"Öküz" Mehmed Pasha ("Mehmed Pasha the Ox"; died 23 December 1619), also known as Kara Mehmed Pasha ("the Black") or "Kul Kıran" Mehmed Pasha ("the Slavebreaker"),[1] was an Ottoman statesman, administrator and military figure of the early 17th century who held the office of Grand Vizier twice, the first time from 17 October 1614 to 17 November 1616 (during the reign of Ahmed I) and the second time from 18 January 1619 to 23 December 1619 (during the reign of Osman II the Young).[2] He was also governor of Egypt from 1607 to 1611.[1][3][4][5][6] Okuz Mehmed's nickname "Kul Kiran" (slavebreaker) came from his success in crushing the mutiny in Egypt during the early 1600s (soldiers were often known as kul or slave).
He was of Turkish origin and was born in Karagümrük district of Istanbul. It is reported that his father was an ox blacksmith.[7][8][9] He was nicknamed "Black" and also given the nickname "Ox" by is enemies, based on the profession of his father.[10] Before holding governmental positions, Mehmed Pasha had been a silahdar, a high-ranking position in the sultan's guard.[3]
Before his first term as grand vizier, Mehmed Pasha was appointed as governor of Egypt in 1607, a post he held until 1611.[1][3][4][5][6] In 1604, three years before he assumed the office, the Governor of Ottoman Egypt Maktul Hacı Ibrahim Pasha was murdered by mutinying sipahi soldiers of his own troops.[11][12][13] This event caused three years of instability in Egypt, with the subsequent two governors, Hadım Mehmed Pasha and Yemenli Hasan Pasha unable to completely quell the rebellion.
When Mehmed Pasha came into office, his strong-handed methods and personality allowed him to suppress the sipahis and abolish the illegal tulba protection tax they had been imposing on the Egyptian countryside.[3] After first landing at Alexandria, he gathered public support by visiting the tombs of local saints and treating the Mamluks well, ordering repairs on Mamluk-built buildings and structures.[3] He then proceeded to execute district governors who had allowed the sipahis to impose the tulba and warned others of the same fate.[3]
Tensions came to a head in February 1609, when the rebels gathered in the city of Tanta and met at the tomb of Ahmad al-Badawi, Egypt's most popular saint, to swear that they would resist Mehmed Pasha's efforts; they then began to gather troops and pillage villages for supplies.[3] Mehmed Pasha also gathered troops, although some of his officers suggested diplomacy, which Mehmed agreed to, sending a mufti named Altıparmak Mehmed Efendi and an officer to negotiate with the rebels.[14] The mufti advised the rebels to give into "those in authority," and upon refusal, Mehmed Pasha's forces began to mobilize.[14]
Mehmed Pasha's forces met the rebels just north of Cairo. The rebels, discouraged, lost the battle, and the pasha's forces summarily executed over 250 of them, while others were later exiled to Yemen.[14]
In the aftermath of this event, Mehmed Pasha became known as Kul Kıran ("slavebreaker" in Turkish) for subjugating the Mamluks and the soldiers to Ottoman rule. He went on to promote public works and attempted to reform the fiscal and military organization of the Egypt eyalet, reducing the number of local beys to 12,[14] although this measure was later abandoned.[5] In 1611, he was recalled to the capital Constantinople by the sultan.[14]
Grand Vizierates
Mehmed Pasha was grand vizier from 17 October 1614 to 17 November 1616, and again from 18 January 1619 to 23 December 1619. While in office, he was usually called Kara Mehmed Pasha, the nickname "ox" having been invented behind his back (although he almost certainly must have overheard it) by virtue of his heavy build and his father having been a blacksmith for cattle in the Karagümrük quarter of Constantinople. History retained this nickname rather than Kara, which means "black" in Turkish and which may refer to one's complexion or hair or, in the figurative, to courage and daring.
One episode during his time as grand vizier involved an attack on Vienna accompanied with only 47 raiders, and without having informed the sultan or any other authority in the Ottoman capital; it ended in complete failure and nearly cost him his head. Some historians consider his foray as a third siege of Vienna by the Ottoman Turks, alongside the better known incidences,[spelling?] undertaken first by sultan Süleyman the Magnificent in 1529 and later by grand vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha in 1683.
In between his two terms as grand vizier, he held the office of governor of Aidin Vilayet (then a province covering a large part of western Anatolia), and his governorship is marked by the construction of a caravanserai in Kuşadası, named the Öküz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai after him, aimed at attracting international trade through the port there (which shifted, in time, much more towards the port of İzmir upon the preference displayed by European merchants). The caravanserai in Kuşadası is used as a luxury hotel and shopping center today. He has had another solid caravanserai built in Ulukışla on the way to a campaign against the Safavids during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18), which eventually ended with a decisive Ottoman defeat.[15]
Death
He was strangled to death in office in 1619 by a young Janissary whose favors he had sought.
^ abcJane Hathaway; Karl K. Barbir (2008). The Arab lands under Ottoman rule, 1516-1800. Pearson Longman. pp. 63, 255. ISBN978-0-582-41899-8.
^İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971 (Turkish)
^ abcdefgM. W. Daly; Carl F. Petry (10 December 1998). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN978-0-521-47211-1.
^ abcA. Zuhuri Danışman (1965). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarihi. Z. Danışman Yayınevi. p. 243.
^ abcMichael Winter (14 January 2004). Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 1517-1798. Taylor & Francis. p. 47. ISBN978-0-203-16923-0.
^ abTurkish Studies Association (2000). Turkish Studies Association Bulletin. Turkish Studies Association. pp. 93, 95.
^Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, (1954) Osmanlı Tarihi III. Cilt, 2. Kısım , XVI. Yüzyıl Ortalarından XVII. Yüzyıl Sonuna kadar), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu
^Mehmed Süreyya (haz. Nuri Akbayar) (1996), Sicill-i Osmani, İstanbul:Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları ISBN 975-333-0383 C.IV s.441 [1]
^Avcı, Casim, "Mehmed Paşa (Öküz, Damat)" (1999) Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık A.Ş. C.2 s.164 ISBN 975-08-0072-9
^Michael Winter (14 January 2004). Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 1517-1798. Taylor & Francis. pp. 45, 96. ISBN978-0-203-16923-0.
^M. W. Daly; Carl F. Petry (10 December 1998). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. ISBN978-0-521-47211-1.
^Michael A. Cook; Asad Ahmed; Behnam Sadeghi; Michael Bonner (21 March 2011). The Islamic Scholarly Tradition: Studies in History, Law, and Thought in Honor of Professor Michael Allan Cook. BRILL. p. 154. ISBN978-90-04-19435-9.
^ abcdeM. W. Daly; Carl F. Petry (10 December 1998). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN978-0-521-47211-1.
^Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi vol.III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, 43-44
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Kara Mehmed Pasha redirects here For the later Ottoman governor of Egypt and other provinces see Kara Mehmed Pasha died 1722 In this Ottoman Turkish style name the given name is Mehmed the title is Pasha and there is no family name Okuz Mehmed Pasha Mehmed Pasha the Ox died 23 December 1619 also known as Kara Mehmed Pasha the Black or Kul Kiran Mehmed Pasha the Slavebreaker 1 was an Ottoman statesman administrator and military figure of the early 17th century who held the office of Grand Vizier twice the first time from 17 October 1614 to 17 November 1616 during the reign of Ahmed I and the second time from 18 January 1619 to 23 December 1619 during the reign of Osman II the Young 2 He was also governor of Egypt from 1607 to 1611 1 3 4 5 6 Okuz Mehmed s nickname Kul Kiran slavebreaker came from his success in crushing the mutiny in Egypt during the early 1600s soldiers were often known as kul or slave Okuz Kara Kul Kiran DamatMehmedPashaStatue of Okuz Mehmed Pasha in Kusadasi next to the caravanserai named after him Grand Vizier of the Ottoman EmpireIn office 18 January 1619 23 December 1619MonarchOsman IIPreceded byDamat Halil PashaSucceeded byGuzelce Ali PashaIn office 17 October 1614 17 November 1616MonarchAhmed IPreceded byNasuh PashaSucceeded byDamat Halil PashaOttoman Governor of EgyptIn office 1607 1611Preceded byYemenli Hasan PashaSucceeded bySofu Mehmed PashaPersonal detailsDied23 December 1619Istanbul Ottoman EmpireNationalityOttomanSpouseGevherhan SultanChildrenSultanzade Fulan BeyMilitary serviceRankSilahdar Contents 1 Background 2 Governor of Egypt 3 Grand Vizierates 4 Governor of Aidin 5 Death 6 See also 7 ReferencesBackground EditHe was of Turkish origin and was born in Karagumruk district of Istanbul It is reported that his father was an ox blacksmith 7 8 9 He was nicknamed Black and also given the nickname Ox by is enemies based on the profession of his father 10 Before holding governmental positions Mehmed Pasha had been a silahdar a high ranking position in the sultan s guard 3 He married princess Gevherhan Sultan the daughter of sultan Ahmed I and Kosem Sultan 4 Governor of Egypt EditBefore his first term as grand vizier Mehmed Pasha was appointed as governor of Egypt in 1607 a post he held until 1611 1 3 4 5 6 In 1604 three years before he assumed the office the Governor of Ottoman Egypt Maktul Haci Ibrahim Pasha was murdered by mutinying sipahi soldiers of his own troops 11 12 13 This event caused three years of instability in Egypt with the subsequent two governors Hadim Mehmed Pasha and Yemenli Hasan Pasha unable to completely quell the rebellion When Mehmed Pasha came into office his strong handed methods and personality allowed him to suppress the sipahis and abolish the illegal tulba protection tax they had been imposing on the Egyptian countryside 3 After first landing at Alexandria he gathered public support by visiting the tombs of local saints and treating the Mamluks well ordering repairs on Mamluk built buildings and structures 3 He then proceeded to execute district governors who had allowed the sipahis to impose the tulba and warned others of the same fate 3 Tensions came to a head in February 1609 when the rebels gathered in the city of Tanta and met at the tomb of Ahmad al Badawi Egypt s most popular saint to swear that they would resist Mehmed Pasha s efforts they then began to gather troops and pillage villages for supplies 3 Mehmed Pasha also gathered troops although some of his officers suggested diplomacy which Mehmed agreed to sending a mufti named Altiparmak Mehmed Efendi and an officer to negotiate with the rebels 14 The mufti advised the rebels to give into those in authority and upon refusal Mehmed Pasha s forces began to mobilize 14 Mehmed Pasha s forces met the rebels just north of Cairo The rebels discouraged lost the battle and the pasha s forces summarily executed over 250 of them while others were later exiled to Yemen 14 In the aftermath of this event Mehmed Pasha became known as Kul Kiran slavebreaker in Turkish for subjugating the Mamluks and the soldiers to Ottoman rule He went on to promote public works and attempted to reform the fiscal and military organization of the Egypt eyalet reducing the number of local beys to 12 14 although this measure was later abandoned 5 In 1611 he was recalled to the capital Constantinople by the sultan 14 Grand Vizierates EditMehmed Pasha was grand vizier from 17 October 1614 to 17 November 1616 and again from 18 January 1619 to 23 December 1619 While in office he was usually called Kara Mehmed Pasha the nickname ox having been invented behind his back although he almost certainly must have overheard it by virtue of his heavy build and his father having been a blacksmith for cattle in the Karagumruk quarter of Constantinople History retained this nickname rather than Kara which means black in Turkish and which may refer to one s complexion or hair or in the figurative to courage and daring One episode during his time as grand vizier involved an attack on Vienna accompanied with only 47 raiders and without having informed the sultan or any other authority in the Ottoman capital it ended in complete failure and nearly cost him his head Some historians consider his foray as a third siege of Vienna by the Ottoman Turks alongside the better known incidences spelling undertaken first by sultan Suleyman the Magnificent in 1529 and later by grand vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha in 1683 Governor of Aidin Edit Okuz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai in Kusadasi In between his two terms as grand vizier he held the office of governor of Aidin Vilayet then a province covering a large part of western Anatolia and his governorship is marked by the construction of a caravanserai in Kusadasi named the Okuz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai after him aimed at attracting international trade through the port there which shifted in time much more towards the port of Izmir upon the preference displayed by European merchants The caravanserai in Kusadasi is used as a luxury hotel and shopping center today He has had another solid caravanserai built in Ulukisla on the way to a campaign against the Safavids during the Ottoman Safavid War 1603 18 which eventually ended with a decisive Ottoman defeat 15 Death EditHe was strangled to death in office in 1619 by a young Janissary whose favors he had sought See also EditList of Ottoman Grand Viziers List of Ottoman governors of Egypt Okuz Mehmed Pasha CaravanseraiReferences Edit a b c Jane Hathaway Karl K Barbir 2008 The Arab lands under Ottoman rule 1516 1800 Pearson Longman pp 63 255 ISBN 978 0 582 41899 8 Ismail Hami Danismend Osmanli Devlet Erkani Turkiye Yayinevi Istanbul 1971 Turkish a b c d e f g M W Daly Carl F Petry 10 December 1998 The Cambridge History of Egypt Cambridge University Press p 18 ISBN 978 0 521 47211 1 a b c A Zuhuri Danisman 1965 Osmanli Imparatorlugu tarihi Z Danisman Yayinevi p 243 a b c Michael Winter 14 January 2004 Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule 1517 1798 Taylor amp Francis p 47 ISBN 978 0 203 16923 0 a b Turkish Studies Association 2000 Turkish Studies Association Bulletin Turkish Studies Association pp 93 95 Uzuncarsili Ismail Hakki 1954 Osmanli Tarihi III Cilt 2 Kisim XVI Yuzyil Ortalarindan XVII Yuzyil Sonuna kadar Ankara Turk Tarih Kurumu Mehmed Sureyya haz Nuri Akbayar 1996 Sicill i Osmani Istanbul Tarih Vakfi Yurt Yayinlari ISBN 975 333 0383 C IV s 441 1 Avci Casim Mehmed Pasa Okuz Damat 1999 Yasamlari ve Yapitlariyla Osmanlilar Ansiklopedisi Istanbul Yapi Kredi Kultur Sanat Yayincilik A S C 2 s 164 ISBN 975 08 0072 9 MEHMED PASA Damad Islam Ansiklopedisi Michael Winter 14 January 2004 Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule 1517 1798 Taylor amp Francis pp 45 96 ISBN 978 0 203 16923 0 M W Daly Carl F Petry 10 December 1998 The Cambridge History of Egypt Cambridge University Press p 40 ISBN 978 0 521 47211 1 Michael A Cook Asad Ahmed Behnam Sadeghi Michael Bonner 21 March 2011 The Islamic Scholarly Tradition Studies in History Law and Thought in Honor of Professor Michael Allan Cook BRILL p 154 ISBN 978 90 04 19435 9 a b c d e M W Daly Carl F Petry 10 December 1998 The Cambridge History of Egypt Cambridge University Press p 19 ISBN 978 0 521 47211 1 Prof Yasar Yucel Prof Ali Sevim Turkiye tarihi vol III AKDTYKTTK Yayinlari 1991 43 44 Political officesPreceded byYemenli Hasan Pasha Ottoman Governor of Egypt1607 1611 Succeeded bySofu Mehmed PashaPreceded byNasuh Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire17 October 1614 17 November 1616 Succeeded byDamat Halil PashaPreceded byDamat Halil Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire18 January 1619 23 December 1619 Succeeded byGuzelce Ali Pasha Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Okuz Mehmed Pasha amp oldid 1138751655, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
