Karuṇā
Karuṇā (Sanskrit: करुणा) is generally translated as compassion or mercy and sometimes as self-compassion or spiritual longing.[1] It is a significant spiritual concept in the Indic religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism.
| Translations of Karuṇā | |
|---|---|
| English | Compassion |
| Bengali | করুণা (kôruṇa) |
| Burmese | ကရုဏာ (MLCTS: ɡəjṵnà) |
| Chinese | 慈悲 (Pinyin: cíbēi) |
| Japanese | 慈悲 (Rōmaji: jihi) |
| Khmer | ករុណា (UNGEGN: kârŭna) |
| Korean | 자비 |
| Sinhala | කරුණා |
| Tibetan | སྙིངརྗེ |
| Tamil | கருணை (Karuṇai) |
| Tagalog | Kaluna |
| Thai | กรุณา (RTGS: karuna) |
| Vietnamese | từ bi, từ ái, bác ái, từ tâm, nhân từ |
| Glossary of Buddhism | |
Buddhism
Karuṇā is important in all schools of Buddhism. For Theravada Buddhists, dwelling in karuṇā is a means for attaining a happy present life and heavenly rebirth. For Mahāyāna Buddhists, karuṇā is a co-requisite for becoming a Bodhisattva.
Theravada Buddhism
In Theravāda Buddhism, karuṇā is one of the four "divine abodes" (brahmavihāra), along with loving kindness (Pāli: mettā), sympathetic joy (mudita), and equanimity (upekkha).[2] In the Pali canon, Gautama Buddha recommends cultivating these four virtuous mental states to both householders and monastics.[3] When one develops these four states, Buddha counsels radiating them in all directions, as in the following stock canonical phrase regarding karuṇā:
He keeps pervading the first direction—as well as the second direction, the third, and the fourth—with an awareness imbued with compassion. Thus he keeps pervading above, below, & all around, everywhere & in every respect the all-encompassing cosmos with an awareness imbued with compassion: abundant, expansive, immeasurable, free from hostility, free from ill will.[4]
Such a practice purifies one's mind, avoids evil-induced consequences, leads to happiness in one's present life, and, if there is a future karmic rebirth, it will be in a heavenly realm.[5]
The Pali commentaries distinguish between karuṇā and mettā in the following complementary manner: Karuna is the desire to remove harm and suffering (ahita-dukkha-apanaya-kāmatā) from others; while mettā is the desire to bring about the well-being and happiness (hita-sukha-upanaya-kāmatā) of others.[6] The "far enemy" of karuṇā is cruelty, a mind-state in obvious opposition. The "near enemy" (quality which superficially resembles karuṇā but is in fact more subtly in opposition to it), is (sentimental) pity: here too one wants to remove suffering, but for a partly selfish (attached) reason hence not the pure motivation.[7] In the Pāli Canon, Buddhas are also described as choosing to teach "out of compassion for beings."[8]
Mahayana Buddhism
In Mahāyāna Buddhism, karuṇā is one of the two qualities, along with enlightened wisdom (Sanskrit: prajña), to be cultivated on the bodhisattva path. According to scholar Rupert Gethin, this elevation of karuṇā to the status of prajña is one of the distinguishing factors between the Theravāda arahant ideal and the Mahāyāna bodhisattva ideal:
For the Mahāyāna... the path to arhatship appears tainted with a residual selfishness since it lacks the motivation of the great compassion (mahākaruṇā) of the bodhisattva, and ultimately the only legitimate way of Buddhist practice is the bodhisattva path.[9]
Throughout the Mahāyāna world, Avalokiteśvara (Sanskrit; Chinese: Guan Yin; Japanese: Kannon; Tibetan: Chenrezig) is a bodhisattva who embodies karuṇā.
In the Intermediate section of the Stages of Meditation by Kamalaśīla, he writes:
Moved by compassion[karunā], Bodhisattvas take the vow to liberate all sentient beings. Then by overcoming their self-centered outlook, they engage eagerly and continuously in the very difficult practices of accumulating merit and insight. Having entered into this practice, they will certainly complete the collection of merit and insight. Accomplishing the accumulation of merit and insight is like having omniscience itself in the palm of your hand. Therefore, since compassion is the only root of omniscience, you should become familiar with this practice from the very beginning.[10]
In Tibetan Buddhism, one of the foremost authoritative texts on the Bodhisattva path is the Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra by Shantideva. In the eighth section entitled Meditative Concentration, Shantideva describes meditation on Karunā as thus:
Strive at first to meditate upon the sameness of yourself and others. In joy and sorrow all are equal; Thus be guardian of all, as of yourself. The hand and other limbs are many and distinct, But all are one--the body to be kept and guarded. Likewise, different beings, in their joys and sorrows, are, like me, all one in wanting happiness. This pain of mine does not afflict or cause discomfort to another's body, and yet this pain is hard for me to bear because I cling and take it for my own. And other beings' pain I do not feel, and yet, because I take them for myself, their suffering is mine and therefore hard to bear. And therefore I'll dispel the pain of others, for it is simply pain, just like my own. And others I will aid and benefit, for they are living beings, like my body. Since I and other beings both, in wanting happiness, are equal and alike, what difference is there to distinguish us, that I should strive to have my bliss alone?[11]
Jainism
karuṇā is associated with the Jain practice of compassion. For instance, karuṇā is one of the four reflections of universal friendship—along with amity (Sanskrit: maitri), appreciation (pramoda) and equanimity (madhyastha)—used to stop (samvara) the influx of karma.[12]
Miscellaneous
karuṇā is a common first name throughout India, used for both genders.
See also
- Adhiṭṭhāna (resolute determination)
- Anapanasati Sutta
- Bodhicitta
- Bodhisattva
- Brahmavihara
- Kayagatasati Sutta
- Life release
- Metta Sutta
- Mudita (appreciative joy)
- Nīlakantha dhāranī
- Metta (loving-kindness)
- Satipatthana Sutta, also called the Four Satipatthanas
- Sukha (happiness)
- Upekkha (equanimity)
Notes
- ^ Regarding the Sanskrit word, see "karuṇā" in Monier-Williams (1964, p. 255), where the noun form of the word is defined as "pity, compassion". For the Pali word, see "karuṇā"[dead link] in Rhys, Davids & Stede (1921–25, p. 197), where it is defined as "pity, compassion". Contemporary scholars, translators, and interpreters have consistently translated the word as "compassion", not "pity". This can be seen, for instance, in (listed chronologically) Warder (2004, p. 95), Buddhaghosa (1999, pp. 306ff, Vsm. IX.77ff), Saddhatissa (1994, p. 3, Sn 3.39), Thanissaro (1994, AN 3.65), Salzberg (1995, pp. 102ff), Gethin (1998, p. 187), and Bodhi (2000, p. 1325, SN 41.7).
- ^
- Gethin (1998, pp. 186–187)
- "karuṇā"[dead link] in Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25, p. 197)
- ^ For instance, in the Kālāmā Sutta (AN 3.65), the Buddha speaks of all Noble Disciples (Ariya-Savaka) developing the brahmaviharas. Thanissaro (1994)
- ^ Thanissaro (1994). The "four directions" refer to east, south, west, and north.
- ^ Thanissaro (1994). In regards to in which heavenly realm a frequent karuṇā-dweller will be reborn, Thanissaro (2006) identifies it as the realm of radiant (abhassara) devas, whose lifespans last two eons.
- ^ Sn-A 128 (cited by Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25, p. 197); see also, Buddha Dharma Education Association & BuddhaNet. Similarly, the post-canonical Visuddhimagga IX.105–109, provides further elucidation, such as with a metaphor describing mettā as a mother's wish for her (healthy) child to grow up and karuṇā as a mother's wish for her sick child to get well, Buddhaghosa (1999, pp. 313–14).
- ^
- Buddhagosha (2010, 2.99)
- "Dhamma Lists: Insight Meditation Center". www.insightmeditationcenter.org.
- ^ In Pali, sattesu... kāruññataṃ paṭicca, found in DN 3.6 (regarding Vipassī Buddha), MN 26.21 and SN 6.1, see, e.g., Bodhi (2000, pp. 233, 430, n. 362); and Thanissaro (1997). Several other references in the Pali Canon to the Buddha's acting out of "compassion" are not related directly to karuṇā but to the synonymous anukampā, which is also defined as "mercy" in Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25, p. 34).
- ^ Gethin (1998, p. 228)
- ^ Gyatso & Kamalashila (2019, pp. 42–43)
- ^ Shantideva (2011, pp. 122–123)
- ^ Shah. Regarding samvara, see "Release from karmas". From a comparative religion perspective, cf. Buddhism's four brahmavihara; for instance, maitri is often identified as a Sanskrit correlate of the Pali mettā—Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25, p. 540), entry for "Mettā".
Sources
- Amaro, Ajahn (2016-07-29). "Don't Push – Just Use the Weight of Your Own Body". Amaravati Buddhist Monastery.
- The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Saṃyutta Nikāya. Translated by Bodhi, Bhikku. Boston: Wisdom Publications. 2000. ISBN 0-86171-331-1.
- "Buddhist Studies for Secondary Students, Unit 6: The Four Immeasurables". Buddha Dharma Education Association & BuddhaNet.
- Buddhaghosa, Bhadantacariya (1999). The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga. Translated by Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu. Seattle, Wash.: BPS Pariyatti Editions. ISBN 1-928706-00-2.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Buddhagosha, Bhadantacariya (2010) [1956]. Vishudimagga (The Path of Purification) (PDF). Translated by Bhikkhu Ñãnamoli. Buddhist Publication Society. 2.99. ISBN 978-1928706014.
- Gethin, Rupert (1998). The Foundations of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Gyatso, Tenzin; Kamalashila (2019). Stages of Meditation. Translated by Geshe Lobsang Jordhen; Losang Choephel Ganchenpa; Jeremy Russell. Snow Lion Publications.
- Monier-Williams, Monier (1964) [1899]. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Cologne University. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-864308-X. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
- Rhys Davids, T.W.; Stede, William, eds. (1921–25). The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary. U. Chicago. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
- The Sutta-Nipāta. Translated by Saddhatissa, Hammalawa. New York: Curzon, London/Humanities Press. 2003 [1985].
- Salzberg, Sharon (1995). Lovingkindness: The Revolutionary Art of Happiness. Boston: Shambhala Publications. ISBN 1-57062-176-4.
- Shah, Pravin K. . Jainism Literature Center / Jain Education. Archived from the original on 2009-06-05.
- Shantideva (2011). The Way of the Bodhisattva (Bodhicharyavatara). Boston: Shambhala.
- . Access to Insight. Translated by Thanissaro, Bhikku. 1994. (AN 3.65). Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
- "Ayacana Sutta: The Request". Access to Insight. Translated by Thanissaro, Bhikku. 1997. (SN 6.1). Retrieved 2016-04-30.
- "Metta Sutta: Good Will (1)". Access to Insight. Translated by Thanissaro, Bhikku. 2006. (AN 4.125). Retrieved 2008-05-10.
- Thera, Nyanaponika. Four Sublime States and The Practice of Loving Kindness, and, The Practice of Loving Kindness (PDF). Buddhist Publication Society. Translated by Ñāṇamoli, Bhikku. ISBN 9789552401701.
- Warder, A. K. (2004) [1970]. Indian Buddhism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1741-9.
External links
- "Snying Rje / Karuna". Dharma Dictionary - RangjungYesheWiki.
- "karuna shechen: altruisme en action". — The network of Karuna-Shechen foundations in Europe, North America and Asia is raising funds for humanitarian projects in the Himalayan region.
- . A View on Buddhism. Archived from the original on 2009-01-06.