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List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest

February 01, 2023

Fifty-two countries have participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since it started in 1956. Winners of the contest have come from twenty-seven of those countries. The contest, organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), is held annually between members of the union. Broadcasters from different countries submit songs to the event and cast votes to determine the most popular in the competition.

Map showing each country's number of Eurovision wins as of 2022
Map showing debuts in the contest by decade
Number of participating countries in the Eurovision Song Contest (excluding 2020)[a]

Participation in the contest is primarily open to all broadcasters with active EBU membership. To become an active member of the EBU, a broadcaster has to be from a country which is covered by the European Broadcasting Area or a member state of the Council of Europe.[1] Eligibility to participate is not determined by geographic inclusion within the continent of Europe, despite the "Euro" in "Eurovision", nor does it have a direct connection with the European Union. Several countries geographically outside the boundaries of Europe have competed: Israel, Cyprus, and Armenia, in Western Asia, since 1973, 1981 and 2006 respectively; Morocco, in North Africa, in the 1980 competition alone; and Australia making a debut in the 2015 contest. In addition, several transcontinental countries with only part of their territory in Europe have competed: Turkey, since 1975; Russia, since 1994; Georgia, since 2007; and Azerbaijan, which made its first appearance in the 2008 edition. Two of the countries that have previously sought to enter the competition, Lebanon and Tunisia, in Western Asia and North Africa respectively, are also outside of Europe. The Persian Gulf state of Qatar, in Western Asia, announced in 2009 its interest in joining the contest in time for the 2011 edition.[2] However, this did not materialise, and there are no known plans for a future Qatari entry the Eurovision Song Contest. Australia, where the contest has been broadcast since the 1970s, has participated every year since its debut in 2015.

The number of countries participating each year has grown steadily, from seven in 1956 to over twenty in the late 1980s. A record 43 countries participated in 2008, 2011 and 2018. As the number of contestants has risen, preliminary competitions and relegation have been introduced, to ensure that as many countries as possible get the chance to compete. In 1993, a preliminary show, Kvalifikacija za Millstreet ("Qualification for Millstreet"), was held to select three Eastern European countries to compete for the first time at the main contest.[3] After the 1993 contest, a relegation rule was introduced; the six lowest-placed countries in the contest would not compete in the following year.[4] In 1996, a new system was introduced. Audiotapes of all twenty-nine entrants were submitted to national juries. The twenty-two highest-placed songs after the juries voted reached the contest. Norway, as the host country, directly qualified for the final.[5] From 1997 to 2001, a system was used whereby the countries with the lowest average scores over the previous five years were relegated. Countries could not be relegated for more than one year at a time.[6]

The relegation system used in 1994 and 1995 was reused between 2001 and 2003. In 2004, a semi-final was introduced. The ten highest-placed countries in the previous year's contest qualified for the final, along with the "Big Four", the largest financial contributors to the EBU. All other countries entered the semi-final. Ten countries qualified from the semi, composing a final of twenty-four.[7] Since 2008, two semi-finals are held with all countries, except the host country and the "Big Four" or "Big Five" (after Italy's return in 2011), participating in one of the semi-finals.[8]

Some countries, such as Germany, France, Belgium and the United Kingdom, have entered most years, while Morocco has only entered once. Two countries, Tunisia and Lebanon, have attempted to enter the contest but withdrew before making a debut.

Participants

The following table lists the countries that have participated in the contest at least once as of 2022. Planned entries for the cancelled 2020 contest and entries that did not qualify through the qualification rounds in 1993 or 1996 are not counted.

Shading indicates countries that have withdrawn from the contest or former participants that are unable to compete in future contests. Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro were both dissolved, in 1991 and 2006 respectively. Serbia and Montenegro participated in the 1992 contest as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which consisted of only the two republics. Both Montenegro and Serbia have competed as separate countries since 2007.[9] The Belarusian broadcaster BTRC was expelled from the EBU in July 2021, preventing them from competing in future editions of the contest, or any EBU event until 2024.[10] Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and subsequent exclusion of Russia from the 2022 contest, the Russian broadcasters VGTRK and Channel One announced their intention to withdraw their EBU membership in February 2022 and were suspended from the union in May, preventing Russia from competing in future editions of the contest, or any EBU event for an indefinite period of time.[11]

Table key
†
 Inactive – countries which participated in the past but did not appear in the most recent contest, or will not appear in the upcoming contest
◇
 Ineligible – countries whose broadcasters are no longer part of the EBU and are therefore ineligible to participate
‡
 Former – countries which previously participated but no longer exist
Country Broadcaster(s)[12] Debut year Most recent entry Entries Finals Times qualified Most recent final Wins Most recent win
  Albania RTSH 2004 2023 18 10 9/17 2021 0 N/A
  Andorra † RTVA 2004 2009 6 0 0/6 N/A 0 N/A
  Armenia AMPTV 2006 2023 14 11 10/13 2022 0 N/A
  Australia SBS 2015 2023 7 6 5/6 2022 0 N/A
  Austria ORF 1957 2023 54 47 5/12 2018 2 2014
  Azerbaijan İTV 2008 2023 14 13 12/13 2022 1 2011
  Belarus ◇ BTRC 2004 2019 16 6 6/16 2019 0 N/A
  Belgium VRT (Dutch)
RTBF (French)[b]		 1956 2023 63 53 7/17 2022 1 1986
  Bosnia and Herzegovina † BHRT 1993 2016 19 18 7/8 2012 0 N/A
  Bulgaria † BNT 2005 2022 14 5 5/14 2021 0 N/A
  Croatia HRT 1993 2023 27 18 6/15 2017 0 N/A
  Cyprus CyBC 1981 2023 38 31 9/16 2021 0 N/A
  Czech Republic ČT 2007 2023 10 4 4/10 2022 0 N/A
  Denmark DR 1957 2023 50 44 10/16 2019 3 2013
  Estonia ERR 1994 2023 27 17 8/18 2022 1 2001
  Finland Yle 1961 2023 55 47 8/16 2022 1 2006
  France RTF (1956–1964)
ORTF (1965–1974)
TF1 (1975–1981)
Antenne 2 (1983–1992)
France Télévisions (1993–present) 		1956 2023 64 64 N/A 2022 5 1977
  Georgia GPB 2007 2023 14 7 7/14 2016 0 N/A
  Germany HR (1956–1978) (ARD)
BR (1979–1991) (ARD)
MDR (1992–1995) (ARD)
NDR (1996–present) (ARD) 		1956 2023 65 65 N/A 2022 2 2010
  Greece ERT (1974–2013, 2016–present)
NERIT (2014–2015) 		1974 2023 42 40 13/15 2022 1 2005
  Hungary † MTVA 1994 2019 17 14 10/13 2018 0 N/A
  Iceland RÚV 1986 2023 34 27 10/17 2022 0 N/A
  Ireland RTÉ 1965 2023 55 45 6/16 2018 7 1996
  Israel IBA (1973–2017)
Kan (2018–present)[13]		 1973 2023 44 37 9/16 2021 4 2018
  Italy RAI 1956 2023 47 47 N/A 2022 3 2021
  Latvia LTV 2000 2023 22 10 5/17 2016 1 2002
  Lithuania LRT 1994 2023 22 15 10/17 2022 0 N/A
  Luxembourg † CLT 1956 1993 37 37 N/A 1993 5 1983
  Malta PBS 1971 2023 34 26 8/16 2021 0 N/A
  Moldova TRM 2005 2023 17 12 11/16 2022 0 N/A
  Monaco † TMC 1959 2006 24 21 0/3 1979 1 1971
  Montenegro † RTCG 2007 2022 12 2 2/12 2015 0 N/A
  Morocco † SNRT 1980 1 1 N/A 1980 0 N/A
  Netherlands NTS (1956–1969)
NOS (1970–2009)
TROS (2010–2013)
AVROTROS (2014–present) 		1956 2023 62 53 8/17 2022 5 2019
  North Macedonia[c] † MKRTV 1998 2022 21 9 6/18 2019 0 N/A
  Norway NRK 1960 2023 60 57 12/15 2022 3 2009
  Poland TVP 1994 2023 24 15 6/15 2022 0 N/A
  Portugal RTP 1964 2023 53 44 6/15 2022 1 2017
  Romania TVR 1994 2023 22 19 11/14 2022 0 N/A
  Russia ◇ RTR (1994, 1996, 2008–2019)
C1R (1995, 1997–2021)[d]		 1994 2021 23 22 11/12 2021 1 2008
  San Marino SMRTV 2008 2023 12 3 3/12 2021 0 N/A
  Serbia RTS 2007 2023 14 11 10/13 2022 1 2007
  Serbia and Montenegro ‡ UJRT 2004 2005 2 2 1/1 2005 0 N/A
  Slovakia † STV (1994–2010)
RTVS (2011–2012) 		1994 2012 7 3 0/4 1998 0 N/A
  Slovenia RTV SLO 1993 2023 27 15 6/18 2019 0 N/A
  Spain TVE 1961 2023 61 61 N/A 2022 2 1969
  Sweden SR (1958–1979)
SVT (1980–present) 		1958 2023 61 60 12/13 2022 6 2015
  Switzerland SRG SSR 1956 2023 62 51 6/17 2022 2 1988
  Turkey † TRT 1975 2012 34 33 6/7 2012 1 2003
  Ukraine UA:PBC 2003 2023 17 17 13/13 2022 3 2022
  United Kingdom BBC 1957 2023 64 64 N/A 2022 5 1997
  Yugoslavia[e] ‡ JRT 1961 1992 27 27 N/A 1992 1 1989

Other countries

The following countries have been eligible to participate in the contest, but have never done so.

Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya and Tunisia have broadcasters that are members of both the EBU and the Arab States Broadcasting Union. Although they could participate, it is believed that they refuse to do so due to the ongoing participation of Israel.[14] However, Tunisia and Lebanon attempted to compete in 1977 and 2005 respectively. Vatican City could participate through its member broadcaster Vatican Radio (RV), which was also a founding member of the EBU, though RV only broadcasts papal events, and the population is less than 900 – the vast majority of whom are clergy.[14][15] Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, Slovakia and the Czech Republic made their debut as independent states in 1994 and 2007 respectively.

Participating countries by decade

The table lists the participating countries in each decade since the first Eurovision Song Contest was held in 1956.

Seven countries participated in the first contest. Since then, the number of entries has increased steadily. In 1961, 3 countries debuted, Finland, Spain and Yugoslavia, joining the 13 already included. Yugoslavia will become the only socialist country to participate in the following three decades. In 1970, a Nordic-led boycott of the contest reduced the number of countries entering to twelve.[16] By the late 1980s, over twenty countries had become standard.

In 1993, the collapse of the USSR in Eastern Europe and the subsequent merger of EBU and OIRT gave many new countries the opportunity to compete. Three countries—Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, all of them former Yugoslav republics—won through from a pre-qualifier to compete. After the 1993 event, a relegation system was introduced, allowing even more Eastern European countries to compete: seven more made their debut in 1994.

In 2003, three countries applied to make their debut: Albania, Belarus and Ukraine. In addition, Serbia and Montenegro, who had not competed since 1992, applied to return. The EBU, having originally accepted the four countries' applications, later rejected all but Ukraine; allowing four extra countries to compete would have meant relegating too many countries.[17][18] The semi-final was introduced in 2004 in an attempt to prevent situations like this. The Union set a limit of forty countries,[19] but by 2005 thirty-nine were competing. In 2007, the EBU lifted the limit, allowing forty-two countries to compete. Two semi-finals were held for the first time in 2008.[8]

Table key
#
 Debutant The country made its debut during the decade.
1
 Winner The country won the contest
2
 Second place The country was ranked second
3
 Third place The country was ranked third
X
 Remaining places The country placed from fourth to second last in the final
◁
 Last place The country was ranked last in the final
W/D
 Withdrawn or disqualified The country was to participate in the contest, but withdrew or was disqualified
†
 Non-qualified for the final The country did not qualify for the final (2004–present)
‡
 Non-qualified for the contest The country did not qualify from the pre-qualifying round (1993, 1996)
?
 Unknown The country's placing in the contest is unknown (1956)
R
 Relegated The country was relegated for the contest due to poor results in the previous years (1994–1995; 1997–2003)
C
 Cancelled The contest was cancelled after the deadline for submitting songs had passed (2020)
U
 Upcoming The country has confirmed participation for the next contest, however the contest has yet to take place
No entry The country did not enter the contest

1956-1959

1960-1969

1970-1979

1980-1989

1990-1999

2000-2009

2010-2019

2020-2023

Other countries and territories

A number of broadcasters in non-participating countries and territories have in the past indicated an interest in participating in the Eurovision Song Contest. For broadcasters to participate, they must be a member of the EBU and register their intention to compete before the deadline specified in the rules of that year's event. Each participating broadcaster pays a fee towards the organisation of the contest. Should a country withdraw from the contest after the deadline, they will still need to pay these fees, and may also incur a fine or temporary ban.[20]

China

China aired the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 and then Chinese provincial television channel Hunan Television had confirmed its interest in participating in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. The EBU had responded saying "we are open and are always looking for new elements in each Eurovision Song Contest".[21] However, on 3 June 2015, the EBU denied that China would participate as a guest or full participant in 2016.[22]

During the Chinese broadcast of the first 2018 semi-final on Mango TV, both Albania and Ireland were edited out of the show, along with their snippets in the recap of all 19 entries.[23] Albania was skipped due to a ban that took effect in January 2018 prohibiting showing on television performers with tattoos[24] while Ireland was censored due to its representation of a homosexual couple on-stage.[25] In addition, the LGBT flag and tattoos on other performers were also blurred out from the broadcast.[26] As a result, the EBU has terminated its partnership with Mango TV, citing that censorship "is not in line with the EBU's values of universality and inclusivity and its proud tradition of celebrating diversity through music," which led to a ban on televising the second semi-final and the grand final in the country.[27] A spokesperson for the broadcaster's parent company Hunan TV said they "weren't aware" of the edits made to the programme.[28]

Faroe Islands

See also: Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest

Since 2010, the Faroese national broadcaster Kringvarp Føroya (KVF) has been attempting to gain EBU membership and thus participate independently in the Eurovision Song Contest. However, KVF cannot obtain EBU membership due to the islands being a constituent part of the Danish Realm.[29]

In late 2018, KVF showed renewed interest in joining the EBU and participating in the contest. According to the broadcaster, they are not excluded by the rule that only independent nations can join, and as a result, the Faroese broadcaster started internal discussions on applying for EBU membership and participating in the contest, and even organising a national final similar to the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix.[30]

Gibraltar

Since 2006, Gibraltarian broadcaster Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) has been attempting to gain EBU membership and thus participate independently in the Eurovision Song Contest. However, GBC cannot obtain EBU membership due to the British Overseas Territory not being independent from the United Kingdom.[31] Gibraltar broadcast the final of the contest from 2006 to 2008.[31][32]

Kazakhstan

See also: Kazakhstan in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest

Kazakhstan has never participated in the Eurovision Song Contest. Kazakhstan is negotiating to join the European Broadcasting Union. The state television company (K-1) has been hoping for pending or approved EBU membership since 2008. If this happens, they may be eligible to compete in the Eurovision Song Contest.[33] Nevertheless, they have broadcast the Eurovision Song Contests from 2010 onwards. However, according to the EBU, no Kazakh broadcaster has ever formally applied to join the EBU.[34]

On 18 December 2015, it was announced that Khabar Agency, a major media outlet in Kazakhstan, had been accepted into the EBU as an associate member,[35] but were still not eligible to take part in the contest under the current rules.[36] Only countries who are part of the European Broadcasting Area are eligible to participate, with Australia being the only exception after being an associate member for over 30 years.

On 22 December 2017, Channel 31 announced that they planned to debut in the 2019 contest, due to their newfound EBU membership.[37]

Kazakhstan made its debut at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 alongside Wales, placing sixth.[38] On 30 July 2018, the EBU stated that the decision to invite Kazakhstan was made solely by the Junior Eurovision Steering Group, and there were no current plans to invite associate members other than Australia.[39]

On 22 November 2018, Jon Ola Sand said in a press conference that "we need to discuss if we can invite our associate member Kazakhstan to take part in the adult ESC in the future, but this is part of a broader discussion in the EBU and I hope we can get back to you on this issue later."[40] However, shortly after he clarified that they would not have an entry in the 2019 edition.[41]

Kosovo

See also: Kosovo in the Eurovision Young Dancers

Kosovo has never participated in the Eurovision Song Contest on its own, but the contest has had a long history within the country which has broadcast it since 1961, and after the start of Kosovo's UN administration, the Kosovan public broadcaster RTK has been independently licensed by the EBU to broadcast all three shows. Despite not having participated at the song contest, Kosovo did participate in the Eurovision Young Dancers 2011.

As Kosovo is not part of the United Nations and RTK not part of the International Telecommunication Union, RTK cannot apply to become a full member of the EBU.[42]

Jugovizija was the national pre-selection of Yugoslavia organised by the Yugoslav broadcaster Yugoslav Radio Television (JRT) since 1961 and it featured entries submitted by the subnational public broadcasting centres based in the capitals of each of the constituent republics and autonomous provinces. Each broadcasting centre had its own regional jury. SAP Kosovo was represented by RTV Priština, but their entry has never won. Jugovizija 1986 was organised by RTV Priština. Before the Kosovo declaration of independence in 2008, Viktorija, a singer from Vučitrn, represented Yugoslavia as part of Aska in 1982 and Nevena Božović, who is from Mitrovica, represented Serbia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, numerous Kosovo Albanian singers have participated at the Festivali i Këngës, the Albanian national selection for Eurovision organised by RTSH. The most notable participants to date were Rona Nishliu, who represented Albania in 2012, and Lindita, who represented Albania in 2017. Numerous Kosovo Serb singers have participated in Serbian national selections organised by RTS. Nevena Božović also represented Serbia as a member of Moje 3 in 2013 and as a solo artist in 2019.

After Kosovo's declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008, its broadcaster Radio Television of Kosovo (RTK) applied for EBU membership, and wished to enter Kosovo into the 2009 contest.[43][44] There is a co-operation agreement signed between the EBU and RTK and the EBU supports the membership of RTK. From 2013 on, RTK has observer status within the EBU and did participate in the Eurovision Young Dancers 2011.[45][46] According to the Kosovan newspaper Koha Ditore, a possible entry would be selected via a national final called Akordet e Kosovës, a former pop show that had been taken off the air some years ago.[47][48][49]

Lebanon

Main article: Lebanon in the Eurovision Song Contest

Lebanon has never participated in the Eurovision Song Contest. The country's broadcasting organisation, Télé Liban, was set to make the country's debut at the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 with the song "Quand tout s'enfuit" performed by Aline Lahoud,[50] but withdrew due to Lebanon's laws banning the broadcast of Israeli content.[51]

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein has never participated in the Eurovision Song Contest, with the principality being prevented from competing due to a lack of a national broadcaster which is a member of the EBU.[52] Attempts were made in the 1970s by the Liechtenstein government for the nation to participate, with a two-song national final held in November 1975 choosing "My Little Cowboy" sung by Biggi Bachmann and written by Mike Tuttlies and Horst Hornung as the winner over "Tu étais mon clown" by Anne Frommelt.[53] The song was supposed to be the country's debut entry for the 1976 contest; however due to a misunderstanding by the Liechtensteiner government of the rules of participation, the entry was rejected due to a lack of national broadcaster with which to participate.[54]

On 15 August 2008, 1 FL TV, licensed by Liechtenstein's government, became the first broadcaster based in Liechtenstein. This would allow the country to begin competing at the Eurovision Song Contest for the first time, should they decide to join the EBU, a pre-requisite for entering the contest.[55][56] Shortly after its foundation however, the broadcaster announced that they were not interested in joining the EBU or Eurovision at that time because they had no budget for membership.[57]

In July 2009, the broadcaster officially announced its intent to apply to join the EBU by the end of July, with the intent of taking part at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010, to be held in Oslo, Norway.[58] Peter Kölbel, managing director of 1FLTV, officially confirmed the broadcaster's interest, revealing that they had plans to develop a national final similar to Deutschland sucht den Superstar, the German version of the Idol series.[59] In November 2009, 1FLTV decided to postpone EBU and Eurovision plans, due to financial reasons began to search for other options for funding EBU membership in the future.[60][61]

1FLTV submitted its application for EBU membership on 29 July 2010. If accepted, 1FLTV would have gained full EBU membership and would have been able to send an entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 2011.[62] However, Liechtenstein did not appear on the official list of participants for Eurovision 2011. In late 2012, Peter Kölbel, director of 1FLTV, stated that Liechtenstein would not be able to take part until 2013 at the earliest. The broadcaster had been trying to get government subsidies since 2010 to enable participation, participation was likely if the Government approved funding by April 2012.

On 10 September 2013, 1FLTV confirmed that Liechtenstein would not be participating at the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Copenhagen, Denmark.[63] The broadcaster has no plans to join the EBU at the moment. This was confirmed again on 28 July 2014 in the run-up to the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 in Austria. 1FLTV did however state their interest in participating in the Eurovision Song Contest, but that they have to evaluate the costs of EBU membership, a necessary prelude to participation.[64] The nation was not able to make its début in 2016, due to lack of funds to join the EBU.[65] On 21 September 2016, 1FLTV announced that they would not be able to debut to the contest in 2017, but that they would set their eyes on a future participation once they overcome their financial hurdles.[66] Yet again, on 1 September 2017 they also announced they would not debut at the 2018 contest in Lisbon.[67]

On 4 November 2017, the broadcaster stated that it was planning to debut in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2019 and would organise a national selection to select both the singer and the song.[68] However, on 20 July 2018, the EBU stated that 1 FL TV have not applied for membership.[69] The broadcaster later halted its plans to apply for EBU membership when its director, Peter Kölbel, unexpectedly died. It would also need the backing of the Liechtenstein government to be able to carry the cost of becoming an EBU member and paying the participation fee for the contest.

On 9 August 2022, 1 FL TV's managing director Sandra Woldt confirmed that the broadcaster would not be aiming to apply for EBU membership, therefore indefinitely ruling out a debut in the Eurovision Song Contest.[70]

Qatar

Qatar Radio (QR) was an associate member of the EBU in 2009, but was removed sometime later.[71] The broadcaster first revealed on 12 May 2009 that they were interested in becoming active members of the union, which would allow the nation to compete in the contest. Qatar Radio has stated that they hope to join Eurovision by 2011. Qatar first became involved in the contest at the 2009 edition, where the broadcaster sent a delegation to the contest and broadcast a weekly radio show called '12pointsqatar' dedicated to Eurovision, which received favourable responses and has initiated the further involvement of Qatar in Eurovision. Qatar Radio has said that they feel that they would be happy to join all other competitors in the contest, including Israel if Qatar receives a membership.

Qatar is required to have a broadcaster which has at least associate membership of the EBU in order to have a chance to take part, as Qatar Radio is only a radio station and Qatar lies outside the European Broadcasting Area and cannot apply for Council of Europe membership, with Australia being the only exception after being an associate member for over 30 years. The broadcaster would most likely be Qatar Television (QTV) also owned and run by the Qatar General Broadcasting and Television Corporation (QGBTC). If Qatar Radio gets accepted, then they would be able to air the contest alongside the television broadcast.[2]

Scotland

See also: Scotland in Eurovision Choir

On 18 December 2018, it was announced that the Scottish Gaelic branch of the BBC, BBC Alba would debut at Eurovision Choir in 2019 which was held in Gothenburg, Sweden.[72] However, they did not progress beyond the semi-final. This was the first time Scotland has competed separately from the United Kingdom in a Eurovision event.

Soviet Union

The Soviet Union never participated in the Eurovision Song Contest, but it made several attempts in the late 1980s. In 2009, Eduard Fomin, a former employee of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, revealed that in 1987 George Veselov, the Minister of Education for the Soviet Union, brought forward the idea of Soviet participation in the Eurovision Song Contest due to the number of political reforms made by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev during the late 1980s. The idea was mainly a political one, with the thought that a win in the contest for the Soviet Union would impact on the relationships between the Soviet Union and the capitalist countries of the west. Valery Leontyev was suggested as a singer for the Soviet Union's first entry into the contest, but Veselov's ideas were not shared by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, or by Gorbachev himself, believing it to be too radical a step to take, and so the Soviet Union never entered the contest before dissolving.[73]

All former republics of the Soviet Union which were geographically situated in Europe (except Kazakhstan) would later compete in the contest on their own in the 1990s and 2000s: Russia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, with five of the countries going on to win one of the contests: Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine, Russia, and Azerbaijan. Ukraine is so far the only former Soviet country to have won the contest more than once, winning in 2004, 2016 and 2022.[74]

Tunisia

Tunisia attempted to enter the 1977 edition of the contest and was scheduled fourth in the running order, however, prior to selecting an act, the country withdrew for undisclosed reasons.[75][76] It is believed that Tunisia's member broadcaster, Établissement de la radiodiffusion-télévision tunisienne (ERTT), did not want to compete with Israel.[76] In 2007, ERTT clarified that it would not participate in the contest in the foreseeable future due to governmental requests.[75]

Wales

See also: Wales in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest and Wales in Eurovision Choir

In the 1960s, the late Welsh singer, scholar and writer Meredydd Evans proposed that Wales should have its own entry in the Eurovision Song Contest. In 1969, Cân i Gymru was launched by BBC Cymru Wales as a selection show for the contest, with songs to be performed in Welsh. However, it was decided that the BBC would continue to send one entry for the whole of the United Kingdom. Despite this, Cân i Gymru has been broadcast every year since, with the exception of 1973. The winning song takes part in the annual Pan Celtic Festival in Ireland. Wales has appeared as an independent country in another EBU production, Jeux Sans Frontières and Welsh national broadcaster S4C has been encouraged to take part in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. Wales is also eligible to take part in the minority language song contest Liet-Lávlut.

Wales participated in the inaugural Eurovision Choir of the Year in 2017, where they finished 2nd.[77] Wales announced on 9 May 2018 that they would debut at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 in Minsk, Belarus.[78] They finished in last place with 29 points.

Broadcast in non-participating countries

The contest has been broadcast in several countries that do not compete, such as the United States, Canada, New Zealand, and China. Since 2000, it has been broadcast online via the Eurovision website.[79] It was also broadcast in several countries East of the Iron Curtain that have since dissolved, such as Czechoslovakia, East Germany,[dubious – discuss] and the Soviet Union.

Country Broadcaster(s) Year(s)
  Algeria RTA RTF 1956–1962[citation needed], 1974, 1976–1978[80]
  Argentina Un­known 1971[81]
  Brazil Rede Tupi (RTTV) 1969–1972[82]
  Canada Un­known 1990, 1998[83]
OutTV 2014–2015[84]
OMNI Television 2019–2021[85]
  Chile Canal 9 1969–1970[86]
  China Un­known 1990
CCTV-15 2011–2013 (finals only, edited)
Hunan TV 2015–2017
Mango TV 2018 (first semi-final only)
  Egypt Egyptian Radio and Television Union (ERTU) 1981[87]
  Ethiopia Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation 1971[81]
  Faroe Islands Kringvarp Føroya (KvF) 2011, 2014
  Gibraltar Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) 2006–2007 (all shows), 2008 (final)
  Greenland Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa (KNR) 1977, 2011, 2017
  Hong Kong Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK) 1971–1972, 1975, 1977–1979,[82][86] 1981[88]
  Jamaica Un­known 1971[81]
  Japan Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) 1972–1975, 1978, 1990, 2000[82][86]
  Jordan Jordan Radio and Television Corporation (JRTV) 1974–1975, 1977–1978[84]
  Kazakhstan Un­known 2010
Arna Media 2012–2013
Khabar Agency 2014–2021
  Kenya Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC) 1971[81]
  Kosovo Un­known 2010
Radio Television of Kosovo (RTK) 2016–2022
  Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Television (KTRK) 2012[84]
  Mauritania Un­known 1971[81]
  Mauritius MBC 1971[81]
  Mexico Un­known 1969[89]
  New Zealand TVNZ 1992[90]
Triangle Stratos 2009–2011[91]
BBC UKTV 2014–2016[91]
  Philippines ABS-CBN 1972[82]
  Puerto Rico Un­known 1969[89]
MSN (online) 2003–2004[92]
  Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation (SLBS) 1971[81]
  South Korea Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) 1974–1975,[86] 1981,[88] 1990–1992, 1998[83]
  Suriname Algemene Televisie Verzorging (ATV) 2021[93]
  Taiwan Taiwan Television (TTV) 1972[82]
  Thailand National Broadcasting Services of Thailand (NBT) 1971–1972[82]
  Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Television (TTT) 1971[81]
  Tunisia RTT 1968–1971,[89] 1974, 1976–1978[80]
  Uganda Uganda Broadcasting Corporation (UBC) 1971[81]
  United Arab Emirates Dubai Radio and Color Television 1978,[84] 1981[88]
  United States PBS 1971[94]
Israeli Network 2003–2004[92][95]
Logo TV 2016–2018[96][97]
Netflix 2019[98]
Peacock 2021–2022[99]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b The 2020 contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
  2. ^ VRT and RTBF alternate responsibilities for the contest.
  3. ^ a b Until 2018 participated as F.Y.R. Macedonia.
  4. ^ RTR and C1R alternated responsibilities for the contest since 2008.
  5. ^ The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia competed as "Yugoslavia" in 1992.
  6. ^ Succeeded by Česká televize (ČT) of the Czech Republic and Slovenská televízia (STV) of Slovakia.
  7. ^ Each country was represented by two songs in the 1956 contest; Switzerland's win in this contest was with one of their two songs.

References

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February 01, 2023
list, countries, eurovision, song, contest, fifty, countries, have, participated, eurovision, song, contest, since, started, 1956, winners, contest, have, come, from, twenty, seven, those, countries, contest, organised, european, broadcasting, union, held, ann. Fifty two countries have participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since it started in 1956 Winners of the contest have come from twenty seven of those countries The contest organised by the European Broadcasting Union EBU is held annually between members of the union Broadcasters from different countries submit songs to the event and cast votes to determine the most popular in the competition Map showing each country s number of Eurovision wins as of 2022 update Map showing debuts in the contest by decade Number of participating countries in the Eurovision Song Contest excluding 2020 a Participation in the contest is primarily open to all broadcasters with active EBU membership To become an active member of the EBU a broadcaster has to be from a country which is covered by the European Broadcasting Area or a member state of the Council of Europe 1 Eligibility to participate is not determined by geographic inclusion within the continent of Europe despite the Euro in Eurovision nor does it have a direct connection with the European Union Several countries geographically outside the boundaries of Europe have competed Israel Cyprus and Armenia in Western Asia since 1973 1981 and 2006 respectively Morocco in North Africa in the 1980 competition alone and Australia making a debut in the 2015 contest In addition several transcontinental countries with only part of their territory in Europe have competed Turkey since 1975 Russia since 1994 Georgia since 2007 and Azerbaijan which made its first appearance in the 2008 edition Two of the countries that have previously sought to enter the competition Lebanon and Tunisia in Western Asia and North Africa respectively are also outside of Europe The Persian Gulf state of Qatar in Western Asia announced in 2009 its interest in joining the contest in time for the 2011 edition 2 However this did not materialise and there are no known plans for a future Qatari entry the Eurovision Song Contest Australia where the contest has been broadcast since the 1970s has participated every year since its debut in 2015 The number of countries participating each year has grown steadily from seven in 1956 to over twenty in the late 1980s A record 43 countries participated in 2008 2011 and 2018 As the number of contestants has risen preliminary competitions and relegation have been introduced to ensure that as many countries as possible get the chance to compete In 1993 a preliminary show Kvalifikacija za Millstreet Qualification for Millstreet was held to select three Eastern European countries to compete for the first time at the main contest 3 After the 1993 contest a relegation rule was introduced the six lowest placed countries in the contest would not compete in the following year 4 In 1996 a new system was introduced Audiotapes of all twenty nine entrants were submitted to national juries The twenty two highest placed songs after the juries voted reached the contest Norway as the host country directly qualified for the final 5 From 1997 to 2001 a system was used whereby the countries with the lowest average scores over the previous five years were relegated Countries could not be relegated for more than one year at a time 6 The relegation system used in 1994 and 1995 was reused between 2001 and 2003 In 2004 a semi final was introduced The ten highest placed countries in the previous year s contest qualified for the final along with the Big Four the largest financial contributors to the EBU All other countries entered the semi final Ten countries qualified from the semi composing a final of twenty four 7 Since 2008 two semi finals are held with all countries except the host country and the Big Four or Big Five after Italy s return in 2011 participating in one of the semi finals 8 Some countries such as Germany France Belgium and the United Kingdom have entered most years while Morocco has only entered once Two countries Tunisia and Lebanon have attempted to enter the contest but withdrew before making a debut Contents 1 Participants 1 1 Other countries 2 Participating countries by decade 2 1 1956 1959 2 2 1960 1969 2 3 1970 1979 2 4 1980 1989 2 5 1990 1999 2 6 2000 2009 2 7 2010 2019 2 8 2020 2023 3 Other countries and territories 3 1 China 3 2 Faroe Islands 3 3 Gibraltar 3 4 Kazakhstan 3 5 Kosovo 3 6 Lebanon 3 7 Liechtenstein 3 8 Qatar 3 9 Scotland 3 10 Soviet Union 3 11 Tunisia 3 12 Wales 4 Broadcast in non participating countries 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 BibliographyParticipants EditThe following table lists the countries that have participated in the contest at least once as of 2022 update Planned entries for the cancelled 2020 contest and entries that did not qualify through the qualification rounds in 1993 or 1996 are not counted Shading indicates countries that have withdrawn from the contest or former participants that are unable to compete in future contests Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro were both dissolved in 1991 and 2006 respectively Serbia and Montenegro participated in the 1992 contest as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which consisted of only the two republics Both Montenegro and Serbia have competed as separate countries since 2007 9 The Belarusian broadcaster BTRC was expelled from the EBU in July 2021 preventing them from competing in future editions of the contest or any EBU event until 2024 10 Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and subsequent exclusion of Russia from the 2022 contest the Russian broadcasters VGTRK and Channel One announced their intention to withdraw their EBU membership in February 2022 and were suspended from the union in May preventing Russia from competing in future editions of the contest or any EBU event for an indefinite period of time 11 Table key Inactive countries which participated in the past but did not appear in the most recent contest or will not appear in the upcoming contest Ineligible countries whose broadcasters are no longer part of the EBU and are therefore ineligible to participate Former countries which previously participated but no longer existCountry Broadcaster s 12 Debut year Most recent entry Entries Finals Times qualified Most recent final Wins Most recent win Albania RTSH 2004 2023 18 10 9 17 2021 0 N A Andorra RTVA 2004 2009 6 0 0 6 N A 0 N A Armenia AMPTV 2006 2023 14 11 10 13 2022 0 N A Australia SBS 2015 2023 7 6 5 6 2022 0 N A Austria ORF 1957 2023 54 47 5 12 2018 2 2014 Azerbaijan ITV 2008 2023 14 13 12 13 2022 1 2011 Belarus BTRC 2004 2019 16 6 6 16 2019 0 N A Belgium VRT Dutch RTBF French b 1956 2023 63 53 7 17 2022 1 1986 Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT 1993 2016 19 18 7 8 2012 0 N A Bulgaria BNT 2005 2022 14 5 5 14 2021 0 N A Croatia HRT 1993 2023 27 18 6 15 2017 0 N A Cyprus CyBC 1981 2023 38 31 9 16 2021 0 N A Czech Republic CT 2007 2023 10 4 4 10 2022 0 N A Denmark DR 1957 2023 50 44 10 16 2019 3 2013 Estonia ERR 1994 2023 27 17 8 18 2022 1 2001 Finland Yle 1961 2023 55 47 8 16 2022 1 2006 France RTF 1956 1964 ORTF 1965 1974 TF1 1975 1981 Antenne 2 1983 1992 France Televisions 1993 present 1956 2023 64 64 N A 2022 5 1977 Georgia GPB 2007 2023 14 7 7 14 2016 0 N A Germany HR 1956 1978 ARD BR 1979 1991 ARD MDR 1992 1995 ARD NDR 1996 present ARD 1956 2023 65 65 N A 2022 2 2010 Greece ERT 1974 2013 2016 present NERIT 2014 2015 1974 2023 42 40 13 15 2022 1 2005 Hungary MTVA 1994 2019 17 14 10 13 2018 0 N A Iceland RUV 1986 2023 34 27 10 17 2022 0 N A Ireland RTE 1965 2023 55 45 6 16 2018 7 1996 Israel IBA 1973 2017 Kan 2018 present 13 1973 2023 44 37 9 16 2021 4 2018 Italy RAI 1956 2023 47 47 N A 2022 3 2021 Latvia LTV 2000 2023 22 10 5 17 2016 1 2002 Lithuania LRT 1994 2023 22 15 10 17 2022 0 N A Luxembourg CLT 1956 1993 37 37 N A 1993 5 1983 Malta PBS 1971 2023 34 26 8 16 2021 0 N A Moldova TRM 2005 2023 17 12 11 16 2022 0 N A Monaco TMC 1959 2006 24 21 0 3 1979 1 1971 Montenegro RTCG 2007 2022 12 2 2 12 2015 0 N A Morocco SNRT 1980 1 1 N A 1980 0 N A Netherlands NTS 1956 1969 NOS 1970 2009 TROS 2010 2013 AVROTROS 2014 present 1956 2023 62 53 8 17 2022 5 2019 North Macedonia c MKRTV 1998 2022 21 9 6 18 2019 0 N A Norway NRK 1960 2023 60 57 12 15 2022 3 2009 Poland TVP 1994 2023 24 15 6 15 2022 0 N A Portugal RTP 1964 2023 53 44 6 15 2022 1 2017 Romania TVR 1994 2023 22 19 11 14 2022 0 N A Russia RTR 1994 1996 2008 2019 C1R 1995 1997 2021 d 1994 2021 23 22 11 12 2021 1 2008 San Marino SMRTV 2008 2023 12 3 3 12 2021 0 N A Serbia RTS 2007 2023 14 11 10 13 2022 1 2007 Serbia and Montenegro UJRT 2004 2005 2 2 1 1 2005 0 N A Slovakia STV 1994 2010 RTVS 2011 2012 1994 2012 7 3 0 4 1998 0 N A Slovenia RTV SLO 1993 2023 27 15 6 18 2019 0 N A Spain TVE 1961 2023 61 61 N A 2022 2 1969 Sweden SR 1958 1979 SVT 1980 present 1958 2023 61 60 12 13 2022 6 2015 Switzerland SRG SSR 1956 2023 62 51 6 17 2022 2 1988 Turkey TRT 1975 2012 34 33 6 7 2012 1 2003 Ukraine UA PBC 2003 2023 17 17 13 13 2022 3 2022 United Kingdom BBC 1957 2023 64 64 N A 2022 5 1997 Yugoslavia e JRT 1961 1992 27 27 N A 1992 1 1989Other countries Edit The following countries have been eligible to participate in the contest but have never done so Algeria EPTV ENRS TDA Czechoslovakia CST 1991 1992 f dissolved Egypt ERTU Jordan JRTV Lebanon TL Libya LJBC 1974 2011 LNC 2011 present Tunisia RTT Vatican City RV Algeria Egypt Jordan Lebanon Libya and Tunisia have broadcasters that are members of both the EBU and the Arab States Broadcasting Union Although they could participate it is believed that they refuse to do so due to the ongoing participation of Israel 14 However Tunisia and Lebanon attempted to compete in 1977 and 2005 respectively Vatican City could participate through its member broadcaster Vatican Radio RV which was also a founding member of the EBU though RV only broadcasts papal events and the population is less than 900 the vast majority of whom are clergy 14 15 Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 Slovakia and the Czech Republic made their debut as independent states in 1994 and 2007 respectively Participating countries by decade EditThe table lists the participating countries in each decade since the first Eurovision Song Contest was held in 1956 Seven countries participated in the first contest Since then the number of entries has increased steadily In 1961 3 countries debuted Finland Spain and Yugoslavia joining the 13 already included Yugoslavia will become the only socialist country to participate in the following three decades In 1970 a Nordic led boycott of the contest reduced the number of countries entering to twelve 16 By the late 1980s over twenty countries had become standard In 1993 the collapse of the USSR in Eastern Europe and the subsequent merger of EBU and OIRT gave many new countries the opportunity to compete Three countries Croatia Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina all of them former Yugoslav republics won through from a pre qualifier to compete After the 1993 event a relegation system was introduced allowing even more Eastern European countries to compete seven more made their debut in 1994 In 2003 three countries applied to make their debut Albania Belarus and Ukraine In addition Serbia and Montenegro who had not competed since 1992 applied to return The EBU having originally accepted the four countries applications later rejected all but Ukraine allowing four extra countries to compete would have meant relegating too many countries 17 18 The semi final was introduced in 2004 in an attempt to prevent situations like this The Union set a limit of forty countries 19 but by 2005 thirty nine were competing In 2007 the EBU lifted the limit allowing forty two countries to compete Two semi finals were held for the first time in 2008 8 Table key Debutant The country made its debut during the decade 1 Winner The country won the contest2 Second place The country was ranked second3 Third place The country was ranked thirdX Remaining places The country placed from fourth to second last in the final Last place The country was ranked last in the finalW D Withdrawn or disqualified The country was to participate in the contest but withdrew or was disqualified Non qualified for the final The country did not qualify for the final 2004 present Non qualified for the contest The country did not qualify from the pre qualifying round 1993 1996 Unknown The country s placing in the contest is unknown 1956 R Relegated The country was relegated for the contest due to poor results in the previous years 1994 1995 1997 2003 C Cancelled The contest was cancelled after the deadline for submitting songs had passed 2020 U Upcoming The country has confirmed participation for the next contest however the contest has yet to take placeNo entry The country did not enter the contest1956 1959 Edit Country 1956 g 1957 1958 1959 Austria X X Belgium X X X Denmark 3 X X France 2 1 3 Germany X X X Italy X 3 X Luxembourg X Monaco Netherlands 1 1 Sweden X X Switzerland 1 X 2 X United Kingdom X 2 1960 1969 Edit Country 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Austria X X X X 1 X X Belgium X X X X X X X Denmark X X X 1 X X X Finland X X X X X X France 1 X 1 X X 3 X 3 3 1 Germany X X X X X X X X Ireland X X 2 X X Italy X X X 3 1 X X X X Luxembourg 1 3 X X 1 X X X X Monaco 3 X 2 X 3 X X X X Netherlands X X X X X X 1 Norway X X X X X 3 X X Portugal X X X X X Spain X X X X X 1 1 Sweden X X X X 2 X X X Switzerland X 3 X 2 X X X X United Kingdom 2 2 X X 2 2 X 1 2 1 Yugoslavia X X X X X X X X 1970 1979 Edit Country 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Austria X X X X X Belgium X X X X X X X 2 Denmark X X Finland X X X X X X X X X France X X X X W X 2 1 3 3 Germany 3 3 3 X X X X X X Greece X X X X X Ireland 1 X X X X X X 3 X X Israel X X X X X 1 1 Italy X X X X 2 X X X X X Luxembourg X 1 1 X X X X X X Malta W X Monaco X 1 X X X X 3 X X X Netherlands X X X X 3 1 X X X X Norway X X X X X X Portugal X X X X X X X X Spain X 2 X 2 X X X X X 2 Sweden X X X 1 X X X Switzerland X X X X X X X X X Tunisia W Turkey X W United Kingdom 2 X 2 3 X 2 1 2 X X Yugoslavia X X X X X X X 1980 1989 Edit Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Austria X X X X X X X X Belgium X X X X X 1 X X X Cyprus X X X X X X D X Denmark X X X X X X X X 3 3 Finland X X X X X X X X France X 3 X X X X X X X Germany 2 2 1 X X 2 X 2 X X Greece X X W X X W X X X Iceland X X X Ireland 1 X X 2 X X 1 X X Israel X 2 2 X X X X X Italy X X X X 3 X X Luxembourg X X X 1 X X 3 X X X Morocco X Netherlands X X X X X X X X X Norway X X X X 1 X X X X Portugal X X X X X X X X X X Spain X X X 3 X X X X X Sweden X X X 3 1 3 X X X X Switzerland X X 3 X X X 2 X 1 X Turkey X X X X X X X X United Kingdom 3 1 X X X X X X 2 2 Yugoslavia X X X X X X X 1 1990 1999 Edit Country 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Austria X X X X X X X R X Belgium X X X R X X R X X Bosnia and Herzegovina X X X X X R X Croatia X X X X X X X Cyprus X X X X X X X X X X Denmark X X X X R X X R X Estonia X R X X X X Finland X X X R R X R France 2 2 X X X X X X X X Germany X X X X 3 X X 3 Greece X X X X X X X X X R Hungary X X X X Iceland X X X X X X X X R 2 Ireland 2 X 1 1 1 X 1 2 X X Israel X 3 X X R X 1 X Italy 1 X X X X Latvia W Lithuania R X Luxembourg X X X X R Macedonia R X R Malta X 3 X X X X X 3 X Netherlands X X X X R X X X X Norway X X X X 1 2 X X Poland 2 X X X X X Portugal X X X X X X X X X Romania X R R X R Russia X X X R Slovakia X R X R X R Slovenia X R X X X X X Spain X X X X X 2 X X X Sweden X 1 X X X 3 3 X X 1 Switzerland X X X 3 X R X X R Turkey X X X X R X X 3 X X United Kingdom X X 2 2 X X X 1 2 X Yugoslavia X X X 2000 2009 Edit Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Albania X X X X Andorra Armenia X X X X Austria X R X X X Azerbaijan X 3 Belarus X Belgium R X 2 X Bosnia and Herzegovina R X X X X X 3 X X X Bulgaria X Croatia X X X X X X X X X Cyprus X R X X X X Czech Republic Denmark 1 2 R X X X X Estonia X 1 3 X X Finland X R X R 1 X X France X X X X X X X X X X Georgia X X W Germany X X X X X X X X X Greece 3 X X 3 1 X X 3 X Hungary X X Iceland X R X X X 2 Ireland X X R X X X Israel X X X X X X X X Latvia 3 X 1 X X X X X Lebanon W Lithuania R X X R X X X Macedonia X R X R X X X X Malta X X 2 X X 2 X Moldova X X X X Monaco Montenegro Netherlands X X R X X Norway X R X X X X 1 Poland R X R X X X Portugal R X X X X Romania X R X X X 3 X X X X Russia 2 X X 3 X X 2 3 1 X San Marino Serbia 1 X Serbia and Montenegro 2 X W Slovakia Slovenia R X X X X Spain X X X X X X X X X X Sweden X X X X X X X X X X Switzerland X R X R X X Turkey X X X 1 X X X X X X Ukraine X 1 X X 2 2 X United Kingdom X X 3 X X X X X 2010 2019 Edit Country 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Albania X X X X X Armenia X W X X X X X Australia X 2 X X X Austria X 1 X X X 3 Azerbaijan X 1 X 2 X X X X X Belarus X X X X X Belgium X X X X X Bosnia and Herzegovina X X X Bulgaria X 2 X Croatia X X Cyprus X X X X X 2 X Czech Republic X X X Denmark X X X 1 X X X X Estonia X X X X X X Finland X X X X France X X X X X X X X X Georgia X X X X X Germany 1 X X X X X X X Greece X X X X X X X X Hungary X X X X X X X X Iceland X X X X X X Ireland X X X X Israel X X X X 1 X Italy 2 X X X 3 X X X 2 Latvia X X Lithuania X X X X X X Malta X X X X X Moldova X X X X 3 X Montenegro X X Netherlands X 2 X X X 1 North Macedonia c X X Norway X X X X X X X Poland X X X X Portugal X 1 Romania 3 X X X X X D X Russia X X 2 X X 2 3 W 3 San Marino X X Serbia X X 3 X X X X Slovakia Slovenia X X X X X Spain X X X X X X X X X Sweden 3 1 X 3 1 X X X X Switzerland X X Turkey 2 X Ukraine X X X 3 X 1 X X W United Kingdom X X X X X X X X 2020 2023 Edit Country 2020 a 2021 2022 2023 Albania C X U Armenia C W X U Australia C X U Austria C U Azerbaijan C X X U Belarus C D Belgium C X X U Bulgaria C X Croatia C U Cyprus C X U Czech Republic C X U Denmark C U Estonia C X U Finland C X X U France C 2 X U Georgia C U Germany C X U Greece C X X U Iceland C X X U Ireland C U Israel C X U Italy C 1 X U Latvia C U Lithuania C X X U Malta C X U Moldova C X X U Montenegro Netherlands C X X U North Macedonia C Norway C X X U Poland C X U Portugal C X X U Romania C X U Russia C X D San Marino C X U Serbia C X X U Slovenia C U Spain C X 3 U Sweden C X X U Switzerland C 3 X U Ukraine C X 1 U United Kingdom C 2 UOther countries and territories EditA number of broadcasters in non participating countries and territories have in the past indicated an interest in participating in the Eurovision Song Contest For broadcasters to participate they must be a member of the EBU and register their intention to compete before the deadline specified in the rules of that year s event Each participating broadcaster pays a fee towards the organisation of the contest Should a country withdraw from the contest after the deadline they will still need to pay these fees and may also incur a fine or temporary ban 20 China Edit China aired the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 and then Chinese provincial television channel Hunan Television had confirmed its interest in participating in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 The EBU had responded saying we are open and are always looking for new elements in each Eurovision Song Contest 21 However on 3 June 2015 the EBU denied that China would participate as a guest or full participant in 2016 22 During the Chinese broadcast of the first 2018 semi final on Mango TV both Albania and Ireland were edited out of the show along with their snippets in the recap of all 19 entries 23 Albania was skipped due to a ban that took effect in January 2018 prohibiting showing on television performers with tattoos 24 while Ireland was censored due to its representation of a homosexual couple on stage 25 In addition the LGBT flag and tattoos on other performers were also blurred out from the broadcast 26 As a result the EBU has terminated its partnership with Mango TV citing that censorship is not in line with the EBU s values of universality and inclusivity and its proud tradition of celebrating diversity through music which led to a ban on televising the second semi final and the grand final in the country 27 A spokesperson for the broadcaster s parent company Hunan TV said they weren t aware of the edits made to the programme 28 Faroe Islands Edit See also Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest Since 2010 the Faroese national broadcaster Kringvarp Foroya KVF has been attempting to gain EBU membership and thus participate independently in the Eurovision Song Contest However KVF cannot obtain EBU membership due to the islands being a constituent part of the Danish Realm 29 In late 2018 KVF showed renewed interest in joining the EBU and participating in the contest According to the broadcaster they are not excluded by the rule that only independent nations can join and as a result the Faroese broadcaster started internal discussions on applying for EBU membership and participating in the contest and even organising a national final similar to the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 30 Gibraltar Edit Since 2006 Gibraltarian broadcaster Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation GBC has been attempting to gain EBU membership and thus participate independently in the Eurovision Song Contest However GBC cannot obtain EBU membership due to the British Overseas Territory not being independent from the United Kingdom 31 Gibraltar broadcast the final of the contest from 2006 to 2008 31 32 Kazakhstan Edit See also Kazakhstan in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest Kazakhstan has never participated in the Eurovision Song Contest Kazakhstan is negotiating to join the European Broadcasting Union The state television company K 1 has been hoping for pending or approved EBU membership since 2008 If this happens they may be eligible to compete in the Eurovision Song Contest 33 Nevertheless they have broadcast the Eurovision Song Contests from 2010 onwards However according to the EBU no Kazakh broadcaster has ever formally applied to join the EBU 34 On 18 December 2015 it was announced that Khabar Agency a major media outlet in Kazakhstan had been accepted into the EBU as an associate member 35 but were still not eligible to take part in the contest under the current rules 36 Only countries who are part of the European Broadcasting Area are eligible to participate with Australia being the only exception after being an associate member for over 30 years On 22 December 2017 Channel 31 announced that they planned to debut in the 2019 contest due to their newfound EBU membership 37 Kazakhstan made its debut at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 alongside Wales placing sixth 38 On 30 July 2018 the EBU stated that the decision to invite Kazakhstan was made solely by the Junior Eurovision Steering Group and there were no current plans to invite associate members other than Australia 39 On 22 November 2018 Jon Ola Sand said in a press conference that we need to discuss if we can invite our associate member Kazakhstan to take part in the adult ESC in the future but this is part of a broader discussion in the EBU and I hope we can get back to you on this issue later 40 However shortly after he clarified that they would not have an entry in the 2019 edition 41 Kosovo Edit See also Kosovo in the Eurovision Young Dancers Kosovo has never participated in the Eurovision Song Contest on its own but the contest has had a long history within the country which has broadcast it since 1961 and after the start of Kosovo s UN administration the Kosovan public broadcaster RTK has been independently licensed by the EBU to broadcast all three shows Despite not having participated at the song contest Kosovo did participate in the Eurovision Young Dancers 2011 As Kosovo is not part of the United Nations and RTK not part of the International Telecommunication Union RTK cannot apply to become a full member of the EBU 42 Jugovizija was the national pre selection of Yugoslavia organised by the Yugoslav broadcaster Yugoslav Radio Television JRT since 1961 and it featured entries submitted by the subnational public broadcasting centres based in the capitals of each of the constituent republics and autonomous provinces Each broadcasting centre had its own regional jury SAP Kosovo was represented by RTV Pristina but their entry has never won Jugovizija 1986 was organised by RTV Pristina Before the Kosovo declaration of independence in 2008 Viktorija a singer from Vucitrn represented Yugoslavia as part of Aska in 1982 and Nevena Bozovic who is from Mitrovica represented Serbia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007 After the breakup of Yugoslavia numerous Kosovo Albanian singers have participated at the Festivali i Kenges the Albanian national selection for Eurovision organised by RTSH The most notable participants to date were Rona Nishliu who represented Albania in 2012 and Lindita who represented Albania in 2017 Numerous Kosovo Serb singers have participated in Serbian national selections organised by RTS Nevena Bozovic also represented Serbia as a member of Moje 3 in 2013 and as a solo artist in 2019 After Kosovo s declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008 its broadcaster Radio Television of Kosovo RTK applied for EBU membership and wished to enter Kosovo into the 2009 contest 43 44 There is a co operation agreement signed between the EBU and RTK and the EBU supports the membership of RTK From 2013 on RTK has observer status within the EBU and did participate in the Eurovision Young Dancers 2011 45 46 According to the Kosovan newspaper Koha Ditore a possible entry would be selected via a national final called Akordet e Kosoves a former pop show that had been taken off the air some years ago 47 48 49 Lebanon Edit Main article Lebanon in the Eurovision Song Contest Lebanon has never participated in the Eurovision Song Contest The country s broadcasting organisation Tele Liban was set to make the country s debut at the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 with the song Quand tout s enfuit performed by Aline Lahoud 50 but withdrew due to Lebanon s laws banning the broadcast of Israeli content 51 Liechtenstein Edit Liechtenstein has never participated in the Eurovision Song Contest with the principality being prevented from competing due to a lack of a national broadcaster which is a member of the EBU 52 Attempts were made in the 1970s by the Liechtenstein government for the nation to participate with a two song national final held in November 1975 choosing My Little Cowboy sung by Biggi Bachmann and written by Mike Tuttlies and Horst Hornung as the winner over Tu etais mon clown by Anne Frommelt 53 The song was supposed to be the country s debut entry for the 1976 contest however due to a misunderstanding by the Liechtensteiner government of the rules of participation the entry was rejected due to a lack of national broadcaster with which to participate 54 On 15 August 2008 1 FL TV licensed by Liechtenstein s government became the first broadcaster based in Liechtenstein This would allow the country to begin competing at the Eurovision Song Contest for the first time should they decide to join the EBU a pre requisite for entering the contest 55 56 Shortly after its foundation however the broadcaster announced that they were not interested in joining the EBU or Eurovision at that time because they had no budget for membership 57 In July 2009 the broadcaster officially announced its intent to apply to join the EBU by the end of July with the intent of taking part at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 to be held in Oslo Norway 58 Peter Kolbel managing director of 1FLTV officially confirmed the broadcaster s interest revealing that they had plans to develop a national final similar to Deutschland sucht den Superstar the German version of the Idol series 59 In November 2009 1FLTV decided to postpone EBU and Eurovision plans due to financial reasons began to search for other options for funding EBU membership in the future 60 61 1FLTV submitted its application for EBU membership on 29 July 2010 If accepted 1FLTV would have gained full EBU membership and would have been able to send an entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 62 However Liechtenstein did not appear on the official list of participants for Eurovision 2011 In late 2012 Peter Kolbel director of 1FLTV stated that Liechtenstein would not be able to take part until 2013 at the earliest The broadcaster had been trying to get government subsidies since 2010 to enable participation participation was likely if the Government approved funding by April 2012 On 10 September 2013 1FLTV confirmed that Liechtenstein would not be participating at the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Copenhagen Denmark 63 The broadcaster has no plans to join the EBU at the moment This was confirmed again on 28 July 2014 in the run up to the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 in Austria 1FLTV did however state their interest in participating in the Eurovision Song Contest but that they have to evaluate the costs of EBU membership a necessary prelude to participation 64 The nation was not able to make its debut in 2016 due to lack of funds to join the EBU 65 On 21 September 2016 1FLTV announced that they would not be able to debut to the contest in 2017 but that they would set their eyes on a future participation once they overcome their financial hurdles 66 Yet again on 1 September 2017 they also announced they would not debut at the 2018 contest in Lisbon 67 On 4 November 2017 the broadcaster stated that it was planning to debut in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2019 and would organise a national selection to select both the singer and the song 68 However on 20 July 2018 the EBU stated that 1 FL TV have not applied for membership 69 The broadcaster later halted its plans to apply for EBU membership when its director Peter Kolbel unexpectedly died It would also need the backing of the Liechtenstein government to be able to carry the cost of becoming an EBU member and paying the participation fee for the contest On 9 August 2022 1 FL TV s managing director Sandra Woldt confirmed that the broadcaster would not be aiming to apply for EBU membership therefore indefinitely ruling out a debut in the Eurovision Song Contest 70 Qatar Edit Qatar Radio QR was an associate member of the EBU in 2009 but was removed sometime later 71 The broadcaster first revealed on 12 May 2009 that they were interested in becoming active members of the union which would allow the nation to compete in the contest Qatar Radio has stated that they hope to join Eurovision by 2011 Qatar first became involved in the contest at the 2009 edition where the broadcaster sent a delegation to the contest and broadcast a weekly radio show called 12pointsqatar dedicated to Eurovision which received favourable responses and has initiated the further involvement of Qatar in Eurovision Qatar Radio has said that they feel that they would be happy to join all other competitors in the contest including Israel if Qatar receives a membership Qatar is required to have a broadcaster which has at least associate membership of the EBU in order to have a chance to take part as Qatar Radio is only a radio station and Qatar lies outside the European Broadcasting Area and cannot apply for Council of Europe membership with Australia being the only exception after being an associate member for over 30 years The broadcaster would most likely be Qatar Television QTV also owned and run by the Qatar General Broadcasting and Television Corporation QGBTC If Qatar Radio gets accepted then they would be able to air the contest alongside the television broadcast 2 Scotland Edit See also Scotland in Eurovision Choir On 18 December 2018 it was announced that the Scottish Gaelic branch of the BBC BBC Alba would debut at Eurovision Choir in 2019 which was held in Gothenburg Sweden 72 However they did not progress beyond the semi final This was the first time Scotland has competed separately from the United Kingdom in a Eurovision event Soviet Union Edit The Soviet Union never participated in the Eurovision Song Contest but it made several attempts in the late 1980s In 2009 Eduard Fomin a former employee of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR revealed that in 1987 George Veselov the Minister of Education for the Soviet Union brought forward the idea of Soviet participation in the Eurovision Song Contest due to the number of political reforms made by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev during the late 1980s The idea was mainly a political one with the thought that a win in the contest for the Soviet Union would impact on the relationships between the Soviet Union and the capitalist countries of the west Valery Leontyev was suggested as a singer for the Soviet Union s first entry into the contest but Veselov s ideas were not shared by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union or by Gorbachev himself believing it to be too radical a step to take and so the Soviet Union never entered the contest before dissolving 73 All former republics of the Soviet Union which were geographically situated in Europe except Kazakhstan would later compete in the contest on their own in the 1990s and 2000s Russia Estonia Lithuania Latvia Ukraine Belarus Moldova Armenia Georgia and Azerbaijan with five of the countries going on to win one of the contests Estonia Latvia Ukraine Russia and Azerbaijan Ukraine is so far the only former Soviet country to have won the contest more than once winning in 2004 2016 and 2022 74 Tunisia Edit Tunisia attempted to enter the 1977 edition of the contest and was scheduled fourth in the running order however prior to selecting an act the country withdrew for undisclosed reasons 75 76 It is believed that Tunisia s member broadcaster Etablissement de la radiodiffusion television tunisienne ERTT did not want to compete with Israel 76 In 2007 ERTT clarified that it would not participate in the contest in the foreseeable future due to governmental requests 75 Wales Edit See also Wales in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest and Wales in Eurovision Choir In the 1960s the late Welsh singer scholar and writer Meredydd Evans proposed that Wales should have its own entry in the Eurovision Song Contest In 1969 Can i Gymru was launched by BBC Cymru Wales as a selection show for the contest with songs to be performed in Welsh However it was decided that the BBC would continue to send one entry for the whole of the United Kingdom Despite this Can i Gymru has been broadcast every year since with the exception of 1973 The winning song takes part in the annual Pan Celtic Festival in Ireland Wales has appeared as an independent country in another EBU production Jeux Sans Frontieres and Welsh national broadcaster S4C has been encouraged to take part in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest Wales is also eligible to take part in the minority language song contest Liet Lavlut Wales participated in the inaugural Eurovision Choir of the Year in 2017 where they finished 2nd 77 Wales announced on 9 May 2018 that they would debut at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 in Minsk Belarus 78 They finished in last place with 29 points Broadcast in non participating countries EditThe contest has been broadcast in several countries that do not compete such as the United States Canada New Zealand and China Since 2000 it has been broadcast online via the Eurovision website 79 It was also broadcast in several countries East of the Iron Curtain that have since dissolved such as Czechoslovakia East Germany dubious discuss and the Soviet Union Country Broadcaster s Year s Algeria RTA RTF 1956 1962 citation needed 1974 1976 1978 80 Argentina Un known 1971 81 Brazil Rede Tupi RTTV 1969 1972 82 Canada Un known 1990 1998 83 OutTV 2014 2015 84 OMNI Television 2019 2021 85 Chile Canal 9 1969 1970 86 China Un known 1990CCTV 15 2011 2013 finals only edited Hunan TV 2015 2017Mango TV 2018 first semi final only Egypt Egyptian Radio and Television Union ERTU 1981 87 Ethiopia Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation 1971 81 Faroe Islands Kringvarp Foroya KvF 2011 2014 Gibraltar Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation GBC 2006 2007 all shows 2008 final Greenland Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa KNR 1977 2011 2017 Hong Kong Radio Television Hong Kong RTHK 1971 1972 1975 1977 1979 82 86 1981 88 Jamaica Un known 1971 81 Japan Japan Broadcasting Corporation NHK 1972 1975 1978 1990 2000 82 86 Jordan Jordan Radio and Television Corporation JRTV 1974 1975 1977 1978 84 Kazakhstan Un known 2010Arna Media 2012 2013Khabar Agency 2014 2021 Kenya Kenya Broadcasting Corporation KBC 1971 81 Kosovo Un known 2010Radio Television of Kosovo RTK 2016 2022 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Television KTRK 2012 84 Mauritania Un known 1971 81 Mauritius MBC 1971 81 Mexico Un known 1969 89 New Zealand TVNZ 1992 90 Triangle Stratos 2009 2011 91 BBC UKTV 2014 2016 91 Philippines ABS CBN 1972 82 Puerto Rico Un known 1969 89 MSN online 2003 2004 92 Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation SLBS 1971 81 South Korea Korean Broadcasting System KBS 1974 1975 86 1981 88 1990 1992 1998 83 Suriname Algemene Televisie Verzorging ATV 2021 93 Taiwan Taiwan Television TTV 1972 82 Thailand National Broadcasting Services of Thailand NBT 1971 1972 82 Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Television TTT 1971 81 Tunisia RTT 1968 1971 89 1974 1976 1978 80 Uganda Uganda Broadcasting Corporation UBC 1971 81 United Arab Emirates Dubai Radio and Color Television 1978 84 1981 88 United States PBS 1971 94 Israeli Network 2003 2004 92 95 Logo TV 2016 2018 96 97 Netflix 2019 98 Peacock 2021 2022 99 See also EditList of countries in the Eurovision Young Dancers List of countries in the Eurovision Young Musicians List of countries in the Junior Eurovision Song ContestNotes Edit a b The 2020 contest was cancelled due to the COVID 19 pandemic VRT and RTBF alternate responsibilities for the contest a b Until 2018 participated as F Y R Macedonia RTR and C1R alternated responsibilities for the contest since 2008 The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia competed as Yugoslavia in 1992 Succeeded by Ceska televize CT of the Czech Republic and Slovenska televizia STV of Slovakia Each country was represented by two songs in the 1956 contest Switzerland s win in this contest was with one of their two songs References Edit Admission EBU European Broadcasting Union Archived from the original on 13 April 2017 Retrieved 12 April 2017 a b Repo Juha 12 May 2009 Gulf nation wants to join Eurovision ESCToday Archived from the original on 14 July 2015 Retrieved 12 May 2009 ESCtoday com Eurovision Song Contest 1993 Archived 12 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2 February 2008 O Connor John Kennedy 2005 The Eurovision Song Contest 50 Years The Official History London Carlton Books Limited ISBN 1 84442 586 X ESCtoday com Eurovision Song Contest 1996 Archived 23 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2 February 2008 Eurovision tv Eurovision Song Contest 1997 Archived 20 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2 February 2008 BBC News 12 May 2004 Eurovision finalists chosen Archived 4 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2 February 2008 a b European Broadcasting Union 1 October 2007 Two semi finals Eurovision Song Contest 2008 Archived 1 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2 February 2008 Ian Taylor 14 May 2007 From pariah state to kitsch victory how a Balkan ballad showed Europe a new Serbia Archived 7 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian Retrieved on 9 February 2008 Adams Oliver 30 June 2020 Belarus EBU expels BTRC from union Belarus no longer eligible to compete in Eurovision Wiwibloggs Archived from the original on 1 July 2021 Retrieved 1 July 2021 Yevropejska movna spilka prizupinila chlenstvo rosijskih ZMI The European Broadcasting Union has suspended membership of the Russian media suspilne media Press release in Ukrainian UA PBC Retrieved 27 May 2022 History by country Eurovision tv Archived from the original on 1 July 2014 Retrieved 31 May 2021 EBU European Broadcasting Union EBU Members www ebu ch Archived from the original on 29 April 2018 Retrieved 29 April 2018 a b Carlson Christopher 7 June 2019 Where are they Eurovisionworld Archived from the original on 2 July 2019 Retrieved 11 July 2019 Werber Cassie 23 May 2015 The Vatican was asked to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest It declined again Quartz Archived from the original on 11 July 2019 Retrieved 11 July 2019 Eurovision tv Eurovision Song Contest 1970 Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 9 February 2008 ESCtoday com 27 November 2002 No new countries at next Eurovision Song Contest Archived 18 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 11 February 2008 ESCtoday com 27 November 2002 EBU released list of participants for 2003 Archived 25 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 11 February 2008 Eurovision tv 27 October 2006 Georgia set on 2007 Archived 18 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 11 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Eurovision BBC News 11 May 2018 Archived from the original on 13 May 2019 Retrieved 11 May 2018 Statement 10 May EBU terminates this year s partnership with Mango TV eurovision tv 10 May 2018 Archived from the original on 11 May 2018 Retrieved 10 May 2018 Washington Jessica 11 May 2018 China banned from broadcasting Eurovision after censoring same sex dance SBS News Archived from the original on 13 May 2019 Retrieved 11 May 2018 Granger Anthony 10 June 2015 Faroe Islands want to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest eurovoix com Eurovoix Archived from the original on 10 October 2015 Retrieved 13 June 2015 The Faroe Islands wants EBU membership and right to participate at Eurovision 30 December 2018 Archived from the original on 29 May 2020 Retrieved 5 January 2019 a b Granger Anthony 9 May 2019 Gibraltar GBC Explains Eurovision Broadcasts from 2006 to 2008 Eurovoix Retrieved 9 May 2019 Granger Anthony 25 March 2015 Gibraltar No Plans To Broadcast Eurovision eurovoix com Eurovoix Retrieved 12 September 2016 Kazajistan negocia su incorporacion a la UER Eurovision Spain in Spanish Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 Retrieved 3 January 2013 EBU on Twitter Karl Downey No broadcaster from Kazakhstan has formally applied to join the EBU Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 19 July 2015 EBU on Twitter We can confirm that KhabarTV was confirmed as an EBU Associate at our recent General Assembly Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 Retrieved 18 December 2015 EBU on Twitter Under current rules KhabarTV is not eligible for Eurovision participation Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 18 December 2015 Kazakhstan s Channel 31 claims We will participate in Eurovision 2019 ESCXTRA 22 December 2017 Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 Retrieved 23 December 2017 These are the 19 countries taking part in Junior Eurovision 2018 junioreurovision tv European Broadcasting Union 25 July 2018 Archived from the original on 25 July 2018 Retrieved 25 July 2018 Cobb Ryan 30 July 2018 Official EBU statement No plans to invite Kazakhstan to Eurovision 2019 ESCXTRA Archived from the original on 30 July 2018 Retrieved 30 July 2018 Cobb Ryan 22 November 2018 Jon Ola Sand Kazakhstan participation in adult Eurovision needs to be discussed ESCXTRA Archived from the original on 24 November 2018 Retrieved 22 November 2018 Cobb Ryan 23 November 2018 No entry in Eurovision 2019 for Kazakhstan clarifies Jon Ola Sand ESCXTRA Archived from the original on 24 November 2018 Retrieved 23 November 2018 Juhasz Ervin 28 June 2019 No changes in the EBU statutes thus Kosovo can t apply for full membership ESCBubble Archived from the original on 12 July 2019 Retrieved 28 June 2019 Kosovo RTK wants to enter Eurovision in 2009 oikotimes com Archived from the original on 3 January 2010 Retrieved 22 May 2008 NDR on the Kosovo potential participation in Eurovision Archived 29 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine oikotimes com 22 May 2008 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the original on 9 June 2011 Retrieved 9 May 2017 The Eurovision Song Contest 1956 present BBC 26 April 2007 Archived from the original on 24 October 2021 Retrieved 9 August 2009 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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