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Old Left

January 01, 1970

The Old Left is an informal umbrella term used to describe the various left-wing political movements in the Western world prior to the 1960s. Many of these movements were Marxist movements that often took a more vanguardist approach to social justice; focused primarily on labor unionization and social class in the West.[1] Generally, the Old Left, unlike the New, focused more on economic issues than cultural ones.

The Old Left often overlooked social matters such as abortion, drugs, feminism, gay rights, gender roles, and immigration. While some parties within the Old Left eventually embraced gay rights, influenced by movements like Eurocommunism, others remained focused on only advocating for the working class, like the Communist Party of Greece and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. The Old Left frequently opposed immigration, viewing it as a strategy employed by employers to lower wages. Historical leaders such as Marx and Engels either disregarded or displayed hostility towards homosexuality. In fact, in the Soviet Union, male homosexuality was considered a crime, a law which would not be revoked until 1993 after the dissolution of the USSR.

The emergence of the New Left, which initially originated in the UK, witnessed a shift away from the focus on class struggle and Marxist views of labor. New Left theorists like Herbert Marcuse emphasized instead the liberation of human sexuality.

Social policy edit

Unlike the New Left, the Old Left puts less emphasis on social issues such as identity politics, intersectionality, abortion, drugs, feminism, gay rights, gender roles, immigration and the abolition of the capital punishment; some Old Leftists outright oppose the New Left positions on these issues. Since the mid-1970s with the advent of revisionist movements such as Eurocommunism (and earlier in the Anglosphere, the New Left), some parties on the far left in the West have begun to adopt homosexual rights from the New Left as part of their platform while parties in the East such as the Communist Party of Greece and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation have rejected this move and continue to focus exclusively on working class as the Old Left.[2][3][4] The party voted against the Civil Partnerships Bill proposed by Syriza, responding: "With the formation of a socialist-communist society, a new type of partnership will undoubtedly be formed—a relatively stable heterosexual relationship and reproduction".[5]

Militant was a Trotskyist entryist group in the British Labour Party, based around the Militant newspaper launched in 1964. According to Michael Crick, its politics were influenced by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky and "virtually nobody else".[6] Militant has been cited as an example of left-wing opposition to feminism and gay rights initiatives within the labour movement in the early 1980s, specifically within the context of reaction to the financial support given to gay rights groups by the Greater London Council under the leadership of Ken Livingstone.[7] While Militant was present in Labour Party women's sections, claiming forty delegates attended the Labour Party women's conference in 1981, it opposed feminism which declared that men were the enemy, or the cause of women's oppression.[8]

Immigration edit

The Old Left sometimes took a stance hostile to immigration, promoting policies that would preserve the ethnic homogeneity of the country. Australian Prime Minister John Curtin, who was part of the Australian Labor Party, reinforced the White Australia Policy and said the following in his defense: "This country shall remain forever the home of the descendants of those people who came here in peace in order to establish in the South Seas an outpost of the British race."[9] Arthur Calwell, another Old Leftist who led the Australian Labor Party in the 1960s, strongly defended the White Australia Policy and said the following: "I am proud of my white skin, just as a Chinese is proud of his yellow skin, a Japanese of his brown skin, and the Indians of their various hues from black to coffee-coloured. Anybody who is not proud of his race is not a man at all. And any man who tries to stigmatize the Australian community as racist because they want to preserve this country for the white race is doing our nation great harm ... I reject, in conscience, the idea that Australia should or ever can become a multi-racial society and survive."[10] Left-wing Labor members perceived unrestricted immigration as a ploy by owners to drive down wages, resulting in the leadership of labor unions often being skeptical of expanded immigration.

As late as 2015, Bernie Sanders criticized open borders a "Koch brothers proposal", although he later switched to the more New Left position welcoming to immigration.[11]

Homosexuality edit

Communist leaders and intellectuals took many different positions on LGBT rights issues. Marx and Engels wrote little on the subject; Marx in particular commented rarely on sexuality in general. Writing for Political Affairs, Norman Markowitz writes: "Here, to be frank, one finds from Marx a refusal to entertain the subject, and from Engels open hostility to the individuals involved".[12] This is because in private Engels criticized male homosexuality and related it to ancient Greek pederasty,[13] saying that "[the ancient Greeks] fell into the abominable practice of sodomy [Knabenliebe, meaning 'boy love" or pederasty] and degraded alike their gods and themselves with the myth of Ganymede".[14] Engels also said that the pro-pederast movement "cannot fail to triumph. Guerre aux cons, paix aus trous-de-cul [war on the cunts, peace to the arse-holes] will now be the slogan".[15] Engels also referred to Dr. Karl Boruttau as a Schwanzschwule ("gay prick") in private.[16]

The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality is unequivocal on Marx and Engels view of homosexuality, stating in volume 2: "There can be little doubt that, as far as they thought of the matter at all, Marx and Engels were personally homo-phobic, as shown by an acerbic 1869 exchange of letter on Jean-Baptiste von Schweitzer, a German socialist rival. Schweitzer had been arrested in a park on a morals charge and not only did Marx and Engels refuse to join a committee defending him, they resorted to the cheapest form of bathroom humor in their private comments about the affair".[17]

In 1933, Joseph Stalin added Article 121 to the entire Soviet Union criminal code, which made male homosexuality a crime punishable by up to five years in prison with hard labor. The precise reason for Article 121 is in some dispute among historians. The few official government statements made about the law tended to confuse homosexuality with pedophilia and was tied up with a belief that homosexuality was only practiced among fascists or the aristocracy. The law remained intact until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and was repealed in 1993.[18][19] Gay men were sometimes denied membership or expelled from Communist parties across the globe during the 20th century as most Communist parties followed the social precedents set by the Soviet Union.[20]

The West was less beholden to Soviet ideas. Notable Western gay members of Communist parties included Mark Ashton, founder of Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners[21] and LGBT rights advocate, a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain;[22] and Harry Hay, a gay rights activist, labor advocate,[23] Native American civil rights campaigner,[24] Mattachine Society founder,[25] co-founder of Los Angeles Gay Liberation Front,[26] and a member of the Communist Party USA.[27]

The Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova (PSRM) is a party which strongly opposes LGBT rights in Moldova and works with nationalist, right-wing and religious movements to counter the "promotion of vice spread with the help of the US in Moldova"; the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) holds similar positions.[28][29] The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF) supported an anti-gay law in 2013.[30] The Communist Party of Greece (KKE) voted against the introduction of same-sex civil unions in 2015, but has also criticized homophobia and discrimination in general.[31][32]

Emergence of the New Left edit

The New Left arose first among dissenting intellectuals and campus groups in the United Kingdom and later alongside campuses in the United States and in the Western bloc.

The German critical theorist Herbert Marcuse is referred to as the "Father of the New Left". Marcuse rejected the theory of class struggle and the Marxist concern with labor. According to Leszek Kołakowski, Marcuse argued that since "all questions of material existence have been solved, moral commands and prohibitions are no longer relevant". He regarded the realization of man's erotic nature as the true liberation of humanity, which inspired the utopias of Jerry Rubin and others.[33]

Between 1943 and 1950, Marcuse worked in U.S. government service for the Office of Strategic Services (predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency) and criticized the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the book Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis (1958). After his studies, in the 1960s and the 1970s he became known as the pre-eminent theorist of the New Left and the student movements of West Germany, France and the United States.

Parties that subscribe to the Old Left edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Cynthia Kaufman (2003). Ideas For Action: Relevant Theory For Radical Change. South End Press. ISBN 9780896086937.
    - Todd Gitlin, "The Left's Lost Universalism", in Arthur M. Melzer, Jerry Weinberger and M. Richard Zinman, eds., Politics at the Turn of the Century, pp. 3–26 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001)
    - Grant Farred (2000). "Endgame Identity? Mapping the New Left Roots of Identity Politics". New Literary History. 31 (4): 627–648. doi:10.1353/nlh.2000.0045. JSTOR 20057628. S2CID 144650061.
  2. ^ "Greece passes bill allowing civil partnerships for same-sex couples". The Guardian. Reuters. 22 December 2015.
  3. ^ "Κουτσούμπας: Όχι στο σύμφωνο συμβίωσης και στο δικαίωμα υιοθεσίας για ομοφυλόφιλους". mao.gr. 28 August 2014.
  4. ^ "After all, homophobia is a Greek word".
  5. ^ "Greek Communist Party Pushes Anti-Gay Bigotry". www.icl-fi.org.
  6. ^ Crick 1986, p. 3.
  7. ^ Stephen Brooke (24 November 2011). Sexual Politics: Sexuality, Family Planning, and the British Left from the 1880s to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. pp. 236–237. ISBN 978-0-19-956254-1.
  8. ^ Peter Taaffe (November 1995). The Rise of Militant. Militant Publications. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-906-582473.
  9. ^ "Fact sheet – Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy". Australian Government Department of Home Affairs. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  10. ^ Calwell, Be Just and Fear Not, 117
  11. ^ Matthews, Dylan (29 July 2015). "Bernie Sanders's fear of immigrant labor is ugly – and wrongheaded". Vox. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  12. ^ Markowitz, Norman (6 August 2013). . politicalaffairs.net. Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  13. ^ Kon, Igor (1995). The Sexual Revolution in Russia: From the Age of the Czars to Today. Simon & Schuster. pp. 52–53.
  14. ^ Angus, Ian; Riddell, John. . International Socialist Review. No. 70. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  15. ^ Engels. . Australian National University. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
  16. ^ Ireland, Doug. . New Politics. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  17. ^ "Marxism" in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Volume 2
  18. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Russia: Update to RUS13194 of 16 February 1993 on the treatment of homosexuals". Refworld. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  19. ^ Buetikofer, Anne (11 April 1999). . Savanne. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  20. ^ Ireland, Doug. . Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  21. ^ Kelliher 2014.
  22. ^ Skeates 2007.
  23. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 64–65.
  24. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 193–197.
  25. ^ Timmons 1990, pp. 143–145.
  26. ^ Timmons 1990, p. 230.
  27. ^ Markowitz, Norman (6 August 2013). . Political Affairs. Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  28. ^ . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018.
  29. ^ "Voronin vrea referendum "anti-homosexuali"". point.md (in Russian). Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  30. ^ "Russian MPs vote overwhelmingly to outlaw gay 'propaganda'". Euronews. 11 June 2013.
  31. ^ Epochi, rizospastis gr | Synchroni (20 December 2015). "rizospastis.gr - Η θέση του ΚΚΕ για το Σύμφωνο Συμβίωσης". ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΗΣ (in Greek). Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  32. ^ "Δήλωση του Δημήτρη Κουτσούμπα για τη Διεθνή Ημέρα κατά της Ομοφοβίας". www.kke.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  33. ^ Kołakowski, Leszek (1981). Main Currents of Marxism. Vol. III: The Breakdown. Oxford University Press. p. 416. ISBN 0192851098.

January 01, 1970
left, this, article, need, rewritten, comply, with, wikipedia, quality, standards, disproportionate, somewhat, misleading, focus, lgbt, issues, help, talk, page, contain, suggestions, august, 2018, informal, umbrella, term, used, describe, various, left, wing,. This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia s quality standards as it has a disproportionate and somewhat misleading focus on LGBT issues You can help The talk page may contain suggestions August 2018 The Old Left is an informal umbrella term used to describe the various left wing political movements in the Western world prior to the 1960s Many of these movements were Marxist movements that often took a more vanguardist approach to social justice focused primarily on labor unionization and social class in the West 1 Generally the Old Left unlike the New focused more on economic issues than cultural ones The Old Left often overlooked social matters such as abortion drugs feminism gay rights gender roles and immigration While some parties within the Old Left eventually embraced gay rights influenced by movements like Eurocommunism others remained focused on only advocating for the working class like the Communist Party of Greece and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation The Old Left frequently opposed immigration viewing it as a strategy employed by employers to lower wages Historical leaders such as Marx and Engels either disregarded or displayed hostility towards homosexuality In fact in the Soviet Union male homosexuality was considered a crime a law which would not be revoked until 1993 after the dissolution of the USSR The emergence of the New Left which initially originated in the UK witnessed a shift away from the focus on class struggle and Marxist views of labor New Left theorists like Herbert Marcuse emphasized instead the liberation of human sexuality Contents 1 Social policy 1 1 Immigration 1 2 Homosexuality 2 Emergence of the New Left 3 Parties that subscribe to the Old Left 4 See also 5 ReferencesSocial policy editUnlike the New Left the Old Left puts less emphasis on social issues such as identity politics intersectionality abortion drugs feminism gay rights gender roles immigration and the abolition of the capital punishment some Old Leftists outright oppose the New Left positions on these issues Since the mid 1970s with the advent of revisionist movements such as Eurocommunism and earlier in the Anglosphere the New Left some parties on the far left in the West have begun to adopt homosexual rights from the New Left as part of their platform while parties in the East such as the Communist Party of Greece and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation have rejected this move and continue to focus exclusively on working class as the Old Left 2 3 4 The party voted against the Civil Partnerships Bill proposed by Syriza responding With the formation of a socialist communist society a new type of partnership will undoubtedly be formed a relatively stable heterosexual relationship and reproduction 5 Militant was a Trotskyist entryist group in the British Labour Party based around the Militant newspaper launched in 1964 According to Michael Crick its politics were influenced by Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky and virtually nobody else 6 Militant has been cited as an example of left wing opposition to feminism and gay rights initiatives within the labour movement in the early 1980s specifically within the context of reaction to the financial support given to gay rights groups by the Greater London Council under the leadership of Ken Livingstone 7 While Militant was present in Labour Party women s sections claiming forty delegates attended the Labour Party women s conference in 1981 it opposed feminism which declared that men were the enemy or the cause of women s oppression 8 Immigration edit The Old Left sometimes took a stance hostile to immigration promoting policies that would preserve the ethnic homogeneity of the country Australian Prime Minister John Curtin who was part of the Australian Labor Party reinforced the White Australia Policy and said the following in his defense This country shall remain forever the home of the descendants of those people who came here in peace in order to establish in the South Seas an outpost of the British race 9 Arthur Calwell another Old Leftist who led the Australian Labor Party in the 1960s strongly defended the White Australia Policy and said the following I am proud of my white skin just as a Chinese is proud of his yellow skin a Japanese of his brown skin and the Indians of their various hues from black to coffee coloured Anybody who is not proud of his race is not a man at all And any man who tries to stigmatize the Australian community as racist because they want to preserve this country for the white race is doing our nation great harm I reject in conscience the idea that Australia should or ever can become a multi racial society and survive 10 Left wing Labor members perceived unrestricted immigration as a ploy by owners to drive down wages resulting in the leadership of labor unions often being skeptical of expanded immigration As late as 2015 Bernie Sanders criticized open borders a Koch brothers proposal although he later switched to the more New Left position welcoming to immigration 11 Homosexuality edit Communist leaders and intellectuals took many different positions on LGBT rights issues Marx and Engels wrote little on the subject Marx in particular commented rarely on sexuality in general Writing for Political Affairs Norman Markowitz writes Here to be frank one finds from Marx a refusal to entertain the subject and from Engels open hostility to the individuals involved 12 This is because in private Engels criticized male homosexuality and related it to ancient Greek pederasty 13 saying that the ancient Greeks fell into the abominable practice of sodomy Knabenliebe meaning boy love or pederasty and degraded alike their gods and themselves with the myth of Ganymede 14 Engels also said that the pro pederast movement cannot fail to triumph Guerre aux cons paix aus trous de cul war on the cunts peace to the arse holes will now be the slogan 15 Engels also referred to Dr Karl Boruttau as a Schwanzschwule gay prick in private 16 The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality is unequivocal on Marx and Engels view of homosexuality stating in volume 2 There can be little doubt that as far as they thought of the matter at all Marx and Engels were personally homo phobic as shown by an acerbic 1869 exchange of letter on Jean Baptiste von Schweitzer a German socialist rival Schweitzer had been arrested in a park on a morals charge and not only did Marx and Engels refuse to join a committee defending him they resorted to the cheapest form of bathroom humor in their private comments about the affair 17 In 1933 Joseph Stalin added Article 121 to the entire Soviet Union criminal code which made male homosexuality a crime punishable by up to five years in prison with hard labor The precise reason for Article 121 is in some dispute among historians The few official government statements made about the law tended to confuse homosexuality with pedophilia and was tied up with a belief that homosexuality was only practiced among fascists or the aristocracy The law remained intact until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and was repealed in 1993 18 19 Gay men were sometimes denied membership or expelled from Communist parties across the globe during the 20th century as most Communist parties followed the social precedents set by the Soviet Union 20 The West was less beholden to Soviet ideas Notable Western gay members of Communist parties included Mark Ashton founder of Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners 21 and LGBT rights advocate a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain 22 and Harry Hay a gay rights activist labor advocate 23 Native American civil rights campaigner 24 Mattachine Society founder 25 co founder of Los Angeles Gay Liberation Front 26 and a member of the Communist Party USA 27 The Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova PSRM is a party which strongly opposes LGBT rights in Moldova and works with nationalist right wing and religious movements to counter the promotion of vice spread with the help of the US in Moldova the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova PCRM holds similar positions 28 29 The Communist Party of the Russian Federation KPRF supported an anti gay law in 2013 30 The Communist Party of Greece KKE voted against the introduction of same sex civil unions in 2015 but has also criticized homophobia and discrimination in general 31 32 Emergence of the New Left editThe New Left arose first among dissenting intellectuals and campus groups in the United Kingdom and later alongside campuses in the United States and in the Western bloc The German critical theorist Herbert Marcuse is referred to as the Father of the New Left Marcuse rejected the theory of class struggle and the Marxist concern with labor According to Leszek Kolakowski Marcuse argued that since all questions of material existence have been solved moral commands and prohibitions are no longer relevant He regarded the realization of man s erotic nature as the true liberation of humanity which inspired the utopias of Jerry Rubin and others 33 Between 1943 and 1950 Marcuse worked in U S government service for the Office of Strategic Services predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency and criticized the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the book Soviet Marxism A Critical Analysis 1958 After his studies in the 1960s and the 1970s he became known as the pre eminent theorist of the New Left and the student movements of West Germany France and the United States Parties that subscribe to the Old Left editBundnis Sahra Wagenknecht Communist Party of Greece since 1918 Direction Social Democracy Portuguese Communist Party since 1921 Communist Party Italy since 2009 Communist Party of the Russian Federation since 1993 Communist Party of Ukraine since 1993 Communist Party of Belarus since 1996 People s Party of Kazakhstan since 2004 Communist Party of South Ossetia since 1993 Party of Communists of Kyrgyzstan since 1992 Communist Party of Tajikistan since 1918 Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova since 1997 Polish Communist Party 2002 Party of the Bulgarian Communists since 1999 Hungarian Workers Party since 1989 Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia since 1990 Communist Party of Albania 1991 Communitarian Party of Romania since 2010 Workers Party of Britain since 2019 citation needed Communist Party of Britain Communist Party Sweden Communist Party of Great Britain Marxist Leninist Communists of Russia since 2009 See also editLeft wing politics Left wing populism New Left Old Right disambiguation Paleoism disambiguation References edit Cynthia Kaufman 2003 Ideas For Action Relevant Theory For Radical Change South End Press ISBN 9780896086937 Todd Gitlin The Left s Lost Universalism in Arthur M Melzer Jerry Weinberger and M Richard Zinman eds Politics at the Turn of the Century pp 3 26 Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 2001 Grant Farred 2000 Endgame Identity Mapping the New Left Roots of Identity Politics New Literary History 31 4 627 648 doi 10 1353 nlh 2000 0045 JSTOR 20057628 S2CID 144650061 Greece passes bill allowing civil partnerships for same sex couples The Guardian Reuters 22 December 2015 Koytsoympas Oxi sto symfwno symbiwshs kai sto dikaiwma yio8esias gia omofylofiloys mao gr 28 August 2014 After all homophobia is a Greek word Greek Communist Party Pushes Anti Gay Bigotry www icl fi org Crick 1986 p 3 sfn error no target CITEREFCrick1986 help Stephen Brooke 24 November 2011 Sexual Politics Sexuality Family Planning and the British Left from the 1880s to the Present Day Oxford University Press pp 236 237 ISBN 978 0 19 956254 1 Peter Taaffe November 1995 The Rise of Militant Militant Publications p 179 ISBN 978 0 906 582473 Fact sheet Abolition of the White Australia Policy Australian Government Department of Home Affairs Archived from the original on 12 January 2018 Retrieved 11 January 2018 Calwell Be Just and Fear Not 117 Matthews Dylan 29 July 2015 Bernie Sanders s fear of immigrant labor is ugly and wrongheaded Vox Retrieved 2 January 2023 Markowitz Norman 6 August 2013 The Communist movement and gay rights The hidden history politicalaffairs net Archived from the original on 16 August 2013 Retrieved 22 March 2015 Kon Igor 1995 The Sexual Revolution in Russia From the Age of the Czars to Today Simon amp Schuster pp 52 53 Angus Ian Riddell John Engels and homosexuality International Socialist Review No 70 Archived from the original on 1 July 2019 Retrieved 4 April 2016 Engels Letters Marx Engels Correspondence 1869 Australian National University Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Ireland Doug Socialism and Gay Liberation Back to the Future New Politics Archived from the original on 21 January 2017 Retrieved 19 June 2015 Marxism in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality Volume 2 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Russia Update to RUS13194 of 16 February 1993 on the treatment of homosexuals Refworld Retrieved 12 September 2015 Buetikofer Anne 11 April 1999 Homosexuality in the Soviet Union and in today s Russia Savanne Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 12 September 2015 Ireland Doug Turns out Norman Thomas s Socialist Party Came Close to Breaking the Gay Taboo in 1952 Archived from the original on 1 July 2009 Retrieved 29 April 2017 Kelliher 2014 sfn error no target CITEREFKelliher2014 help Skeates 2007 sfn error no target CITEREFSkeates2007 help Timmons 1990 pp 64 65 sfn error no target CITEREFTimmons1990 help Timmons 1990 pp 193 197 sfn error no target CITEREFTimmons1990 help Timmons 1990 pp 143 145 sfn error no target CITEREFTimmons1990 help Timmons 1990 p 230 sfn error no target CITEREFTimmons1990 help Markowitz Norman 6 August 2013 The Communist movement and gay rights The hidden history Political Affairs Archived from the original on 16 August 2013 Retrieved 27 January 2015 LGBT solidarity march in Moldova stopped due to fear of clashes with orthodox counter protesters Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 Voronin vrea referendum anti homosexuali point md in Russian Retrieved 19 October 2023 Russian MPs vote overwhelmingly to outlaw gay propaganda Euronews 11 June 2013 Epochi rizospastis gr Synchroni 20 December 2015 rizospastis gr H 8esh toy KKE gia to Symfwno Symbiwshs RIZOSPASTHS in Greek Retrieved 19 October 2023 Dhlwsh toy Dhmhtrh Koytsoympa gia th Die8nh Hmera kata ths Omofobias www kke gr in Greek Retrieved 19 October 2023 Kolakowski Leszek 1981 Main Currents of Marxism Vol III The Breakdown Oxford University Press p 416 ISBN 0192851098 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Old Left amp oldid 1218996910, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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