Kalpavriksha
Kalpavriksha[note 1] (Sanskrit: कल्पवृक्ष, lit. 'age tree', Kalpavṛkṣa) is a wish-fulfilling divine tree in Indian religions, like Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism. Its earliest descriptions are mentioned in Sanskrit literature. It is also a popular theme in Jain cosmology and Buddhism.
The Kalpavriksha originated during the Samudra Manthana or the "churning of the ocean" along with Kamadhenu, the divine cow, providing for all needs. The king of the gods, Indra, returned with this tree to his paradise. Kalpavriksha is also identified with many trees such as parijata (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis), Ficus benghalensis, Acacia, Madhuca longifolia, Prosopis cineraria, Diploknema butyracea, and mulberry tree (Morus nigra tree). The tree is also extolled in iconography and literature.
History
Kalpavriksha is common to the Hindu Bhagavatas, the Jains, and the Buddhists.[1]
Hinduism
Kalpavriksha, the tree of life, also meaning "World Tree", finds mention in the Vedic scriptures. In the earliest account of the Samudra Manthana, or the "churning of the ocean of milk". Kalpavriksha emerged from the primal waters during the ocean churning process along with Kamadhenu, the divine cow that bestows all needs. The tree is also said to be the Milky Way or the birthplace of the stars Sirius. The king of the devas, Indra, returned with this Kalpavriksha to his abode in paradise and planted it there. The tree also finds mention in the Sanskrit text Mānāsara, part of Shilpa Shastras.[2][3]
Another story says that Kalpavriksha was located on earth and was transported to Indra's abode after people started misusing it by wishing evil things.[4] In Indra's "Devaloka" it is said that there are five Kalpavrikshas, which are called Mandana, Parijata, Santana, Kalpavriksha, and Harichandana, all of which fulfill various wishes.[4] Kalpavriksha, in particular, is said to be planted at Mt. Meru peak in the middle of Indra's five paradise gardens. It is on account of these wish-granting trees that the asuras waged a perpetual war with the devas as the heavenly gods who exclusively benefited freely from the "divine flowers and fruits" from the Kalpavriksha, whereas the asuras lived comparatively in penury at the lower part of its "trunk and roots". The Parijata is often identified with its terrestrial counterpart, the Indian coral tree (Eyrthrina indica), but is most often depicted like a magnolia or frangipani (Sanskrit: champaka) tree. It is described as having roots made of gold, a silver midriff, lapis lazuli boughs, coral leaves, pearl flower, gemstone buds, and diamond fruit.[3] It is also said that Ashokasundari was created from a Kalpavriksha tree to provide relief to Parvati from her loneliness.[5]
In some versions of Hindu mythology, Shiva and Parvati, after many painful discussions while parting with their daughter Aranyani, gave her away to the divine Kalpavriksha for safekeeping when the demon Andhakasura waged war. Parvati requested Kalpavriksha to bring up her daughter with "safety, wisdom, health and happiness," and to make her Vana Devi, the protector of forests.[6]
Jainism
In Jain Cosmology Kalpavrikshas are wish-granting trees which fulfill the desires of people in the initial stages of a world cycle. In initial times children are born in pairs (boy and girl) and don't do any karma.[7] There are 10 Kalpavrikshas which grant 10 distinct wishes such as an abode to reside, garments, utensils, nourishment including fruits and sweets, pleasant music, ornaments, fragrant flowers, shining lamps and a radiant light at night.[7]
According to Jain cosmology, in the three Aras (unequal periods) of the descending arc (Avasarpini), Kalpavrikshas provided all that was needed, but towards the end of the third ara, the yield from them diminished. Eight types of these trees are described in some texts, each of which provided different objects. Thus from the "Madyanga tree" delicious and nutritious drinks could be obtained; from the "Bhojananga", delicious food; from "yotiranga", light more radiant than the sun and the moon; while from "Dopanga" came indoor light. Other trees provided homes, musical devices, table ware, fine garments, wreaths and scents.[4]
The Tiloya Panatti give the following list: Pananga, Turiyanga, Bhusananga, Vatthanga, Bhoyanga, Alayanga, Diviyanga, Bhayananga, Malanga, Tejanga with excellent drinks, music, ornaments, garments, edibles and ready-made dishes, mansions to live in, lamps, utensils and garlands of flowers respectively while the last type, namely Tejanga, seems to be self-luminous, serving the purpose of heavenly luminaries.[8]
Buddhism
In Buddhism a small wish granting tree is depicted decorating the upper part of the "long-life vase" held by "longevity deities" like Amitayus and Ushnishavijaya. The goddess Shramana devi holds jeweled branch of Kalpavriksha in her left hand.[3]
Worship of the Nyagrodha tree as a form of non-human worship is depicted in a Buddhist sculpture at Besnagar.[9] This sculpture in Besnagar, also known as Vidisa (Bhilsa), is dated to third century BC and is exhibited in the Calcutta Museum.[10]
In Myanmar, where Theravada Buddhism is practiced, the significance of the Kalpavriksha is in the form of an annual ritual known as Kathina (presenting a robe) in which the laity present gifts to the monks in the form of money trees.[11] At the kingdom of Ketumati's front gates, it is thought four Kalpavrikshas will spring up from the Earth and provide enough valuables to satisfy all of Jambudvīpa for years.[12]
Sikhism
In Sikhism, the Sri Guru Granth Sahib's scriptures have various references to the tree, more commonly referring to it as "Parjat", which translates to "Elysian Tree".
Identification with trees
In different states of India some trees are specifically referred to as the Kalpavriksha. These are stated below.
The banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis), also called Nyagrodha tree, which grows throughout the country is referred to as Kalpavriksha or Kaplaptaru because of its ability to amply provide for human needs.[13][9]
The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) found in most regions of the country is called "Kalpavriksha", as every part of it is useful in one way or the other. The coconut water inside the nut is a delicious drink. In dried form it is called copra and is used to manufacture oil. The coconut husk, called coir, is used to make rope. Leaves are used to make huts, fans, mats. Palm sugar is made from budding flower. The dried midrib is used to make boats.[14]
Ashwatha tree (sacred fig tree) is also known as Kalapvriksha where the deities and Brahma are stated to reside, and it is where sage Narada taught the rishis on the procedure for worshipping the tree and its usefulness.[15]
Mahua tree (Madhuca longifolia) holds an important place in the day-to-day life of the tribal people. It is like the Kalpavriksha wish tree called madhu (Madhuca indica).[16]
Shami tree (Prosopis cineraria), found in desert areas of the country, called in local dialect as Ajmer or jaant is called Kalpavriksha. In Rajasthan desert area its roots go deep to a depth of 17–25 metres (56–82 ft). This checks the erosion of the sandy soil of the desert. For this reason the tree stays green even during drought conditions. People of Rajasthan hence regard this tree as Kalpavriksha, because at the time of drought when no grass or fodder is found anywhere the animals are able to sustain by eating its green leaves.[17]
Chyur tree in the high altitudes of the Himalayas growing at an altitude between 500 and 1000 m, known as the Indian butter tree (Diploknema butyracea), is called a Kalpavriskha, or tree of paradise by the people of the mountainous region as it yields honey, jaggery and ghee. It is in the shape of an umbrella.[18]
In Joshimath in Uttarakhand a mulberry tree, which is said to be 2400 years old, is renowned and revered as the Kalpavriksha as it was the location where, in the 8th century, Adi Sankaracharya did penance under the tree as he considered it an incarnation of Lord Shiva.[19] It is also believed that sage Durvasa meditated under this tree,[5] in Urgam.[20] The mountain slopes of Kailasa are stated to have a profusion of Kalpavrikshas.[20]
At Mangaliyawas near Ajmer, Rajasthan, there are two revered trees (Male and Female) which are more than 800 years old, known as Kalpavrikshas. They are worshipped on an Amavasya day in the Hindu month of Shraavana.[5] In Ranchi, Jharkhand, there are three Kalpavrikshas. They are at a locality called Hinoo. In Tamil Nadu's culture, tala (Borassus flabellifer) a variety of Palmyra palm (Borassus), also known as toddy, is referred to as Kalpataru as all its parts have a use. This tree is also native to Asia and South East Asia, has normally a life span of 100 years, grows up to 20 metres (66 ft) height; its leaves in the shape of a fan are rough texture. The leaves were used for writing in the ancient times.[21]
In the Harivansh Puraan, the Parijata, baobab tree, is called a Kalpavriksha, or wish bearing tree, which apart from the village of Kintoor, near Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, is only found in heaven. The tree has mythological link with prince Arjuna of the Pandava clan who is said to have brought it from heaven. His mother Kunti after whom the village Kintoor is named used to offer flowers from this tree to worship Lord Shiva. It is also said that Lord Krishna brought this tree from heaven to please his wife Satyabhama.[22]
Kalpalatha is another wish fulfilling tree, a creeper, which was extolled during the later part of the Aryan period. It is said that a person standing below this tree would be blessed with beautiful ornaments, dresses and even unmarried girls.[23]
Iconography
In iconography, Kalpavriksha, the wish-fulfilling tree, is painted within a picture of a landscape, decorated with flowers, silks, and suspended with jewellery.[3] It is a pattern which has a prominent symbolic meaning.[1] Ornamental Kalpavriksha design was a feature that was adopted on the reverse of the coins and sculptures in the Gupta period.[24]
Kalpavriksha is also dated to the Dharmachakra period of Buddhism. The paintings of this period depicting the tree with various branches and leaves have a female figure painted on its top part. The female figure is painted from mast upwards holding a bowl in her hand. Similar depiction of female figure with tree representing it as presiding deity was a notable feature during the Sunga period as seen in the image of "Salabhanvka" in the railing pillars.[25]
In most paintings of Kalpavriksha Shiva and Parvati are a common feature. It forms a canopy over Shiva. In one painting Paravati is paying obeisance to Lord Shiva with her hands held up in adoration when she is blessed with a stream of water from the Kalpavriksha.[26]
Literature
A Kalpavriksha is mentioned in the Sanskrit work Mānāsara as a royal insignia. In Hemādri's work Caturvargacīntama, the Kalpavriksha is said to be a tree of gold and gem stones.[27]
In poetry Kalpavriksha is compared to Lakshmi as its sister emerging from the sea. It is born to the Naga King Kumuda, the fifth descendant of Takshaka, along with his sister Kumudavati. It emerged from below the bed of the Sarayu river challenging Kusa considered an incarnation of Vishnu just in the disguise as a son.[28]
Kalidasa, in his poetry Meghadūta epitomizing wish-fulfilling trees found in the capital of the Yaksha king extols the virtues of Kalpavriksha as "the dainties and fineries for the fair women of Alaka, coloured clothes for the body, intoxicating drinks for exciting glances of the eyes, and flowers for decorating the hair and ornaments of various designs".[29]
See also
- Hindu- Buddhism related
- Kalpataru Day
- Cassia fistula, the Golden Shower Tree which is special in Thai culture.
- Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend
- Sacred related
- General
References
- ^ Also known as kalpataru, kalpadruma, kalpa vruksham, kalpapādapa, and karpaga vriksham.
- Agrawala, Vasudeva Sharana (2003). Studies in Indian Art. Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7124-335-8.
- Bajpai, K. D. (1 October 2004). Indian Numismatic Studies. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-035-8.
- Beer, Robert (2003). The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols. Serindia Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-1-932476-03-3.
- Cunningham, Sir Alexander (1962). The Stūpa of Bharhut: A Buddhist Monument Ornamented with Numerous Sculptures Illustrated [sic] of Buddhist Legend and History in the Third Century B.C. Indological Book House.
- Dalal, Roshen (18 April 2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.
- Dehejia, Harsha V. (1 January 1999). Parvati: Goddess of Love. Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd. ISBN 81-85822-59-X.
- Gupta, Shakti M. (1991). Plant Myths and Traditions in India. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
- Jha, Ashok Kumar (July 2013). Meghadutam: Translated Into English in Vers Libre. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4669-9158-3.
- Nair, Shantha N. (1 January 2007). The Holy Himalayas: An Abode of Hindu Gods : a Journey Through the Mighty Himalayas. Pustak Mahal. ISBN 978-81-223-0967-6.
- Padma, Sree (17 September 2013). Vicissitudes of the Goddess: Reconstructions of the Gramadevata in India's Religious Traditions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-932504-7.
- Randhawa, Mohinder Singh (1964). The cult of trees and tree-worship in Buddhist-Hindu sculpture. All India Fine Arts & Crafts Society.
- Randhawa, Gurcharan Singh; Mukhopadhyay, Amitabha, eds. (1986). Floriculture in India. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7023-057-1.
- Rastogī, Rekhā (2008). Let Us Identify The Useful Trees(New). Children's Book Trust. ISBN 978-81-7011-919-7.
- Samarth, Shree Swami; Kendra, Vishwa Kalyan (1 August 2008). Guru Charitra. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-3348-0.
- Sivaramamurti, C. (1980). Approach to Nature in Indian Art and Thought. Kanak Publications.
- Sivkishen (23 January 2015). Kingdom of Shiva. Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-81-288-3028-0.
- Toole, S. J. (23 June 2015). Origin Myth of Me: Reflections of Our Origins Creation of the Lulu. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-329-22607-4.
- Wickens, G.E. (2 March 2008). The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-6431-9.
- Shah, Umakant P. (1987), Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 81-7017-208-X
- ^ a b Agrawala 2003, p. 87.
- ^ Toole 2015, p. 73.
- ^ a b c d Beer 2003, p. 19.
- ^ a b c Dalal 2014, p. 620.
- ^ a b c (PDF). Sacred Plants. National Informatics Center Rajasthan Forest Department. pp. 23–24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
- ^ Sivkishen 2015, p. 578.
- ^ a b "Kalchakra". Jainism simplified. University of Michigan.
- ^ Umakant P. Shah 1987, p. 71.
- ^ a b Gupta 1991, p. 48.
- ^ Randhawa 1964, p. 10.
- ^ Padma 2013, p. 83.
- ^ Maddegama, Udaya (1993). Sermon of the Chronicle-to-be. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 32.
- ^ Jha 2013, p. 83.
- ^ Allied S Environmental Education For Class 6. Allied Publishers. p. 18. ISBN 978-81-8424-065-8.
- ^ Samarth & Kendra 2008, p. 173.
- ^ Rastogī 2008, p. 46.
- ^ Rastogī 2008, p. 53.
- ^ Rastogī 2008, p. 25.
- ^ Limaye, Anita (1 June 2006). . The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015.
- ^ a b Nair 2007, p. 65.
- ^ Jha 2013, p. 111.
- ^ Wickens 2008, p. 61.
- ^ Randhawa & Mukhopadhyay 1986, p. 2.
- ^ Bajpai 2004, p. 152.
- ^ The Journal of the Bihar Purāvid Parishad. Bihar Puravid Parishad. 1992. p. 302.
- ^ Dehejia 1999, p. 96.
- ^ Roger Blench; Matthew Spriggs (2 September 2003). Archaeology and Language IV: Language Change and Cultural Transformation. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-81623-1.
- ^ Sivaramamurti 1980, p. 74.
- ^ Cunningham 1962, p. viii.