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Lily of the valley

March 08, 2023

For other uses, see Lily of the valley (disambiguation).

Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis (/ˌkɒnvəˈleɪriə məˈdʒeɪlɪs/),[2] sometimes written lily-of-the-valley,[3] is a woodland flowering plant with sweetly scented, pendent, bell-shaped white flowers borne in sprays in spring. It is native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia and Europe.[4][5] Convallaria majalis var. montana, also known as the American lily of the valley, is native to North America.[6][7]

Lily of the valley
Inflorescence
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
Subfamily: Nolinoideae
Genus: Convallaria
Species:
C. majalis
Binomial name
Convallaria majalis
19th-century illustration

Due to the concentration of cardiac glycosides (cardenolides), it is highly poisonous if consumed by humans or other animals.[8][9]

Other names include May bells, Our Lady's tears, and Mary's tears. Its French name, muguet, sometimes appears in the names of perfumes imitating the flower's scent. In pre-modern England, the plant was known as glovewort (as it was a wort used to create a salve for sore hands), or Apollinaris (according to a legend that it was discovered by Apollo).[10]

Description

 
Berries

Convallaria majalis is an herbaceous perennial plant that often forms extensive colonies by spreading underground stems called rhizomes. New upright shoots are formed at the ends of stolons in summer,[11] these upright dormant stems are often called pips.[12] These grow in the spring into new leafy shoots that still remain connected to the other shoots under ground. The stems grow to 15–30 cm (6–12 in) tall, with one or two leaves 10–25 cm (4–10 in) long; flowering stems have two leaves and a raceme of five to fifteen flowers on the stem apex.

The flowers have six white tepals (rarely pink), fused at the base to form a bell shape, 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) diameter, and sweetly scented; flowering is in late spring, in mild winters in the Northern Hemisphere it is in early March. The fruit is a small orange-red berry 5–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) diameter that contains a few large whitish to brownish colored seeds that dry to a clear translucent round bead 1–3 mm (0.04–0.12 in) wide. Plants are self-incompatible, and colonies consisting of a single clone do not set seed.[13]

Taxonomy

In the APG III system, the genus is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae[14]). It was formerly placed in its own family Convallariaceae, and, like many lilioid monocots, before that in the lily family Liliaceae.

There are three varieties that have sometimes been separated out as distinct species or subspecies by some botanists.[11][15]

  • Convallaria majalis var. keiskei – from China and Japan, with red fruit and bowl-shaped flowers (now widely cited as Convallaria keiskei)[13][16]
  • C. majalis var. majalis – from Eurasia, with white midribs on the flowers
  • C. majalis var. montana – from the United States, maybe with green-tinted midribs on the flowers[17]

Convallaria transcaucasica is recognised as a distinct species by some authorities, while the species formerly called Convallaria japonica is now classified as Ophiopogon japonicus.[16]

Distribution

Convallaria majalis is a native of Europe, where it largely avoids the Mediterranean and Atlantic margins.[18] An eastern variety, C. majalis var. keiskei occurs in Japan and parts of eastern Asia. A limited native population of C. majalis var. montana (synonym C. majuscula) occurs in the Eastern United States.[19] There is, however, some debate as to the native status of the American variety.[20]

Like many perennial flowering plants, C. majalis exhibits dual reproductive modes by producing offspring asexually by vegetative means and by seed, produced via the fusion of gametes.[21]

Ecology

Convallaria majalis is a plant of partial shade, and mesophile type that prefers warm summers. It likes soils that are silty or sandy and acid to moderately alkaline,[22] with preferably a plentiful amount of humus. The Royal Horticultural Society states that slightly alkaline soils are the most favored.[23] It is a Euroasiatic and suboceanic species that lives in mountains up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) elevation.[24]

Convallaria majalis is used as a food plant by the larvae of some moth and butterfly (Lepidoptera) species including the grey chi. Adults and larvae of the leaf beetle Lilioceris merdigera are also able to tolerate the cardenolides and thus feed on the leaves.[25]

Cultivation

 
Variegated cultivar early in spring
 
Double-flowered ‘Flore pleno’
 
'Rosea'

Convallaria majalis is widely grown in gardens for its scented flowers and ground-covering abilities in shady locations. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[26][27] In favourable conditions it can form large colonies.

Various kinds and cultivars are grown, including those with double flowers, rose-colored flowers, variegated foliage and ones that grow larger than the typical species.[16]

  • C. majalis 'Albostriata' has white-striped leaves
  • C. majalis 'Green Tapestry', 'Haldon Grange', 'Hardwick Hall', 'Hofheim', 'Marcel', 'Variegata' and 'Vic Pawlowski's Gold' are other variegated cultivars[16]
  • C. majalis 'Berlin Giant' and C. majalis 'Géant de Fortin' (syn. 'Fortin's Giant') are larger-growing cultivars[16]
  • C. majalis 'Flore Pleno' has double flowers.[16]
  • C. majalis 'Rosea' sometimes found under the name C. majalis var. rosea, has pink flowers.[16]

Traditionally Convallaria majalis has been grown in pots and winter forced to provide flowers during the winter months, both for as potted plants and as cut flowers.[28]

Chemistry

Roughly 38 different cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) – which are highly toxic if consumed by humans or animals – occur in the plant, including:[8][9][29]

  • convallarin
  • convallamarin
  • convallatoxin
  • convallotoxoloside
  • convallosid
  • neoconvalloside
  • glucoconvalloside
  • majaloside
  • convallatoxon
  • corglycon
  • cannogenol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside
  • cannogenol-3-O-β-D-allomethyloside
  • cannogenol-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-β-D-glucoside,
  • cannogenol-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-rhamnoside,
  • strophanthidin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-rhamnoside,
  • strophanthidin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-arabinoside,
  • strophanthidin-3-O-α-L-rhamnosido-2-β-D-glucoside,
  • sarmentogenin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-rhamnoside
  • sarmentogenin-3-O-6-deoxy-β-D-guloside
  • 19-hydroxy-sarmentogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside,
  • 19-hydroxy-sarmentogenin
  • arabinosido-6-deoxyallose
  • lokundjoside

The odor of lily of the valley, specifically the ligand bourgeonal, was thought to attract mammalian sperm.[30] The 2003 discovery of this phenomenon prompted research into odor reception,[31] but a 2012 study demonstrated instead that at high concentrations, bourgeonal imitated the role of progesterone in stimulating sperm to swim (chemotaxis), a process unrelated to odor reception.[32]

Toxicology

All parts of the plant are potentially poisonous, including the red berries which may be attractive to children.[8][9][33] If ingested, the plant can cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and irregular heartbeats.[29]

Uses

Perfume

In 1956, the French firm Dior produced a fragrance simulating lily of the valley, which was Christian Dior's favorite flower. Diorissimo was designed by Edmond Roudnitska.[34] Although it has since been reformulated, it is considered a classic.[34][35] Because no natural aromatic extract can be produced from lily of the valley, its scent must be recreated synthetically; while Diorissimo originally achieved this with hydroxycitronellal, the European Chemicals Agency now considers it a skin sensitizer and its use has been restricted.[36][37]

Other perfumes imitating or based on the flower include Henri Robert's Muguet de Bois (1936),[38] Penhaligon's Lily of the Valley (1976),[34] and Olivia Giacobetti's En Passant (2000).[34]

Weddings and other celebrations

 
Catherine Middleton with bridal bouquet featuring lily of the valley

Lily of the valley has been used in weddings[39] and off-season can be very expensive.[40] Lily of the valley was featured in the bridal bouquet at the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton.[40][41] Lily of the valley was also the flower chosen by Princess Grace of Monaco to be featured in her bridal bouquet.[citation needed]

At the beginning of the 20th century, it became tradition in France to sell lily of the valley on international Labour Day, 1 May (also called La Fête du Muguet (Lily of the Valley Day) by labour organisations and private persons without paying sales tax (on that day only) as a symbol of spring.[42]

Lily of the valley is worn in Helston (Cornwall, UK) on Flora Day (8 May each year, see Furry Dance) representing the coming of "the May-o" and the summer. There is also a song sung in pubs around Cornwall (and on Flora Day in Cadgwith, near Helston) called "Lily of the Valley"; the song, strangely, came from the Jubilee Singers from Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee.[43]

Folk medicine

The plant has been used in folk medicine for centuries.[44] There is a reference to "Lilly of the valley water" in Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Kidnapped where it is said to be "good against the Gout", and that it "comforts the heart and strengthens the memory" and "restores speech to those that have the dumb palsey".[45] There is no scientific evidence that lily of the valley has any effective medicinal uses for treating human diseases.[8][29]

Cultural symbolism

The lily of the valley was the national flower of Yugoslavia,[46] and it also became the national flower of Finland in 1967.[47]

In the "language of flowers", the lily of the valley signifies the return of happiness.[39]

Myths

The name "lily of the valley", like its correspondences in some other European languages, is apparently a reference to the phrase "lily of the valleys" (sometimes also translated as "lily of the valley") in Song of Songs 2:1 (שׁוֹשַׁנַּת הָעֲמָקִים).[48] European herbalists' use of the phrase to refer to a specific plant species seems to have appeared relatively late in the 16th[49] or 15th century.[50] The New Latin term convallaria (coined by Carl Linnaeus) and, for example, Swedish name liljekonvalj derives from the corresponding phrase lilium convallium in the Vulgate.

In culture

Gallery

  •  

    Convallaria close-up

  •  

    Convallarias in Kemi in early June

  •  

    Moldovan stamp

  •  

    Finnish 10 penny coin with the Convallaria engraving

  •  

    Lunner (Norway) municipal coat of arms

See also

References

  1. ^ Bilz, Melanie (2013). "Convallaria majalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T202965A2758291.
  2. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–607.
  3. ^ (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ^ "Invasive Species Photo Gallery - Wisconsin DNR". dnr.wi.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
  5. ^ "lily of the valley: Convallaria majalis (Liliales: Liliaceae): Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States". www.invasiveplantatlas.org. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
  6. ^ "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
  7. ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Convallaria majuscula". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
  8. ^ a b c d "Lily of the valley: Guide to Poisonous Plants". Colorado State University. 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  9. ^ a b c "Lily of the valley: Safe and Poisonous Garden Plants". University of California. 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  10. ^ Cockayne, Thomas Oswald (1864). Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England: Being a Collection of Documents, for the Most Part Never Before Printed, Illustrating the History of Science in this Country Before the Norman Conquest. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green. pp. 121. glovewort.
  11. ^ a b "Convallaria in Flora of North America @". Efloras.org. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
  12. ^ Mills, Linn; Post, Dick (2005). Nevada gardener's guide. Nashville, Tenn.: Cool Springs Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-59186-116-4.
  13. ^ a b OHARA, MASASHI; ARAKI, KIWAKO; YAMADA, ETSUKO; KAWANO, SHOICHI (2006). "Life-history monographs of Japanese plants. 6: Convallaria keiskei Miq. (Convallariaceae)". Plant Species Biology. Wiley. 21 (2): 119–126. doi:10.1111/j.1442-1984.2006.00157.x. ISSN 0913-557X.
  14. ^ Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 132–136, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
  15. ^ Weakley, A. S. (2020). Flora of the southeastern United States. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden. p. 281. (Download page)
  16. ^ a b c d e f g RHS Plant Finder 2009–2010. Dorling Kindersley. 2009. pp. 195, 196. ISBN 978-1-4053-4176-9.
  17. ^ A. S. Weakley does not list green midribs among the distinctive characteristics of C. pseudomajalis, as he calls this taxon. – Weakley, A. S. (2020). Flora of the southeastern United States. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden. p. 281. (Download page)
  18. ^ "Liljekonvalj Blomningstid" (in Swedish). Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  19. ^ "Convallaria majalis var. montana in Flora of North America". eFloras.org.
  20. ^ Gleason, Henry A. and Cronquist, Arthur, (1991), Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, pp. 839–840. – In reply to Cronquist, A. S. Weakley points out that there is “a broad suite of morphological distinctions from European C. majalis” and that C. pseudomajalis, as he calls this taxon, is typically found “on ridges remote from present or past habitations” which excludes the idea of the taxon stemming from garden escapes. – Weakley, A. S. 2020. Flora of the southeastern United States. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden. p. 281 (Download page)
  21. ^ Vandepitte, Katrien; De Meyer, Tim; Jacquemyn, Hans (February 2013). "The impact of extensive clonal growth on fine-scale mating patterns: a full paternity analysis of a lily-of-the-valley population (Convallaria majalis)". Annals of Botany. 111 (4): 623–628. doi:10.1093/aob/mct024. PMC 3605957. PMID 23439847.
  22. ^ "Lily of the Valley Planting Guide". easytogrowbulbs.com. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  23. ^ RHS Encyclopaedia of Perennials[full citation needed]
  24. ^ Rameau, J. C.; et al. (1989). Flore Forestière Française. Institut pour le développement Forestier. p. 1023. ISBN 978-2-904740-16-9.
  25. ^ Whitman, Ann. "Controlling Lily Leaf Beetles". Gardner's Supply Company. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  26. ^ "Convallaria majalis". RHS. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
  27. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 22. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  28. ^ Journal of horticulture and practical gardening. 1872. p. 378. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  29. ^ a b c Roberts, Darren M.; Gallapatthy, Gamini; Dunuwille, Asunga; Chan, Betty S. (2016). "Pharmacological treatment of cardiac glycoside poisoning". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 81 (3): 488–495. doi:10.1111/bcp.12814. ISSN 0306-5251. PMC 4767196. PMID 26505271.
  30. ^ Marc Spehr; Günter Gisselmann; Alexandra Poplawski; Jeffrey A. Riffell; Christian H. Wetzel; Richard K. Zimmer; Hanns Hatt (2003). "Identification of a Testicular Odorant Receptor Mediating Human Sperm Chemotaxis". Science. 299 (5615): 2054–8. Bibcode:2003Sci...299.2054S. doi:10.1126/science.1080376. PMID 12663925. S2CID 45306091. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
    • See also: Babcock, Donner F. (28 March 2003). (PDF). Science. 299 (5615): 1993–1994. doi:10.1126/science.1083059. PMID 12663902. S2CID 83936617. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2006. Retrieved 12 June 2014..
  31. ^ For example ScienceDaily 2007
  32. ^ Christoph Brenker; Normann Goodwin; Ingo Weyand; Nachiket D Kashikar; Masahiro Naruse; Miriam Krähling; Astrid Müller; U Benjamin Kaupp; Timo Strünker (2012). "The CatSper channel: a polymodal chemosensor in human sperm". The EMBO Journal. 31 (7): 1654–1665. doi:10.1038/emboj.2012.30. PMC 3321208. PMID 22354039. See also ScienceMag article
  33. ^ "Poisonous plants: Lily of the valley". Ontario Poison Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children. 2015.
  34. ^ a b c d "Lily of the Valley Perfumes". Vogue slideshow.
  35. ^ Patty. "Best Lily of the Valley Perfume – Muguet Guide". Perfume Posse, April 8, 2013.
  36. ^ Turin, Luca; Sanchez, Tania (2018). Perfumes: The Guide 2018. Tallinn: Perfüümista ÖÜ. p. 304. ISBN 978-9949-88-553-4.
  37. ^ "Substance Infocard: 7-hydroxycitronellal". European Chemicals Agency.
  38. ^ Morris, Edwin T. (1984). Fragrance : A story of perfume from Cleopatra to Chanel. New York: Scribners. ISBN 978-0684181950.
  39. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
  40. ^ a b Lily of the Valley Stars in Royal Bridal Bouquet
  41. ^ Balcony kisses seal royal wedding
  42. ^ "Lily of the Valley – May Day in France". wordpress.com. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  43. ^ Coleman and Burley, Hilary and Sally (2015). Shout Kernow. London: Francis Boutle Publishers. pp. 53–55. ISBN 978-1903427972.
  44. ^ Weiss, RF (1988). Herbal Medicine. Ab Arcanum. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0906584194.
  45. ^ Stevenson, RL (1886). Kidnapped. Cassell and Company.
  46. ^ "Lily of the valley". flowers.org.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  47. ^ "Lily of the Valley – Finland's National Flower". wordpress.com. 28 May 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  48. ^ See also Shoshanat HaAmakim village
  49. ^ "Lily of the valley | Search Online Etymology Dictionary".
  50. ^ Keil, Gundolf. „Es hat vnser libe fraw gesprochen in dem puch der libe: ‚Ich pin ein plvm des tals vnd auch des grvnen waldes‘“: Die Einführung der Convallarin-Glykoside als Hinweis auf mährisch-schlesische Provenienz. In: Iva Kratochvilová, Lenka Vaňková (Hrsg.): Germanistik im Spiegel der Generationen. Festschrift Zdeněk Masařík. Opava/ Ostrava 2004, S. 72–132.
  51. ^ Dunbar, Paul Laurence (1905). "Lily of the Valley". Lyrics of Sunshine and Shadow. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9781978194366. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
  52. ^ "Lilies of the Valley". Tchaikovsky Research. 2022-07-12. Retrieved 2022-07-16, citing Poznansky, Alexander (1996). Tchaikovsky. The quest for the inner man. pp. 336–7. ISBN 0028718852.
  53. ^ "Lilies-of-the-Valley, 1916". Marc Chagall. 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-16. At the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow.
  54. ^ "'Breaking Bad' Face Off (TV Episode 2011)". IMDb (Plot Summary). Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  55. ^ "Queen Elizabeth II: Poet laureate Simon Armitage marks death of monarch". BBC News. 2022-09-13. Retrieved 2022-09-13.

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Lily of the valley.
 
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Convallaria majalis (category)
  • Invasive Plant Atlas – US Distribution Map
  • – NC Cooperative Extension

March 08, 2023
lily, valley, other, uses, disambiguation, convallaria, majalis, sometimes, written, lily, valley, woodland, flowering, plant, with, sweetly, scented, pendent, bell, shaped, white, flowers, borne, sprays, spring, native, throughout, cool, temperate, northern, . For other uses see Lily of the valley disambiguation Lily of the valley Convallaria majalis ˌ k ɒ n v e ˈ l eɪ r i e m e ˈ dʒ eɪ l ɪ s 2 sometimes written lily of the valley 3 is a woodland flowering plant with sweetly scented pendent bell shaped white flowers borne in sprays in spring It is native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia and Europe 4 5 Convallaria majalis var montana also known as the American lily of the valley is native to North America 6 7 Lily of the valleyInflorescenceConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade MonocotsOrder AsparagalesFamily AsparagaceaeSubfamily NolinoideaeGenus ConvallariaSpecies C majalisBinomial nameConvallaria majalisL 19th century illustration Due to the concentration of cardiac glycosides cardenolides it is highly poisonous if consumed by humans or other animals 8 9 Other names include May bells Our Lady s tears and Mary s tears Its French name muguet sometimes appears in the names of perfumes imitating the flower s scent In pre modern England the plant was known as glovewort as it was a wort used to create a salve for sore hands or Apollinaris according to a legend that it was discovered by Apollo 10 Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution 4 Ecology 5 Cultivation 6 Chemistry 6 1 Toxicology 7 Uses 7 1 Perfume 7 2 Weddings and other celebrations 7 3 Folk medicine 8 Cultural symbolism 8 1 Myths 9 In culture 10 Gallery 11 See also 12 References 13 External linksDescription Edit Berries Convallaria majalis is an herbaceous perennial plant that often forms extensive colonies by spreading underground stems called rhizomes New upright shoots are formed at the ends of stolons in summer 11 these upright dormant stems are often called pips 12 These grow in the spring into new leafy shoots that still remain connected to the other shoots under ground The stems grow to 15 30 cm 6 12 in tall with one or two leaves 10 25 cm 4 10 in long flowering stems have two leaves and a raceme of five to fifteen flowers on the stem apex The flowers have six white tepals rarely pink fused at the base to form a bell shape 5 10 mm 0 2 0 4 in diameter and sweetly scented flowering is in late spring in mild winters in the Northern Hemisphere it is in early March The fruit is a small orange red berry 5 7 mm 0 2 0 3 in diameter that contains a few large whitish to brownish colored seeds that dry to a clear translucent round bead 1 3 mm 0 04 0 12 in wide Plants are self incompatible and colonies consisting of a single clone do not set seed 13 Taxonomy EditIn the APG III system the genus is placed in the family Asparagaceae subfamily Nolinoideae formerly the family Ruscaceae 14 It was formerly placed in its own family Convallariaceae and like many lilioid monocots before that in the lily family Liliaceae There are three varieties that have sometimes been separated out as distinct species or subspecies by some botanists 11 15 Convallaria majalis var keiskei from China and Japan with red fruit and bowl shaped flowers now widely cited as Convallaria keiskei 13 16 C majalis var majalis from Eurasia with white midribs on the flowers C majalis var montana from the United States maybe with green tinted midribs on the flowers 17 Convallaria transcaucasica is recognised as a distinct species by some authorities while the species formerly called Convallaria japonica is now classified as Ophiopogon japonicus 16 Distribution EditConvallaria majalis is a native of Europe where it largely avoids the Mediterranean and Atlantic margins 18 An eastern variety C majalis var keiskei occurs in Japan and parts of eastern Asia A limited native population of C majalis var montana synonym C majuscula occurs in the Eastern United States 19 There is however some debate as to the native status of the American variety 20 Like many perennial flowering plants C majalis exhibits dual reproductive modes by producing offspring asexually by vegetative means and by seed produced via the fusion of gametes 21 Ecology EditConvallaria majalis is a plant of partial shade and mesophile type that prefers warm summers It likes soils that are silty or sandy and acid to moderately alkaline 22 with preferably a plentiful amount of humus The Royal Horticultural Society states that slightly alkaline soils are the most favored 23 It is a Euroasiatic and suboceanic species that lives in mountains up to 1 500 m 4 900 ft elevation 24 Convallaria majalis is used as a food plant by the larvae of some moth and butterfly Lepidoptera species including the grey chi Adults and larvae of the leaf beetle Lilioceris merdigera are also able to tolerate the cardenolides and thus feed on the leaves 25 Cultivation Edit Variegated cultivar early in spring Double flowered Flore pleno Rosea Convallaria majalis is widely grown in gardens for its scented flowers and ground covering abilities in shady locations It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit 26 27 In favourable conditions it can form large colonies Various kinds and cultivars are grown including those with double flowers rose colored flowers variegated foliage and ones that grow larger than the typical species 16 C majalis Albostriata has white striped leaves C majalis Green Tapestry Haldon Grange Hardwick Hall Hofheim Marcel Variegata and Vic Pawlowski s Gold are other variegated cultivars 16 C majalis Berlin Giant and C majalis Geant de Fortin syn Fortin s Giant are larger growing cultivars 16 C majalis Flore Pleno has double flowers 16 C majalis Rosea sometimes found under the name C majalis var rosea has pink flowers 16 Traditionally Convallaria majalis has been grown in pots and winter forced to provide flowers during the winter months both for as potted plants and as cut flowers 28 Chemistry EditRoughly 38 different cardiac glycosides cardenolides which are highly toxic if consumed by humans or animals occur in the plant including 8 9 29 convallarin convallamarin convallatoxin convallotoxoloside convallosid neoconvalloside glucoconvalloside majaloside convallatoxon corglycon cannogenol 3 O a L rhamnoside cannogenol 3 O b D allomethyloside cannogenol 3 O 6 deoxy b D allosido b D glucoside cannogenol 3 O 6 deoxy b D allosido a L rhamnoside strophanthidin 3 O 6 deoxy b D allosido a L rhamnoside strophanthidin 3 O 6 deoxy b D allosido a L arabinoside strophanthidin 3 O a L rhamnosido 2 b D glucoside sarmentogenin 3 O 6 deoxy b D allosido a L rhamnoside sarmentogenin 3 O 6 deoxy b D guloside 19 hydroxy sarmentogenin 3 O a L rhamnoside 19 hydroxy sarmentogenin arabinosido 6 deoxyallose lokundjosideThe odor of lily of the valley specifically the ligand bourgeonal was thought to attract mammalian sperm 30 The 2003 discovery of this phenomenon prompted research into odor reception 31 but a 2012 study demonstrated instead that at high concentrations bourgeonal imitated the role of progesterone in stimulating sperm to swim chemotaxis a process unrelated to odor reception 32 Toxicology Edit All parts of the plant are potentially poisonous including the red berries which may be attractive to children 8 9 33 If ingested the plant can cause abdominal pain nausea vomiting and irregular heartbeats 29 Uses EditPerfume Edit In 1956 the French firm Dior produced a fragrance simulating lily of the valley which was Christian Dior s favorite flower Diorissimo was designed by Edmond Roudnitska 34 Although it has since been reformulated it is considered a classic 34 35 Because no natural aromatic extract can be produced from lily of the valley its scent must be recreated synthetically while Diorissimo originally achieved this with hydroxycitronellal the European Chemicals Agency now considers it a skin sensitizer and its use has been restricted 36 37 Other perfumes imitating or based on the flower include Henri Robert s Muguet de Bois 1936 38 Penhaligon s Lily of the Valley 1976 34 and Olivia Giacobetti s En Passant 2000 34 Weddings and other celebrations Edit Catherine Middleton with bridal bouquet featuring lily of the valley Lily of the valley has been used in weddings 39 and off season can be very expensive 40 Lily of the valley was featured in the bridal bouquet at the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton 40 41 Lily of the valley was also the flower chosen by Princess Grace of Monaco to be featured in her bridal bouquet citation needed At the beginning of the 20th century it became tradition in France to sell lily of the valley on international Labour Day 1 May also called La Fete du Muguet Lily of the Valley Day by labour organisations and private persons without paying sales tax on that day only as a symbol of spring 42 Lily of the valley is worn in Helston Cornwall UK on Flora Day 8 May each year see Furry Dance representing the coming of the May o and the summer There is also a song sung in pubs around Cornwall and on Flora Day in Cadgwith near Helston called Lily of the Valley the song strangely came from the Jubilee Singers from Fisk University in Nashville Tennessee 43 Folk medicine Edit The plant has been used in folk medicine for centuries 44 There is a reference to Lilly of the valley water in Robert Louis Stevenson s novel Kidnapped where it is said to be good against the Gout and that it comforts the heart and strengthens the memory and restores speech to those that have the dumb palsey 45 There is no scientific evidence that lily of the valley has any effective medicinal uses for treating human diseases 8 29 Cultural symbolism EditThe lily of the valley was the national flower of Yugoslavia 46 and it also became the national flower of Finland in 1967 47 In the language of flowers the lily of the valley signifies the return of happiness 39 Myths Edit The name lily of the valley like its correspondences in some other European languages is apparently a reference to the phrase lily of the valleys sometimes also translated as lily of the valley in Song of Songs 2 1 ש ו ש נ ת ה ע מ ק ים 48 European herbalists use of the phrase to refer to a specific plant species seems to have appeared relatively late in the 16th 49 or 15th century 50 The New Latin term convallaria coined by Carl Linnaeus and for example Swedish name liljekonvalj derives from the corresponding phrase lilium convallium in the Vulgate In culture EditIt is widely represented in decorative arts citation needed The flower is the theme of the titular poem by Paul Laurence Dunbar 51 Tchaikovsky wrote the poem Lilies of the Valley Landyshi in December 1878 while in Florence 52 In Anton Chekhov s A Doctor s Visit drops of convallaria are mentioned as medicine Lilies of the Valley is a 1916 Marc Chagall painting 53 The 46th episode of the television series Breaking Bad showcases the lily of the valley s use as a poison 54 In 2022 the lily of the valley as reputedly Queen Elizabeth II s favourite flower was the theme of a poem Floral Tribute by the poet laureate Simon Armitage written in memory of the Queen and published in the week after her death 55 Gallery Edit Convallaria close up Convallarias in Kemi in early June Moldovan stamp Finnish 10 penny coin with the Convallaria engraving 1 May by Franz Xaver Winterhalter Lunner Norway municipal coat of armsSee also EditList of plants known as lilyReferences Edit Bilz Melanie 2013 Convallaria majalis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 e T202965A2758291 Sunset Western Garden Book 1995 pp 606 607 BSBI List 2007 xls Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland Archived from the original xls on 2015 06 26 Retrieved 2014 10 17 Invasive Species Photo Gallery Wisconsin DNR dnr wi gov Retrieved 2021 05 10 lily of the valley Convallaria majalis Liliales Liliaceae Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States www invasiveplantatlas org Retrieved 2021 05 10 Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center The University of Texas at Austin www wildflower org Retrieved 2021 05 10 ITIS Standard Report Page Convallaria majuscula www itis gov Retrieved 2021 05 10 a b c d Lily of the valley Guide to Poisonous Plants Colorado State University 2019 Retrieved 29 July 2020 a b c Lily of the valley Safe and Poisonous Garden Plants University of California 2020 Retrieved 29 July 2020 Cockayne Thomas Oswald 1864 Leechdoms Wortcunning and Starcraft of Early England Being a Collection of Documents for the Most Part Never Before Printed Illustrating the History of Science in this Country Before the Norman Conquest London Longman Green Longman Roberts and Green pp 121 glovewort a b Convallaria in Flora of North America Efloras org Retrieved 2012 04 30 Mills Linn Post Dick 2005 Nevada gardener s guide Nashville Tenn Cool Springs Press p 137 ISBN 978 1 59186 116 4 a b OHARA MASASHI ARAKI KIWAKO YAMADA ETSUKO KAWANO SHOICHI 2006 Life history monographs of Japanese plants 6 Convallaria keiskei Miq Convallariaceae Plant Species Biology Wiley 21 2 119 126 doi 10 1111 j 1442 1984 2006 00157 x ISSN 0913 557X Chase M W Reveal J L amp Fay M F 2009 A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 132 136 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00999 x Weakley A S 2020 Flora of the southeastern United States University of North Carolina Herbarium North Carolina Botanical Garden p 281 Download page a b c d e f g RHS Plant Finder 2009 2010 Dorling Kindersley 2009 pp 195 196 ISBN 978 1 4053 4176 9 A S Weakley does not list green midribs among the distinctive characteristics of C pseudomajalis as he calls this taxon Weakley A S 2020 Flora of the southeastern United States University of North Carolina Herbarium North Carolina Botanical Garden p 281 Download page Liljekonvalj Blomningstid in Swedish Retrieved 16 May 2018 Convallaria majalis var montana in Flora of North America eFloras org Gleason Henry A and Cronquist Arthur 1991 Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada New York Botanical Garden Bronx New York pp 839 840 In reply to Cronquist A S Weakley points out that there is a broad suite of morphological distinctions from European C majalis and that C pseudomajalis as he calls this taxon is typically found on ridges remote from present or past habitations which excludes the idea of the taxon stemming from garden escapes Weakley A S 2020 Flora of the southeastern United States University of North Carolina Herbarium North Carolina Botanical Garden p 281 Download page Vandepitte Katrien De Meyer Tim Jacquemyn Hans February 2013 The impact of extensive clonal growth on fine scale mating patterns a full paternity analysis of a lily of the valley population Convallaria majalis Annals of Botany 111 4 623 628 doi 10 1093 aob mct024 PMC 3605957 PMID 23439847 Lily of the Valley Planting Guide easytogrowbulbs com Retrieved 12 May 2015 RHS Encyclopaedia of Perennials full citation needed Rameau J C et al 1989 Flore Forestiere Francaise Institut pour le developpement Forestier p 1023 ISBN 978 2 904740 16 9 Whitman Ann Controlling Lily Leaf Beetles Gardner s Supply Company Retrieved 12 May 2015 Convallaria majalis RHS Retrieved 2020 04 17 AGM Plants Ornamental PDF Royal Horticultural Society July 2017 p 22 Retrieved 24 January 2018 Journal of horticulture and practical gardening 1872 p 378 Retrieved 28 September 2010 a b c Roberts Darren M Gallapatthy Gamini Dunuwille Asunga Chan Betty S 2016 Pharmacological treatment of cardiac glycoside poisoning British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 81 3 488 495 doi 10 1111 bcp 12814 ISSN 0306 5251 PMC 4767196 PMID 26505271 Marc Spehr Gunter Gisselmann Alexandra Poplawski Jeffrey A Riffell Christian H Wetzel Richard K Zimmer Hanns Hatt 2003 Identification of a Testicular Odorant Receptor Mediating Human Sperm Chemotaxis Science 299 5615 2054 8 Bibcode 2003Sci 299 2054S doi 10 1126 science 1080376 PMID 12663925 S2CID 45306091 Retrieved 24 June 2012 See also Babcock Donner F 28 March 2003 Development Smelling the Roses PDF Science 299 5615 1993 1994 doi 10 1126 science 1083059 PMID 12663902 S2CID 83936617 Archived from the original PDF on 4 May 2006 Retrieved 12 June 2014 For example ScienceDaily 2007 Christoph Brenker Normann Goodwin Ingo Weyand Nachiket D Kashikar Masahiro Naruse Miriam Krahling Astrid Muller U Benjamin Kaupp Timo Strunker 2012 The CatSper channel a polymodal chemosensor in human sperm The EMBO Journal 31 7 1654 1665 doi 10 1038 emboj 2012 30 PMC 3321208 PMID 22354039 See also ScienceMag article Poisonous plants Lily of the valley Ontario Poison Centre The Hospital for Sick Children 2015 a b c d Lily of the Valley Perfumes Vogue slideshow Patty Best Lily of the Valley Perfume Muguet Guide Perfume Posse April 8 2013 Turin Luca Sanchez Tania 2018 Perfumes The Guide 2018 Tallinn Perfuumista OU p 304 ISBN 978 9949 88 553 4 Substance Infocard 7 hydroxycitronellal European Chemicals Agency Morris Edwin T 1984 Fragrance A story of perfume from Cleopatra to Chanel New York Scribners ISBN 978 0684181950 a b Wedding Traditions amp Trivia Archived from the original on 2012 07 15 Retrieved 2012 07 23 a b Lily of the Valley Stars in Royal Bridal Bouquet Balcony kisses seal royal wedding Lily of the Valley May Day in France wordpress com 26 April 2010 Retrieved 24 June 2015 Coleman and Burley Hilary and Sally 2015 Shout Kernow London Francis Boutle Publishers pp 53 55 ISBN 978 1903427972 Weiss RF 1988 Herbal Medicine Ab Arcanum pp 146 147 ISBN 978 0906584194 Stevenson RL 1886 Kidnapped Cassell and Company Lily of the valley flowers org uk Retrieved 24 June 2015 Lily of the Valley Finland s National Flower wordpress com 28 May 2013 Retrieved 24 June 2015 See also Shoshanat HaAmakim village Lily of the valley Search Online Etymology Dictionary Keil Gundolf Es hat vnser libe fraw gesprochen in dem puch der libe Ich pin ein plvm des tals vnd auch des grvnen waldes Die Einfuhrung der Convallarin Glykoside als Hinweis auf mahrisch schlesische Provenienz In Iva Kratochvilova Lenka Vankova Hrsg Germanistik im Spiegel der Generationen Festschrift Zdenek Masarik Opava Ostrava 2004 S 72 132 Dunbar Paul Laurence 1905 Lily of the Valley Lyrics of Sunshine and Shadow New York Dodd Mead amp Company pp 9 10 ISBN 9781978194366 Retrieved 2022 07 15 Lilies of the Valley Tchaikovsky Research 2022 07 12 Retrieved 2022 07 16 citing Poznansky Alexander 1996 Tchaikovsky The quest for the inner man pp 336 7 ISBN 0028718852 Lilies of the Valley 1916 Marc Chagall 2022 Retrieved 2022 07 16 At the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow Breaking Bad Face Off TV Episode 2011 IMDb Plot Summary Retrieved 15 July 2022 Queen Elizabeth II Poet laureate Simon Armitage marks death of monarch BBC News 2022 09 13 Retrieved 2022 09 13 External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Lily of the valley Wikimedia Commons has media related to Convallaria majalis category Invasive Plant Atlas US Distribution Map Convallaria majalis fact sheet NC Cooperative Extension Retrieved 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