Eurovision Song Contest 1994
The Eurovision Song Contest 1994 was the 39th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Dublin, Ireland, following the country's victory at the 1993 contest with the song "In Your Eyes" by Niamh Kavanagh. It was the first time that any country had hosted the contest two years in a row. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ), the contest was held at the Point Theatre on 30 April 1994. It was presented by Irish television and radio presenters Cynthia Ní Mhurchú and Gerry Ryan. This remains the last time that the contest has not been held in the month of May.
| Eurovision Song Contest 1994 | |
|---|---|
| Dates | |
| Final | 30 April 1994 |
| Host | |
| Venue | Point Theatre, Dublin, Ireland |
| Presenter(s) | Cynthia Ní Mhurchú Gerry Ryan |
| Musical director | Noel Kelehan |
| Directed by | Patrick Cowap |
| Executive supervisor | Christian Clausen |
| Executive producer | Moya Doherty |
| Host broadcaster | Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ) |
| Website | eurovision |
| Participants | |
| Number of entries | 25 |
| Debuting countries | |
| Returning countries | None |
| Non-returning countries | |
| |
| Vote | |
| Voting system | Each country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 point(s) to their 10 favourite songs |
| Nul points | Lithuania |
| Winning song | Ireland "Rock 'n' Roll Kids" |
| 1993 ← Eurovision Song Contest → 1995 | |
Twenty-five countries participated in the contest, equalling the record of the 1993 edition. A total of seven countries took part in the contest for the first time; Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia and Slovakia. To cope with the increasing number of countries wishing to participate in the contest, the EBU ruled that the seven lowest-placed countries from the preceding year's contest could not participate. Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Israel, Luxembourg, Slovenia and Turkey were therefore relegated based on these new rules. However, due to the withdrawal of Italy, Cyprus avoided relegation. Italy would not return to the contest until three years later.[1] On the other hand, Luxembourg has not competed in the contest again ever since.
For the third time in a row Ireland won the contest with the song "Rock 'n' Roll Kids", performed by Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan, and written by Brendan Graham. Never before had a country won 3 times in a row in the history of the contest. At the same time, it was also a record sixth win, cementing Ireland as the country with the most wins in Eurovision history. Poland, Germany, Hungary and Malta rounded out the top five. Poland achieved the best result for a debut entry since 1957, and would remain as the record holder in that regard until 2007.
For the first time in Eurovision history, voting was done via satellite instead of by telephone, and as a result, viewers could see the spokespeople onscreen.[2]
Location
Ireland hosted the contest for the fifth time after winning the 1993 contest in Millstreet. Dublin was chosen to be the host city, making it the fourth time that the Eurovision Song Contest was staged in the Irish capital. For the first time, the venue for the contest was the Point Theatre located on the North Wall Quay of the River Liffey, amongst the Dublin Docklands.
Contest overview
The contest opened with a brief film starring Macnas, a popular street group celebrating Walpurgis Night, with a replica Viking longboat sailing through the river Liffey with stars floating in water, fireworks and various caricatures dancing around various central Dublin locations. The cameras then went live to the venue itself, where dancers dressed in white and wearing caricatured heads of well-known Irish figures, arrived on stage carrying European countries’ flags. The presenters entered the stage spectacularly from a bridge which descended from the roof of the theatre.
This year's video postcards had a literary theme, showing contestants reading, fishing and doing other activities around Ireland while others doing in a separate studio (i.e. singing their snippet from their songs, doing photoshoots and others). The stage, by Paula Farrell, was four times larger than the Millstreet stage, and its design which included a city scene of skyscrapers and video screens plus a backdrop of an ever-changing night sky was based upon the concept of what a futuristic Dublin might look like with one remaining constant being the river Liffey. The floor was painted with dark blue reflective paint to give a watery effect resembling Dublin bay.
During the dress rehearsal, Polish representative Edyta Górniak broke the contest's rules by singing her song in English. The dress rehearsal is the performance shown to the juries who would select the winner. Only six countries demanded that Poland should be disqualified, though the rules required thirteen countries to complain before Poland could be removed from the competition.[3] The proposed removal did not occur and Poland went on to come 2nd in the contest, the highest placing that any country's debut song had ever achieved until 2007 (the winner in 1956 was Switzerland's second song of the night).[4][5]
When the voting started, Hungary took the lead from the first six juries and were well ahead of all the other countries. However, Ireland powered their way through the score board ending up the winners with a 60-point lead over second-placed Poland.
The interval act was the first-ever performance of the Irish dancing spectacular Riverdance, a then-unknown Irish act which combines folk music with modern dance. After being featured in the contest, Riverdance became a global phenomenon, arguably even eclipsing the popularity of the winning song and remaining popular to this day.[6]
Participating countries
Qualification
In order to allow new countries to participate in the contest, a relegation system was announced by the EBU in summer of 1993. The bottom seven countries from the 1993 contest were prevented from participating to allow seven new countries to make their debut. As the seven countries to place the lowest the previous year, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Israel, Luxembourg, Slovenia and Turkey were the countries to take part in the first relegation, to make room for entries from Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia and Slovakia.[6][7] Italy subsequently declined to participate in the 1994 contest, allowing Cyprus, as the highest-placed relegated country in 1993, to be readmitted.[7]
Conductors
With the exception of Ireland, each performance had a conductor who directed the orchestra.[8][7] Ireland's Noel Kelehan, the musical director and a Eurovision veteran, conducted the songs from three countries, but not his home country's song.[a]
- Sweden – Anders Berglund
- Finland – Olli Ahvenlahti
- Ireland – no conductor
- Cyprus – George Theofanous
- Iceland – Frank McNamara
- United Kingdom – Michael Reed
- Croatia – Miljenko Prohaska
- Portugal – Thilo Krasmann
- Switzerland – Valeriano Chiaravalle
- Estonia – Urmas Lattikas
- Romania – Noel Kelehan
- Malta – Anthony Chircop
- Netherlands – Harry van Hoof
- Germany – Norbert Daum
- Slovakia – Vladimír Valovič
- Lithuania – Tomas Leiburas
- Norway – Pete Knutsen
- Bosnia and Herzegovina – Sinan Alimanović
- Greece – Noel Kelehan
- Austria – Hermann Weindorf
- Spain – Josep Llobell
- Hungary – Péter Wolf
- Russia – Lev Zemlinski
- Poland – Noel Kelehan
- France – Alain Goraguer
Returning artists
| Artist | Country | Previous year(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Evridiki | Cyprus | 1983 (backing singer for Stavros and Constantina), 1987 (backing singer for Alexia), 1992 |
| Sigga | Iceland | 1990 (part of Stjórnin), 1992 (member of Heart 2 Heart) |
| Elisabeth Andreasson (with Jan Werner Danielsen) | Norway | 1982 (for Sweden, member of Chips), 1985 (member of Bobbysocks!) |
| Marie Bergman (with Roger Pontare) | Sweden | 1971 and 1972 (member of Family Four) |
| Rhonda Heath (backing vocalist for MeKaDo) | Germany | 1977 (member of Silver Convention) |
Participants and results
| R/O | Country | Artist | Song | Language[9][10] | Points | Place[11] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sweden | Marie Bergman and Roger Pontare | "Stjärnorna" | Swedish | 48 | 13 |
| 2 | Finland | CatCat | "Bye Bye Baby" | Finnish[b] | 11 | 22 |
| 3 | Ireland | Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan | "Rock 'n' Roll Kids" | English | 226 | 1 |
| 4 | Cyprus | Evridiki | "Ime anthropos ki ego" (Είμαι άνθρωπος κι εγώ) | Greek | 51 | 11 |
| 5 | Iceland | Sigga | "Nætur" | Icelandic | 49 | 12 |
| 6 | United Kingdom | Frances Ruffelle | "We Will Be Free (Lonely Symphony)" | English | 63 | 10 |
| 7 | Croatia | Tony Cetinski | "Nek' ti bude ljubav sva" | Croatian | 27 | 16 |
| 8 | Portugal | Sara Tavares | "Chamar a música" | Portuguese | 73 | 8 |
| 9 | Switzerland | Duilio | "Sto pregando" | Italian | 15 | 19 |
| 10 | Estonia | Silvi Vrait | "Nagu merelaine" | Estonian | 2 | 24 |
| 11 | Romania | Dan Bittman | "Dincolo de nori" | Romanian | 14 | 21 |
| 12 | Malta | Moira Stafrace and Christopher Scicluna | "More than Love" | English | 97 | 5 |
| 13 | Netherlands | Willeke Alberti | "Waar is de zon" | Dutch | 4 | 23 |
| 14 | Germany | Mekado | "Wir geben 'ne Party" | German[b] | 128 | 3 |
| 15 | Slovakia | Martin Ďurinda and Tublatanka | "Nekonečná pieseň" | Slovak | 15 | 19 |
| 16 | Lithuania | Ovidijus Vyšniauskas | "Lopšinė mylimai" | Lithuanian | 0 | 25 |
| 17 | Norway | Elisabeth Andreasson and Jan Werner Danielsen | "Duett" | Norwegian | 76 | 6 |
| 18 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Alma and Dejan | "Ostani kraj mene" | Bosnian | 39 | 15 |
| 19 | Greece | Kostas Bigalis and the Sea Lovers | "To trehandiri (Diri Diri)" (Το τρεχαντήρι (Ντίρι Ντίρι)) | Greek | 44 | 14 |
| 20 | Austria | Petra Frey | "Für den Frieden der Welt" | German | 19 | 17 |
| 21 | Spain | Alejandro Abad | "Ella no es ella" | Spanish | 17 | 18 |
| 22 | Hungary | Friderika Bayer | "Kinek mondjam el vétkeimet?" | Hungarian | 122 | 4 |
| 23 | Russia | Youddiph | "Vechny strannik" (Вечный странник) | Russian | 70 | 9 |
| 24 | Poland | Edyta Górniak | "To nie ja!" | Polish | 166 | 2 |
| 25 | France | Nina Morato | "Je suis un vrai garçon" | French | 74 | 7 |
Detailed voting results
Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries.[12] The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order.[13] The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.
| Sweden | 48 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finland | 11 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ireland | 226 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 12 | 12 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 8 | 8 | ||
| Cyprus | 51 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 3 | |||||||||||||||
| Iceland | 49 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 4 | ||||||||||||
| United Kingdom | 63 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | |||||||||
| Croatia | 27 | 10 | 12 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Portugal | 73 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 12 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 6 | ||||||||||||
| Switzerland | 15 | 8 | 2 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Estonia | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Romania | 14 | 6 | 2 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Malta | 97 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 7 | 12 | 7 | |||||||||
| Netherlands | 4 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Germany | 128 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 3 | 12 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 8 | 12 | 7 | 7 | |||||
| Slovakia | 15 | 12 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lithuania | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Norway | 76 | 7 | 3 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 8 | ||||||||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 39 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Greece | 44 | 2 | 4 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | |||||||||||||||
| Austria | 19 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Spain | 17 | 5 | 2 | 8 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Hungary | 122 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 12 | 7 | |||||||
| Russia | 70 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 1 | ||||||||
| Poland | 166 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 12 | 8 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 7 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 4 | 12 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 6 | 12 | ||||
| France | 74 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 10 | 6 | ||||||||||||
12 points
The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold.
| N. | Contestant | Nation(s) giving 12 points |
|---|---|---|
| 8 | Ireland | Croatia, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Switzerland |
| 5 | Poland | Austria, Estonia, France, Lithuania, United Kingdom |
| 4 | Hungary | Ireland, Finland, Poland, Sweden |
| 2 | Germany | Hungary, Romania |
| 1 | Croatia | Slovakia |
| Cyprus | Greece | |
| Greece | Cyprus | |
| Malta | Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Portugal | Spain | |
| Slovakia | Malta |
Spokespersons
Each country nominated a spokesperson who was responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country.[16] For the first time the spokespersons were connected via satellite rather than through telephone lines, allowing them to appear in vision during the broadcast.[6][12] Spokespersons at the 1994 contest are listed below.[13]
- Sweden – Marianne Anderberg[17]
- Finland – Solveig Herlin
- Ireland – Eileen Dunne[18]
- Cyprus – Anna Partelidou
- Iceland – Sigríður Arnardóttir
- United Kingdom – Colin Berry[12]
- Croatia – Helga Vlahović[19]
- Portugal – Isabel Bahia
- Switzerland – Sandra Studer
- Estonia – Urve Tiidus[20]
- Romania – Cristina Țopescu
- Malta – John Demanuele[21]
- Netherlands – Joop van Os[22]
- Germany – Carmen Nebel
- Slovakia – Juraj Čurný
- Lithuania – Gitana Lapinskaitė[23]
- Norway – Sverre Christophersen
- Bosnia and Herzegovina – Diana Grković-Foretić
- Greece – Fotini Giannoulatou
- Austria – Tilia Herold
- Spain – María Ángeles Balañac
- Hungary – Iván Bradányi
- Russia – Irina Klenskaya
- Poland – Jan Chojnacki
- France – Laurent Romejko
Broadcasts
Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers.[24] Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.
| Country | Broadcaster | Channel(s) | Commentator(s) | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | SBS | SBS TV[d] | Unknown | [82] |
| Belgium | BRTN | BRTN TV2 | André Vermeulen | [56][57][83] |
| RTBF | RTBF1 | Jean-Pierre Hautier | [57][84] | |
| Denmark | DR | DR TV | Jørgen de Mylius | [85] |
| Slovenia | RTV SLO | SLO 1 | Unknown | [86] |
| Turkey | TRT | TRT 1 | Unknown | [87] |
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ Both Irish commentator Pat Kenny and British commentator Terry Wogan credited Kelehan as the conductor of the Irish entry, but Kenny specified that he only led a minimal arrangement of drums and bass. Nevertheless, he didn't take the traditional conductor's bow, and virtually no drum or bass accompaniment could be heard during the performance.
- ^ a b Contains some words in English
- ^ a b Broadcast through a second audio programme on SF DRS[26]
- ^ Deferred broadcast on 1 May 1994 at 20:30 AEST (10:30 UTC)[82]
References
- ^ "Eurovision Song Contest history". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
- ^ "Winners of the 1990s - What happened to them?". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
- ^ "1994: Edyta Górniak – Eurowizja.org – najwięcej o Eurowizji". 1 March 2021.
- ^ . eurovision-contest.eu. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
- ^ "Eurovision Song Contest 1994". Eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
- ^ a b c "Dublin 1994 – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ a b c Roxburgh 2020, pp. 168–181.
- ^ "And the conductor is..." Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- ^ "Eurovision Song Contest 1994". The Diggiloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ "Eurovision Song Contest 1994". 4Lyrics.eu. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- ^ "Final of Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d Roxburgh 2020, pp. 178–180.
- ^ a b Eurovision Song Contest 1994 (Television programme). Dublin, Ireland: Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 30 April 1994.
- ^ a b "Results of the Final of Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ a b . European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
- ^ "How it works – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ a b c Thorsson, Leif; Verhage, Martin (2006). Melodifestivalen genom tiderna : de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna (in Swedish). Stockholm: Premium Publishing. pp. 242–243. ISBN 91-89136-29-2.
- ^ O'Loughlin, Mikie (8 June 2021). "RTE Eileen Dunne's marriage to soap star Macdara O'Fatharta, their wedding day and grown up son Cormac". RSVP Live. Reach plc. from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
- ^ "Helga Vlahović: 1990 presenter has died". European Broadcasting Union. 27 February 2012. from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Eesti žürii punktid edastab Eurovisioonil Tanel Padar" (in Estonian). Muusika Planeet. 14 May 2022. from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
- ^ "Malta fifth in Euro contest". Times of Malta. 1 May 1994. p. 1.
- ^ "Nederlandse jurywoordvoerders bij het Eurovisie Songfestival" (in Dutch). Eurovision Artists. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ Juršėnaitė, Eimantė (18 May 2019). "Pirmojoje nacionalinėje „Eurovizijos" atrankoje dalyvavo ir šiandien pažįstami veidai" (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian National Radio and Television. from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "The Rules of the Contest". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Austria – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ a b c d "TV + Radio – Samstag". Bieler Tagblatt (in German). Biel, Switzerland. 30 April 1994. p. 22. Retrieved 4 November 2022 – via e-newspaperarchives.ch.
- ^ Halbhuber, Axel (22 May 2015). "Ein virtueller Disput der ESC-Kommentatoren". Kurier (in German). from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ "Bosnia and Herzegovina – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Croatia – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "TV-program". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Split, Croatia. 30 April 1994. p. 63. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ "Eurosong seli u Belfast kao glazbeni zalog miru?". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Split, Croatia. 5 May 1994. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ "Cyprus – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ Karnakis, Kostas (24 February 2019). "H Eυριδίκη επιστρέφει στην... Eurovision! Όλες οι λεπτομέρειες..." AlphaNews (in Greek). from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ "Estonia – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Televisioon". Post (in Estonian). 30 April 1994. p. 4. Retrieved 4 November 2022 – via DIGAR Eesti artiklid.
- ^ "Vello Rand: väga raske on ennustada, milline laul Dublinis võidab". Post (in Estonian). 28 April 1994. p. 1. Retrieved 4 November 2022 – via DIGAR Eesti artiklid.
- ^ "Finland – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Televisio & Radio". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 30 April 1994. pp. D11–D12. Retrieved 23 December 2022. (subscription required)
- ^ "France – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ a b "Programmes TV – Samedi 13 mai". Le Matin (in French). Lausanne, Switzerland: Edipresse. 30 April 1994. p. 32. Retrieved 4 November 2022 – via Scriptorium Digital Library.
- ^ "Germany – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Greece – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Eurovision 2020: Γιώργος Καπουτζίδης -Μαρία Κοζάκου στον σχολιασμό του διαγωνισμού για την ΕΡΤ" (in Greek). Matrix24. 12 February 2020. from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ "Hungary – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Televízió – szombat április 30". Rádió és TeleVízió újság (in Hungarian). 25 April 1994. p. 47. from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022 – via MTVA Archívum.
- ^ "Iceland – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Dagskrá – laugurdagur 30/4". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). 28 April 1994. p. 4. Retrieved 4 November 2022 – via Timarit.is.
- ^ "Ireland – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Saturday: Television and Radio". The Irish Times Weekend. 30 April 1994. p. 6. Retrieved 19 December 2022. (subscription required)
- ^ Walsh, Niamh (3 September 2017). "Pat Kenny: 'As Long As People Still Want Me I'll Keep Coming To Work'". evoke.ie. from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- ^ "Lithuania – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ a b "TV – sobota, 30 kwietnia" (PDF). Kurier Wileński (in Polish). 30 April 1994. p. 11. Retrieved 28 October 2022 – via Polonijna Biblioteka Cyfrowa.
- ^ "Malta – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Television". Times of Malta. 30 April 1994. p. 28.
- ^ "Netherlands – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ a b "Programma's RTV Zaterdag". Leidsch Dagblad (in Dutch). 30 April 1994. p. 8. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ a b c "Televisie en radio zaterdag". Limburgs Dagblad (in Dutch). Heerlen, Netherlands. 30 April 1994. p. 43. Retrieved 12 December 2022 – via Delpher.
- ^ "Norway – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ a b "TV – Lørdag 30. april". Moss Dagblad (in Norwegian). 30 April 1994. p. 36. Retrieved 4 November 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Norgeskanael P1 – Kjøreplan lørdag 30. april 1994" (in Norwegian). NRK. 30 April 1994. p. 17. Retrieved 4 November 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Artur Orzech - Eurowizja, żona, dzieci, wiek, wzrost, komentarze" (in Polish). Radio Eska. 18 May 2021. from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ "Poland – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Portugal – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Programa da televisão". A Comarca de Arganil (in Portuguese). 28 April 1994. p. 8. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ Firmino, Tiago (7 April 2018). "O número do dia. Quantos festivais comentou Eládio Clímaco na televisão portuguesa?" (in Portuguese). N-TV. from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ "Romania – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Televiziune – sâmbătă 30 aprile 1994". Panoramic Radio-TV (in Romanian). p. 20. from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ Vacaru, Clara (2 October 2015). [You can barely recognize her! How did Gabi Cristea look 20 years ago when she made her television debut]. Libertatea (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
- ^ "Russia – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Nedelya televizionnogo ekrana" Неделя телевизионного экрана (PDF). Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). 22 April 1994. pp. 6–7. (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
- ^ "Slovakia – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Spain – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Televisión". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 30 April 1994. p. 6. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ Altares, Guillermo (30 April 1994). "Festival de Eurovisión". El País (in Spanish). from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022. (registration required)
- ^ HerGar, Paula (28 March 2018). "Todos los comentaristas de la historia de España en Eurovisión (y una única mujer en solitario)" (in Spanish). Los 40. from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ^ "Sweden – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Switzerland – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ Roxburgh 2020, pp. 170–178.
- ^ "Eurovision Song Contest – BBC One". Radio Times. 30 April 1994. Retrieved 4 November 2022 – via BBC Genome Project.
- ^ "Eurovision Song Contest – BBC Radio 2". Radio Times. 30 April 1994. Retrieved 4 November 2022 – via BBC Genome Project.
- ^ "United Kingdom – Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ a b "Today's television". The Canberra Times. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 1 May 1994. p. 32. Retrieved 4 November 2022 – via Trove.
- ^ Smolders, Thomas (8 April 2014). "VRT schuift André Vermeulen opzij bij Eurovisiesongfestival". De Morgen (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- ^ "Francophone Belgian Commentator Passes Away". European Broadcasting Union. 15 October 2012. from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ "Programoversigt – 30/04/1994" (in Danish). LARM.fm. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ "Panorama – sobota, 30. aprila 1994" (PDF). Gorenjski glas (in Slovenian). 29 April 1994. p. 14. (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
- ^ "TV Programları". Cumhuriyet 2 (in Turkish). 30 April 1994. p. 4. from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
Bibliography
- O'Connor, John Kennedy (2010). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History (2nd ed.). London: Carlton Books. ISBN 978-1-84732-521-1.
- Roxburgh, Gordon (2020). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Four: The 1990s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-163-9.
External links
- Official website