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Kim Jong Il

January 01, 1970

For the South Korean athlete, see Kim Jong-il (athlete).

In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.

Kim Jong Il[b] (/ˌkɪm dʒɒŋˈɪl/;[3] Korean: 김정일; Korean pronunciation: [kim.dzɔŋ.il];[c] born Yuri Irsenovich Kim;[d] 16 February 1941 or 1942 – 17 December 2011) was a North Korean politician who was the second supreme leader of North Korea. He led North Korea from the death of his father Kim Il Sung in 1994 until his death in 2011, when he was succeeded by his son, Kim Jong Un. Afterwards, Kim Jong Il was declared Eternal General Secretary of the WPK.

Eternal General Secretary
Kim Jong Il
김정일
Kim in 2011
General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
In office
8 October 1997 – 17 December 2011
Preceded byKim Il Sung
Succeeded byKim Jong Un (as First Secretary)
Chairman of the National Defence Commission
In office
9 April 1993 – 17 December 2011
First Vice ChairmanO Jin-u
Jo Myong-rok
Vice ChairmanChoe Kwang
Kim Il-chol
Ri Yong-mu
Yon Hyong-muk
Kim Yong-chun
O Kuk-ryol
Jang Song-thaek
Preceded byKim Il Sung
Succeeded byKim Jong Un (as First Chairman)
Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army
In office
24 December 1991 – 17 December 2011
Preceded byKim Il Sung
Succeeded byKim Jong Un
Personal details
Born
Yuri Irsenovich Kim

(1941-02-16)16 February 1941
Primorsky Krai, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (Soviet records)
(1942-02-16)16 February 1942
Baekdu Mountain, Korea, Empire of Japan (North Korean biography and records)[a]
Died(2011-12-17)17 December 2011 (aged 69 or 70)
Pyongyang, North Korea
Resting placeKumsusan Palace of the Sun, Pyongyang, North Korea
Nationality
Political partyWorkers' Party of Korea
Spouses
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1966; div. 1969)​
  • ​
    (m. 1974)​
Domestic partners
Children
Parents
RelativesKim family
EducationMangyongdae Revolutionary School
Alma materKim Il Sung University
Signature
Military service
AllegianceNorth Korea
Branch/serviceKorean People's Army
Years of service1991–2011
RankTaewonsu(posthumously)
CommandsSupreme Commander
Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl
김정일
Hancha
金正日[2]
Revised RomanizationGim Jeong(-)il
McCune–ReischauerKim Chŏngil
Central institution membership
  • 1980–2011: Member, Presidium of the Political Bureau of the 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1974–2011: Member, Political Bureau of the 5th, 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1972–1997: Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1972–2011: Member, 5th, 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1982–2011: Deputy, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th Supreme People's Assembly
Other offices held
  • 1997–2011: Chairman, Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1980–1997: Member, Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1990–1993: First Vice Chairman, National Defense Commission
Leader of the Democratic People's
Republic of Korea

In the early 1980s, Kim had become the heir apparent for the leadership of North Korea, thus being established the Kim dynasty, and he assumed important posts in party and army organs. Kim succeeded his father and founder of North Korea, Kim Il Sung, following his death in 1994. Kim was the General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), WPK Presidium, Chairman of the National Defence Commission (NDC) of North Korea and the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army (KPA), the fourth-largest standing army in the world.

Kim ruled North Korea as a repressive and totalitarian dictatorship.[e] Kim assumed leadership during a period of catastrophic economic crisis amidst the dissolution of the Soviet Union, on which it was heavily dependent for trade in food and other supplies, which brought a famine. While the famine had ended by the late 1990s, food scarcity continued to be a problem throughout his tenure. Kim strengthened the role of the military by his Songun ("military-first") policies, making the army the central organizer of civil society. Kim's rule also saw tentative economic reforms, including the opening of the Kaesong Industrial Park in 2003. In April 2009, North Korea's constitution was amended to refer to him and his successors as the "supreme leader of the DPRK".

The most common colloquial title given to Kim during his lifetime was "Dear Leader" to distinguish him from his father Kim Il Sung, the "Great Leader". Following Kim's failure to appear at important public events in 2008, foreign observers assumed that Kim had either fallen seriously ill or died. On 19 December 2011, the North Korean government announced that he had died two days earlier, whereupon his third son, Kim Jong Un, was promoted to a senior position in the ruling WPK and succeeded him. After his death, alongside "Eternal General Secretary" of the WPK, Kim Jong Il was declared "Eternal Chairman" of the now defunct National Defence Commission, in keeping with the tradition of establishing eternal posts for the dead members of the Kim dynasty. North Korean media also began referring to Kim as "the General" (Changun), similar to his father's posthumous designation as "the [eternal] President".[7]

Early life

Birth

Soviet records show that Kim Jong Il was born Yuri Irsenovich Kim[8][9][10] ("Irsenovich" is the customary Russian patronymic, "Irsen" being the Russification of "Il Sung"[citation needed]). In literature, it is assumed that he was born in 1941 in either the camp of Vyatskoye, near Khabarovsk,[11] or camp Voroshilov near Nikolsk.[12] According to Lim Jae Cheon, Kim cannot have been born in Vyatskoye as Kim Il Sung's war records show that he arrived at Vyatskoye only in July 1942 and had been living in Voroshilov before, thus Kim Jong Il is generally agreed to have been born in Voroshilov.[13] Kim's mother, Kim Jong Suk, was Kim Il Sung's first wife. Inside his family, he was nicknamed "Yura",[14] while his younger brother Kim Man Il (born Alexander Irsenovich Kim) was nicknamed "Shura".[15]

Kim's official biography states he was born in a secret military camp on Paektu Mountain (Korean: 백두산밀영고향집; Baekdusan Miryeong Gohyang jip) in Chōsen on 16 February 1942.[16] According to one comrade of Kim's mother, Lee Min, word of Kim's birth first reached an army camp in Vyatskoye via radio and that both Kim and his mother did not return there until the following year.[17][18] Kim Jong Suk died in 1949 from an ectopic pregnancy.[19]

In 1945, Kim was four years old when World War II ended and Korea regained independence from Japan. His father returned to Pyongyang that September, and in late November Kim returned to Korea via a Soviet ship, landing at Sonbong. The family moved into a former Japanese officer's mansion in Pyongyang, with a garden and pool. Kim's brother drowned there in 1948.[20]

Education

According to his official biography, Kim completed the course of general education between September 1950 and August 1960. He attended Primary School No. 4 and Middle School No. 1 (Namsan Higher Middle School) in Pyongyang.[21][22] This is contested by foreign academics, who believe he is more likely to have received his early education in the People's Republic of China as a precaution to ensure his safety during the Korean War.[23][page needed]

Throughout his schooling, Kim was involved in politics. He was active in the Korean Children's Union and the Democratic Youth League of North Korea (DYL), taking part in study groups of Marxist political theory and other literature. In September 1957, he became vice-chairman of his middle school's DYL branch (the chairman had to be a teacher). He pursued a programme of anti-factionalism and attempted to encourage greater ideological education among his classmates.[24]

Kim is also said to have received English language education in Malta in the early 1970s[25][26] on his infrequent holidays there as a guest of Prime Minister Dom Mintoff.[27]

The elder Kim had meanwhile remarried and had another son, Kim Pyong Il. Since 1988, Kim Pyong Il has served in a series of North Korean embassies in Europe and was the North Korean ambassador to Poland. Foreign commentators suspect that Kim Pyong Il was sent to these distant posts by his father in order to avoid a power struggle between his two sons.[28]

Ascension to power

Initial career

Kim Jong Il officially joined the Workers' Party of Korea in July 1961.[29] He rose up the ranks during the 1960s,[30] and benefited greatly from the Kapsan Faction Incident around 1967, which was the last credible challenge to Kim Il Sung's rule.[31] This incident marked the first time Kim Jong Il was – at age 26 – given official duties by his father, when the younger Kim took part in the investigation and purges that followed the incident.[32]

In addition, Kim Jong Il gave a speech at the plenum; it was his first as a figure of authority. Kim Jong Il's name was also mentioned in public documents, possibly for the first time, indicating that Kim Il Sung might have already planned for Jong Il to succeed him as leader.[33][34]

Only six months after, in an unscheduled meeting of the party, Kim Il Sung called for loyalty in the film industry that had betrayed him with An Act of Sincerity.[f] Kim Jong Il himself announced that he was up to the task and thus begun his influential career in North Korean film-making,[34] during which he made significant efforts to further intensify the personality cult of his father and attach himself to it.[36]

Kim Jong Il was elected to the Central Committee in 1972 and became its secretary the following year.[29]

However, when Kim Il Sung began to contemplate the succession question in the early 1970s,[37] it was not certain that Kim Jong Il would be his successor.[35] There was Kim's uncle, Kim Yong Ju, who was once believed to be Kim Il Sung's eventual successor[38] but who had made several mistakes in the struggle for power, had serious flaws,[35] and was becoming increasingly marginalized.[39] Then there was the more serious threat posed by his stepmother's, Kim Song-ae's, children, especially by the eldest, Kim Pyong Il.[35]

In the end, Kim Jong Il won out: Kim Yong Ju was removed from his top posts and demoted to vice-premier.[39] Then Kim Song-ae lost her position as chair of the KDWL, which was her vital power base.[40] Kim Pyong Il had many positive characteristics[35] but he was also known as a womanizer who threw raucous parties where the attendees sometimes shouted, "Long live Kim Pyong Il!" Kim Jong Il reported this to his father, knowing that it could be portrayed as a threat to the personality cult surrounding him. Reportedly, Kim Il Sung was infuriated and Pyong Il thus fell out of favor, strengthening Kim Jong Il's position.[41] In 1979, Kim Pyong Il began a series of diplomatic postings in Europe, arranged so as then he couldn't influence politics in North Korea.[42] Kim Pyong Il only returned to North Korea in 2019.[43]

According to Kim Jong Il's official biography, the Central Committee already appointed him successor to Kim Il Sung in 1974. The first public confirmation of Kim Jong Il's position as successor came in 1977, when in a booklet he was designated as Kim Il Sung's only heir.[44]

Heir apparent

By the time of the Sixth Party Congress in October 1980, Kim's control of the Party operation was complete. He was given senior posts in the Presidium, the Military Commission and the party Secretariat. When he was made a member of the Seventh Supreme People's Assembly in February 1982, international observers deemed him the heir apparent of North Korea. Prior to 1980, he had no public profile and was referred to only as the "Party Centre".[45] At this time Kim assumed the title "Dear Leader" (Korean: 친애하는 지도자; MR: ch'inaehanŭn jidoja),[46] and the government began building a personality cult around him patterned after that of his father, the "Great Leader". Kim was regularly hailed by the media as the "fearless leader" and "the great successor to the revolutionary cause". He emerged as the most powerful figure behind his father in North Korea.

By the 1980s, North Korea began to experience severe economic stagnation. Kim Il Sung's policy of Juche (self-reliance) cut the country off from almost all external trade, even with its traditional partners, the Soviet Union and China. South Korea accused Kim of ordering the 1983 bombing in Rangoon, Burma which killed 17 visiting South Korean officials, including four cabinet members, and another in 1987 which killed all 115 onboard Korean Air Flight 858.[47] A North Korean agent, Kim Hyon Hui, confessed to planting a bomb in the case of the second, saying the operation was ordered by Kim personally.[48]

On 24 December 1991, Kim was also named Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army.[49] Defence Minister Oh Jin Wu, one of Kim Il Sung's most loyal subordinates, engineered Kim's acceptance by the Army as the next leader of North Korea, despite his lack of military service. In 1992, Kim Il Sung publicly stated that his son was in charge of all internal affairs in the Democratic People's Republic.

In 1992, radio broadcasts started referring to him as the "Dear Father", instead of the "Dear Leader", suggesting a promotion. His 50th birthday in February was the occasion for massive celebrations, exceeded only by those for the 80th birthday of Kim Il Sung himself on 15 April that same year.

In 1992, Kim made his first public speech during a military parade for the KPA's 60th anniversary and said:[50] "Glory to the officers and soldiers of the heroic Korean People's Army!".[51] These words were followed by a loud applause by the crowd at Pyongyang's Kim Il Sung Square where the parade was held.

Kim was named Chairman of the National Defence Commission on 9 April 1993, making him day-to-day commander of the armed forces.[52]

According to defector Hwang Jang Yop, the North Korean government system became even more centralized and autocratic during the 1980s and 1990s under Kim than it had been under his father. In one example explained by Hwang, although Kim Il Sung required his ministers to be loyal to him, he nonetheless and frequently sought their advice during decision-making. In contrast, Kim Jong Il demanded absolute obedience and agreement from his ministers and party officials with no advice or compromise, and he viewed any slight deviation from his thinking as a sign of disloyalty. According to Hwang, Kim Jong Il personally directed even minor details of state affairs, such as the size of houses for party secretaries and the delivery of gifts to his subordinates.[53]

 
Idealized portrait of Kim Jong Il

Leader of North Korea

 
North Koreans bowing to the statues of Kim Jong Il and his father, Kim Il Sung, at the Mansu Hill Grand Monument

On 8 July 1994, Kim Il Sung died at the age of 82 from a heart attack.[54] Kim Jong Il had been his father's designated successor as early as 1974,[55] named commander-in-chief in 1991,[56] and became Supreme Leader upon his father's death.[57]

He officially took over his father's old post as General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea on 8 October 1997.[58] In 1998, he was re-elected as chairman of the National Defence Commission, and a constitutional amendment declared that post to be "the highest post of the state."[59] Also in 1998, the Supreme People's Assembly wrote the president's post out of the constitution and designated Kim Il Sung as the country's "Eternal President" in order to honor his memory forever.[60]

Officially, Kim was part of a triumvirate heading the executive branch of the North Korean government along with Premier Choe Yong Rim and parliament chairman Kim Yong Nam (no relation). Kim commanded the armed forces, Choe Yong Rim headed the government and handled domestic affairs and Kim Yong Nam handled foreign relations. However, in practice, Kim, like his father before him, exercised absolute control over the government and the country. Although not required to stand for popular election to his key offices, he was unanimously elected to the Supreme People's Assembly every five years, representing a military constituency, due to his concurrent capacities as supreme commander of the KPA and chairman of the NDC.[61]

Economic policies

Kim had a "reputation for being almost comically incompetent in matters of economic management".[62] The economy of North Korea struggled throughout the 1990s, primarily due to mismanagement. In addition, North Korea experienced severe floods in the mid-1990s, exacerbated by poor land management.[63][64][65] This, compounded with the fact that only 18% of North Korea is arable land[66] and the country's inability to import the goods necessary to sustain industry,[67] led to a severe famine and left North Korea economically devastated. Faced with a country in decay, Kim adopted a "Military-First" policy to strengthen the country and reinforce the regime.[68] On the national scale, the Japanese Foreign Ministry acknowledges that this has resulted in a positive growth rate for the country since 1996, with the implementation of "landmark socialist-type market economic practices" in 2002, keeping the North afloat despite a continued dependency on foreign aid for food.[69]

In the wake of the devastation of the 1990s, the government began formally approving some activity of small-scale bartering and trade. As observed by Daniel Sneider, associate director for research at the Stanford University Asia–Pacific Research Center, this flirtation with capitalism was "fairly limited, but – especially compared to the past – there are now remarkable markets that create the semblance of a free market system".[70]

In 2002, Kim declared that "money should be capable of measuring the worth of all commodities."[71] These gestures toward economic reform mirror similar actions taken by China's Deng Xiaoping in the late 1980s and early 90s. During a rare visit in 2006, Kim expressed admiration for China's rapid economic progress.[72]

An unsuccessful devaluation of the North Korean won in 2009, initiated or approved by Kim personally,[62] caused brief economic chaos and uncovered the vulnerability of the country's societal fabric in the face of crisis.[73]

Foreign relations

 
Kim talking with Russian President Vladimir Putin during their 2001 meeting in Moscow

Kim was known as a skilled and manipulative diplomat.[62] In 1998, South Korean President Kim Dae-jung implemented the "Sunshine Policy" to improve North-South relations and to allow South Korean companies to start projects in the North. Kim announced plans to import and develop new technologies to develop North Korea's fledgling software industry. As a result of the new policy, the Kaesong Industrial Park was constructed in 2003 just north of the demilitarized zone.[74]

 
Kim Ok, Kim's personal secretary, with U.S. Secretary of Defense William Cohen, 2000

In 1994, North Korea and the United States signed an Agreed Framework which was designed to freeze and eventually dismantle the North's nuclear weapons program in exchange for aid in producing two power-generating nuclear reactors and the assurance that it would not be invaded again. In 2000, after a meeting with Madeleine Albright, he agreed to a moratorium on missile construction.[75][76] In 2002, Kim's government admitted to having produced nuclear weapons since the 1994 agreement. Kim's regime argued the secret production was necessary for security purposes – citing the presence of United States-owned nuclear weapons in South Korea and the new tensions with the United States under President George W. Bush.[77] On 9 October 2006, North Korea's Korean Central News Agency announced that it had successfully conducted an underground nuclear test.[78]

Cult of personality

Main article: North Korean cult of personality
 
A North Korean voting booth containing portraits of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il under the national flag (below the portraits is the ballot box)

Kim was the focus of an elaborate personality cult inherited from his father and founder of the DPRK, Kim Il Sung. Kim Jong Il was often the centre of attention throughout ordinary life in the DPRK. On his 60th birthday (based on his official date of birth), mass celebrations occurred throughout the country on the occasion of his Hwangap.[79] In 2010, the North Korean media reported that Kim's distinctive clothing had set worldwide fashion trends.[80]

The prevailing point of view is that the people's adherence to Kim's cult of personality was solely out of respect for Kim Il Sung or out of fear of punishment for failure to pay homage.[81] Media and government sources from outside North Korea generally support this view,[82][83][84][85][86] while North Korean government sources aver that it was genuine hero worship.[87] The song "No Motherland Without You", sung by the KPA State Merited Choir, was created especially for Kim in 1992 and is frequently broadcast on the radio and from loudspeakers on the streets of Pyongyang.[88]

Human rights record

See also: Human rights in North Korea

According to a 2004 Human Rights Watch report, the North Korean government under Kim was "among the world's most repressive governments", having up to 200,000 political prisoners according to U.S. and South Korean officials, with no freedom of the press or religion, political opposition or equal education: "Virtually every aspect of political, social, and economic life is controlled by the government."[89]

Kim's government was accused of "crimes against humanity" for its alleged culpability in creating and prolonging the 1990s famine.[63][64][90] Human Rights Watch characterized him as a dictator and accused him of human rights violations.[91] Amnesty International condemned him for leaving 'millions of North Koreans mired in poverty' and detaining hundreds of thousands of people in prison camps.[92]

Kim Jong Il claimed that the barometer for distinguishing whether a person can be deemed a member of North Korean society and hence entitled to rights 'lies not on the grounds of his social class but on the grounds of his ideology'.[93]

Health and rumors of waning power

2008 reports

In an August 2008 issue of the Japanese newsweekly Shūkan Gendai, Waseda University professor Toshimitsu Shigemura, an authority on the Korean Peninsula,[94] claimed that Kim died of diabetes in late 2003 and had been replaced in public appearances by one or more stand-ins previously employed to protect him from assassination attempts.[95] In a subsequent best-selling book, The True Character of Kim Jong Il, Shigemura cited apparently unnamed people close to Kim's family along with Japanese and South Korean intelligence sources, claiming they confirmed Kim's diabetes took a turn for the worse early in 2000 and from then until his supposed death three-and-a-half years later he was using a wheelchair. Shigemura moreover claimed a voiceprint analysis of Kim speaking in 2004 did not match a known earlier recording. It was also noted that Kim did not appear in public for the Olympic torch relay in Pyongyang on 28 April 2008. The question had reportedly "baffled foreign intelligence agencies for years".[94]

On 9 September 2008, various sources reported that after he did not show up that day for a military parade celebrating North Korea's 60th anniversary, United States intelligence agencies believed Kim might be "gravely ill" after having suffered a stroke. He had last been seen in public a month earlier.[96]

A former CIA official said earlier reports of a health crisis were likely accurate. North Korean media remained silent on the issue. An Associated Press report said analysts believed Kim had been supporting moderates in the foreign ministry, while North Korea's powerful military was against so-called "Six-Party" negotiations with China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United States aimed towards ridding North Korea of nuclear weapons. Some United States officials noted that soon after rumours about Kim's health were publicized a month before, North Korea had taken a "tougher line in nuclear negotiations". In late August North Korea's official news agency reported the government would "consider soon a step to restore the nuclear facilities in Nyongbyon to their original state as strongly requested by its relevant institutions". Analysts said this meant "the military may have taken the upper hand and that Kim might no longer be wielding absolute authority". By 10 September, there were conflicting reports. Unidentified South Korean government officials said Kim had undergone surgery after suffering a minor stroke and had apparently "intended to attend 9 September event in the afternoon but decided not to because of the aftermath of the surgery". Kim Yong Nam said, "While we wanted to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the country with general secretary Kim Jong Il, we celebrated on our own". Song Il Ho, North Korea's ambassador said, "We see such reports as not only worthless, but rather as a conspiracy plot". Seoul's Chosun Ilbo newspaper reported that "the South Korean embassy in Beijing had received an intelligence report that Kim collapsed on 22 August".[97] The New York Times reported on 9 September that Kim was "very ill and most likely suffered a stroke a few weeks ago, but United States intelligence authorities do not think his death is imminent".[98] The BBC noted that the North Korean government denied these reports, stating that Kim's health problems were "not serious enough to threaten his life",[99][100] although they did confirm that he had suffered a stroke on 15 August.[101]

 
Kim at a meeting during his visit with Dmitry Medvedev in August 2011

Japan's Kyodo News agency reported on 14 September, that "Kim collapsed on 14 August due to stroke or a cerebral hemorrhage, and that Beijing dispatched five military doctors at the request of Pyongyang. Kim will require a long period of rest and rehabilitation before he fully recovers and has complete command of his limbs again, as with typical stroke victims". Japan's Mainichi Shimbun claimed Kim had occasionally lost consciousness since April.[102] Japan's Tokyo Shimbun on 15 September, added that Kim was staying at the Bongwha State Guest House. He was apparently conscious "but he needs some time to recuperate from the recent stroke, with some parts of his hands and feet paralyzed". It cited Chinese sources which claimed that one cause for the stroke could have been stress brought about by the United States delay to remove North Korea from its list of state sponsors of terrorism.[103]

On 19 October, North Korea reportedly ordered its diplomats to stay near their embassies to await "an important message", according to Japan's Yomiuri Shimbun, setting off renewed speculation about the health of the ailing leader.[104]

By 29 October 2008, reports stated Kim suffered a serious setback and had been taken back to the hospital.[105] The New York Times reported that Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso, on 28 October 2008, stated in a parliamentary session that Kim had been hospitalized: "His condition is not so good. However, I don't think he is totally incapable of making decisions". Aso further said a French neurosurgeon was aboard a plane for Beijing, en route to North Korea. Further, Kim Sung-ho, director of South Korea's National Intelligence Service, told lawmakers in a closed parliamentary session in Seoul that "Kim appeared to be recovering quickly enough to start performing his daily duties".[106] The Dong-a Ilbo newspaper reported "a serious problem" with Kim's health. Japan's Fuji Television network reported that Kim's eldest son, Kim Jong Nam, traveled to Paris to hire a neurosurgeon for his father, and showed footage where the surgeon boarded flight CA121 bound for Pyongyang from Beijing on 24 October. The French weekly Le Point identified him as Francois-Xavier Roux, neurosurgery director of Paris' Sainte-Anne Hospital, but Roux himself stated he was in Beijing for several days and not North Korea.[107] On 19 December 2011, Roux confirmed that Kim suffered a debilitating stroke in 2008 and was treated by himself and other French doctors at Pyongyang's Red Cross Hospital. Roux said Kim suffered few lasting effects.[108]

On 5 November 2008, the North's Korean Central News Agency published 2 photos showing Kim posing with dozens of Korean People's Army (KPA) soldiers on a visit to military Unit 2200 and sub-unit of Unit 534. Shown with his usual bouffant hairstyle, with his trademark sunglasses and a white winter parka, Kim stood in front of trees with autumn foliage and a red-and-white banner.[109][110][111][112] The Times questioned the authenticity of at least one of these photos.[113]

In November 2008, Japan's TBS TV network reported that Kim had suffered a second stroke in October, which "affected the movement of his left arm and leg and also his ability to speak".[114] However, South Korea's intelligence agency rejected this report.[114]

In response to the rumors regarding Kim's health and supposed loss of power, in April 2009, North Korea released a video showing Kim visiting factories and other places around the country between November and December 2008.[115] In 2010, leaked diplomatic cables purportedly attested that Kim suffered from epilepsy.[116]

According to The Daily Telegraph, Kim was a chain-smoker.[117]

 
Portraits of Kim Jong Il and his father in the Grand People's Study House in Pyongyang

Successor

Kim's three sons and his brother-in-law, along with O Kuk Ryol, an army general, had been noted as possible successors, but the North Korean government had for a time been wholly silent on this matter.[118]

Kim Yong Hyun, a political expert at the Institute for North Korean Studies at Seoul's Dongguk University, said in 2007: "Even the North Korean establishment would not advocate a continuation of the family dynasty at this point".[119] Kim's eldest son Kim Jong-Nnam was earlier believed to be the designated heir but he appeared to have fallen out of favor after being arrested at Narita International Airport near Tokyo in 2001 where he was caught attempting to enter Japan on a fake passport to visit Tokyo Disneyland.[120]

On 2 June 2009, it was reported that Kim's youngest son, Kim Jong Un, was to be North Korea's next leader.[121] Like his father and grandfather, he has also been given an official sobriquet, The Brilliant Comrade.[122] Prior to his death, it had been reported that Kim was expected to officially designate the son as his successor in 2012.[123]

Re-election as leader

On 9 April 2009, Kim was re-elected as chairman of the National Defence Commission[124] and made an appearance at the Supreme People's Assembly. This was the first time Kim was seen in public since August 2008. He was unanimously re-elected and given a standing ovation.[125]

On 28 September 2010, Kim was re-elected as General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea.[126]

2010 and 2011 foreign visits

 
Kim with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in Sosnovy-Bor Military garrison, Zaigrayevsky District Buriatya on 24 August 2011

Kim reportedly visited the People's Republic of China in May 2010. He entered the country via his personal train on 3 May and stayed in a hotel in Dalian.[127] In May 2010, Assistant U.S. Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Kurt Campbell told South Korean officials that Kim had only three years to live, according to medical information that had been compiled.[128] Kim travelled to China again in August 2010, this time with his son, fueling speculation at the time that he was ready to hand over power to his son, Kim Jong Un.[129]

He returned to China again in May 2011, marking the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between China and the DPRK.[130] In late August 2011, he traveled by train to the Russian Far East to meet with President Dmitry Medvedev for unspecified talks.[131]

Late 2011

There were speculations that the visits of Kim abroad in 2010 and 2011 were a sign of his improving health and a possible slowdown in succession might follow. After the visit to Russia, Kim appeared in a military parade in Pyongyang on 9 September, accompanied by Kim Jong Un.[132]

Death

Main article: Death and state funeral of Kim Jong Il
 
An official portrait of Kim, issued after his death

It was reported that Kim had died of a suspected heart attack on 17 December 2011 at 8:30 am while travelling by train to an area outside Pyongyang.[133][134] He was succeeded by his youngest son Kim Jong Un, who was hailed by the Korean Central News Agency as the "Great Successor".[135][136][137] According to the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), during his death a fierce snowstorm "paused" and "the sky glowed red above the sacred Mount Paektu" and the ice on a famous lake also cracked so loud that it seemed to "shake the Heavens and the Earth".[138]

Kim's funeral took place on 28 December in Pyongyang, with a mourning period lasting until the following day. South Korea's military was immediately put on alert after the announcement and its National Security Council convened for an emergency meeting, out of concern that political jockeying in North Korea could destabilise the region. Asian stock markets fell soon after the announcement, due to similar concerns.[133]

On 12 January 2012, North Korea called Kim the "eternal leader" and announced that his body would be preserved and displayed at Pyongyang's Kumsusan Memorial Palace. Officials also announced plans to install statues, portraits, and "towers to his immortality" across the country.[139][140] His birthday of 16 February was declared "the greatest auspicious holiday of the nation" and was named the Day of the Shining Star.[141]

In February 2012, on what would have been his 71st birthday, Kim was posthumously made Dae Wonsu (usually translated as Generalissimo, literally Grand Marshal), the nation's top military rank. He had been named Wonsu (Marshal) in 1992 when North Korean founder Kim Il Sung was promoted to Dae Wonsu.[142] Also in February 2012, the North Korean government created the Order of Kim Jong Il in his honor and awarded it to 132 individuals for services in building a "thriving socialist nation" and for increasing defense capabilities.[143]

Personal life

Family

Further information: Kim family (North Korea)
 
Kim Jong Il and his father Kim Il Sung

There is no official information available about Kim Jong Il's marital history, but he is believed to have been officially married twice and to have had three mistresses.[144] He had three known sons: Kim Jong Nam, Kim Jong Chul and Kim Jong Un. His two known daughters are Kim Sol Song and Kim Yo Jong.[1][145]

Kim's first wife, Hong Il Chon, was the daughter of a martyr who died during the Korean War. She was handpicked by his father and married to him in 1966. They had a daughter called Kim Hye Kyung,[146] who was born in 1968. Soon afterwards, they divorced in 1969.

Kim's first mistress, Song Hye Rim, was a star of North Korean films. She was already married to another man and with a child when they met.[147] Kim is reported to have forced her husband to divorce her. This relationship, which started in 1970, was not officially recognized. They had one son, Kim Jong Nam (1971–2017), who was Kim Jong Il's eldest son. Kim kept both the relationship and the child a secret (even from his father) until he ascended to power in 1994.[147][148] However, after years of estrangement, Song is believed to have died in Moscow in the Central Clinical Hospital in 2002.[149]

Kim's official wife, Kim Young Sook, was the daughter of a high-ranking military official. His father Kim Il Sung handpicked her to marry his son.[144] The two were estranged for some years before Kim's death. Kim had a daughter from this marriage, Kim Sol Song (born 1974).[145]

His second mistress, Ko Yong Hui, was a Japanese-born ethnic Korean and a dancer. She had taken over the role of First Lady until her death – reportedly of cancer – in 2004. They had two sons, Kim Jong Chul (in 1981) and Kim Jong Un, also "Jong Woon" or "Jong Woong" (in 1983).[148][150] They also had a daughter, Kim Yo Jong, who was about 23 years old in 2012.[1][151]

After Ko's death, Kim lived with Kim Ok, his third mistress, who had served as his personal secretary since the 1980s. She "virtually act[ed] as North Korea's first lady" and frequently accompanied Kim on his visits to military bases and in meetings with visiting foreign dignitaries. She traveled with Kim on a secretive trip to China in January 2006, where she was received by Chinese officials as Kim's wife.[152]

According to Michael Breen, author of the book Kim Jong Il: North Korea's Dear Leader, the women intimately linked to Kim never acquired any power or influence of consequence. As he explains, their roles were limited to that of romance and domesticity.[153]

He had a younger sister, Kim Kyong Hui. She was married to Jang Sung Taek, who was executed in December 2013 in Pyongyang, after being charged with treason and corruption.[154]

Personality

 
Kim in 2000

Like his father, Kim had a fear of flying[155] and always travelled by private armored train for state visits to Russia and China.[156] The BBC reported that Konstantin Pulikovsky, a Russian emissary who travelled with Kim across Russia by train, told reporters that Kim had live lobsters air-lifted to the train every day and ate them with silver chopsticks.[157]

Kim was said to be a huge film fan, owning a collection of more than 20,000 video tapes and DVDs.[158][159] His reported favourite movie franchises included James Bond, Friday the 13th, Rambo, Godzilla, Otoko wa Tsurai yo and Hong Kong action cinema,[160][161] with Sean Connery and Elizabeth Taylor his favourite male and female actors.[160][162] Kim was also said to have been a fan of Ealing comedies, inspired by their emphasis on team spirit and a mobilised proletariat.[163] Kim oversaw the production of The Flower Girl, a film which also became immensely popular in China.[164] He authored On the Art of the Cinema. In 1978, on Kim's orders South Korean film director Shin Sang-ok and his actress wife Choi Eun-hee were kidnapped in order to build a North Korean film industry.[165] In 2006, he was involved in the production of the Juche-based movie The Schoolgirl's Diary, which depicted the life of a young girl whose parents are scientists, with a KCNA news report stating that Kim "improved its script and guided its production".[166]

Although Kim enjoyed many foreign forms of entertainment, according to former bodyguard Lee Young Kuk, he refused to consume any food or drink not produced in North Korea, with the exception of wine from France.[167] His former chef Kenji Fujimoto, however, has stated that Kim sometimes sent him around the world to purchase a variety of foreign delicacies.[168]

Kim reportedly enjoyed basketball. Former United States Secretary of State Madeleine Albright ended her summit with Kim by presenting him with a basketball signed by NBA legend Michael Jordan.[169] His official biography also claims that Kim composed six operas and enjoyed staging elaborate musicals.[170]

 
Kim Jong Il and his father Kim Il Sung

United States Special Envoy for the Korean Peace Talks, Charles Kartman, who was involved in the 2000 Madeleine Albright summit with Kim, characterised Kim as a reasonable man in negotiations, to the point, but with a sense of humor and personally attentive to the people he was hosting.[171] However, psychological evaluations conclude that Kim's antisocial features, such as his fearlessness in the face of sanctions and punishment, served to make negotiations extraordinarily difficult.[172]

The field of psychology has long been fascinated with the personality assessment of dictators, a notion that resulted in an extensive personality evaluation of Kim. The report, compiled by Frederick L. Coolidge and Daniel L. Segal (with the assistance of a South Korean psychiatrist considered an expert on Kim's behavior), concluded that the "big six" group of personality disorders shared by dictators Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin and Saddam Hussein (sadistic, paranoid, antisocial, narcissistic, schizoid and schizotypal) were also shared by Kim – coinciding primarily with the profile of Saddam Hussein.[173]

The evaluation found that Kim appeared to pride himself on North Korea's independence, despite the extreme hardships it appears to place on the North Korean people – an attribute appearing to emanate from his antisocial personality pattern.[172]

Defectors claimed that Kim had 17 different palaces and residences all over North Korea, including a private resort near Baekdu Mountain, a seaside lodge in the city of Wonsan, and Ryongsong Residence, a palace complex northeast of Pyongyang surrounded with multiple fence lines, bunkers and anti-aircraft batteries.[174]

Finances

According to a 2010 report in the Sunday Telegraph, Kim had US$4 billion on deposit in European banks in case he ever needed to flee North Korea. The Sunday Telegraph reported that most of the money was in banks in Luxembourg.[175]

Official titles

Main article: List of Kim Jong Il's titles

Kim received numerous titles during his rule. In April 2009, North Korea's constitution was amended to refer to him and his successors as the "supreme leader of the DPRK".[176]

 
Equestrian statues of younger versions of Kim Jong Il (right) and Kim Il Sung, Pyongyang
  • Party Center of the WPK and Member, Central Committee of the WPK (1970s)[177]
  • Dear Leader (Chinaehaneun Jidoja) (late 1970s–1994)[177]
  • Member, Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly of the DPRK
  • Secretary, Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (1974–1997)
  • Presidium member, WPK Central Committee (1980–2011)
  • Supreme Commander, Korean People's Army (25 December 1991 – 17 December 2011)[49]
  • Marshal of the DPRK (1993–2011)[178]
  • Chairman, National Defence Commission (1993–2011)[52]
  • Great Leader (Widehan Ryongdoja) (July 1994 – December 2011)[177]
  • General Secretary, Workers' Party of Korea (October 1997 – December 2011)[126]
  • Chairman, Central Military Commission (DPRK) (October 1997 – December 2011)
  • Eternal Leader (posthumous) (January 2012 – present)[139]
  • Generalissimo of the DPRK (posthumous) (January 2012 – present)[179]
  • Eternal General Secretary, Workers' Party of Korea (posthumous) (11 April 2012 – present)[180]
  • Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission (posthumous) (13 April 2012 – present)[181]
  • Eternal leader of the Workers' Party of Korea (posthumous) (7 May 2016 – present)[182]
  • Eternal leader of Juche Korea (posthumous) (29 June 2016 – present)[183]

Published works

Main article: Kim Jong Il bibliography
 
Books written by Kim Jong Il

According to North Korean sources, Kim published some 890 works during a period of his career from June 1964 to June 1994.[184] According to KCNA, the number of works from 1964 to 2001 was 550.[185] In 2000, it was reported that the Workers' Party of Korea Publishing House has published at least 120 works by Kim.[186] In 2009, KCNA put the numbers as follows:

At least 354,000 copies of [Kim Jong Il's works] were translated into nearly 70 languages and came off the press in about 80 countries in the new century. There were more than 500 activities for studying and distributing the works in at least 120 countries and regions in 2006. The following year witnessed a total of more than 600 events of diverse forms in at least 130 countries and regions. And 2008 saw at least 3,000 functions held in over 150 countries and regions for the same purpose.[187]

The Selected Works of Kim Jong Il (Enlarged Edition), whose publishing has continued posthumously, runs into volume 24 in Korean[188] and to volume 15 in English.[189] Volumes three to eight were never published in English.[190]

The Complete Collection of Kim Jong Il's Works is currently in volume 13.[191] There is a "Kim Jong Il's Works Exhibition House" dedicated to his works in North Korea, holding 1,100 of his works and manuscripts.[192]

In his teens and university years, Kim had written poems.[193] He also wrote song lyrics.[194] His first major literary work was On the Art of the Cinema in 1973.[195]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ North Korean biographies, which claim his birth date as 16 February 1942, are generally not considered to be factually reliable.
  2. ^ Also transcribed as Kim Jong-il
  3. ^ The given name Jong Il is pronounced [tsɔŋ.il] in isolation.
  4. ^ Russian: Юрий Ирсенович Ким, Russian pronunciation: [ˈjʉrʲɪj ɪrsɛˈnofit͡ɕ ˈkʲim]
  5. ^ Sources saying that Kim ruled North Korea as a totalitarian dictatorship.[4][5][6]
  6. ^ An Act of Sincerity, described variously as either a film or a stage play, was produced by Kim To-man after the death of Choe Chae-ryon, the wife of Kapsan Faction leader Pak Kum-chol. It portrayed Choe in a positive light and emphasized her devotion to her husband. Kim Il-sung disapproved of it and implied that it exhibited misplaced loyalty.[35]

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Sources

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Further reading

External links

  • Kim Jong Il collected news and commentary at The New York Times
  • . Archived from the original on 2 November 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2004. – Kim Jong Il's childhood.
  • "Hidden Daughter" Visits Kim Jong-il Every Year (also includes photos of Kim during his youth)
  • BBC, North Korea's secretive 'first family'
  • Obituary: Kim Jong-il, BBC News, 19 December 2011.
  • Kim Jong Il at Curlie
Yun Sung-gwan
Party political offices
Preceded by Head of the Organization and Guidance Department
1974–1992 		Succeeded by
Yun Sung-gwan
Preceded by
Yun Sung-gwan
 Director of the Organization and Guidance Department
1994–2011 		Succeeded by
Eventually Choe Ryong-hae
Vacant
Title last held by
Kim Il Sung 		General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
(Eternal General Secretary 2012–2021)
1997–2011 		Succeeded byas First Secretary
Chairman of the WPK Central Military Commission
1997–2011 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by
 First Vice Chairman of the National Defence Commission
1990–1993 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairman of the National Defence Commission
(Eternal Chairman 2012–2016)
1993–2011 		Succeeded byas First Chairman
Military offices
Preceded by Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army
1991–2011 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
New title Eternal Leader of North Korea
Anointed: 2016
Served alongside: Kim Il Sung 		Eternal

January 01, 1970
jong, south, korean, athlete, jong, athlete, this, korean, name, family, name, korean, 김정일, korean, pronunciation, dzɔŋ, born, yuri, irsenovich, february, 1941, 1942, december, 2011, north, korean, politician, second, supreme, leader, north, korea, north, kore. For the South Korean athlete see Kim Jong il athlete In this Korean name the family name is Kim Kim Jong Il b ˌ k ɪ m dʒ ɒ ŋ ˈ ɪ l 3 Korean 김정일 Korean pronunciation kim dzɔŋ il c born Yuri Irsenovich Kim d 16 February 1941 or 1942 17 December 2011 was a North Korean politician who was the second supreme leader of North Korea He led North Korea from the death of his father Kim Il Sung in 1994 until his death in 2011 when he was succeeded by his son Kim Jong Un Afterwards Kim Jong Il was declared Eternal General Secretary of the WPK Eternal General SecretaryKim Jong Il김정일Kim in 2011General Secretary of the Workers Party of KoreaIn office 8 October 1997 17 December 2011Preceded byKim Il SungSucceeded byKim Jong Un as First Secretary Chairman of the National Defence CommissionIn office 9 April 1993 17 December 2011First Vice ChairmanO Jin uJo Myong rokVice ChairmanChoe KwangKim Il cholRi Yong muYon Hyong mukKim Yong chunO Kuk ryolJang Song thaekPreceded byKim Il SungSucceeded byKim Jong Un as First Chairman Supreme Commander of the Korean People s ArmyIn office 24 December 1991 17 December 2011Preceded byKim Il SungSucceeded byKim Jong UnPersonal detailsBornYuri Irsenovich Kim 1941 02 16 16 February 1941Primorsky Krai Russian SFSR Soviet Union Soviet records 1942 02 16 16 February 1942Baekdu Mountain Korea Empire of Japan North Korean biography and records a Died 2011 12 17 17 December 2011 aged 69 or 70 Pyongyang North KoreaResting placeKumsusan Palace of the Sun Pyongyang North KoreaNationalityNorth KoreanSovietPolitical partyWorkers Party of KoreaSpousesHong Il chon m 1966 div 1969 wbr Kim Young sook m 1974 wbr Domestic partnersSong Hye rim 1968 2002 Ko Yong hui 1977 2004 Kim Ok 2004 2011 ChildrenKim Hye kyungKim Jong namKim Sol songKim Jong chulKim Jong UnKim Yo jong 1 ParentsKim Il Sung father Kim Jong Suk mother RelativesKim familyEducationMangyongdae Revolutionary SchoolAlma materKim Il Sung UniversitySignatureMilitary serviceAllegianceNorth KoreaBranch serviceKorean People s ArmyYears of service1991 2011RankTaewonsu posthumously CommandsSupreme CommanderKorean nameChosŏn gŭl김정일Hancha金正日 2 Revised RomanizationGim Jeong ilMcCune ReischauerKim ChŏngilCentral institution membership 1980 2011 Member Presidium of the Political Bureau of the 6th Central Committee of the Workers Party of Korea1974 2011 Member Political Bureau of the 5th 6th Central Committee of the Workers Party of Korea1972 1997 Secretariat of the Workers Party of Korea1972 2011 Member 5th 6th Central Committee of the Workers Party of Korea1982 2011 Deputy 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Supreme People s Assembly Other offices held 1997 2011 Chairman Central Military Commission of the Workers Party of Korea1980 1997 Member Central Military Commission of the Workers Party of Korea1990 1993 First Vice Chairman National Defense Commission Leader of the Democratic People s Republic of Korea Kim Il Sung Kim Jong Un In the early 1980s Kim had become the heir apparent for the leadership of North Korea thus being established the Kim dynasty and he assumed important posts in party and army organs Kim succeeded his father and founder of North Korea Kim Il Sung following his death in 1994 Kim was the General Secretary of the Workers Party of Korea WPK WPK Presidium Chairman of the National Defence Commission NDC of North Korea and the Supreme Commander of the Korean People s Army KPA the fourth largest standing army in the world Kim ruled North Korea as a repressive and totalitarian dictatorship e Kim assumed leadership during a period of catastrophic economic crisis amidst the dissolution of the Soviet Union on which it was heavily dependent for trade in food and other supplies which brought a famine While the famine had ended by the late 1990s food scarcity continued to be a problem throughout his tenure Kim strengthened the role of the military by his Songun military first policies making the army the central organizer of civil society Kim s rule also saw tentative economic reforms including the opening of the Kaesong Industrial Park in 2003 In April 2009 North Korea s constitution was amended to refer to him and his successors as the supreme leader of the DPRK The most common colloquial title given to Kim during his lifetime was Dear Leader to distinguish him from his father Kim Il Sung the Great Leader Following Kim s failure to appear at important public events in 2008 foreign observers assumed that Kim had either fallen seriously ill or died On 19 December 2011 the North Korean government announced that he had died two days earlier whereupon his third son Kim Jong Un was promoted to a senior position in the ruling WPK and succeeded him After his death alongside Eternal General Secretary of the WPK Kim Jong Il was declared Eternal Chairman of the now defunct National Defence Commission in keeping with the tradition of establishing eternal posts for the dead members of the Kim dynasty North Korean media also began referring to Kim as the General Changun similar to his father s posthumous designation as the eternal President 7 Contents 1 Early life 1 1 Birth 1 2 Education 2 Ascension to power 2 1 Initial career 2 2 Heir apparent 3 Leader of North Korea 3 1 Economic policies 3 2 Foreign relations 3 3 Cult of personality 3 4 Human rights record 4 Health and rumors of waning power 4 1 2008 reports 4 2 Successor 4 3 Re election as leader 4 4 2010 and 2011 foreign visits 4 5 Late 2011 5 Death 6 Personal life 6 1 Family 6 2 Personality 6 3 Finances 7 Official titles 8 Published works 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11 1 Citations 11 2 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External linksEarly lifeBirth Soviet records show that Kim Jong Il was born Yuri Irsenovich Kim 8 9 10 Irsenovich is the customary Russian patronymic Irsen being the Russification of Il Sung citation needed In literature it is assumed that he was born in 1941 in either the camp of Vyatskoye near Khabarovsk 11 or camp Voroshilov near Nikolsk 12 According to Lim Jae Cheon Kim cannot have been born in Vyatskoye as Kim Il Sung s war records show that he arrived at Vyatskoye only in July 1942 and had been living in Voroshilov before thus Kim Jong Il is generally agreed to have been born in Voroshilov 13 Kim s mother Kim Jong Suk was Kim Il Sung s first wife Inside his family he was nicknamed Yura 14 while his younger brother Kim Man Il born Alexander Irsenovich Kim was nicknamed Shura 15 Kim s official biography states he was born in a secret military camp on Paektu Mountain Korean 백두산밀영고향집 Baekdusan Miryeong Gohyang jip in Chōsen on 16 February 1942 16 According to one comrade of Kim s mother Lee Min word of Kim s birth first reached an army camp in Vyatskoye via radio and that both Kim and his mother did not return there until the following year 17 18 Kim Jong Suk died in 1949 from an ectopic pregnancy 19 In 1945 Kim was four years old when World War II ended and Korea regained independence from Japan His father returned to Pyongyang that September and in late November Kim returned to Korea via a Soviet ship landing at Sonbong The family moved into a former Japanese officer s mansion in Pyongyang with a garden and pool Kim s brother drowned there in 1948 20 Education According to his official biography Kim completed the course of general education between September 1950 and August 1960 He attended Primary School No 4 and Middle School No 1 Namsan Higher Middle School in Pyongyang 21 22 This is contested by foreign academics who believe he is more likely to have received his early education in the People s Republic of China as a precaution to ensure his safety during the Korean War 23 page needed Throughout his schooling Kim was involved in politics He was active in the Korean Children s Union and the Democratic Youth League of North Korea DYL taking part in study groups of Marxist political theory and other literature In September 1957 he became vice chairman of his middle school s DYL branch the chairman had to be a teacher He pursued a programme of anti factionalism and attempted to encourage greater ideological education among his classmates 24 Kim is also said to have received English language education in Malta in the early 1970s 25 26 on his infrequent holidays there as a guest of Prime Minister Dom Mintoff 27 The elder Kim had meanwhile remarried and had another son Kim Pyong Il Since 1988 Kim Pyong Il has served in a series of North Korean embassies in Europe and was the North Korean ambassador to Poland Foreign commentators suspect that Kim Pyong Il was sent to these distant posts by his father in order to avoid a power struggle between his two sons 28 Ascension to powerInitial career Kim Jong Il officially joined the Workers Party of Korea in July 1961 29 He rose up the ranks during the 1960s 30 and benefited greatly from the Kapsan Faction Incident around 1967 which was the last credible challenge to Kim Il Sung s rule 31 This incident marked the first time Kim Jong Il was at age 26 given official duties by his father when the younger Kim took part in the investigation and purges that followed the incident 32 In addition Kim Jong Il gave a speech at the plenum it was his first as a figure of authority Kim Jong Il s name was also mentioned in public documents possibly for the first time indicating that Kim Il Sung might have already planned for Jong Il to succeed him as leader 33 34 Only six months after in an unscheduled meeting of the party Kim Il Sung called for loyalty in the film industry that had betrayed him with An Act of Sincerity f Kim Jong Il himself announced that he was up to the task and thus begun his influential career in North Korean film making 34 during which he made significant efforts to further intensify the personality cult of his father and attach himself to it 36 Kim Jong Il was elected to the Central Committee in 1972 and became its secretary the following year 29 However when Kim Il Sung began to contemplate the succession question in the early 1970s 37 it was not certain that Kim Jong Il would be his successor 35 There was Kim s uncle Kim Yong Ju who was once believed to be Kim Il Sung s eventual successor 38 but who had made several mistakes in the struggle for power had serious flaws 35 and was becoming increasingly marginalized 39 Then there was the more serious threat posed by his stepmother s Kim Song ae s children especially by the eldest Kim Pyong Il 35 In the end Kim Jong Il won out Kim Yong Ju was removed from his top posts and demoted to vice premier 39 Then Kim Song ae lost her position as chair of the KDWL which was her vital power base 40 Kim Pyong Il had many positive characteristics 35 but he was also known as a womanizer who threw raucous parties where the attendees sometimes shouted Long live Kim Pyong Il Kim Jong Il reported this to his father knowing that it could be portrayed as a threat to the personality cult surrounding him Reportedly Kim Il Sung was infuriated and Pyong Il thus fell out of favor strengthening Kim Jong Il s position 41 In 1979 Kim Pyong Il began a series of diplomatic postings in Europe arranged so as then he couldn t influence politics in North Korea 42 Kim Pyong Il only returned to North Korea in 2019 43 According to Kim Jong Il s official biography the Central Committee already appointed him successor to Kim Il Sung in 1974 The first public confirmation of Kim Jong Il s position as successor came in 1977 when in a booklet he was designated as Kim Il Sung s only heir 44 Heir apparent This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2021 Learn how and when to remove this message By the time of the Sixth Party Congress in October 1980 Kim s control of the Party operation was complete He was given senior posts in the Presidium the Military Commission and the party Secretariat When he was made a member of the Seventh Supreme People s Assembly in February 1982 international observers deemed him the heir apparent of North Korea Prior to 1980 he had no public profile and was referred to only as the Party Centre 45 At this time Kim assumed the title Dear Leader Korean 친애하는 지도자 MR ch inaehanŭn jidoja 46 and the government began building a personality cult around him patterned after that of his father the Great Leader Kim was regularly hailed by the media as the fearless leader and the great successor to the revolutionary cause He emerged as the most powerful figure behind his father in North Korea By the 1980s North Korea began to experience severe economic stagnation Kim Il Sung s policy of Juche self reliance cut the country off from almost all external trade even with its traditional partners the Soviet Union and China South Korea accused Kim of ordering the 1983 bombing in Rangoon Burma which killed 17 visiting South Korean officials including four cabinet members and another in 1987 which killed all 115 onboard Korean Air Flight 858 47 A North Korean agent Kim Hyon Hui confessed to planting a bomb in the case of the second saying the operation was ordered by Kim personally 48 On 24 December 1991 Kim was also named Supreme Commander of the Korean People s Army 49 Defence Minister Oh Jin Wu one of Kim Il Sung s most loyal subordinates engineered Kim s acceptance by the Army as the next leader of North Korea despite his lack of military service In 1992 Kim Il Sung publicly stated that his son was in charge of all internal affairs in the Democratic People s Republic In 1992 radio broadcasts started referring to him as the Dear Father instead of the Dear Leader suggesting a promotion His 50th birthday in February was the occasion for massive celebrations exceeded only by those for the 80th birthday of Kim Il Sung himself on 15 April that same year In 1992 Kim made his first public speech during a military parade for the KPA s 60th anniversary and said 50 Glory to the officers and soldiers of the heroic Korean People s Army 51 These words were followed by a loud applause by the crowd at Pyongyang s Kim Il Sung Square where the parade was held Kim was named Chairman of the National Defence Commission on 9 April 1993 making him day to day commander of the armed forces 52 According to defector Hwang Jang Yop the North Korean government system became even more centralized and autocratic during the 1980s and 1990s under Kim than it had been under his father In one example explained by Hwang although Kim Il Sung required his ministers to be loyal to him he nonetheless and frequently sought their advice during decision making In contrast Kim Jong Il demanded absolute obedience and agreement from his ministers and party officials with no advice or compromise and he viewed any slight deviation from his thinking as a sign of disloyalty According to Hwang Kim Jong Il personally directed even minor details of state affairs such as the size of houses for party secretaries and the delivery of gifts to his subordinates 53 nbsp Idealized portrait of Kim Jong IlLeader of North Korea nbsp North Koreans bowing to the statues of Kim Jong Il and his father Kim Il Sung at the Mansu Hill Grand Monument On 8 July 1994 Kim Il Sung died at the age of 82 from a heart attack 54 Kim Jong Il had been his father s designated successor as early as 1974 55 named commander in chief in 1991 56 and became Supreme Leader upon his father s death 57 He officially took over his father s old post as General Secretary of the Workers Party of Korea on 8 October 1997 58 In 1998 he was re elected as chairman of the National Defence Commission and a constitutional amendment declared that post to be the highest post of the state 59 Also in 1998 the Supreme People s Assembly wrote the president s post out of the constitution and designated Kim Il Sung as the country s Eternal President in order to honor his memory forever 60 Officially Kim was part of a triumvirate heading the executive branch of the North Korean government along with Premier Choe Yong Rim and parliament chairman Kim Yong Nam no relation Kim commanded the armed forces Choe Yong Rim headed the government and handled domestic affairs and Kim Yong Nam handled foreign relations However in practice Kim like his father before him exercised absolute control over the government and the country Although not required to stand for popular election to his key offices he was unanimously elected to the Supreme People s Assembly every five years representing a military constituency due to his concurrent capacities as supreme commander of the KPA and chairman of the NDC 61 Economic policies Kim had a reputation for being almost comically incompetent in matters of economic management 62 The economy of North Korea struggled throughout the 1990s primarily due to mismanagement In addition North Korea experienced severe floods in the mid 1990s exacerbated by poor land management 63 64 65 This compounded with the fact that only 18 of North Korea is arable land 66 and the country s inability to import the goods necessary to sustain industry 67 led to a severe famine and left North Korea economically devastated Faced with a country in decay Kim adopted a Military First policy to strengthen the country and reinforce the regime 68 On the national scale the Japanese Foreign Ministry acknowledges that this has resulted in a positive growth rate for the country since 1996 with the implementation of landmark socialist type market economic practices in 2002 keeping the North afloat despite a continued dependency on foreign aid for food 69 In the wake of the devastation of the 1990s the government began formally approving some activity of small scale bartering and trade As observed by Daniel Sneider associate director for research at the Stanford University Asia Pacific Research Center this flirtation with capitalism was fairly limited but especially compared to the past there are now remarkable markets that create the semblance of a free market system 70 In 2002 Kim declared that money should be capable of measuring the worth of all commodities 71 These gestures toward economic reform mirror similar actions taken by China s Deng Xiaoping in the late 1980s and early 90s During a rare visit in 2006 Kim expressed admiration for China s rapid economic progress 72 An unsuccessful devaluation of the North Korean won in 2009 initiated or approved by Kim personally 62 caused brief economic chaos and uncovered the vulnerability of the country s societal fabric in the face of crisis 73 Foreign relations nbsp Kim talking with Russian President Vladimir Putin during their 2001 meeting in Moscow Kim was known as a skilled and manipulative diplomat 62 In 1998 South Korean President Kim Dae jung implemented the Sunshine Policy to improve North South relations and to allow South Korean companies to start projects in the North Kim announced plans to import and develop new technologies to develop North Korea s fledgling software industry As a result of the new policy the Kaesong Industrial Park was constructed in 2003 just north of the demilitarized zone 74 nbsp Kim Ok Kim s personal secretary with U S Secretary of Defense William Cohen 2000 In 1994 North Korea and the United States signed an Agreed Framework which was designed to freeze and eventually dismantle the North s nuclear weapons program in exchange for aid in producing two power generating nuclear reactors and the assurance that it would not be invaded again In 2000 after a meeting with Madeleine Albright he agreed to a moratorium on missile construction 75 76 In 2002 Kim s government admitted to having produced nuclear weapons since the 1994 agreement Kim s regime argued the secret production was necessary for security purposes citing the presence of United States owned nuclear weapons in South Korea and the new tensions with the United States under President George W Bush 77 On 9 October 2006 North Korea s Korean Central News Agency announced that it had successfully conducted an underground nuclear test 78 Cult of personality Main article North Korean cult of personality nbsp A North Korean voting booth containing portraits of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il under the national flag below the portraits is the ballot box Kim was the focus of an elaborate personality cult inherited from his father and founder of the DPRK Kim Il Sung Kim Jong Il was often the centre of attention throughout ordinary life in the DPRK On his 60th birthday based on his official date of birth mass celebrations occurred throughout the country on the occasion of his Hwangap 79 In 2010 the North Korean media reported that Kim s distinctive clothing had set worldwide fashion trends 80 The prevailing point of view is that the people s adherence to Kim s cult of personality was solely out of respect for Kim Il Sung or out of fear of punishment for failure to pay homage 81 Media and government sources from outside North Korea generally support this view 82 83 84 85 86 while North Korean government sources aver that it was genuine hero worship 87 The song No Motherland Without You sung by the KPA State Merited Choir was created especially for Kim in 1992 and is frequently broadcast on the radio and from loudspeakers on the streets of Pyongyang 88 Human rights record See also Human rights in North Korea According to a 2004 Human Rights Watch report the North Korean government under Kim was among the world s most repressive governments having up to 200 000 political prisoners according to U S and South Korean officials with no freedom of the press or religion political opposition or equal education Virtually every aspect of political social and economic life is controlled by the government 89 Kim s government was accused of crimes against humanity for its alleged culpability in creating and prolonging the 1990s famine 63 64 90 Human Rights Watch characterized him as a dictator and accused him of human rights violations 91 Amnesty International condemned him for leaving millions of North Koreans mired in poverty and detaining hundreds of thousands of people in prison camps 92 Kim Jong Il claimed that the barometer for distinguishing whether a person can be deemed a member of North Korean society and hence entitled to rights lies not on the grounds of his social class but on the grounds of his ideology 93 Health and rumors of waning power2008 reports In an August 2008 issue of the Japanese newsweekly Shukan Gendai Waseda University professor Toshimitsu Shigemura an authority on the Korean Peninsula 94 claimed that Kim died of diabetes in late 2003 and had been replaced in public appearances by one or more stand ins previously employed to protect him from assassination attempts 95 In a subsequent best selling book The True Character of Kim Jong Il Shigemura cited apparently unnamed people close to Kim s family along with Japanese and South Korean intelligence sources claiming they confirmed Kim s diabetes took a turn for the worse early in 2000 and from then until his supposed death three and a half years later he was using a wheelchair Shigemura moreover claimed a voiceprint analysis of Kim speaking in 2004 did not match a known earlier recording It was also noted that Kim did not appear in public for the Olympic torch relay in Pyongyang on 28 April 2008 The question had reportedly baffled foreign intelligence agencies for years 94 On 9 September 2008 various sources reported that after he did not show up that day for a military parade celebrating North Korea s 60th anniversary United States intelligence agencies believed Kim might be gravely ill after having suffered a stroke He had last been seen in public a month earlier 96 A former CIA official said earlier reports of a health crisis were likely accurate North Korean media remained silent on the issue An Associated Press report said analysts believed Kim had been supporting moderates in the foreign ministry while North Korea s powerful military was against so called Six Party negotiations with China Japan Russia South Korea and the United States aimed towards ridding North Korea of nuclear weapons Some United States officials noted that soon after rumours about Kim s health were publicized a month before North Korea had taken a tougher line in nuclear negotiations In late August North Korea s official news agency reported the government would consider soon a step to restore the nuclear facilities in Nyongbyon to their original state as strongly requested by its relevant institutions Analysts said this meant the military may have taken the upper hand and that Kim might no longer be wielding absolute authority By 10 September there were conflicting reports Unidentified South Korean government officials said Kim had undergone surgery after suffering a minor stroke and had apparently intended to attend 9 September event in the afternoon but decided not to because of the aftermath of the surgery Kim Yong Nam said While we wanted to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the country with general secretary Kim Jong Il we celebrated on our own Song Il Ho North Korea s ambassador said We see such reports as not only worthless but rather as a conspiracy plot Seoul s Chosun Ilbo newspaper reported that the South Korean embassy in Beijing had received an intelligence report that Kim collapsed on 22 August 97 The New York Times reported on 9 September that Kim was very ill and most likely suffered a stroke a few weeks ago but United States intelligence authorities do not think his death is imminent 98 The BBC noted that the North Korean government denied these reports stating that Kim s health problems were not serious enough to threaten his life 99 100 although they did confirm that he had suffered a stroke on 15 August 101 nbsp Kim at a meeting during his visit with Dmitry Medvedev in August 2011 Japan s Kyodo News agency reported on 14 September that Kim collapsed on 14 August due to stroke or a cerebral hemorrhage and that Beijing dispatched five military doctors at the request of Pyongyang Kim will require a long period of rest and rehabilitation before he fully recovers and has complete command of his limbs again as with typical stroke victims Japan s Mainichi Shimbun claimed Kim had occasionally lost consciousness since April 102 Japan s Tokyo Shimbun on 15 September added that Kim was staying at the Bongwha State Guest House He was apparently conscious but he needs some time to recuperate from the recent stroke with some parts of his hands and feet paralyzed It cited Chinese sources which claimed that one cause for the stroke could have been stress brought about by the United States delay to remove North Korea from its list of state sponsors of terrorism 103 On 19 October North Korea reportedly ordered its diplomats to stay near their embassies to await an important message according to Japan s Yomiuri Shimbun setting off renewed speculation about the health of the ailing leader 104 By 29 October 2008 reports stated Kim suffered a serious setback and had been taken back to the hospital 105 The New York Times reported that Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso on 28 October 2008 stated in a parliamentary session that Kim had been hospitalized His condition is not so good However I don t think he is totally incapable of making decisions Aso further said a French neurosurgeon was aboard a plane for Beijing en route to North Korea Further Kim Sung ho director of South Korea s National Intelligence Service told lawmakers in a closed parliamentary session in Seoul that Kim appeared to be recovering quickly enough to start performing his daily duties 106 The Dong a Ilbo newspaper reported a serious problem with Kim s health Japan s Fuji Television network reported that Kim s eldest son Kim Jong Nam traveled to Paris to hire a neurosurgeon for his father and showed footage where the surgeon boarded flight CA121 bound for Pyongyang from Beijing on 24 October The French weekly Le Point identified him as Francois Xavier Roux neurosurgery director of Paris Sainte Anne Hospital but Roux himself stated he was in Beijing for several days and not North Korea 107 On 19 December 2011 Roux confirmed that Kim suffered a debilitating stroke in 2008 and was treated by himself and other French doctors at Pyongyang s Red Cross Hospital Roux said Kim suffered few lasting effects 108 On 5 November 2008 the North s Korean Central News Agency published 2 photos showing Kim posing with dozens of Korean People s Army KPA soldiers on a visit to military Unit 2200 and sub unit of Unit 534 Shown with his usual bouffant hairstyle with his trademark sunglasses and a white winter parka Kim stood in front of trees with autumn foliage and a red and white banner 109 110 111 112 The Times questioned the authenticity of at least one of these photos 113 In November 2008 Japan s TBS TV network reported that Kim had suffered a second stroke in October which affected the movement of his left arm and leg and also his ability to speak 114 However South Korea s intelligence agency rejected this report 114 In response to the rumors regarding Kim s health and supposed loss of power in April 2009 North Korea released a video showing Kim visiting factories and other places around the country between November and December 2008 115 In 2010 leaked diplomatic cables purportedly attested that Kim suffered from epilepsy 116 According to The Daily Telegraph Kim was a chain smoker 117 nbsp Portraits of Kim Jong Il and his father in the Grand People s Study House in Pyongyang Successor Kim s three sons and his brother in law along with O Kuk Ryol an army general had been noted as possible successors but the North Korean government had for a time been wholly silent on this matter 118 Kim Yong Hyun a political expert at the Institute for North Korean Studies at Seoul s Dongguk University said in 2007 Even the North Korean establishment would not advocate a continuation of the family dynasty at this point 119 Kim s eldest son Kim Jong Nnam was earlier believed to be the designated heir but he appeared to have fallen out of favor after being arrested at Narita International Airport near Tokyo in 2001 where he was caught attempting to enter Japan on a fake passport to visit Tokyo Disneyland 120 On 2 June 2009 it was reported that Kim s youngest son Kim Jong Un was to be North Korea s next leader 121 Like his father and grandfather he has also been given an official sobriquet The Brilliant Comrade 122 Prior to his death it had been reported that Kim was expected to officially designate the son as his successor in 2012 123 Re election as leader On 9 April 2009 Kim was re elected as chairman of the National Defence Commission 124 and made an appearance at the Supreme People s Assembly This was the first time Kim was seen in public since August 2008 He was unanimously re elected and given a standing ovation 125 On 28 September 2010 Kim was re elected as General Secretary of the Workers Party of Korea 126 2010 and 2011 foreign visits nbsp Kim with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in Sosnovy Bor Military garrison Zaigrayevsky District Buriatya on 24 August 2011 Kim reportedly visited the People s Republic of China in May 2010 He entered the country via his personal train on 3 May and stayed in a hotel in Dalian 127 In May 2010 Assistant U S Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Kurt Campbell told South Korean officials that Kim had only three years to live according to medical information that had been compiled 128 Kim travelled to China again in August 2010 this time with his son fueling speculation at the time that he was ready to hand over power to his son Kim Jong Un 129 He returned to China again in May 2011 marking the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Friendship Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between China and the DPRK 130 In late August 2011 he traveled by train to the Russian Far East to meet with President Dmitry Medvedev for unspecified talks 131 Late 2011 There were speculations that the visits of Kim abroad in 2010 and 2011 were a sign of his improving health and a possible slowdown in succession might follow After the visit to Russia Kim appeared in a military parade in Pyongyang on 9 September accompanied by Kim Jong Un 132 DeathMain article Death and state funeral of Kim Jong Il nbsp An official portrait of Kim issued after his death It was reported that Kim had died of a suspected heart attack on 17 December 2011 at 8 30 am while travelling by train to an area outside Pyongyang 133 134 He was succeeded by his youngest son Kim Jong Un who was hailed by the Korean Central News Agency as the Great Successor 135 136 137 According to the Korean Central News Agency KCNA during his death a fierce snowstorm paused and the sky glowed red above the sacred Mount Paektu and the ice on a famous lake also cracked so loud that it seemed to shake the Heavens and the Earth 138 Kim s funeral took place on 28 December in Pyongyang with a mourning period lasting until the following day South Korea s military was immediately put on alert after the announcement and its National Security Council convened for an emergency meeting out of concern that political jockeying in North Korea could destabilise the region Asian stock markets fell soon after the announcement due to similar concerns 133 On 12 January 2012 North Korea called Kim the eternal leader and announced that his body would be preserved and displayed at Pyongyang s Kumsusan Memorial Palace Officials also announced plans to install statues portraits and towers to his immortality across the country 139 140 His birthday of 16 February was declared the greatest auspicious holiday of the nation and was named the Day of the Shining Star 141 In February 2012 on what would have been his 71st birthday Kim was posthumously made Dae Wonsu usually translated as Generalissimo literally Grand Marshal the nation s top military rank He had been named Wonsu Marshal in 1992 when North Korean founder Kim Il Sung was promoted to Dae Wonsu 142 Also in February 2012 the North Korean government created the Order of Kim Jong Il in his honor and awarded it to 132 individuals for services in building a thriving socialist nation and for increasing defense capabilities 143 Personal lifeFamily Further information Kim family North Korea nbsp Kim Jong Il and his father Kim Il Sung There is no official information available about Kim Jong Il s marital history but he is believed to have been officially married twice and to have had three mistresses 144 He had three known sons Kim Jong Nam Kim Jong Chul and Kim Jong Un His two known daughters are Kim Sol Song and Kim Yo Jong 1 145 Kim s first wife Hong Il Chon was the daughter of a martyr who died during the Korean War She was handpicked by his father and married to him in 1966 They had a daughter called Kim Hye Kyung 146 who was born in 1968 Soon afterwards they divorced in 1969 Kim s first mistress Song Hye Rim was a star of North Korean films She was already married to another man and with a child when they met 147 Kim is reported to have forced her husband to divorce her This relationship which started in 1970 was not officially recognized They had one son Kim Jong Nam 1971 2017 who was Kim Jong Il s eldest son Kim kept both the relationship and the child a secret even from his father until he ascended to power in 1994 147 148 However after years of estrangement Song is believed to have died in Moscow in the Central Clinical Hospital in 2002 149 Kim s official wife Kim Young Sook was the daughter of a high ranking military official His father Kim Il Sung handpicked her to marry his son 144 The two were estranged for some years before Kim s death Kim had a daughter from this marriage Kim Sol Song born 1974 145 His second mistress Ko Yong Hui was a Japanese born ethnic Korean and a dancer She had taken over the role of First Lady until her death reportedly of cancer in 2004 They had two sons Kim Jong Chul in 1981 and Kim Jong Un also Jong Woon or Jong Woong in 1983 148 150 They also had a daughter Kim Yo Jong who was about 23 years old in 2012 1 151 After Ko s death Kim lived with Kim Ok his third mistress who had served as his personal secretary since the 1980s She virtually act ed as North Korea s first lady and frequently accompanied Kim on his visits to military bases and in meetings with visiting foreign dignitaries She traveled with Kim on a secretive trip to China in January 2006 where she was received by Chinese officials as Kim s wife 152 According to Michael Breen author of the book Kim Jong Il North Korea s Dear Leader the women intimately linked to Kim never acquired any power or influence of consequence As he explains their roles were limited to that of romance and domesticity 153 He had a younger sister Kim Kyong Hui She was married to Jang Sung Taek who was executed in December 2013 in Pyongyang after being charged with treason and corruption 154 Personality nbsp Kim in 2000 Like his father Kim had a fear of flying 155 and always travelled by private armored train for state visits to Russia and China 156 The BBC reported that Konstantin Pulikovsky a Russian emissary who travelled with Kim across Russia by train told reporters that Kim had live lobsters air lifted to the train every day and ate them with silver chopsticks 157 Kim was said to be a huge film fan owning a collection of more than 20 000 video tapes and DVDs 158 159 His reported favourite movie franchises included James Bond Friday the 13th Rambo Godzilla Otoko wa Tsurai yo and Hong Kong action cinema 160 161 with Sean Connery and Elizabeth Taylor his favourite male and female actors 160 162 Kim was also said to have been a fan of Ealing comedies inspired by their emphasis on team spirit and a mobilised proletariat 163 Kim oversaw the production of The Flower Girl a film which also became immensely popular in China 164 He authored On the Art of the Cinema In 1978 on Kim s orders South Korean film director Shin Sang ok and his actress wife Choi Eun hee were kidnapped in order to build a North Korean film industry 165 In 2006 he was involved in the production of the Juche based movie The Schoolgirl s Diary which depicted the life of a young girl whose parents are scientists with a KCNA news report stating that Kim improved its script and guided its production 166 Although Kim enjoyed many foreign forms of entertainment according to former bodyguard Lee Young Kuk he refused to consume any food or drink not produced in North Korea with the exception of wine from France 167 His former chef Kenji Fujimoto however has stated that Kim sometimes sent him around the world to purchase a variety of foreign delicacies 168 Kim reportedly enjoyed basketball Former United States Secretary of State Madeleine Albright ended her summit with Kim by presenting him with a basketball signed by NBA legend Michael Jordan 169 His official biography also claims that Kim composed six operas and enjoyed staging elaborate musicals 170 nbsp Kim Jong Il and his father Kim Il Sung United States Special Envoy for the Korean Peace Talks Charles Kartman who was involved in the 2000 Madeleine Albright summit with Kim characterised Kim as a reasonable man in negotiations to the point but with a sense of humor and personally attentive to the people he was hosting 171 However psychological evaluations conclude that Kim s antisocial features such as his fearlessness in the face of sanctions and punishment served to make negotiations extraordinarily difficult 172 The field of psychology has long been fascinated with the personality assessment of dictators a notion that resulted in an extensive personality evaluation of Kim The report compiled by Frederick L Coolidge and Daniel L Segal with the assistance of a South Korean psychiatrist considered an expert on Kim s behavior concluded that the big six group of personality disorders shared by dictators Adolf Hitler Joseph Stalin and Saddam Hussein sadistic paranoid antisocial narcissistic schizoid and schizotypal were also shared by Kim coinciding primarily with the profile of Saddam Hussein 173 The evaluation found that Kim appeared to pride himself on North Korea s independence despite the extreme hardships it appears to place on the North Korean people an attribute appearing to emanate from his antisocial personality pattern 172 Defectors claimed that Kim had 17 different palaces and residences all over North Korea including a private resort near Baekdu Mountain a seaside lodge in the city of Wonsan and Ryongsong Residence a palace complex northeast of Pyongyang surrounded with multiple fence lines bunkers and anti aircraft batteries 174 Finances According to a 2010 report in the Sunday Telegraph Kim had US 4 billion on deposit in European banks in case he ever needed to flee North Korea The Sunday Telegraph reported that most of the money was in banks in Luxembourg 175 Official titlesMain article List of Kim Jong Il s titlesKim received numerous titles during his rule In April 2009 North Korea s constitution was amended to refer to him and his successors as the supreme leader of the DPRK 176 nbsp Equestrian statues of younger versions of Kim Jong Il right and Kim Il Sung Pyongyang Party Center of the WPK and Member Central Committee of the WPK 1970s 177 Dear Leader Chinaehaneun Jidoja late 1970s 1994 177 Member Presidium of the Supreme People s Assembly of the DPRK Secretary Central Committee of the Workers Party of Korea 1974 1997 Presidium member WPK Central Committee 1980 2011 Supreme Commander Korean People s Army 25 December 1991 17 December 2011 49 Marshal of the DPRK 1993 2011 178 Chairman National Defence Commission 1993 2011 52 Great Leader Widehan Ryongdoja July 1994 December 2011 177 General Secretary Workers Party of Korea October 1997 December 2011 126 Chairman Central Military Commission DPRK October 1997 December 2011 Eternal Leader posthumous January 2012 present 139 Generalissimo of the DPRK posthumous January 2012 present 179 Eternal General Secretary Workers Party of Korea posthumous 11 April 2012 present 180 Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission posthumous 13 April 2012 present 181 Eternal leader of the Workers Party of Korea posthumous 7 May 2016 present 182 Eternal leader of Juche Korea posthumous 29 June 2016 present 183 Published worksMain article Kim Jong Il bibliography nbsp Books written by Kim Jong Il According to North Korean sources Kim published some 890 works during a period of his career from June 1964 to June 1994 184 According to KCNA the number of works from 1964 to 2001 was 550 185 In 2000 it was reported that the Workers Party of Korea Publishing House has published at least 120 works by Kim 186 In 2009 KCNA put the numbers as follows At least 354 000 copies of Kim Jong Il s works were translated into nearly 70 languages and came off the press in about 80 countries in the new century There were more than 500 activities for studying and distributing the works in at least 120 countries and regions in 2006 The following year witnessed a total of more than 600 events of diverse forms in at least 130 countries and regions And 2008 saw at least 3 000 functions held in over 150 countries and regions for the same purpose 187 The Selected Works of Kim Jong Il Enlarged Edition whose publishing has continued posthumously runs into volume 24 in Korean 188 and to volume 15 in English 189 Volumes three to eight were never published in English 190 The Complete Collection of Kim Jong Il s Works is currently in volume 13 191 There is a Kim Jong Il s Works Exhibition House dedicated to his works in North Korea holding 1 100 of his works and manuscripts 192 In his teens and university years Kim had written poems 193 He also wrote song lyrics 194 His first major literary work was On the Art of the Cinema in 1973 195 See also nbsp North Korea portal nbsp Politics portal Awards and decorations received by Kim Jong Il Politics of North Korea Residences of North Korean leadersNotes North Korean biographies which claim his birth date as 16 February 1942 are generally not considered to be factually reliable Also transcribed as Kim Jong il The given name Jong Il is pronounced tsɔŋ il in isolation Russian Yurij Irsenovich Kim Russian pronunciation ˈjʉrʲɪj ɪrsɛˈnofit ɕ ˈkʲim Sources saying that Kim ruled North Korea as a totalitarian dictatorship 4 5 6 An Act of Sincerity described variously as either a film or a stage play was produced by Kim To man after the death of Choe Chae ryon the wife of Kapsan Faction leader Pak Kum chol It portrayed Choe in a positive light and emphasized her devotion to her husband Kim Il sung disapproved of it and implied that it exhibited misplaced loyalty 35 ReferencesCitations a b c Lee Young jong Kim Hee jin 8 August 2012 Kim Jong un s sister is having a ball Korea JoongAng Daily 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North Korea Plans Permanent Display of Kim Jong il s Body The New York Times Archived from the original on 24 May 2017 Retrieved 25 February 2017 Kim Jong il to be put on display ABC Sydney 13 January 2012 Archived from the original on 15 January 2012 Retrieved 12 January 2012 North Korea s Kim Jong Un adds marshal to list of official titles cementing power over military CBS News AP 18 July 2012 Archived from the original on 2 April 2018 Retrieved 2 April 2018 North Korea awards 132 medals to commemorate Kim Jong il s birthday The Telegraph 14 February 2012 Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 Retrieved 11 August 2013 a b The Women in Kim s Life Time Archived from the original on 10 July 2010 Retrieved 10 July 2010 a b Kim Jong Il s Daughter Serves as His Secretary Theseoultimes com Archived from the original on 2 June 2019 Retrieved 28 December 2011 Breen 2012 p 64 a b Glionna John M 22 December 2011 North Korean defector says Kim Jong Il stole her life Los Angeles Times 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September 2009 N Korea constitution bolsters Kim BBC News Archived from the original on 24 December 2019 Retrieved 7 May 2010 a b c 전 영선 2006 다시 고쳐 쓴 북한의 사회와 문화 A New View of North Korean Society and Culture 역락 ISBN 978 89 5556 491 4 McCurry Justin 18 July 2012 North Korea s Kim Jong un named marshal The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on 2 August 2020 Retrieved 6 January 2020 Kim Jong il awarded North Korea s highest honour Daily Telegraph 15 February 2012 ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 Retrieved 6 January 2020 Gambino Lauren 11 April 2012 Kim Jong il made General Secretary for Eternity at North Korea ceremony Daily Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 Retrieved 6 January 2020 North Korea country profile 6 May 2016 Archived from the original on 18 May 2014 Retrieved 6 January 2020 Documents from the 7th Workers Party Congress PDF NCNK Archived PDF from the original on 11 February 2020 Retrieved 6 January 2020 Constitution of North Korea 2012 dead link Wikisource 1 A Great Thinker and Theoretician Naenara May 2008 Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 Retrieved 11 December 2015 Over 530 works of Kim Jong Il published Korean Central News Agency 8 June 2001 Archived from the original on 12 October 2014 Retrieved 6 May 2016 Over 120 works of Kim Jong Il brought out Korean Central News Agency 26 December 2000 Archived from the original on 12 October 2014 Retrieved 29 February 2016 Kim Jong Il Authors Lots of Works Korean Central News Agency 25 August 2009 Archived from the original on 12 October 2014 Retrieved 6 May 2016 Selected Works of Kim Jong Il Enlarged Edition Vol 24 Off Press Korean Central News Agency 22 November 2014 Archived from the original on 24 November 2019 Retrieved 6 March 2016 Korea Publications Exchange Association catalogue PDF Korea Publications Exchange Association 2015 p 27 Archived from the original PDF on 2 April 2017 Retrieved 12 April 2017 Selected Works north korea books com Archived from the original on 30 April 2016 Retrieved 6 May 2016 Complete Collection of Kim Jong Il s Works Vol 13 Published Rodong Sinmun 6 May 2016 Archived from the original on 13 May 2016 Retrieved 6 May 2016 Service Personnel People Visit Kim Jong Il s Works Exhibition House Korean Central News Agency 18 February 2015 Archived from the original on 24 November 2019 Retrieved 6 March 2016 23 Leader Kim Jong Il genius of literature and art Naenara March 2010 Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 Retrieved 11 December 2015 Song lyrics by Kim Jong Il Naenara Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 Retrieved 11 February 2016 Lim 2015 p 28 Sources Becker Jasper 2006 Rogue Regime Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea US Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 530891 4 Breen Michael 2012 Kim Jong il North Korea s Dear Leader Who He Is What He Wants and What To Do About Him Revised and Updated ed Singapore John Wiley amp Sons Singapore ISBN 978 1 118 15377 2 Buzo Adrian 2002 The Making of Modern Korea London Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 23749 9 Coolidge Frederick L Segal Daniel L 2009 Is Kim Jong il like Saddam Hussein and Adolf Hitler A personality disorder evaluation PDF Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 1 3 195 202 doi 10 1080 19434470903017664 S2CID 20256106 Archived from the original PDF on 9 October 2016 Retrieved 8 December 2018 Kim Jong Il Brief History Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House 1998 OCLC 272459470 Archived from the original PDF on 19 December 2011 Kleiner Jurgen 2001 Korea a Century of Change River Edge World Scientific ISBN 978 981 279 995 1 Lankov Andrei 2014 The Real North Korea Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 939003 8 Lim Jae Cheon 2015 Leader Symbols and Personality Cult in North Korea The Leader State Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 56741 7 Archived from the original on 4 August 2020 Retrieved 12 April 2017 Noland Marcus 2004 Famine and Reform in North Korea PDF Asian Economic Papers 3 2 1 40 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 6 8390 doi 10 1162 1535351044193411 S2CID 57565869 Further readingHistory of Revolutionary Activities of Chairman Kim Jong Il PDF Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House 2015 ISBN 978 9946 0 1309 1 Archived PDF from the original on 16 October 2015 Retrieved 15 October 2015 Jo Song baek 1999 The Leadership Philosophy of Kim Jong Il PDF Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House OCLC 68890556 Archived PDF from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 15 October 2015 Kim Chol u 2002 Songun Politics of Kim Jong Il PDF Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House Archived PDF from the original on 16 October 2015 Retrieved 15 October 2015 Kim Jong Il Biography PDF Vol 1 Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House 2005 Archived from the original PDF on 8 October 2016 Retrieved 15 October 2015 Kim Jong Il Biography PDF Vol 2 Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House 2006 Archived PDF from the original on 16 October 2015 Retrieved 15 October 2015 Kim Jong Il Biography PDF Vol 3 Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House 2008 Archived PDF from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 15 October 2015 Kim Jong Il Short Biography PDF Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House OCLC 79301411 Archived from the original PDF on 8 October 2016 Retrieved 15 October 2015 Kim Nam jin 1997 Guiding Light General Kim Jong Il Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House Ri Il bok Yun Sang hyon 1989 The Great Man Kim Jong Il Anecdotage Vol 1 Pyongyang Foreign Language Publishing House OCLC 223172604 Ri Il bok 1995 The Great Man Kim Jong Il Anecdotage PDF Vol 2 Pyongyang Foreign Language Publishing House OCLC 37141068 Archived PDF from the original on 4 June 2016 Retrieved 15 October 2015 Pae Kyong su 1993 Kim Jong Il The Individual Thoughts and Leadership Vol 1 Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House OCLC 51345314 Pae Kyong su 1995 Kim Jong Il The Individual Thoughts and Leadership Vol 2 Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House OCLC 867581955 Takashi Nada 2000 Korea in Kim Jong Il s Era Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House OCLC 272459531 External linksKim Jong il at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Resources from Wikiversity Kim Jong Il collected news and commentary at The New York Times Born in the USSR Archived from the original on 2 November 2006 Retrieved 13 September 2004 Kim Jong Il s childhood The many family secrets of Kim Jong Il Hidden Daughter Visits Kim Jong il Every Year also includes photos of Kim during his youth BBC North Korea s secretive first family Obituary Kim Jong il BBC News 19 December 2011 Kim Jong Il at Curlie Yun Sung gwan Party political offices Preceded byKim Yong ju Head of the Organization and Guidance Department1974 1992 Succeeded byYun Sung gwan Preceded byYun Sung gwan Director of the Organization and Guidance Department1994 2011 Succeeded byEventually Choe Ryong hae VacantTitle last held byKim Il Sung General Secretary of the Workers Party of Korea Eternal General Secretary 2012 2021 1997 2011 Succeeded byKim Jong Unas First Secretary Chairman of the WPK Central Military Commission1997 2011 Succeeded byKim Jong Un Political offices Preceded by First Vice Chairman of the National Defence Commission1990 1993 Succeeded byO Chin u Preceded byKim Il Sung Chairman of the National Defence Commission Eternal Chairman 2012 2016 1993 2011 Succeeded byKim Jong Unas First Chairman Military offices Preceded byKim Il Sung Supreme Commander of the Korean People s Army1991 2011 Succeeded byKim Jong Un Honorary titles New title Eternal Leader of North KoreaAnointed 2016 Served alongside Kim Il Sung Eternal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kim Jong Il amp oldid 1223076587, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, 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