Yokoi Shōnan (横井 小楠) (born Yokoi Tokiari; September 22, 1809 – February 15, 1869) was a Bakumatsu and early Meiji period scholar and political reformer in Japan, influential around the fall of the Tokugawa bakufu.
Yokoi was a samurai born in Kumamoto, Higo Province (present-day Kumamoto Prefecture), and a distant descendant of Hōjō Takatoki. Yokoi married Yajima Tsuseko and had two children with her, Miyako and Tokio.[1] He was sent by the domain to Edo in 1839 for studies, and developed contacts with pro-reform members of the Mito domain. After his return to Kumamoto, he started a group to promote the reform of domain administration along Neo-Confucianism lines, opening a domain school called Shōnan-do.
In 1857, he was invited by the daimyō of Echizen, Matsudaira Yoshinaga to become his political advisor. While in Fukui, Yokoi wrote "Kokuze Sanron" (the Three Major Discussion of State Policy). One of the topics covered in Yokoi’s treatise was on state religion, in which Yokoi commented that although Japan had Buddhism, Shinto, and Confucianism, it lacked a true national religion in the manner of western nations, and that this lack was a weakness in the Japanese kokutai, which placed Japan at a disadvantage to the western powers. This concept provided one rationale underpinning the formation of State Shinto in the later Meiji periodEmpire of Japan.[2] In the same treatise, he also stressed the importance of a strong navy for the defense of Japan.[3] He has been labelled "pro-Western" by contemporary historians, but was nevertheless harshly critical of Christianity as both false and heretical compared to Japanese Buddhism.[4]
In 1862, Matsudaira was unexpectedly made acting prime minister of the Tokugawa administration (seiji sōsai) in a move calculated to obtain imperial approval for the Shōgun's actions in signing unequal treaties (similar to those signed by Qing dynasty China) with the western powers in 1858, ending the national seclusion policy which was supported by the Imperial Court, and Yokoi accompanied him to Edo.
Yokoi called for a complete reform of the Tokugawa government, including reconciliation between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court. He also called for the complete opening of Japan to foreign trade, economic reform, and establishment of a modern military along western lines. After reading Chinese scholar and reformer Wei Yuan's Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms, Yokoi became convinced that Japan should embark on a "cautious, gradual and realistic opening of its borders to the Western world" and thereby avoid the mistake China had made in engaging in the First Opium War.[5] He also called for a national assembly of the major domains, with the Shōgun evolving into something that resembled a prime minister. Outraged and astounded by these radical ideas, conservatives within the government quickly stripped Yokoi of his posts, and even his samurai status, and placed him under house arrest in Kumamoto. However, while in exile, Yokoi continued to maintain contact with Katsu Kaishū and other reform-minded members of government.
After the Meiji Restoration, Yokoi was freed by the new Meiji government, and honored with the title of san'yo (councilor). However, Yokoi was assassinated in 1869 by conservative samurai who suspected him of being a Christian, and of harboring secret republican sentiments.
Referencesedit
^Religion on the move! : new dynamics of religious expansion in a globalizing world. Adogame, Afeosemime U. (Afeosemime Unuose), 1964-, Shankar, Shobana. Leiden: Brill. 2013. ISBN9789004243378. OCLC 820053956.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^Wakabayashi. Anti-foreignism and Western Learning in Early-modern Japan. Page 143
^Hodge. Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism. Page 782
^Josephson, Jason Ā. (2012). The Invention of Religion in Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 84–5. ISBN9780226412351.
^Shogimen & Spencer 2014, Chapter 5: A Historical Reflection on Paeace and Public Philosophy in Japanese Thought: Prince Shotoku, Ito Jinsai and Yokoi Shonan.
Bibliography
Beasley, W. G. The Meiji Restoration. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972.
Hodge, Carl Cavanagh. Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914. Greenwood Publishing Group (2008) ISBN0-313-33404-8
Shogimen, Takashi; Spencer, Vicki A. (2014). Visions of Peace: Asia and The West. Justice, International Law and Global Security. Ashgate Publishing, Limited. ISBN978-1472-4026-60.
Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi. Anti-foreignism and Western Learning in Early-modern Japan: The New Theses of 1825. Harvard University Asia Center (1991). ISBN0-674-04037-6
External linksedit
National Diet Library Bio
January 01, 1970
yokoi, shōnan, 横井, 小楠, born, yokoi, tokiari, september, 1809, february, 1869, bakumatsu, early, meiji, period, scholar, political, reformer, japan, influential, around, fall, tokugawa, bakufu, 1861, photo, ukai, gyokusenborn, 1809, september, 1809kumamoto, jap. Yokoi Shōnan 横井 小楠 born Yokoi Tokiari September 22 1809 February 15 1869 was a Bakumatsu and early Meiji period scholar and political reformer in Japan influential around the fall of the Tokugawa bakufu Yokoi Shōnan1861 photo by Ukai GyokusenBorn 1809 09 22 September 22 1809Kumamoto JapanDiedFebruary 15 1869 1869 02 15 aged 59 NationalityJapaneseOther namesYokoi TokiariOccupation s Politician political theorist In this Japanese name the surname is Yokoi Life and career editYokoi was a samurai born in Kumamoto Higo Province present day Kumamoto Prefecture and a distant descendant of Hōjō Takatoki Yokoi married Yajima Tsuseko and had two children with her Miyako and Tokio 1 He was sent by the domain to Edo in 1839 for studies and developed contacts with pro reform members of the Mito domain After his return to Kumamoto he started a group to promote the reform of domain administration along Neo Confucianism lines opening a domain school called Shōnan do In 1857 he was invited by the daimyō of Echizen Matsudaira Yoshinaga to become his political advisor While in Fukui Yokoi wrote Kokuze Sanron the Three Major Discussion of State Policy One of the topics covered in Yokoi s treatise was on state religion in which Yokoi commented that although Japan had Buddhism Shinto and Confucianism it lacked a true national religion in the manner of western nations and that this lack was a weakness in the Japanese kokutai which placed Japan at a disadvantage to the western powers This concept provided one rationale underpinning the formation of State Shinto in the later Meiji period Empire of Japan 2 In the same treatise he also stressed the importance of a strong navy for the defense of Japan 3 He has been labelled pro Western by contemporary historians but was nevertheless harshly critical of Christianity as both false and heretical compared to Japanese Buddhism 4 In 1862 Matsudaira was unexpectedly made acting prime minister of the Tokugawa administration seiji sōsai in a move calculated to obtain imperial approval for the Shōgun s actions in signing unequal treaties similar to those signed by Qing dynasty China with the western powers in 1858 ending the national seclusion policy which was supported by the Imperial Court and Yokoi accompanied him to Edo Yokoi called for a complete reform of the Tokugawa government including reconciliation between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court He also called for the complete opening of Japan to foreign trade economic reform and establishment of a modern military along western lines After reading Chinese scholar and reformer Wei Yuan s Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms Yokoi became convinced that Japan should embark on a cautious gradual and realistic opening of its borders to the Western world and thereby avoid the mistake China had made in engaging in the First Opium War 5 He also called for a national assembly of the major domains with the Shōgun evolving into something that resembled a prime minister Outraged and astounded by these radical ideas conservatives within the government quickly stripped Yokoi of his posts and even his samurai status and placed him under house arrest in Kumamoto However while in exile Yokoi continued to maintain contact with Katsu Kaishu and other reform minded members of government After the Meiji Restoration Yokoi was freed by the new Meiji government and honored with the title of san yo councilor However Yokoi was assassinated in 1869 by conservative samurai who suspected him of being a Christian and of harboring secret republican sentiments References edit Religion on the move new dynamics of religious expansion in a globalizing world Adogame Afeosemime U Afeosemime Unuose 1964 Shankar Shobana Leiden Brill 2013 ISBN 9789004243378 OCLC 820053956 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Wakabayashi Anti foreignism and Western Learning in Early modern Japan Page 143 Hodge Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism Page 782 Josephson Jason A 2012 The Invention of Religion in Japan Chicago University of Chicago Press pp 84 5 ISBN 9780226412351 Shogimen amp Spencer 2014 Chapter 5 A Historical Reflection on Paeace and Public Philosophy in Japanese Thought Prince Shotoku Ito Jinsai and Yokoi Shonan Bibliography Beasley W G The Meiji Restoration Stanford Stanford University Press 1972 Hodge Carl Cavanagh Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism 1800 1914 Greenwood Publishing Group 2008 ISBN 0 313 33404 8 Shogimen Takashi Spencer Vicki A 2014 Visions of Peace Asia and The West Justice International Law and Global Security Ashgate Publishing Limited ISBN 978 1472 4026 60 Wakabayashi Bob Tadashi Anti foreignism and Western Learning in Early modern Japan The New Theses of 1825 Harvard University Asia Center 1991 ISBN 0 674 04037 6External links editNational Diet Library Bio Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yokoi Shōnan amp oldid 1221716151, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
