Kumamoto
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Kumamoto (熊本市, Kumamoto-shi) is the capital city of Kumamoto Prefecture on the island of Kyushu, Japan. As of June 1, 2019[update], the city has an estimated population of 738,907 and a population density of 1,893 people per km2. The total area is 390.32 km2.
Kumamoto 熊本市 | |
|---|---|
| Kumamoto City | |
From top left: Skyline view of Kumamoto City from Kumamoto Castle, Kumamoto Castle, Kumamoto Shintoshin Plaza, Fujisaki Hachimangū shrine, Downtown Shimotori-Shintengai of Kumamoto City, Suizenji Park, Kumamoto Sakuramachi Bus Terminal | |
Flag Emblem | |
| Nickname: The Heart of Kyushu | |
Location of Kumamoto in Kumamoto Prefecture | |
Kumamoto Location in Japan | |
| Coordinates: 32°48′11″N 130°42′28″E / 32.80306°N 130.70778°E | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Kyushu |
| Prefecture | Kumamoto Prefecture |
| First official recorded | 558 AD[citation needed] |
| City Settled | April 1, 1889 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Kazufumi Ōnishi[1][2] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 390.32 km2 (150.70 sq mi) |
| Population (June 1, 2019) | |
| • Total | 738,907 |
| • Density | 1,900/km2 (4,900/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+09:00 (JST) |
| Climate | Cfa |
| Website | www |
| Symbols | |
| Bird | Great tit |
| Flower | Camellia |
| Tree | Ginkgo |
Greater Kumamoto (熊本都市圏) had a population of 1,461,000, as of the 2000 census. As of 2010[update], Kumamoto Metropolitan Employment Area has a GDP of US$39.8 billion.[3][4] It is not considered part of the Fukuoka–Kitakyushu metropolitan area, despite their shared border. The city was designated on April 1, 2012, by government ordinance.
History edit
Early modern period edit
Shokuhō period edit
Katō Kiyomasa, a contemporary of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was made daimyō of half of the (old) administrative region of Higo in 1588. Afterwards, Kiyomasa built Kumamoto Castle. Due to its many innovative defensive designs, Kumamoto Castle was considered impenetrable, and Kiyomasa enjoyed a reputation as one of the finest castle-builders in Japanese history.
Edo period edit
After Kiyomasa died in 1611, his son, Tadahiro, succeeded him. In 1632, Tadahiro was removed by Tokugawa Iemitsu and replaced with the Hosokawa clan. Hosokawa Tadatoshi, the third lord of Kumamoto, was the patron of the artist[5] and swordsman Miyamoto Musashi[6]
- Statue of Hosokawa Tadatoshi within Suizen-ji Jōju-en.
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Late modern period edit
Meiji period edit
The current administrative body of the City of Kumamoto was founded on April 1, 1889.
Showa period edit
On July 1, 1945, near the end of World War II, Kumamoto was bombed in an Allied air raid that destroyed one square mile, which was 20% of the city's area.[8]
Contemporary history edit
After World War II edit
After the war, the Japanese Buddhist monk Nichidatsu Fujii decided to construct a Peace Pagoda atop Mount Hanaoka in the city to commemorate all those lost in war and to promote peace.[9] Inaugurated in 1954, it was the first of over 80 Peace Pagodas built by Fujii and his followers all over the world.[10]
Heisei period edit
On February 1, 1991, the towns of Akita, Kawachi, Tenmei, and Hokubu (all from Hōtaku District) were merged into Kumamoto. On October 6, 2008, the town of Tomiai (from Shimomashiki District) was merged into Kumamoto. On March 23, 2010, the town of Jōnan (also from Shimomashiki District) and the town of Ueki (from Kamoto District) were merged into Kumamoto.[11]
A series of earthquakes struck the area beginning April 14, 2016, including a tremor with moment magnitude 7.1 early in the morning of April 16, 2016.[12]
Geography edit
Climate edit
Kumamoto has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot, humid summers and cool winters. There is significant precipitation throughout the year, especially during June and July. The average annual temperature in Kumamoto is 17.2 °C (63.0 °F). The average annual rainfall is 2,007.0 mm (79.02 in) with June as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 28.4 °C (83.1 °F), and lowest in January, at around 6.0 °C (42.8 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Kumamoto was 38.8 °C (101.8 °F) on 17 July 1994; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −9.2 °C (15.4 °F) on 11 February 1929.
| Climate data for Kumamoto (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1890−present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.5 (72.5) | 26.4 (79.5) | 27.4 (81.3) | 30.7 (87.3) | 34.4 (93.9) | 36.1 (97.0) | 38.8 (101.8) | 38.5 (101.3) | 37.0 (98.6) | 33.7 (92.7) | 28.9 (84.0) | 24.6 (76.3) | 38.8 (101.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.7 (51.3) | 12.4 (54.3) | 16.1 (61.0) | 21.4 (70.5) | 26.0 (78.8) | 28.1 (82.6) | 31.8 (89.2) | 33.3 (91.9) | 30.1 (86.2) | 25.0 (77.0) | 18.8 (65.8) | 12.9 (55.2) | 22.2 (72.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.0 (42.8) | 7.4 (45.3) | 10.9 (51.6) | 15.8 (60.4) | 20.5 (68.9) | 23.7 (74.7) | 27.5 (81.5) | 28.4 (83.1) | 25.2 (77.4) | 19.6 (67.3) | 13.5 (56.3) | 8.0 (46.4) | 17.2 (63.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.6 (34.9) | 2.6 (36.7) | 5.9 (42.6) | 10.6 (51.1) | 15.6 (60.1) | 20.2 (68.4) | 24.2 (75.6) | 24.8 (76.6) | 21.2 (70.2) | 14.9 (58.8) | 8.8 (47.8) | 3.4 (38.1) | 12.8 (55.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −9.2 (15.4) | −9.2 (15.4) | −6.9 (19.6) | −2.5 (27.5) | 1.3 (34.3) | 7.1 (44.8) | 14.3 (57.7) | 15.3 (59.5) | 6.7 (44.1) | 0.5 (32.9) | −3.8 (25.2) | −7.9 (17.8) | −9.2 (15.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 57.2 (2.25) | 83.2 (3.28) | 124.8 (4.91) | 144.9 (5.70) | 160.9 (6.33) | 448.5 (17.66) | 386.8 (15.23) | 195.4 (7.69) | 172.6 (6.80) | 87.1 (3.43) | 84.4 (3.32) | 61.2 (2.41) | 2,007 (79.02) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm) | 8.1 | 9.0 | 11.4 | 10.7 | 10.4 | 15.2 | 13.3 | 11.3 | 10.4 | 7.2 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 123.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 70 | 67 | 66 | 65 | 67 | 76 | 76 | 72 | 71 | 69 | 72 | 71 | 70 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 133.0 | 141.1 | 169.6 | 184.0 | 194.3 | 130.8 | 176.7 | 206.0 | 176.4 | 187.1 | 153.7 | 143.4 | 1,996.1 |
| Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[13] | |||||||||||||
Area edit
Wards edit
Since April 1, 2012, Kumamoto has five wards (ku):
| Wards of Kumamoto | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Place Name | Map of Kumamoto | |||
| Rōmaji | Kanji | Color | ||
| 1 | Kita-ku | 北区 | Blue |
|
| 2 | Nishi-ku | 西区 | Yellow | |
| 3 | Chuo-ku | 中央区 (administrative center) | Purple | |
| 4 | Higashi-ku | 東区 | Red | |
| 5 | Minami-ku | 南区 | Green | |
Surrounding municipalities edit
Demographics edit
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kumamoto in 2020 is 738,865 people.[14] Kumamoto has been conducting censuses since 1920.
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| Kumamoto population statistics[14] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Government edit
Kazufumi Ōnishi has been the city's mayor since December 2014.[15]
Working mother incident edit
In November 2017, Kumamoto politician Yuka Ogata was forced to leave the Kumamoto municipal assembly because she had brought her baby.[16] The incident was reported by international media as an example of the challenges facing women in Japan.[17]
Transportation edit
Local public transport is provided by the Kumamoto City Transportation Bureau.
Airways edit
Airports edit
Kumamoto Airport is located in nearby Mashiki.
Railways edit
High-speed rail edit
On March 12, 2011, work on the shinkansen (high-speed bullet train) network was completed, establishing a direct high-speed rail link to Tokyo via Fukuoka's Hakata station.
- Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu)
Conventional lines edit
The JR Kumamoto station provides rail links to Japan's extensive rail network.
- Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu)
- Kagoshima Main Line: Tabaruzaka - Ueki - Nishizato - Sōjōdaigakumae - Kami-Kumamoto - Kumamoto - Nishi-Kumamoto - Kawashiri - Tomiai -
- Hōhi Main Line: Kumamoto - Heisei - Minami-Kumamoto - Shin-Suizenji - Suizenji - Tōkai-Gakuen-mae - Tatsutaguchi - Musashizuka - Hikarinomori -
- Kikuchi Line: Kami-Kumamoto - Kankanzaka - Ikeda Station - Uchigoshi - Tsuboigawa-kōen - Kita-Kumamoto - Kamei - Hakenomiya - Horikawa -
- Fujisaki Line: Kita-Kumamoto - Kurokamimachi - Fujisakigū-mae
Tramways edit
Trams run to a few suburbs near the downtown area.
Bus edit
A large bus terminus, called the Kotsu Centre, provides access to both local and intercity destinations.
Taxi edit
Several local taxi companies serve the Kumamoto metropolitan area and are the only 24-hour public transport in the city.
Roads edit
Expressways edit
Japan National Route edit
- Japan National Route 3
- Japan National Route 57
- Japan National Route 208
- Japan National Route 218
- Japan National Route 219
- Japan National Route 266
- Japan National Route 387
- Japan National Route 443
- Japan National Route 445
- Japan National Route 501
Seaways edit
Seaports edit
- Port of Kumamoto
Ferry edit
- Kyusyu Shosen: Kumamoto - Shimabara
- Kumamoto-Ferry: Kumamoto - Shimabara
- Korean Marine Transport: Kumamoto - Busan
Education edit
Universities edit
Landmarks edit
Kumamoto Castle edit
The city's most famous landmark is Kumamoto Castle, a large and once extremely well fortified Japanese castle. The donjon (castle central keep) is a concrete reconstruction built in the 1970s, but several ancillary wooden buildings from the original castle remain. The castle was assaulted during the Satsuma Rebellion and sacked and burned after a 53-day siege. It was during this time that the tradition of eating basashi (raw horse meat) originated. Basashi remains popular in Kumamoto and, to a lesser extent, elsewhere in Japan, although these days it is usually considered a delicacy.
Within the outer walls of Kumamoto Castle is the Hosokawa Gyobu-tei, the former residence of the Higo daimyō. This traditional wooden mansion has a fine Japanese garden located on its grounds.
Religious sites edit
The first of many peace pagodas around the world was erected by Japanese Buddhist monk Nichidatsu Fujii atop Mount Hanaoka beginning 1947.[18] Inaugurated in 1954, it was the first of over 80 built by Fujii and his followers all over the world.[19]
Kumamoto is also the location of Takahashi Inari Shrine and Fujisaki Hachimangū.
Suizenji area edit
Kumamoto is home to Suizen-ji Jōju-en, a formal garden neighboring Suizenji Temple approximately 3 kilometers southeast of Kumamoto Castle. Suizenji Park is also home to the Suizenji Municipal Stadium, where the city's football team, Roasso Kumamoto, used to play regularly. The team now uses the larger KKWing Stadium in Higashi Ward.
Other notable sites edit
Miyamoto Musashi lived the last part of his life in Kumamoto. His tomb and the cave where he resided during his final years (known as Reigandō, or "spirit rock cave") are situated close by. He penned the famous Go Rin no Sho (The Book of Five Rings) whilst living here.
The downtown area has a commercial district centred on two shopping arcades, the Shimotori and Kamitori, which extend for several city blocks. The main department stores are located here along with a large number of smaller retailers, restaurants, and bars. Many local festivals are held in or near the arcades.
Cultural venues include the Kumamoto Prefectural Museum of Art and Kumamoto Prefectural Theater.
Culture edit
Sports edit
Sports teams edit
- Hinokuni Salamanders of the baseball Kyusyu Asia League are based in Kumamoto.
- Roasso Kumamoto in J.League is the local football club.
- Kumamoto Volters of the basketball B.League are based in Kumamoto.
- Forest Leaves Kumamoto of the Volleyball V.League (V2) are based in Kumamoto.
- Kumamoto Fujisakidai Baseball Stadium
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- Kumamoto City Synthesis Gymnasium
Sporting events edit
The Kumamoto Castle Marathon is a yearly event in Kumamoto City. It was established in commemoration of Kumamoto becoming a designated city in 2012.[20] The city also hosted the 1997 World Men's Handball Championship and the 2019 World Women's Handball Championship.
External relations edit
Twin towns/sister cities edit
Kumamoto City is twinned with the following cities.
International edit
- Bilings, Montana, United States
- Bristol, South West England, United Kingdom
- Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (since 1992)[21]
- Helena, Montana, United States
- San Antonio, Texas, United States (since 1987)[22]
- Ulsan, South Korea (since 2010)
- Kaohsiung, Taiwan (since 2017)[23]
Notable people edit
- Aimer, pop singer and lyricist.
- Akari Ogata, judoka.
- Chisato Moritaka, pop singer and lyricist.
- Eiichiro Oda, manga artist, author of One Piece.
- Go Shiozaki, Japanese professional wrestler, currently signed to the Pro Wrestling Noah promotion and Chairman of the Noah Wrestlers' Association.
- Higonoumi Naoya, sumo wrestler.
- Inoue Kowashi, statesman.
- Isao Yukisada, film director.
- Kaji Yajima, educator, pacifist, president of the WCTU in Japan.
- Lafcadio Hearn, writer, lived in Kumamoto for 3 years, from 1891.
- Masahiko Kimura, judoka.
- Momoko Ueda, professional golfer.
- Musashi Miyamoto, famed swordsman, lived and died in Kumamoto, 1645.
- Naoichi and Mutsue Inomoto Fujimori, parents of Alberto Fujimori, the 54th President of Peru.
- Noriko Kubo, Japanese female fencer.
- Rie Kugimiya, voice actress.
- Sayaka Hirota, Japanese badminton player.
- Sayuri Ishikawa, enka singer
- Sean Michael Wilson, Scottish manga writer, living in Kumamoto since 2004, his books often about the city.
- Seiki Yoshioka, Japanese professional wrestler
- Shōdai Naoya, sumo wrestler.
- Soseki Natsume, writer, lived in Kumamoto, 1896-1900.
- Tochihikari Masayuki, sumo wrestler.
- Tadako Urata, ophthalmologist
- Yōko Shimada, actress.
- Yokoi Shōnan, scholar and political reformer.
- Yuri Masuda, vocalist from the group m.o.v.e.
- Yuki Fukushima, Japanese badminton player.
- Yuta Iwasada, Japanese baseball player.
References edit
- ^ "Kumamoto City". JAPAN SHOWCASE. The Japan Times. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
- ^ 市長名の検索結果 (in Japanese). Japan Association of City Mayors. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
- ^ Yoshitsugu Kanemoto. "Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data". Center for Spatial Information Science, The University of Tokyo.
- ^ Conversion rates - Exchange rates - OECD Data
- ^ "Art of Miyamoto Musashi". ecole-miyamoto-musashi.com. 2009. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- ^ Wilson, The Lone Samurai, pp. 104–105.
- ^ "Mimasaka. Musashi Miyamoto". Mémorial Heiho Niten Ichi Ryu. 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- ^ Craven, Wesley; Cate, James, eds. (1953). The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Volume V. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 664. OCLC 256469807.
- ^ Kisala, Robert (1999). Prophets of Peace: Pacifism and Cultural Identity in Japan's New Religions. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9780824822675.
- ^ Stone, Jacqueline I. (2003). Queen, Christopher S.; Prebish, Charles S.; Keown, Damien (eds.). Action Dharma: New Studies in Engaged Buddhism. Psychology Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780700715947.
- ^ "都道府県別市町村変更情報：福岡 2010-04-06 at the Wayback Machine." kokudo.or.jp. Retrieved on November 22, 2008. (in Japanese)
- ^ "Japan earthquake: Powerful new tremor in Kumamoto". BBC News. 2016-04-15. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
- ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ a b Kumamoto population statistics
- ^ 市長のプロフィール (in Japanese). Kumamoto City. 3 December 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
- ^ "Japanese politicians force colleague with baby to leave chamber". TheGuardian.com. 24 November 2017.
- ^ "A Japanese politician took her baby to work. Male colleagues made a fuss. - The Washington Post". The Washington Post.
- ^ Kisala, Robert (1999). Prophets of Peace: Pacifism and Cultural Identity in Japan's New Religions. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9780824822675.
- ^ Stone, Jacqueline I. (2003). Queen, Christopher S.; Prebish, Charles S.; Keown, Damien (eds.). Action Dharma: New Studies in Engaged Buddhism. Psychology Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780700715947.
- ^ Kumamoto Castle Marathon website Information on 2013 Kumamoto Castle Marathon 2012-11-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ . City of Heidelberg. Archived from the original on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
- ^ City of San Antonio International Relations Office. Retrieved 12 October 2011
- ^ "Kumamoto Prefecture - the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations (CLAIR)".
External links edit
- Kumamoto City official website (in Japanese)
- Kumamoto City official website (in English)
- Kumamoto travel guide from Wikivoyage (in English)
- Geographic data related to Kumamoto at OpenStreetMap