 Appears in Widsith line 33 as a king of the Wrosnan He is otherwise unknown 104 Widsith Hondscioh Old Norse Hondscioh Hondscioh is a Hapax legomenon in Old English that only appears in line 2076 in Beowulf The name means glove cf Continental Scandinavian handske Modern Icelandic hanzki Old High German hantscuoh and Middle Dutch hantscoe 105 Hondscioh is one of the Geatish warriors who follow Beowulf to king Hrothgar and when Grendel arrives at Heorot he devours Hondscioh whole 106 Beowulf Hord Old Norse Hǫrdr The name means hard or a man from Hordaland 107 or it means forest and is the same word as in Hordaland and Harudes 108 see also Haered In Sogubrot Hord is the foster father of Ivar Vidfamne During the voyage when Ivar wants to recuperate his escaped daughter Audr from Radbardr the king of Gardariki Ivar has a dream and asks his foster father about its meaning Hord answers that various people he has dreamt of represent Norse gods Halfdan the Valiant was Baldr Hrœrekr was Hœnir Helgi was Hermodr Gudrodr was Heimdallr and finally he answers that Ivar himself is the Midgard Serpent Ivar attacks him and Hord jumps into the sea but Ivar jumps after him and both disappear 109 Sogubrot Hornboge Middle High German Hornboge Old Norse Hornbogi The name means hornbow and by extension bowman in MHG 110 In German sources one of Attila s vassals and a leader of the Wallachians Vlachs In the THidreks saga he is a Wend and one of Dietrich s men 111 Nibelungenlied Nibelungenklage THidreks saga Biterolf und Dietleib Hothbrodd Old Norse Hǫdbroddr Latin Hothbroddus Several scholars suggest that he is a memory of the Headobards 112 113 but Wessen notes that this is contradicted by broddr instead of bardr 114 The first element is from hathu battle 101 and the second from broddr spike 101 from PGmc bruzđaz spike 115 In the Helgi lays and in Volsunga saga he is the son of Granmar 116 117 but while the Helgi lays name his brother Gudmund2 116 he has erroneously been renamed Granmar in the Volsunga saga 118 or it is his father Granmar who takes his place 119 and the lays have also added the hero Starkad as a third son 120 In the saga and the lays Hothbrodd had been betrothed to the Valkyrie Sigrun the daughter of Hogni3 but Sigrun told Helgi Hundingsbane that she would rather marry him instead Helgi wages war on Hothbrodd and his brothers and kills them after which he marries Sigrun 116 117 In the Danish Gesta Danorum he was a Swedish king who killed Roe Hrothgar but who was in turn killed by Roe s brother Helgi Halga who could add the epithet Hothbrodd s bane to Hundingsbane 121 It also adds that Hothbrodd was the son of the Swedish king Regnerus Ragnar and the father of Adislus Eadgils and Hotherus Ohthere 122 He is also mentioned in Gesta Danorum as a participant in the Battle of Bravellir 54 Helgakvida Hundingsbana I Helgakvida Hundingsbana II Volsunga saga Gesta Danorum Chronicon Lethrense and the included Annales Lundenses Hrethel Old English Hredel Beowulf is generally considered to be based on historic people and events 123 124 Hredel is either PN Hrōthilaz or Hrōthila which are derived with the diminutive suffixes ilaz and ilan from names with Hrōthi such as Hrōthigaizaz Hrōthiharjaz or Hrōthiwarjaz 125 for their meanings see Hrothgar below King of the Geats and the father of Hygelac Herebeald Haethcyn and an unnamed daughter who married Ecgtheow Beowulf s father He died from grief when his son Haethcyn accidentally killed Herebeald with an arrow He was succeeded by Hygelac 126 Beowulf Hredric Old English Hredrik Latin Roricus Old Norse Hraerekr Old Norse Rorik The first element Hrōd is from PN hrōthi meaning fame 127 and the second element is from PN rikia powerful prominent rich or from rikaz ruler 128 In Beowulf Hredrik and Hrodmund are the sons of king Hrothgar Only Hredrik survives in Scandinavian tradition and he appears as Roricus in Gesta Danorum and as Boki avari Rorik son of the avaricious Bok in Bjarkamal and where the father s name can be explained as a misinterpretation of his epithet in ON hnoggvanbaugi ring stingy This epithet survives in Langfedgatal where a Skjoldung Scylding named Hraerekr hnoggvanbaugi is the successor of Hrolfr kraki Hrodulf 129 who in other sources is also called Ringslinger 130 In Gesta Danorum the early ringslinger is the son of the Swedish king Hodr who took over Denmark and Sweden after the death of Hiartvar Heoroweard and who is the maternal grandfather of Amleth 131 The Skjoldunga saga and Bjarkarimur tell of ringslinger in the same context who is the son of Ingeld and kill Roar Hrothgar and after Hrolf s death and Hiartwar Heoroweard s he rules with Hrolf s son There is an account where he throws a ring into the sea Sviagriss but in Holfs saga kraka he is renamed Hrok 132 Beowulf Gesta Danorum Bjarkamal Bjarkarimur Langfedgatal Skjoldunga saga Hreidmarr Old Norse Hreidmarr The meaning of the first element hreidr is contested but it may be mean home and be derived from the meaning bird s nest 133 The second element marr is from PN mariʀ excellent 134 A shape shifter with three sons who are also shape shifters Fafnir Regin and otr and the daughters Lyngheid and Lofnheid the daughters are only in Reginsmal When otr Otter has been killed by Loki in company with Odin and Honir Hreidmar wants as compensation the cursed hoard of gold including the cursed ring Andvaranaut that is guarded by the dwarf Andvari Soon Hreidmar is killed by Fafnir who is greedy for the gold and turns himself into a dragon to guard it Regin who wants both the gold and revenge becomes Sigurd s foster father and eventually persuades him to kill Fafnir 135 136 137 Reginsmal Volsunga saga Norna Gests thattr Hrimgerth Old Norse Hrimgerdr Hrimr means hoarfrost 138 while gerdr is derived from gardr a fenced in area 139 In Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Hrimgerth was the daughter of Hati a giant who was killed by its hero Helgi Hjorvardsson at a fjord named after the giant Hrimgerth was upset and started a raunchy flyting contest with Helgi and his companion Atli2 that ended with Hrimgreth being caught by sunrise and turning to stone 140 141 Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Hrimnir Old Norse Hrimnir Hrimr means hoarfrost 138 Hrimnir is a giant In Hyndluljod 32 he is the father of Heidr and Hrossthjofr In Grims saga lodinkinna he is married to the giantess Hyrja and the father of Feima and Kleima In the Volsunga saga he is the father of the Valkyrie Hljod When the Hunnish king Rerir and his queen were unable to conceive Odin and Frigg heard their prayer and sent an apple with the Valkyrie Hljod in the shape of a crow to Rerir The queen became pregnant with Volsung but he stayed in her womb for six years until his mother asked to have him cut out of her Volsung grew to be big and strong and when he was a grown man Hrimnir sent his daughter Hljod to him to be his wife 73 74 Volsunga saga Prose Edda THulur Grims saga lodinkinna Skirnismal 28 Hyndluljod 32 Hringr1 Old Norse Hringr The name is derived from PN hrengaz ring 138 A king who is allied with the kings Hogni3 and Granmar Before the impending battle with Helgi Hundingsbane Hothbrodd asks the messengers to send for Hring s sons Atli2 Yngvi2 and Alfr6 the Hoary 142 Elias Wessen agrees with Sophus Bugge s identification of Hring as the Swedish king Sigurd Ring and considers Atli2 Yngvi2 and Alfr6 to be the same men as Ali Yngvi and Alf of the Swedish Yngling dynasty who are counted among the warriors in the Battle of the Bravellir 143 Helgakvida Hundingsbana I Hringr2 Old Norse Hringr See Hringr1 A king in Norway and the grandfather of Bodvar Bjarki Hrolfs saga kraka Hrodmund Old English Hrōdmund Old Norse Hromundr hardi The first element Hrōd is from PN hrōthi meaning fame 127 and mund is from PN munduz meaning protection 144 In Beowulf Hredrik and Hrodmund are the sons of king Hrothgar The only survival of him in Scandinavian tradition may be the mentioning of Hromundr hardi as the first of Hrolfr kraki s champions in Hrolfs saga kraka 129 Beowulf Possibly Hrolfs saga kraka Hroald Toe Old Norse Hroaldr ta Latin Rolder The first element Hro is from Hrodr meaning fame from PN hrōthiʀ fame 145 The second element aldr is from valdr meaning ruler from PGmc waldaz 146 He appears at the massive Battle of Bravellir as one of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring s warriors in the battle against the Danish king Harald Wartooth He was one of the archers sent from Telemark and the Swedes expected little from these archers that they held to be slow speaking drawlers 147 During the battle Ubbi on the Danish side cleared a path in his wake with one sword in each hand and blood up to his shoulders Having killed six champions and wounded 11 he went straight for the archers so Hroald and Hadd shot 24 arrows in chest and killed him which took a while 148 In Gesta Danorum the archers are described a brave but humble 149 Seeing Ubbi having killed 25 champions and wounded 11 among the Swedes and the Geats Haddir Roald and Grettir stopped the massacre by showering the warrior with arrows and he died having been riddled with 144 arrows an event that turned the battle against the Danes 149 Sogubrot Gesta Danorum VIII Hrœrekr Ringslinger Old Norse Hrœrekr slongvanbaugi Old Norse Rorik Slaengeborrae May be based on Hredric in Beowulf 150 For the meaning of Hrœrekr see Hredric above The epithet means ringslinger 151 The accounts vary greatly Sogubrot tells of a Hrœrekr who married Audr the Deep Minded although it was his brother Helgi and Audr who wanted each other a situation connived by Aud s father Ivar Vidfamne Hrœrekr and Audr had the son Harald Wartooth whose son was named Hrœrekr Ringslinger 152 In Njals saga Hversu and Hyndluljod it was instead the first Hrœrekr Harald Wartooth s father who was called Hrœrekr Ringslinger 153 This first Hrœrekr Ringslinger was tricked by his father in law Ivar to believe that Audr and Helgi were unfaithful and killed his brother Ivar then took advantage of the situation and killed Hrœrekr which caused Audr to flee with her son Harald Wartooth to Radbardr in Gardariki 154 Langfedgatal mentions this late Ringslinger but also an earlier Beowulf era Hraerekr hnoggvanbaugi ring stingy who in other sources is also called Ringslinger 130 see Hredrik Sogubrot Njals saga Hversu Noregr byggdist Hyndluljod Hrok Old Norse Hrokr Appears to be based on the other legendary character Hrœrekr Ringslinger 132 The name means shag 155 156 The son of Saevil and Signy3 He demands a precious ring from his uncle Hroar Hrothgar but then throws it into the sea when he cannot have it Hroar cuts off his foot and Hrok kills him and usurps his kingdom He is badly beaten by his uncle Helgi Halga after that 157 Hrolfs saga kraka Hrolfr Gautreksson Old Norse Hrolfr Gautreksson Hrolfr inn gamli The name Hrolfr is from PN Hrōthiwulfaz meaning fame wolf 127 Hrolf is the son of the Geatish king Gautrek and his second wife Ingibjorg the daughter of Thorir a chieftain in Sogn 158 Hrolf has an older brother Ketil but everyone even the brother agrees that Hrolf should succeed their father 159 His first adventure is wooing THornbjorg the daughter of the Swedish king Eric who is a shield maiden He wins her after having fought against her 160 The second adventure is helping Ketill marry Alof the daughter of the Russian king Harald 161 The third and most dangerous adventure is in Ireland helping his blood brother Asmund marry the daughter of the king of Ireland 162 Hrolf ruled for a very long time and became an old man 163 He is mentioned in Hyndluljod as Hrolf the Old together with his housecarls Thorir Iron Shield Grim the Hardy Gunnar Midwall Ulf the Gaping Brodd and Harvi of whom the first two also appear in Hrolfs saga Gautrekssonar 164 Hrolfs saga Gautrekssonar Hyndluljod Hrolfr Kraki Old Norse Hrolfr Kraki Old English Hrōdulf Old English Hrōdwulf Latin Rolfo Krake or Roluo Krake No historical origin has been identified but Hrolfr s career is probably based on competition between the Danes Swedes and other Germanic peoples in the sixth century 165 For the meaning of Hrolfr see Hrolfr Gautreksson above His epithet kraki means rod or pole 166 A Danish king of the Scylding dynasty the nephew of Hrothgar and the son of King Helgi and his daughter Yrsa After Helgi dies in battle the Swedish king Eadgils marries Yrsa and then asks Hrolfr for help against Ali Onela and Hrolfr fights for him the Battle on the Ice In Beowulf done by Geats He visits Eadgils in Uppsala but flees with his gold and spreads the stolen gold behind himself to escape In Danish sources he conquers Sweden giving to Hereoweard as fief He is finally betrayed by Heoroweard but Vogg avenges him 167 168 Beowulf Widsith lines 45 49 Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses Gesta danorum Hrolfs saga kraka Landnamabok Ynglinga saga Skaldskaparmal Skjoldunga saga Grottasongr Yrsa s son Gautrek s saga Hrolfr the Marksman Bowman Swift handed Old Norse Hrolfr Skjotandi The name is probably not authentic 169 See above One of Hrolfr kraki s champions 169 He is mentioned in one of the few surviving stanzas from Bjarkamal that were recited at dawn before the Battle of Stiklestad and they concern the last battle of Hrolfr kraki and the Skjoldungs Harr the Hard gripper Hrolfr the Marksman Noble born warriors Who never will flee Not for wine do I wake you Nor for women s lore Nay I wake you for warfare The hard battle play 170 He also appears in the last battle in Hrolfs saga kraka but his companion Harr has been replaced by Hromundr hardi Svipdag2 and Beigadr and Hvitserkr1 Haklangr Hardrefill Haki2 Vǫtt Storolfr Hjalti and Bodvar Bjarki 171 Hrolfs saga kraka Bjarkamal Hrollaugr Old Norse Hrollaugr From hrodr and laugr with assimilation of dl into ll 172 Hrodr means fame from PN hrōdiʀ 173 and laugr means promised to or initiated to from PGmc lauʒ related to Gothic liugan give a sacred vow or to marry 174 The king of Gardar Rus The R version and the HU versions give different accounts on his interaction with Heidrek No names appear in the R version but in the HU versions he is called Hrollaugr his son is named Herlaug and his daughter is called Hergerd Only the U version names his queen Herborg 175 Hervarar saga Hromund Gripsson Old Norse Hrodmundr Gripsson See Hrodmund above There was an early 12th c saga about Hromund Gripson that has been lost but which was preserved in a late medieval rhyme called Griplur which was rewritten in the 17th c as a saga Enough has been preserved in THorgils saga ok haflida for scholars to retrieve parts of the original legend It was about king olafr and his men including Hromundr a battle in the Gothenburg archipelago Elfarsker between Hrǫgvidr and the king in which Hromundr kills the former During a Viking raid led by olafr Hromundr breaks into a barrow and kills its inhabitant THrainn and takes the treasure and a sword It may also have contained Hromundr being accused of seducing the king s sister Svanhvit a fight against Hrǫgvid s brother Helgi Haddingjaskati and two kings Hromundr is wounded but they win the battle after which Hromundr marries the princess 176 THorgils saga ok haflida Hromundar saga Gripssonar Hrothgar Old English Hrōdgar Old Norse Hroarr Latin Roas or Roe Beowulf is generally considered to be based on historic people and events 123 124 Hrothgar probably has his origin in a king may have ruled around 500 165 AS Hrothgar is derived from Hrōthi gaizaz meaning fame spear 177 while ON Hroarr and Roar are derived from a cluster of related names in Proto Norse 178 Hrōthi gaizaz meaning fame spear 177 Hrōthi harjaz meaning fame warrior 179 and Hrōthi warjaz meaning fame protector 180 Hrothgar was a Scylding king who was the son of Healfdene He had the brother Heorogar and through him the nephew Heoroweard and the brother Halga and through him the nephew Hrodulf He may also have had an unnamed sister who was married to the Swedish king Onela He was married to Wealtheow with whom he had the sons Hredric and Hrodmund and the daughter Freawaru 181 He is not as prominent in surviving Scandinavian sources as he is in Beowulf 182 Beowulf Widsith Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses Gesta danorum Hrolfs saga kraka Skjoldunga saga Bjarkarimur Hversu Hrothmar Old Norse Hrodmarr The first element Hrod means fame from PN hrōdiʀ 173 and marr means excellent commendable 134 A king who wanted the most beautiful woman Sigrlinn the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland He invaded Svavaland and killed king Svafnir but he could not find Sigrlinn who was instead found and married by king Hjorvard Sigrlinn and Hjorvard would have the son Helgi Hjorvardsson who would avenge his maternal grandfather by killing Hrothmar Helgi would in turn be killed by Hrothmar s son Alf7 and the lay Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar ends with Helgi s brother Hethin preparing to kill Alf7 in turn 68 Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Hugdietrich1 Latin Hug Theodoricus Middle High German Hugdietrich Possibly a Merovingian king such as Theuderic I or Clovis 183 184 Hug possibly meaning high is a name applied to the Salian Franks thus Hugdietrich might mean Frankish Dietrich 185 Father of Wolfdietrich ancestor of Dietrich von Bern Different versions of Wolfdietrich portray him as being betrayed by his counsellor Sabene wooing a bride from an unwilling father or in conflict with Ortnit 95 Wolfdietrich Dietrichs Flucht Heldenbuch Prosa Hugdietrich2 Middle High German Hugdietrich In Wolfdietrich D the son of Wolfdietrich who is brought up by Heribrand In Dietrichs Flucht he marries Sigeminne von Frankreich and has a son named Amelung 184 Wolfdietrich Dietrichs Flucht Huld Old Norse Huld or Huld The name is from PGmc xuldōn meaning hiding secrecy 186 Snorri tells in Ynglinga saga that one winter Vanlandi the king of Sweden stayed with Snaer snow in Lappland and his daughter Drifa He married her promising to return for her after three years However after ten years he had still not returned Humiliated Drifa1 sent their son Visburr to Uppsala where the Swedish king resided accompanied by a witch named Huld whom she had paid to transport Vanlandi to Lappland with magic or kill him The magic caused Vanlandi to want to go Lappland but his advisors made him stay Instead Huld had him hag ridden to death 187 When Vanlandi s son Visburr was king he rejected his first wife and she went to her father with their sons Gisl and Ǫndurr He married another woman and had the son Domaldi with her When his rejected sons were 12 and 13 they came to him to claim their mother s gold necklace but their father refused Gisl and Ǫndurr contacted Huld who promised to help them kill their father by casting a curse on him but warned that doing so she would curse the Yngling dynasty with kinslaying The two boys did not heed the warning but set their father s hall on fire one night and burnt him to death with his retinue 188 Huld also had a legendary saga of her own which is mentioned in Sturlunga saga Huldar saga 189 but it only exists in two reconstructed versions Sagan af Huld drottningu hinni riku of which the youngest manuscript is from the 18th c 190 Ynglinga saga 13 and 14 Sturlunga saga Hulvid Old Norse Hulvidr The first element Hul may be Holm 191 which means small island 192 while the last element is vidr from PN widu meaning trees or forest 193 The names of the three brothers Hulvidr Gautvidr and Folkvidr agree with Swedish naming traditions 191 According to the Ynglinga saga Hulvidr Gautvidr and Folkvidr were the sons of Svipdag4 the Blind the king of Sweden s representative while away from Uppsala When Ingjald ill ruler invited several neighbouring petty kings to a feast at his hall it was Folkvid and Hulvid who barred the doors of the hall and set it ablaze as previously ordered by the king 194 195 Together with his brother Gautvid and their father Svipdag Hulvid fell in battle against Granmar of Sodermanland and his ally Hjorvard2 Wulfing 196 Ynglinga saga Humli Old Norse Humli Latin Hulmul Latin Humblus Humli is a reconstructed word for hind ON humula or humala meant hornless and referred especially to hinds and Jordanes stressed the importance of the hind cerva in Gothic mythology Consequently Humli of the Huns may have originated in a Gothic expression that meant protector king of the Huns 197 King of the Huns His daughter Sifka is captured and raped by Heidrek and then sent back pregnant with Hlod whom Humli raises 77 When Heidrek has been killed by his slaves Humli tells Hlod to claim his inheritance from his brother Angantyr1 198 Hlod does not accept receiving only a third of the inheritance and Humli resolves to invade the Gothic lands 199 but after an epic battle both he and Hlod are slain 200 He is also mentioned in Jordanes Getica Hulmul and as a Danish king in Gesta Danorum 201 Getica Hervarar saga Gesta Danorum Humlung Old Norse Humlungr The name is a doublet of Hymlingr 202 Humall humla means hops 203 but there is also Humli which was the name of legendary Hunnish king and the etymology of his name may be based on Gothic mythology see above 197 The suffix ingr ungr could mean descendant or person associated with 204 In Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Humlung is one of four sons of Hjorvard4 a king in Norway With Alfhild2 he had son named Hedin with Saereid a son named Humlung and with Sinriod a son named Hymling Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar deals with how he won his fourth wife Sigrlinn the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland and the story of their son Helgi Hjorvardsson 205 69 Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Hun Old Norse Hunn Old English Hun Latin Hun Hunn means child or bear cub 206 giant or the high one i e king 207 Hun appears at the massive Battle of Bravellir as one of the Danish king Harald Wartooth s warriors in his battle against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring Hun is the first champion on the Danish side that Starkad attacks and quickly kills Hun s friend Ella wants to avenge his friend and takes on the giant warrior only to be killed as well 148 Gesta Danorum only mentions him in a list of warriors sequentially killed by Starkad before he cuts off the hand of the shield maiden Visna 208 He may be the same as the sea king Hunn who appears in Skaldskaparmal 209 207 and as Hun the king of the Haetwere in Widsith 207 Widsith Skaldskaparmal Sogubrot Gesta Danorum VIII Hunding Old Norse Hundingr The name means descendant of a dog in Old Norse 210 Hunding was a powerful king who was killed by Sigmund s son Helgi who thus earned himself the cognomen Hundingsbane and Helgakvida Hundingsbana I adds that Helgi was only 15 years old The lay tells that he refused to give his sons compensation and so they attacked him but were defeated and killed 62 The Volsunga saga names them Alf2 and Eyjolf Hervard2 and Hagbard2 53 but Helgakvida Hundingsbana I and II call them Alf2 and Eyjolf Hjorvard3 and Havarth 63 Helgakvida Hundingsbana II adds a son named Heming 64 and the Volsunga saga adds yet another son called king Lyngvi who killed Sigmund in battle 65 Helgakvida Hundingsbana II adds the backstory that Hunding was the king of Hundland and that Helgi had been sent to be raised by a man named Hagal As Hunding was at war with Sigmund Helgi went to Hunding s hall to spy but met Heming one of Hunding s sons and called himself Hamal the name of Hagal s son Suspicious Hunding sent men led by a man named Blind to Hagal to search for Helgi but he escaped dressed as a female servant Helgi went to a warship and after that he killed Hunding 64 The second lay adds that when Helgi met Hunding at Valhalla he humiliated him by having him do menial chores 211 Finch identifies him with a Norwegian king from Flateyjarbok and a son of a Saxon king Syrik in Gesta Danorum 212 Helgakvida Hundingsbana I Helgakvida Hundingsbana II Volsunga saga Skaldskaparmal Norna Gests thattr Hundingus Latin Hundingus Probably based on the tradition of the Swedish king Fjolnir 213 See Hunding above In Gesta Danorum I Hundingus the king of Sweden erroneously believes his friend Hadingus to have been killed in a plot and holds a memorial feast for him However he falls into a huge vat of beer and drowns When Hadingus learns of this he returns the honour by sacrificing himself publicly by hanging 214 Hundingus death is similar to that of the Swedish king Fjolnir 214 and the tradition of Fjolnir has probably been transposed to different characters 213 Gesta Danorum I Hungar Old English Hungar Malone translated the name as dog spear 104 while Chambers connects it to the Gothic name Hunigais 215 According to Forstemann the first element hun in Hunegais may have several meanings such as bear cub and hunnish and he considers dog to be a possibility 216 and as to the second element it means spear 217 Appears in Widsith line 117 Malone identifies him with Lamissio in Historia Langobardorum by Paul the Deacon and with Lyngvi from the legends of Helgi Hundingsbane 104 while Chambers connects him to Onegesius Attila s viceroy 218 Widsith Hunlaf Old English Hunlaf Latin Hunleifus Latin Hunlapi The first element hun means high 219 and the second element is laibaz which means descendant or heir 220 Hunlaf appears in the Finnsburg Fragment and in Beowulf as one of Hengest s men In Beowulf an unnamed son of his offers Hengest a famous sword to incite him to vengeance 221 Hunlaf may have been the brother of Guthlaf and Oslaf 222 and the three appear in a list of six or seven sons of a Danish king Leifus in the Skjoldunga saga 223 224 Hunlaf was a well known hero in Anglo Saxon legends as is shown by the mentioning of him among the other Germanic heroes Wudga Hama Hrothulf Hengest and Horsa in the manuscript MS Cotton Vesp D IV fol 139 b 224 Finnsburg Fragment Beowulf Skjoldunga saga Hunolt Middle High German Hunolt The chamberlain kameraere of the Burgundians 184 Nibelungenlied Biterolf und Dietleib Husto Old Norse Husto Latin Hubba and Ubbi Hus means house 225 and to means a tuft of grass or tow of wool 226 The unusual name may be a corruption of Hubba which is the same as Ubbi 227 a hypocoristic form of Ulfr wolf or possibly a form of ufr earlier ub unpleasant 228 In Ragnarssona thattr Husto and Yngvar are the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok by a concubine When their half brother Ivar the Boneless had conquered England he had them torture Edmund the Martyr 229 The names Yngvar and Ivar may have been variant forms of the same name 230 and so Yngvar may have originated in Ivar the Boneless himself In Abbo of Fleury s Life of St Edmund it is reported that Edmund was killed by Yngware probably Ivar and Hubba and Hubba is the same name as Ubbi who appears as a bastard son of Ragnar Lodbrok in Gesta Danorum 231 Life of St Edmund Ragnarssona thattr Gesta Danorum IX Hvit Old Norse Hvit The name means white in ON 232 A Saami princess who marries the Norwegian king Hring After the king s son Bjorn refuses her advances she curses him to become a bear at night His son Bodvar Bjarki eventually kills her in revenge 233 Hrolfs saga kraka Hvitserk1 Old Norse Hvitserkr Latin Witserchus Hvitr means white 234 and serkr means shirt 235 He is the brother of Svipdag2 and Beigadr 236 In the Bjarkarimur he is the oldest of the three sons of the Swedish farmer Svip and he goes to Uppsala and kills the first two warriors who try to stop him The next day he has to fight king Adils Eadgils berserkers and kills five of them before the king dismisses the rest The berserkers come back with an army to have revenge and Hvitserk is sent out with a small company to fight them and would have lost unless his father had sent his brothers to help him He loses an eye and leaves Sweden for Hrolfr Kraki when he understands that it had been a ruse by the king 237 In Hrolfs saga kraka his role is given to the youngest brother Svipdag2 238 In the Skjoldunga saga Hvitserk is a Swedish warrior who was compared to Starkad in fame and he had excelled Starkad by fighting twelve giants at the same time and killing six of them on his own Hrolfr kraki gave his daughter Driva to him in marriage while he gave his daughter Skur as wife to Bodvar Bjarki 239 240 Hvitserk is also mentioned as one of Hrolf kraki s champions in the Prose Edda and in Hrolfs saga kraka 241 In the Prose Edda he is sent with his brothers Svipdag and Beigudr by Hrolfr kraki to fight for Adils in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vanern 242 and in Hrolfs saga kraka he and his brothers take part in Hrolfs expedition to Uppsala 243 and in his final battle 171 Skjoldunga saga Prose Edda Hrolfs saga kraka Bjarkarimur Hvitserk2 the Swift Old Norse Hvitserkr Latin Witserc Withsercus No historical prototype 244 See Hvitserk1 In Ragnars saga lodbrokar the third son of Ragnar Lodbrok and Aslaug1 after Ivar the Boneless and Bjorn Ironside and before Rognvald 245 and Sigurd Snake in the Eye 246 He goes with his brothers to attack Hvitabœr and its dangerous bulls that were strengthened through sacrifices 247 and he takes part in his brothers expedition to Sweden to avenge their half brothers Agnar4 and Eric3 where there is an even more dangerous cow Sibilja 248 He also takes part in the invasion of England to avenge their father Ragnar 249 He ends his life in Eastern Europe where he is taken captive and is on his own request burnt alive on a pyre of severred heads 250 In Ragnarssona THattr and Ad catalogum the same family relations are mentioned but the only further naming of him in expeditions are in the first source where he takes part in the expedition to Sweden 251 and in the Battle of Leuven 891 252 In Ragnars saga lodbrokar he is said to have a kingdom 250 and in Ragnarssona THattr this is specified as Jutland and Wendland 229 In Gesta Danorum IX he is the son of Ragnar with Svanlaug and the brother of Regnald and Eric He becomes the king of Scythia and is taken captive by king Daxon of Ruthenia who grants his request to burn him alive on a pyre 253 and this in spite of Daxon being impressed with his physical beauty and offering him his daughter 254 This happens before the death of his father Ragnar and Ragnar avenges him 253 by banishing Daxon to Utgardar although he later lets him return and accepts tribute 255 Ragnars saga lodbrokar Ad catalogum regum Sveciae annotanda Ragnarssona THattr Gesta Danorum IX Hwala Old English Hwala Appears to be unhistorical 256 The meaning of the name is unknown 256 Appears in Widsith line 14 and he is also mentioned in the West Saxon genealogy as the grandson of Sheaf 256 Widsith West Saxon genealogy Hygd Old English Hygd Hygelac was probably married but the character in Beowulf is found only there and probably not genuinely historical 257 From OE gehygd thought mind 257 Wife of the Geatish king Hygelac She is young and inexperienced but she handles her role as queen well and she is courteous to the retainers at Hygelac s court Her behaviour is contrasted with that of Modthryth the queen of king Offa of Angel When Beowulf returns from the Danes he gives her the necklace that Wealhtheow had given him and three horses When Hygelac dies in battle against the Franks it is Hygd who is the kingmaker which shows that her authority is unchallenged among the Geats Instead of giving the throne to her son Heardred she offers it to Beowulf who accepts to serve as regent until Heardred is old and mature enough to become king Her behaviour is in accordance with her name 258 Beowulf Hygelac Old English Hygelac Old Norse Hugleikr Latin Hugletus Historical king of the Geats died c 521 259 c 523 260 PN Hugilaikaz from hugi mind 125 and an agent noun of laikan to play to jump to dance 261 In Beowulf he is king of the Geats and the son of the previous king Hredel He has the brothers Haethcyn and Herebeald and his sister is the mother of Beowulf 181 with whom he has a warm relationship 262 He led an ill fated raid in the Frankish terrories in the lower Rhine territory 263 In Liber monstrorum described as a giant whose bones were shown to visitors on an island in the estuary of the Rhine 262 By the time Snorri tells of his death the Geats appear to have been subsumed by the Swedes and Hugleikr is described as a Swedish king who was killed by Starkad but in Gesta Danorum VI the same story is told with Huglethus as a king of Ireland but this story does not appear in Starkad s Death Song 264 In Gesta Danorum IV he also appears as a Danish king who defeats the Swedish chieftains Homothus Eymodr i e Eanmund 265 and Ogrim 266 265 Beowulf Liber monstrorum Liber Frankorum Ynglinga saga 22 Gesta Danorum IV and VI Hymling Old Norse Hymlingr The name is a doublet of Humlungr 202 See Humlung for etymology In Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar Humlung is one of four sons of Hjorvard4 a king in Norway With Alfhild2 he had son named Hedin with Saereid a son named Humlung and with Sinriod a son named Hymling Helgakvida Hjorvardssonar deals with how he won his fourth wife Sigrlinn the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland and the story of their son Helgi Hjorvardsson 205 69 Helgakvida HjorvardssonarReferences edit a b Gillespie 1973 p 77 a b c Gillespie 1973 p 73 Peterson 2007 p 24 Gillespie 1973 p 74 Gillespie 1973 pp 74 75 Gillespie 1973 p 76 Peterson 2007 p 43 a b Klaeber 2008 p 273 Klaeber 2008 pp f273 a b Gillespie 1973 p 78 Gillespie 1973 pp 73 55 Gillespie 1973 p 79 Finlay 2010 p 127 a b c Waggoner 2009 p 51 a b c Waggoner 2009 p 106 Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 p 50 a b c Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 p 38f de Vries 2000 p 226 230 Jiriczek 1898 p 155 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 261 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 610 Krause 2010 p 240 Uecker 1972 p 100 Millet 2008 pp 243 244 Lienert 2015 p 86 Simek 1993 p 147 de Vries 2000 p 84 Finlay 2010 p 121 Finlay 2010 p 127f Tolkien 1960 p 59 Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 p 38 de Vries 2000 pp 227 230 Peterson 2007 p 103 Hollander 1928 p 337 Orchard 1997 pp 84f Peterson 2007 p 110 Peterson 2007 p 27 a b Tolkien 1960 pp 3f Finch 1965 p 21 Hollander 1928 pp 274f Chadwick 1921 p 33 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 265 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 312 Byock 1998 p 94 Byock 1998 p 52 Olson 1916 pp 11f a b Gillespie 1973 p 124 Krause 2010 p 135 Kaufmann 1968 p 317 a b Peterson 2004 p 11 Peterson 2007 p 161 Hollander 1928 p 216 a b c Finch 1965 p 15 a b Wessen 1927 p 88 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 268 Malone 1962 p 169 Waggoner 2009 pp 53 56 Fisher 2015 pp 535 547 Peterson 2004 p 38 a b Peterson 2004 p 27 a b c Wessen 1927 p 89 a b Hollander 1928 p 214 a b Hollander 1928 pp 214 228 a b c Hollander 1928 p 224f a b Finch 1965 p 15 20 Finch 1965 p 30 Chadwick 1921 pp 23ff a b Hollander 1928 pp 197ff a b c Jonsson 1932 pp 195ff Simek 1993 p 151 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 271 Orel 2003 p 176 a b Byock 1990 pp 36ff a b Finch 1965 pp 2ff a b c Uecker 1972 p 76 Pritsak 1981 p 204 a b Tolkien 1960 p 26 Tolkien 1960 p 50 note 4 Tolkien 1960 pp 45 52 Tolkien 1960 pp 53 59 de Vries 2000 p 241 a b Hollander 1928 p 204 Jonsson 1932 p 200 a b de Vries 2000 p 239 Orel 2003 p 178 Peterson 2007 p 249 Hollander 1928 p 317 note 19 Uecker 1972 pp 118 120 Forstemann 1900 p 861 a b Klaeber 2008 p 276 Heinzel 1885 p 18 de Vries 2000 p 243 Gillespie 1973 pp 59 60 Orel 2003 p 154 a b Gillespie 1973 p 82 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 245 de Vries 2000 p 59 de Vries 2000 p 670 Tolkien 1960 pp 20ff Gillespie 1973 p 60 a b c Peterson 2007 p 102 Wessen 1927 pp 1ff Hollander 1928 pp 229ff a b c d Malone 1962 p 173 Pakis 2008 p 105 Biggs 2003 p 640 Peterson 2007 p 106 de Vries 2000 p 281 Waggoner 2009 pp 49f Gillespie 1973 pp 81 82 Gillespie 1973 p 81 Clarke 1911 p 104 Chambers 1912 p 82 Wessen 1927 p 80 Orel 2003 p 59 a b c Hollander 1928 pp 212 237 a b Finch 1965 pp 15 17 Finch 1965 p 16 note 3 Orchard 1997 pp 60f Hollander 1928 pp 215 note 21 227 230 note 27 Olrik 1919 p 296 Clarke 1911 pp 73 150 a b Anderson 1999 pp 110 111 115 a b Peterson 2004 p 36 a b Peterson 2004 p 39 Nerman 1925 pp 88 89 a b c Peterson 2004 pp 12 39 Peterson 2004 pp 22 39 a b Newton 1993 pp 81f a b Clarke 1911 pp 96f Fisher 2015 pp 143 171 176 183 a b Clarke 1911 p 97 Peterson 2007 p 122 a b Peterson 2007 p 163 Hollander 1928 pp 253ff Finch 1965 pp 24ff Orchard 1997 pp 89f a b c de Vries 2000 p 256 de Vries 2000 p 164 Hollander 1928 pp 202ff Jonsson 1932 pp 199ff Hollander 1928 p 222 Wessen 1927 p 88 note 1 Peterson 2004 pp 13 39 Peterson 2007 pp 118 119 Peterson 2007 pp 118 245 Waggoner 2009 p 55 a b Waggoner 2009 p 56 a b Fisher 2015 p 546 Clarke 1911 p 100 Newton 1993 p 82 Waggoner 2009 pp 44ff Waggoner 2009 p 105 Waggoner 2009 pp 47f de Vries 2000 p 259 Peterson 2007 p 121 Byock 1998 p 95 Palsson amp Edwards 1972 pp 25ff Palsson amp Edwards 1972 pp 36ff Palsson amp Edwards 1972 pp 60 68 Palsson amp Edwards 1972 pp 79 102 Palsson amp Edwards 1972 pp 105 146 Palsson amp Edwards 1972 p 147 Hollander 1928 pp 155f a b Krause 2010 p 143 Krause 2010 p 142 Krause 2010 pp 142 143 Clarke 1911 pp 58ff a b Olrik 1919 p 368 Garmonsway Simpson amp Ellis Davidson 1968 p 156 a b Byock 1998 p 72 de Vries 2000 p 260 a b Peterson 2007 pp 119 120 Peterson 2007 pp 120 157 Tolkien 1960 p 28 note 1 Jesch 2016 p 305 a b Peterson 2004 p 12 25 29 39 Peterson 2004 pp 25 Peterson 2004 pp 12 27 Peterson 2004 pp 12 33 a b Newton 1993 p xii Newton 1993 p 23 Uecker 1972 p 104 a b c Gillespie 1973 p 83 Gillespie 1973 pp 82 83 Orel 2003 p 191 Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 pp 16f Finlay amp Faulkes 2016 pp 17f Mitchell 1991 p 93 Gudmundsdottir 2016 pp 10f a b Wessen 1952 p 72 Peterson 2007 p 116 Peterson 2007 p 250 Nerman 1925 p 222 Lincoln 2014 p 98 Westrin 1908 p 802 a b Pritsak 1981 p 205 Tolkien 1960 p 47 Tolkien 1960 pp 51f Tolkien 1960 p 57 Hedeager 2011 p 45 a b Jonsson 1932 p 195 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 292 Anderson 2016 p 467 a b Hollander 1928 pp 198ff Peterson 2007 p 124 a b c Malone 1962 p 176 Fisher 2015 p 547 Faulkes 1995 p 155 Krause 2010 p 146 Hollander 1928 p 234 Finch 1965 p 14 a b de Vries 1970 p 196 a b McKinnell 2005 p 68 Chambers 1912 p 221 Forstemann 1900 pp 929f Forstemann 1900 pp 588f Chambers 1912 pp 220f Klaeber 2008 p 470 Peterson 2004 p 6 Ayres 1917 pp 292f Kightley 2016 p 427 Ayres 1917 p 292 a b Chambers 1921 p 252 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 294 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 638 McTurk 1991 p 106 Peterson 2007 p 239 a b Waggoner 2009 p 70 Peterson 2007 p 142 Waggoner 2009 p 111 Byock 1998 p 35 Byock 1998 p 96 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 302 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 p 523 Olrik 1919 pp 375 377 Olrik 1919 pp 376f Olrik 1919 p 377 Miller 2007 p 18 Olrik 1919 p 376 Olrik 1919 p 367 Faulkes 1995 p 111 Byock 1998 p 59 McTurk 2006 p 684 Waggoner 2009 p 12 Waggoner 2009 p 16 Waggoner 2009 pp 13f Waggoner 2009 pp 24f Waggoner 2009 pp 33f a b Waggoner 2009 p 36 Waggoner 2009 pp 61 65ff Waggoner 2009 p 71 a b Waggoner 2009 p 104 McTurk 1991 p 141 McTurk 1991 p 142 a b c Malone 1962 p 178 a b Weise 1986 p 6 Malone 1941 pp 356f Uecker 1972 p 110 Newton 1993 p 27 Peterson 2004 p 9 a b Newton 1993 p 7 Newton 1993 pp 27 95 Schutte 1912 p 580 a b Fulk amp Cain 2013 p 297 Clausen 1918 p 138 Sources editAnderson Carl Edlund 1999 Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia PDF Thesis University of Cambridge Anderson Carl Edlund 2016 Scyld Scyldinga Intercultural Innovation at the Interface of West and North Germanic Neophilologus 100 3 461 476 doi 10 1007 s11061 015 9468 y S2CID 162985589 Ayres Henry Morgan 1917 The Tragedy of Hengest in Beowulf The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 16 2 282 295 JSTOR 27700808 Biggs Frederick M 2003 Hondscioh and AEschere in Beowulf Neophilologus 87 4 635 652 doi 10 1023 A 1025471415863 S2CID 159641273 Byock Jesse 1990 The Saga of the Volsungs The Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer University of California Press ISBN 0 520 23285 2 Byock Jesse 1998 The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki Penguin Classics ISBN 014043593X Stories and Ballads of the Far Past Translated by Chadwick Nora Kershaw Cambridge at the University Press 1921 Chambers Robert W 1912 Widsith Cambridge The University press Chambers Robert W 1921 Beowulf Cambridge The University press Clarke M G 1911 Sidelights on Teutonic History During the Migration Period being Studies ofBeowulfand Other Old English Poems Cambridge University Press Clausen H V 1918 Kong Hugleik In Knudsen Gunnar Krisensen Marius eds Danske studier Gyldendalske boghandel Nordisk forlag Kobenhavn Cleasby Richard Vigfusson Gudbrand 1874 An Icelandic English dictionary Oxford Clarendon Press Edda Snorri Sturluson Translated by Faulkes Anthony Everyman 1995 ISBN 978 0460876162 The Saga of the Volsungs PDF Translated by Finch R G London and Edinburgh Nelson 1965 Finlay Alison 2010 The Saga of Asmundr Killer of Champions Introduction PDF In Arnold Martin Finlay Alison eds Making History Essays on theFornaldarsogur Viking Society for Northern Research pp 119 124 ISBN 978 0 903521 84 0 Heimskringla PDF Vol 1 Translated by Finlay Alison Faulkes Anthony Viking Society for Northern Research University College London 2016 ISBN 978 0 903521 86 4 Friis Jensen Karsten ed 2015 Saxo Grammaticus Gesta Danorum The History of the Danes Vol 1 Translated by Fisher Peter Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 82052 34 Forstemann Ernst 1900 Altdeutsches Namenbuch Band 1 Personennamen 2 ed Bonn a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Garmonsway G N Simpson Jacqueline Ellis Davidson Hilda 1968 Beowulf and its Analogues M Dent amp Sons ltd ISBN 0 460 03804 4 Edda Snorri Sturluson Translated by Faulkes Anthony Everyman 1995 ISBN 978 0460876162 Fulk R D Cain Christopher M 2013 A History of Old English Literature Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 1 118 45323 0 Gillespie George T 1973 Catalogue of Persons Named in German Heroic Literature 700 1600 Including Named Animals and Objects and Ethnic Names Oxford Oxford University ISBN 978 0 19 815718 2 Gudmundsdottir Adalheidur 2016 Tales of Generations A comparison between some Icelandic and Geatish narrative motifs In Martensson Lasse oskarsson Veturlidi eds Scripta Islandica Uppsala Uppsala University ISSN 0582 3234 Hedeager Lotte 2011 Iron Age Myth and Materiality An Archaeology of Scandinavia AD 400 1000 London and New York Routledge ISBN 978 113681725 0 Heinzel Richard 1885 Ueber die Nibelungensage Vienna Carl Gerhold s Sohn The Poetic Edda PDF Translated by Hollander Lee M University of Texas Press 1928 Jesch Judith 2016 Hromundar saga Gripssonar In Pulsiano Philip Wolf Kirsten eds Medieval Scandinavia an Encyclopedia New York Routledge Revivals p 305 ISBN 978 1 315 16132 7 Jiriczek Otto Luitpold 1898 Deutsche Heldensagen Band 1 Strasbourg Karl Trubner ISBN 9783112176429 De Gamle Eddadigte Translated by Jonsson Finnur G E C Gats forlag Kobenhavn 1932 Kaufmann Hennig 1968 Erganzungsband zu Ernst Forstemann Personennamen Wilhelm Fink Kightley Michael R 2016 The Brothers of Beowulf Fraternal Tensions and the Reticent Style ELH 83 2 407 429 doi 10 1353 elh 2016 0015 S2CID 164186249 Klaeber Friedrich 2008 Fulk R D Bjork Robert E Niles John D eds Klaeber s Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg University of Toronto Press pp 274 277 ISBN 978 0 8020 9843 6 Krause Arnulf 2010 Reclams Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie und Heldensage Reclam ISBN 978 3 15 010778 2 Lienert Elisabeth 2015 Mittelhochdeutsche Heldenepik Berlin Erich Schmidt ISBN 978 3 503 15573 6 Lincoln Bruce 2014 Between History and Myth Stories of Harald Fairhair and the Founding of the State Chicago and London The University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 14092 6 Malone Kemp 1941 Hygd Modern Language Notes 56 5 356 358 doi 10 2307 2911214 JSTOR 2911214 Malone Kemp 1962 Widsith Rosenkilde and Bagger Copenhagen McKinnell John 2005 Meeting the Other in Norse Myth and Legend Cambridge DS Brewer ISBN 1 84384 042 1 McTurk Rory 1991 Studies in Ragnars saga Lodbrokar and its Major Scandinavian Analogues The Society for the Study of Mediaeval Languages and Literature Oxford ISBN 0 907570 08 9 McTurk Rory W 2006 Kings and Kingship in Viking Northumbria PDF In McKinnell John S Ashurst David Kick Donata eds The Fantastic in Old Norse Icelandic Literature Preprint Papers of the 13th International Saga Conference Durham and York 6th 12th August 2006 Vol 2 pp 681 688 Miller Clarence H 2007 Fragments of Danish History ANQ A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles Notes and Reviews 20 3 9 33 doi 10 3200 ANQQ 20 3 9 22 S2CID 161363696 Millet Victor 2008 Germanische Heldendichtung im Mittelalter Berlin New York de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 020102 4 Mitchell Stephen A 1991 Heroic Sagas and Ballads Ithaca and London Cornell University Press ISBN 978 1 5017 0744 5 Nerman Birger 1925 Svenska rikets uppkomst Stockholm Generalstabens litografiska anstalt Newton Sam 1993 The Origins of Beowulf and the Pre Viking Kingdom of East Anglia Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780859914727 Olrik Axel 1919 The Heroic Legends of Denmark Translated by Hollander Lee M New York The American Scandinavian Foundation Olson Oscar Ludvig 1916 The Relation of the Hrolfs saga kraka and the Bjarkarimur to Beowulf Publications of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study 3 1 1 104 JSTOR 40914974 Orchard Andy 1997 Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend Cassel ISBN 0 304 34520 2 Orel Vladimir E 2003 A Handbook of Germanic Etymology Brill ISBN 978 90 04 12875 0 Pakis Valentine Anthony 2008 The Meaning of AEschere s Name in Beowulf Anglia 126 1 104 113 doi 10 1515 angl 2008 006 Hrolf Gautreksson Translated by Palsson Hermann Edwards Paul Edinburg Southside 1972 ISBN 0 8020 1814 9 Peterson Lena 2004 Lexikon over urnordiska personnamn Uppsala Institutet for sprak och folkminnen Peterson Lena 2007 Nordiskt runnamnslexikon Uppsala Institutet for sprak och folkminnen Pritsak Omeljan 1981 The origin of Rus Harvard University Press pp 188 225 Schutte Gudmund 1912 The Geats of Beowulf The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 11 4 574 602 JSTOR 27700194 Simek Rudolf 1993 Dictionary of Northern Mythology Translated by Hall Angela D S Brewer ISBN 0 85991 369 4 The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise PDF Translated by Tolkien Christopher 1960 Uecker Heiko 1972 Germanische Heldensage Stuttgart Metzler ISBN 3476101061 de Vries Jan 1970 Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte Bd 2 Die Gotter Vorstellungen uber den Kosmos Der Untergang des Heidentums de Gruyter Berlin ISBN 978 3110028072 de Vries Jan 1962 Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch 2000 ed Brill ISBN 90 04 05436 7 The Sagas of Ragnar Lodbrok Translated by Waggoner Ben New Haven Troth Publications 2009 Weise Judith 1986 The Meaning of the Name Hygd Onomastic Contrast in Beowulf Names 34 1 1 10 doi 10 1179 nam 1986 34 1 1 Wessen Elias 1927 Eddadikterna om Helge Hundingsbane Fornvannen Wessen Elias 1952 Wessen Elias Helgason Jon Knudsen Trygve Skautrup Peter eds Ynglingsaga Svenska bokforlaget Norstedts Stockholm Ejnar Munksgaard Kobenhavn Dreyers forlag Oslo Westrin Th 1908 Gautvid In Westrin Th ed Nordisk Familjebok Vol 9 2 ed p 802 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of figures in Germanic heroic legend Hi Hy amp oldid 1217447940, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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