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Kabyle people

February 16, 2024

The Kabyle people (/kəˈbaɪl/, Kabyle: Izwawen or Leqbayel or Iqbayliyen, pronounced [iqβæjlijən], Arabic: القبائل, romanized: al-qabā'il)[9][10] are a Berber ethnic group indigenous to Kabylia in the north of Algeria, spread across the Atlas Mountains, 160 kilometres (100 mi) east of Algiers. They represent the largest Berber population of Algeria and the second largest in North Africa.

Kabyle people
Iqbayliyen (Kabyle)
القبائل (Arabic)
A painting of a Kabyle woman in folk costume
Total population
c. 6 million[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
Kabylia
 Algeriac. 5 million[3][4][1]
 Francec. 1 million[5][6]
 Canada37,415[7]
Languages
Kabyle
Algerian Arabic,[8] French
Religion
Predominantly Islam, with minorities of Roman Catholicism and Protestantism

Many of the Kabyles have emigrated from Algeria, influenced by factors such as the Algerian Civil War,[11] cultural repression by the central Algerian government,[12] and overall industrial decline. Their diaspora has resulted in Kabyle people living in numerous countries. Large populations of Kabyle people settled in France and, to a lesser extent, Canada (mainly Québec) and United States.

The Kabyle people speak Kabyle, a Berber language. Since the Berber Spring of 1980, they have been at the forefront of the fight for the official recognition of Berber languages in Algeria.

Etymology

The word 'Kabyle' (Kabyle: Iqbayliyen) is an exonym, and a distortion of the Arabic word qaba'il (قبائل), which means 'tribes', or 'to accept', which after the Muslim conquest was used for people who accepted the word of the Quran.[13] The term qaba'il was used, and is still somewhat used by various peoples in Algeria to refer to various mountain dwelling tribes, including the Kabyle people.[13][14]

The term used for Kabyles specifically was 'Zwawa' ('Izwawen' in Kabyle, 'زواوة' in Arabic). This appellation has been used since the medieval era for the tribes of Greater Kabylia, and is featured in important medieval ethnographic works like Ibn Khaldun's.[15][16] After the French conquest, the French often confused the term "Arabs" and "Kabyle" thanks to the widespread usage of Kabyle all over the country. Although initially the French used the term Kabyle to refer to all Berbers, it was later specified to mean only the modern Kabyle people during the colonial era,[13] however, Zwawa is still the most used term for Kabyles in areas such as western Algeria.[17]

History

The Kabyles were one of the few peoples in North Africa who remained independent during successive rule by the Romans, the Byzantines, the Vandals, the Ottoman Turks and the Carthaginians.[18][19][20][21][22] Even after the Arab conquest of North Africa, the Kabyle people still maintained possession of their mountains.[23][24][22]

Fatimid Caliphate

 
Map of Kutama army campaigns and battles up to the overthrow of the Aghlabids

Between 902 and 909, after being converted to Isma'ilism and won over by Abu Abdallah's propaganda,[25] the Kutama Berbers from Little Kabylie helped contribute to the founding of the Fatimid Caliphate, whose support in the conquest of Ifriqiya[26] resulted in the creation of the Caliphate,[27][28][29][30][31] although the ruling Fatimid dynasty was Arab. After the conquest of Ifriqiya the Fatimids conquered the realm of the Rustamids on the way to Sijilmasa which they also then briefly conquered and where Abdullāh al-Mahdī Billah, who at the time was imprisoned, was then freed and then accepted as the Imam of the movement and installed as the Caliph, becoming the first Caliph and the founder of the ruling dynasty.[32][33][34] The historian Heinz Halm describes the early Fatimid state as being "a hegemony of the Kutama and Sanhaja Berbers over the eastern and central Maghrib" and Prof. Dr. Loimeier states that rebellions against the Fatimids were also expressed through protest and opposition to Kutama rule.[35][36] The weakening of the Abbasids allowed Fatimid-Kutama power to quickly expand and in 959 Ziri ibn Manad, Jawhar the Sicilian and a Kutama army conquered Fez and Sijilmasa in Morocco.[37][36] During the reign of al-Aziz Billah, the role of the Kutama in the Fatimid army was greatly weakened as he significantly reduced their size in the army and included new socio-military groups.[38] In 969 under the command of Jawhar, the Fatimid Kutama troops conquered Egypt from the Ikhsidids, the general Ja'far ibn Fallah was instrumental in this success: he led the troops that crossed the river Nile and according to al-Maqrizi, captured the boats used to do this from a fleet sent by Ikhshidid loyalists from Lower Egypt.[39] The general Ja’far then invaded Palestine and conquered Ramla, the capital, he then conquered Damascus and made himself the master of the city and then he moved north and conquered Tripoli.[40][41] It was around this time period that the Fatimid Caliphate reached its territorial peak of 4,100,000 km2.[42]

 
Origin and conquests of the Fatimids

Zirid Dynasty

The Zirid Dynasty was a family of Sanhadja Berbers with origins in the Kabyle mountains.[43] During their reign they established their rule over the entire Maghreb and also established rule in parts of Andalusia. They also had suzerainty over the Emirate of Sicily through the Kalbite emirs and later assassinated the ruler and took over the island.[44] When the Emirate of Sicily was split into separate taifas, Ayyub Ibn Tamim entered Sicily and united all of the taifas under his rule until he left the island.

Hammadid Dynasty

The Hammadids came to power after declaring their independence from the Zirids. They managed to conquer land in all of the Maghreb region, capturing and possessing significant territories such as: Algiers, Béjaïa, Tripoli, Sfax, Susa, Fez, Ouargla and Sijilmasa.[45][46][47] South of Tunisia, they also possessed a number of oases that were the termini of trans-Saharan trade routes.[48]

Kingdom of Ait Abbas and Kingdom of Kuku

These two Kabyle Kingdoms managed to maintain their independence and participated in notable battles alongside the Regency of Algiers, such as the campaign of Tlemcen and the conquest of Fez. In the early 16th century Sultan Abdelaziz of the Beni Abbes managed to defeat the Ottomans several times, notably in the First Battle of Kalaa of the Beni Abbes.

 
Martinus Rørbye: A seated Kabyle.

The Kabyle were relatively independent of outside control during the period of Ottoman Empire rule in North Africa. They lived primarily in three different kingdoms: the Kingdom of Kuku, the Kingdom of Ait Abbas, and the principality of Aït Jubar.[49] Kabylia was the last part of northern Algeria to be colonised by the French during the years 1854–1857, despite vigorous resistance.[50] Such leaders as Lalla Fatma N'Soumer continued the resistance as late as Mokrani's rebellion in 1871.

French colonists invented the Kabyle myth in the 19th century which asserted that the Kabyle people were more predisposed than Arabs to assimilate into "French civilization." Lacoste explained that "turning the Arabs into invaders was one way of legitimizing the French presence".[51]

 
Lalla Fatma N'Soumer of Tariqa led the resistance against French colonization 1851–1857.

Kabyle villages were ruled through an indirect administration based on the preservation of Kabyle traditional political institutions such as the village’s assemblies djemaas, this institution played a central role in the Kabyle’s self-governing.[50] The djemaas would resolve disputes between the village’s inhabitants and edict the customary law rules.[50] French officials confiscated much land from the more recalcitrant tribes and granted it to colonists, who became known as pieds-noirs During this period, the French carried out many arrests and deported resisters, mainly to New Caledonia in the South Pacific. Due to French colonization, many Kabyle emigrated to other areas inside and outside Algeria.[52] Over time, immigrant workers also began to go to France.

In the 1920s, Algerian immigrant workers in France organized the first party promoting Algerians independence. Messali Hadj, Imache Amar, Si Djilani Mohammed, and Belkacem Radjef rapidly built a strong following throughout France and Algeria in the 1930s. They developed militants who became vital to the fighting for an independent Algeria. This became widespread after World War II.

Since Algeria gained independence in 1962, tensions have arisen between Kabylie and the central government on several occasions. In July 1962, the FLN (National Liberation Front) was split rather than united. Indeed, many actors who contributed to independence wanted a share of power but the ALN (National Liberation Army) directed by Houari Boumédiène, joined by Ahmed Ben Bella, had the upper hand because of their military forces.[citation needed]

In 1963 the FFS party of Hocine Aït Ahmed contested the authority of the FLN, which had promoted itself as the only party in the nation. Aït Ahmed and others considered the central government led by Ben Bella authoritarian, and on September 3, 1963, the FFS (Socialist Forces front) was created by Hocine Aït Ahmed.[53] This party grouped opponents of the regime then in place, and a few days after its proclamation, Ben Bella sent the army into Kabylie to repress the insurrection. Colonel Mohand Oulhadj also took part in the FFS and in the Maquis (fr) because he considered that the mujahideen were not treated as they should be.[54] In the beginning, the FFS wanted to negotiate with the government but since no agreement was reached, the maquis took up arms and swore not to give them up as long as democratic principles and justice were[clarification needed] a part of the system. But after Mohand Oulhadj's defection, Aït Ahmed could barely sustain the movement and after the FLN congress on April 16, 1964, which reinforced the government's legitimacy, he was arrested in October 1964. As a consequence, the insurrection was a failure in 1965 because it was hugely repressed by the forces of the ALN, under Houari Boumédiène. In 1965 Aït Ahmed was sentenced to death, but later pardoned by Ben Bella. Approximately 400 deaths were counted amongst the maquis.[53]

In 1980, protesters mounted several months of demonstrations in Kabylie demanding the recognition of Berber as an official language; this period has been called the Berber Spring. In 1994–1995, the Kabyle conducted a school boycott, termed the "strike of the school bag". In June and July 1998, they protested, in events that turned violent, after the assassination of singer Matoub Lounès and passage of a law requiring use of the Arabic language in all fields.

In the months following April 2001 (called the Black Spring), major riots among the Kabyle took place following the killing of Masinissa Guermah, a young Kabyle, by gendarmes. At the same time, organized activism produced the Arouch, and neo-traditional local councils. The protests gradually decreased after the Kabyle won some concessions from President Abdelaziz Bouteflika.

On 6 January 2016, Tamazight was officially recognized in Algeria's constitution as a language equal to Arabic.[55]

Geography

 
Regions of Kabyle settlements in Algeria

The geography of the Kabyle region played an important role in the people's history. The difficult mountainous landscape of the Tizi Ouzou and Bejaia provinces served as a refuge, to which most of the Kabyle people retreated when under pressure or occupation. They were able to preserve their cultural heritage in such isolation from other cultural influences.

The area supported local dynasties (Numidia, Fatimids in the Kutama periods, Zirids, Hammadids, and Hafsids of Bejaïa) or Algerian modern nationalism, and the war of independence. The region was repeatedly occupied by various conquerors. Romans and Byzantines controlled the main road and valley during the period of antiquity and avoided the mountains (Mont ferratus).[56] During the spread of Islam, Arabs controlled plains but not all the countryside (they were called el aadua: enemy by the Kabyle).[57]

The Regency of Algiers, under Ottoman influence, tried to have indirect influence over the people (makhzen tribes of Amraoua, and marabout).[58]

The French gradually and totally conquered the region and set up a direct administration.

 
The Djurdjura chain
 
Topographic map of Kabylia.

Algerian provinces with significant Kabyle-speaking populations include Tizi Ouzou, Béjaïa and Bouira, where they are a majority, as well as Boumerdes, Setif, Bordj Bou Arreridj, and Jijel. Algiers also has a significant Kabyle population, where they make up more than half of the capital's population.

The Kabyle region is referred to as Al Qabayel ("tribes") by the Arabic-speaking population and as Kabylie in French. Its indigenous inhabitants call it Tamurt Idurar ("Land of Mountains") or Tamurt n Iqbayliyen/Tamurt n Iqbayliyen ("Land of the Kabyle"). It is part of the Atlas Mountains and is located at the edge of the Mediterranean.

Culture and society

Language

Main article: Kabyle language

The Kabyle ethnic group speak Kabyle, a Berber language of the Afro-Asiatic family. It is the largest Berber language in Algeria.[59] It was spoken by 3 million people in 2004[60] and has significant Arabic, French, Latin, Greek, Phoenician and Punic substratum, with Arabic loanwords representing 22.7% to 46%[61] of the total Kabyle vocabulary, with many estimates putting it at about 35%.[62] Many Kabyles also speak Algerian Arabic and French.

During the first centuries of their history, Kabyles used the Libyco-Berber writing system (ancestor of the modern Tifinagh). Since the beginning of the 19th century, and under French influence, Kabyle intellectuals began to use the Latin script. It is the basis for the modern Berber Latin alphabet.

After the independence of Algeria, some Kabyle activists tried to revive the Old Tifinagh alphabet. This new version of Tifinagh has been called Neo-Tifinagh, but its use remains limited. Kabyle literature has continued to be written in the Latin script.

Religion

The Kabyle people are mainly Muslim, with a small Christian minority.[63] Many Zawaya exist all over the region; the Rahmaniyya is the most prolific.

Catholics of Kabyle background generally live in France. Recently, the Protestant community has had significant growth, particularly among Evangelical denominations.[64]

Economy

The traditional economy of the area is based on arboriculture (orchards and olive trees) and on the craft industry (tapestry or pottery). Mountain and hill farming is gradually giving way to local industry (textile and agro-alimentary). In the middle of the 20th century, with the influence and funding by the Kabyle diaspora, many industries were developed in this region. It has become the second most important industrial region in the country after Algiers.[citation needed]

Politics

 
Demonstration by Kabyles in Paris in April 2016

The Kabyle have been fierce activists in promoting the cause of Berber (Amazigh) identity. The movement has three groups: those Kabyle who identify as part of a larger Berber nation (Berberists); those who identify as part of the Algerian nation (known as "Algerianists", some view Algeria as an essentially Berber nation); and those who consider the Kabyle to be a distinct nation separate from (but akin to) other Berber peoples (known as Kabylists).

Diaspora

For historical and economic reasons, many Kabyles have emigrated to France, both for work and to escape political persecution. They now number around 1 million people.[68][69] Some notable French people are of full or partial Kabyle descent.

Notable people

Main article: List of Kabyle people

Sport

 
Zinedine Zidane

Business

Cinema

Music

Paint

Politics

Science

Literature

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b Amazigh at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)  
  2. ^ Pereltsvaig, Asya (2020-09-03). "6.3 Berber languages". Languages of the World: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. doi:10.1017/9781108783071. ISBN 978-1-108-78307-1.
  3. ^ Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2018-09-20). Rowe, Paul S (ed.). "The Berbers (Amazigh)". Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East: 314. doi:10.4324/9781315626031-23. ISBN 9781315626031. S2CID 187966078.
  4. ^ Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2015-12-30). "Berbers (Amazigh)". In Smith, Anthony D; Hou, Xiaoshuo; Stone, John; Dennis, Rutledge (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism. Oxford, UK: Wiley. p. 1. doi:10.1002/9781118663202.wberen411. ISBN 978-1-118-66320-2. Retrieved 2022-12-23.
  5. ^ "Rapport du Comité consultatif pour la promotion des langues régionales et de la pluralité linguistique interne (2013)". www.culture.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2022-12-25.
  6. ^ Chaker, S. (2004-05-01). "Kabylie : La langue". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (26): 4055–4066. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1431. ISSN 1015-7344.
  7. ^ "Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". Census Profile, 2021 Census. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  8. ^ Frawley, William J. (2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE – Esperanto, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0195139778. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  9. ^ "Centre de Recherche Berbère – Ecriture: Libyque & tifinagh". www.centrederechercheberbere.fr. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  10. ^ Lanfry, Jacques (1978). "Les Zwawa (Igawawen) d'Algérie centrale (essai onomastique et ethnographique)". Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée. 26 (1): 75–101. doi:10.3406/remmm.1978.1825.
  11. ^ "The Kabyle Berbers, AQIM and the search for peace in Algeria | Algeria | al Jazeera".
  12. ^ Article title 2020-03-23 at the Wayback Machine[bare URL PDF]
  13. ^ a b c Benrabah, Mohamed (2013-05-16). Language Conflict in Algeria: From Colonialism to Post-Independence. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-84769-965-7.
  14. ^ Lowi, Miriam R. (2009-11-12). Oil Wealth and the Poverty of Politics: Algeria Compared. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-48175-5.
  15. ^ Chachoua, Kamel (2000). Zwawa et zawaya: l'islam "la question kabyle" et l'État en Algérie. Autour de la Rissala, épître, "Les plus clairs arguments qui nécessitent la réforme des zawaya kabyles", d'Ibnou Zakri (1853–1914), clerc officiel dans l'Algérie coloniale, publiée à Alger, aux Editions Fontana en 1903 (in French). Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales.
  16. ^ Roberts, Hugh (2014-08-19). Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85772-420-5.
  17. ^ Mustapha, Tidjet. Dictionnaires des patronymes Algériens (in French). Algiers: Office des publications universitaires. p. 64.
  18. ^ Eur. The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781857431322.
  19. ^ Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (1858). "Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux Walmsley: Pg 118".
  20. ^ Wysner, Glora M. (30 January 2013). The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner. Read Books. ISBN 9781447483526.
  21. ^ The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568. Grolier. 1990. ISBN 9780717201211.
  22. ^ a b "The Conquest of Kabylia". Perth Gazette and Independent Journal of Politics and News. 1859-04-08. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  23. ^ "The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45". 1865.
  24. ^ Field, Henry Martyn (1893). "The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93".
  25. ^ Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1992). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. J. Currey. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9.
  26. ^ Daftary, Farhad (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis. Scarecrow Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8108-6164-0.
  27. ^ The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity
  28. ^ Nanjira, Daniel Don (2010). African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-313-37982-6.
  29. ^ Fage, J. D. (1958). An Atlas of African History. E. Arnold. p. 11.
  30. ^ International Journal of Economic and Social History, Volume 8
  31. ^ Chroniques des années algériennes
  32. ^ Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (2009). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Africa. Gale. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-4144-4883-1.
  33. ^ Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1979). Algeria, a Country Study. [Department of Defense], Department of the Army. p. 15.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Orientalia, Volumes 54–55
  35. ^ Halm, Heinz (2014). "Fāṭimids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
  36. ^ a b Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology – Roman Loimeier Indiana University Press,
  37. ^ Heinz Halm (1996). Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten. BRILL. p. 399. ISBN 90-04-10056-3.
  38. ^ Lev, Ya'acov (2022-02-22). War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean, 7th–15th Centuries. p. 145. ISBN 978-90-04-47447-5.
  39. ^ Lev, Yaacov (1979). "The Fāṭimid Conquest of Egypt — Military Political and Social Aspects". Israel Oriental Studies. 9: 315–328. ISSN 0334-4401.
  40. ^ First Crusader: Byzantium's Holy Wars
  41. ^ The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies, Volume 24 Black, Parbury, & Allen,
  42. ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X
  43. ^ A History of Africa – J.D. Fage: Pg 166
  44. ^ The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3 – J.D. Fage: Pg 16
  45. ^ Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa: Pg 42
  46. ^ Islam: Art and Architecture: Pg 614
  47. ^ Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen): Pg 55 & 56
  48. ^ Nomads and Crusaders, A.D. 1000–1368 By Archibald Ross Lewis
  49. ^ E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 4, publié par M. Th. Houtsma, Page: 600
  50. ^ a b c Laidani, Amar. (2019). The recognition of the Tamazight Languages in the Algerian Law. Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Iurisprudentia.
  51. ^ Davis, Diana K. (2007-09-11). Resurrecting the Granary of Rome: Environmental History and French Colonial Expansion in North Africa. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1751-5.
  52. ^ Bélaïd Abane, L'Algérie en guerre: Abane Ramdane et les fusils de la rébellion, p. 74
  53. ^ a b Monbeig, Pierre (1992). "Une opposition politique dans l'impasse. Le FFS de Hocine Aït-Ahmed". Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée. 65 (1): 125–140. doi:10.3406/remmm.1992.1560. ISSN 0997-1327.
  54. ^ Said Malik Cheurfa ⵣ (2011-08-03), Révolte de Hocine Ait Ahmed et Mohand Oulhadj en 28 septembre 1963 par Malik Cheurfa.flv, retrieved 2019-04-22[dead YouTube link]
  55. ^ "AVANT PROJET DE REVISION DE LA CONSTITUTION" (PDF). Algeria Press Service. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  56. ^ "Ebook LA KABYLIE ORIENTALE DANS L'HISTOIRE – Pays des Kutuma et guerre coloniale de Hosni Kitouni". www.harmatheque.com. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  57. ^ Abdelfettah Lalmi, Nedjma (2004-01-01). "Du mythe de l'isolat kabyle". Cahiers d'Études Africaines (in French). 44 (175): 507–531. doi:10.4000/etudesafricaines.4710. ISSN 0008-0055.
  58. ^ Universalis, Encyclopædia. "KABYLES". Encyclopædia Universalis. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  59. ^ Jane E. Goodman (3 November 2005). Berber Culture on the World Stage: From Village to Video. Indiana University Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-253-11145-5.
  60. ^ Leclerc, Jacques (5 April 2009). . L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde (in French). Université Laval. Archived from the original on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  61. ^ Kossmann, Maarten (2013-07-18). The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber. BRILL. p. 98. ISBN 978-90-04-25309-4.
  62. ^ Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (2007-01-01). Language Planning and Policy in Africa. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-84769-011-1.
  63. ^ Abdelmadjid Hannoum, Violent Modernity: France in Algeria, Page 124, 2010, Harvard Center for Middle Eastern studies, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Amar Boulifa, Le Djurdjura à travers l'histoire depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'en 1830 : organisation et indépendance des Zouaoua (Grande Kabylie), Page 197, 1925, Algiers.
  64. ^ Lucien Oulahbib, Le monde arabe existe-t-il ?, page 12, 2005, Editions de Paris, Paris.
  65. ^ https://www.euronews.com/2012/05/12/election-hit-by-irregularities-says-algerian-opposition-leader 2020-12-17 at the Wayback Machine, Euronews, "Election hit by irregularities, says Algerian opposition leader", www.euronews.com, 12 May 2012, accessed 5 October 2020
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  67. ^ www. kabylia-gov.org, Kabylia Government website
  68. ^ Salem Chaker, "Pour une histoire sociale du berbère en France" 2012-11-12 at the Wayback Machine, Les Actes du Colloque Paris – Inalco, Octobre 2004
  69. ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K, Good Publishing Group, 2002, p.863. Quote: "Outside North Africa, the largest Kabyle community, numbering around 1 million, is in France."

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Kabyle people.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kabyle people.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Kabyles".
  • Provisional Government of Kabylie (ANAVAD)
  • Kabyle Movement of Autonomy[permanent dead link]
  • Kabyle centric news site (in Kabyle)
  • Kabyle centric news site (in French)
  • Ethnologue.com about Kabyle language
  • Algerian linguistic policy 2006-04-28 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  • Cultural site (in French)

February 16, 2024
kabyle, people, kabyle, izwawen, leqbayel, iqbayliyen, pronounced, iqβæjlijən, arabic, القبائل, romanized, qabā, berber, ethnic, group, indigenous, kabylia, north, algeria, spread, across, atlas, mountains, kilometres, east, algiers, they, represent, largest, . The Kabyle people k e ˈ b aɪ l Kabyle Izwawen or Leqbayel or Iqbayliyen pronounced iqbaejlijen Arabic القبائل romanized al qaba il 9 10 are a Berber ethnic group indigenous to Kabylia in the north of Algeria spread across the Atlas Mountains 160 kilometres 100 mi east of Algiers They represent the largest Berber population of Algeria and the second largest in North Africa Kabyle peopleIqbayliyen Kabyle القبائل Arabic A painting of a Kabyle woman in folk costumeTotal populationc 6 million 1 2 Regions with significant populationsKabylia Algeriac 5 million 3 4 1 Francec 1 million 5 6 Canada37 415 7 LanguagesKabyleAlgerian Arabic 8 FrenchReligionPredominantly Islam with minorities of Roman Catholicism and ProtestantismMany of the Kabyles have emigrated from Algeria influenced by factors such as the Algerian Civil War 11 cultural repression by the central Algerian government 12 and overall industrial decline Their diaspora has resulted in Kabyle people living in numerous countries Large populations of Kabyle people settled in France and to a lesser extent Canada mainly Quebec and United States The Kabyle people speak Kabyle a Berber language Since the Berber Spring of 1980 they have been at the forefront of the fight for the official recognition of Berber languages in Algeria Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Fatimid Caliphate 2 2 Zirid Dynasty 2 3 Hammadid Dynasty 2 4 Kingdom of Ait Abbas and Kingdom of Kuku 3 Geography 4 Culture and society 4 1 Language 4 2 Religion 5 Economy 6 Politics 7 Diaspora 8 Notable people 8 1 Sport 8 2 Business 8 3 Cinema 8 4 Music 8 5 Paint 8 6 Politics 8 7 Science 8 8 Literature 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 External linksEtymologyThe word Kabyle Kabyle Iqbayliyen is an exonym and a distortion of the Arabic word qaba il قبائل which means tribes or to accept which after the Muslim conquest was used for people who accepted the word of the Quran 13 The term qaba il was used and is still somewhat used by various peoples in Algeria to refer to various mountain dwelling tribes including the Kabyle people 13 14 The term used for Kabyles specifically was Zwawa Izwawen in Kabyle زواوة in Arabic This appellation has been used since the medieval era for the tribes of Greater Kabylia and is featured in important medieval ethnographic works like Ibn Khaldun s 15 16 After the French conquest the French often confused the term Arabs and Kabyle thanks to the widespread usage of Kabyle all over the country Although initially the French used the term Kabyle to refer to all Berbers it was later specified to mean only the modern Kabyle people during the colonial era 13 however Zwawa is still the most used term for Kabyles in areas such as western Algeria 17 HistoryThe Kabyles were one of the few peoples in North Africa who remained independent during successive rule by the Romans the Byzantines the Vandals the Ottoman Turks and the Carthaginians 18 19 20 21 22 Even after the Arab conquest of North Africa the Kabyle people still maintained possession of their mountains 23 24 22 Fatimid Caliphate nbsp Map of Kutama army campaigns and battles up to the overthrow of the AghlabidsBetween 902 and 909 after being converted to Isma ilism and won over by Abu Abdallah s propaganda 25 the Kutama Berbers from Little Kabylie helped contribute to the founding of the Fatimid Caliphate whose support in the conquest of Ifriqiya 26 resulted in the creation of the Caliphate 27 28 29 30 31 although the ruling Fatimid dynasty was Arab After the conquest of Ifriqiya the Fatimids conquered the realm of the Rustamids on the way to Sijilmasa which they also then briefly conquered and where Abdullah al Mahdi Billah who at the time was imprisoned was then freed and then accepted as the Imam of the movement and installed as the Caliph becoming the first Caliph and the founder of the ruling dynasty 32 33 34 The historian Heinz Halm describes the early Fatimid state as being a hegemony of the Kutama and Sanhaja Berbers over the eastern and central Maghrib and Prof Dr Loimeier states that rebellions against the Fatimids were also expressed through protest and opposition to Kutama rule 35 36 The weakening of the Abbasids allowed Fatimid Kutama power to quickly expand and in 959 Ziri ibn Manad Jawhar the Sicilian and a Kutama army conquered Fez and Sijilmasa in Morocco 37 36 During the reign of al Aziz Billah the role of the Kutama in the Fatimid army was greatly weakened as he significantly reduced their size in the army and included new socio military groups 38 In 969 under the command of Jawhar the Fatimid Kutama troops conquered Egypt from the Ikhsidids the general Ja far ibn Fallah was instrumental in this success he led the troops that crossed the river Nile and according to al Maqrizi captured the boats used to do this from a fleet sent by Ikhshidid loyalists from Lower Egypt 39 The general Ja far then invaded Palestine and conquered Ramla the capital he then conquered Damascus and made himself the master of the city and then he moved north and conquered Tripoli 40 41 It was around this time period that the Fatimid Caliphate reached its territorial peak of 4 100 000 km2 42 nbsp Origin and conquests of the FatimidsZirid Dynasty The Zirid Dynasty was a family of Sanhadja Berbers with origins in the Kabyle mountains 43 During their reign they established their rule over the entire Maghreb and also established rule in parts of Andalusia They also had suzerainty over the Emirate of Sicily through the Kalbite emirs and later assassinated the ruler and took over the island 44 When the Emirate of Sicily was split into separate taifas Ayyub Ibn Tamim entered Sicily and united all of the taifas under his rule until he left the island Hammadid Dynasty The Hammadids came to power after declaring their independence from the Zirids They managed to conquer land in all of the Maghreb region capturing and possessing significant territories such as Algiers Bejaia Tripoli Sfax Susa Fez Ouargla and Sijilmasa 45 46 47 South of Tunisia they also possessed a number of oases that were the termini of trans Saharan trade routes 48 Kingdom of Ait Abbas and Kingdom of Kuku These two Kabyle Kingdoms managed to maintain their independence and participated in notable battles alongside the Regency of Algiers such as the campaign of Tlemcen and the conquest of Fez In the early 16th century Sultan Abdelaziz of the Beni Abbes managed to defeat the Ottomans several times notably in the First Battle of Kalaa of the Beni Abbes nbsp Martinus Rorbye A seated Kabyle The Kabyle were relatively independent of outside control during the period of Ottoman Empire rule in North Africa They lived primarily in three different kingdoms the Kingdom of Kuku the Kingdom of Ait Abbas and the principality of Ait Jubar 49 Kabylia was the last part of northern Algeria to be colonised by the French during the years 1854 1857 despite vigorous resistance 50 Such leaders as Lalla Fatma N Soumer continued the resistance as late as Mokrani s rebellion in 1871 French colonists invented the Kabyle myth in the 19th century which asserted that the Kabyle people were more predisposed than Arabs to assimilate into French civilization Lacoste explained that turning the Arabs into invaders was one way of legitimizing the French presence 51 nbsp Lalla Fatma N Soumer of Tariqa led the resistance against French colonization 1851 1857 Kabyle villages were ruled through an indirect administration based on the preservation of Kabyle traditional political institutions such as the village s assemblies djemaas this institution played a central role in the Kabyle s self governing 50 The djemaas would resolve disputes between the village s inhabitants and edict the customary law rules 50 French officials confiscated much land from the more recalcitrant tribes and granted it to colonists who became known as pieds noirs During this period the French carried out many arrests and deported resisters mainly to New Caledonia in the South Pacific Due to French colonization many Kabyle emigrated to other areas inside and outside Algeria 52 Over time immigrant workers also began to go to France In the 1920s Algerian immigrant workers in France organized the first party promoting Algerians independence Messali Hadj Imache Amar Si Djilani Mohammed and Belkacem Radjef rapidly built a strong following throughout France and Algeria in the 1930s They developed militants who became vital to the fighting for an independent Algeria This became widespread after World War II Since Algeria gained independence in 1962 tensions have arisen between Kabylie and the central government on several occasions In July 1962 the FLN National Liberation Front was split rather than united Indeed many actors who contributed to independence wanted a share of power but the ALN National Liberation Army directed by Houari Boumediene joined by Ahmed Ben Bella had the upper hand because of their military forces citation needed In 1963 the FFS party of Hocine Ait Ahmed contested the authority of the FLN which had promoted itself as the only party in the nation Ait Ahmed and others considered the central government led by Ben Bella authoritarian and on September 3 1963 the FFS Socialist Forces front was created by Hocine Ait Ahmed 53 This party grouped opponents of the regime then in place and a few days after its proclamation Ben Bella sent the army into Kabylie to repress the insurrection Colonel Mohand Oulhadj also took part in the FFS and in the Maquis fr because he considered that the mujahideen were not treated as they should be 54 In the beginning the FFS wanted to negotiate with the government but since no agreement was reached the maquis took up arms and swore not to give them up as long as democratic principles and justice were clarification needed a part of the system But after Mohand Oulhadj s defection Ait Ahmed could barely sustain the movement and after the FLN congress on April 16 1964 which reinforced the government s legitimacy he was arrested in October 1964 As a consequence the insurrection was a failure in 1965 because it was hugely repressed by the forces of the ALN under Houari Boumediene In 1965 Ait Ahmed was sentenced to death but later pardoned by Ben Bella Approximately 400 deaths were counted amongst the maquis 53 In 1980 protesters mounted several months of demonstrations in Kabylie demanding the recognition of Berber as an official language this period has been called the Berber Spring In 1994 1995 the Kabyle conducted a school boycott termed the strike of the school bag In June and July 1998 they protested in events that turned violent after the assassination of singer Matoub Lounes and passage of a law requiring use of the Arabic language in all fields In the months following April 2001 called the Black Spring major riots among the Kabyle took place following the killing of Masinissa Guermah a young Kabyle by gendarmes At the same time organized activism produced the Arouch and neo traditional local councils The protests gradually decreased after the Kabyle won some concessions from President Abdelaziz Bouteflika On 6 January 2016 Tamazight was officially recognized in Algeria s constitution as a language equal to Arabic 55 Geography nbsp Regions of Kabyle settlements in AlgeriaThe geography of the Kabyle region played an important role in the people s history The difficult mountainous landscape of the Tizi Ouzou and Bejaia provinces served as a refuge to which most of the Kabyle people retreated when under pressure or occupation They were able to preserve their cultural heritage in such isolation from other cultural influences The area supported local dynasties Numidia Fatimids in the Kutama periods Zirids Hammadids and Hafsids of Bejaia or Algerian modern nationalism and the war of independence The region was repeatedly occupied by various conquerors Romans and Byzantines controlled the main road and valley during the period of antiquity and avoided the mountains Mont ferratus 56 During the spread of Islam Arabs controlled plains but not all the countryside they were called el aadua enemy by the Kabyle 57 The Regency of Algiers under Ottoman influence tried to have indirect influence over the people makhzen tribes of Amraoua and marabout 58 The French gradually and totally conquered the region and set up a direct administration nbsp The Djurdjura chain nbsp Topographic map of Kabylia Algerian provinces with significant Kabyle speaking populations include Tizi Ouzou Bejaia and Bouira where they are a majority as well as Boumerdes Setif Bordj Bou Arreridj and Jijel Algiers also has a significant Kabyle population where they make up more than half of the capital s population The Kabyle region is referred to as Al Qabayel tribes by the Arabic speaking population and as Kabylie in French Its indigenous inhabitants call it Tamurt Idurar Land of Mountains or Tamurt n Iqbayliyen Tamurt n Iqbayliyen Land of the Kabyle It is part of the Atlas Mountains and is located at the edge of the Mediterranean Culture and societyLanguage Main article Kabyle language The Kabyle ethnic group speak Kabyle a Berber language of the Afro Asiatic family It is the largest Berber language in Algeria 59 It was spoken by 3 million people in 2004 60 and has significant Arabic French Latin Greek Phoenician and Punic substratum with Arabic loanwords representing 22 7 to 46 61 of the total Kabyle vocabulary with many estimates putting it at about 35 62 Many Kabyles also speak Algerian Arabic and French During the first centuries of their history Kabyles used the Libyco Berber writing system ancestor of the modern Tifinagh Since the beginning of the 19th century and under French influence Kabyle intellectuals began to use the Latin script It is the basis for the modern Berber Latin alphabet After the independence of Algeria some Kabyle activists tried to revive the Old Tifinagh alphabet This new version of Tifinagh has been called Neo Tifinagh but its use remains limited Kabyle literature has continued to be written in the Latin script Religion The Kabyle people are mainly Muslim with a small Christian minority 63 Many Zawaya exist all over the region the Rahmaniyya is the most prolific Catholics of Kabyle background generally live in France Recently the Protestant community has had significant growth particularly among Evangelical denominations 64 EconomyThe traditional economy of the area is based on arboriculture orchards and olive trees and on the craft industry tapestry or pottery Mountain and hill farming is gradually giving way to local industry textile and agro alimentary In the middle of the 20th century with the influence and funding by the Kabyle diaspora many industries were developed in this region It has become the second most important industrial region in the country after Algiers citation needed Politics nbsp Demonstration by Kabyles in Paris in April 2016The Kabyle have been fierce activists in promoting the cause of Berber Amazigh identity The movement has three groups those Kabyle who identify as part of a larger Berber nation Berberists those who identify as part of the Algerian nation known as Algerianists some view Algeria as an essentially Berber nation and those who consider the Kabyle to be a distinct nation separate from but akin to other Berber peoples known as Kabylists Two political parties dominate in Kabylie and have their principal support base there the Socialist Forces Front FFS led by Ali Laskri who replaced Hocine Ait Ahmed 65 and the Rally for Culture and Democracy RCD led by Mohcine Belabbes who replaced Said Sadi 66 Both parties are secularist Berberist and Algerianist The Arouch emerged during the Black Spring of 2001 as a revival of the village assembly a traditional Kabyle form of democratic organization The Arouch share roughly the same political views as the FFS and the RCD The Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie MAK also emerged during the Black Spring It claimed the right for a regional autonomy of Kabylie On 21 April 2010 MAK proclaimed a Provisional Government of Kabylie in exile ANAVAD Ferhat Mehenni was elected president by the National Council of the MAK 67 In 2013 MAK officially became an independentist movement and changed its name to the Movement for the Self Determination of Kabylie DiasporaFor historical and economic reasons many Kabyles have emigrated to France both for work and to escape political persecution They now number around 1 million people 68 69 Some notable French people are of full or partial Kabyle descent Notable peopleMain article List of Kabyle people Sport nbsp Zinedine ZidaneHicham Boudaoui Samir Ait Said Mohamed Allek Larbi Benboudaoud Soraya Haddad Loucif Hamani Cherif Hamia Kheira Hamraoui Mohand Cherif Hannachi Rabah Madjer Kylian Mbappe Mahieddine Meftah Sarah Ourahmoune Moussa Saib Hocine Soltani Zinedine ZidaneBusiness Issad RebrabCinema Isabelle Adjani Mhamed Arezki Ramzy Bedia Habiba Djahnine Fellag Marie Jose Nat Daniel Prevost Rouiched Erika Sawajiri Malik ZidiMusic Abderrahmane Abdelli Lounis Ait Menguellet Assia Slimane Azem Chimene Badi Alain Bashung Cherifa Malika Domrane Idir Mohamed Iguerbouchene Marina Kaye Souad Massi Matoub Lounes Kamel Messaoudi Emma Said Ben Mohamed Marcel Mouloudji El Hadj M Hamed El Anka Riles TakfarinasPaint M hamed Issiakhem Hamid TibouchiPolitics Abane Ramdane Ferhat Abbas Belaid Abrika Hocine Ait Ahmed Amirouche Ait Hamouda Fadela Amara Cheikh Mokrani Belkacem Lounes Mohand Arav Bessaoud Lalla Fatma N Soumer Salima Ghezali Ferhat Imazighen Imula Krim Belkacem Said Mohammedi Belkacem Radjef Said SadiScience Mouloud Mammeri Si Amar Mohammed Arkoun Kahina Bahloul Salem Chaker Mustapha Ishak Boushaki Noureddine Melikechi Rachid Ouyed Si Said Abdelmalek Sayad Mohand Tazerout Tassadit YacineLiterature Arezki Ait Larbi Taos Amrouche Tahar Djaout Nabile Fares Mouloud Feraoun Si Mohand Salem ZeniaSee alsoList of Kabyle peopleNotes and references a b Amazigh at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 nbsp Pereltsvaig Asya 2020 09 03 6 3 Berber languages Languages of the World An Introduction Cambridge University Press p 203 doi 10 1017 9781108783071 ISBN 978 1 108 78307 1 Maddy Weitzman Bruce 2018 09 20 Rowe Paul S ed The Berbers Amazigh Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East 314 doi 10 4324 9781315626031 23 ISBN 9781315626031 S2CID 187966078 Maddy Weitzman Bruce 2015 12 30 Berbers Amazigh In Smith Anthony D Hou Xiaoshuo Stone John Dennis Rutledge eds The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race Ethnicity and Nationalism Oxford UK Wiley p 1 doi 10 1002 9781118663202 wberen411 ISBN 978 1 118 66320 2 Retrieved 2022 12 23 Rapport du Comite consultatif pour la promotion des langues regionales et de la pluralite linguistique interne 2013 www culture gouv fr in French Retrieved 2022 12 25 Chaker S 2004 05 01 Kabylie La langue Encyclopedie berbere in French 26 4055 4066 doi 10 4000 encyclopedieberbere 1431 ISSN 1015 7344 Knowledge of languages by age and gender Canada provinces and territories census divisions and census subdivisions Census Profile 2021 Census Statistics Canada Statistique Canada 7 May 2021 Retrieved 3 January 2023 Frawley William J 2003 International Encyclopedia of Linguistics AAVE Esperanto Volume 1 Oxford University Press p 221 ISBN 978 0195139778 Retrieved 21 December 2017 Centre de Recherche Berbere Ecriture Libyque amp tifinagh www centrederechercheberbere fr Retrieved 2021 04 18 Lanfry Jacques 1978 Les Zwawa Igawawen d Algerie centrale essai onomastique et ethnographique Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Mediterranee 26 1 75 101 doi 10 3406 remmm 1978 1825 The Kabyle Berbers AQIM and the search for peace in Algeria Algeria al Jazeera Article title Archived 2020 03 23 at the Wayback Machine bare URL PDF a b c Benrabah Mohamed 2013 05 16 Language Conflict in Algeria From Colonialism to Post Independence Multilingual Matters ISBN 978 1 84769 965 7 Lowi Miriam R 2009 11 12 Oil Wealth and the Poverty of Politics Algeria Compared Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 139 48175 5 Chachoua Kamel 2000 Zwawa et zawaya l islam la question kabyle et l Etat en Algerie Autour de la Rissala epitre Les plus clairs arguments qui necessitent la reforme des zawaya kabyles d Ibnou Zakri 1853 1914 clerc officiel dans l Algerie coloniale publiee a Alger aux Editions Fontana en 1903 in French Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales Roberts Hugh 2014 08 19 Berber Government The Kabyle Polity in Pre colonial Algeria Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 0 85772 420 5 Mustapha Tidjet Dictionnaires des patronymes Algeriens in French Algiers Office des publications universitaires p 64 Eur The Middle East and North Africa Pg 156 Psychology Press ISBN 9781857431322 Walmsley Hugh Mulleneux 1858 Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux Walmsley Pg 118 Wysner Glora M 30 January 2013 The Kabyle People By Glora M Wysner Read Books ISBN 9781447483526 The Encyclopedia Americana Volume 1 Pg 568 Grolier 1990 ISBN 9780717201211 a b The Conquest of Kabylia Perth Gazette and Independent Journal of Politics and News 1859 04 08 Retrieved 2023 10 06 The art journal London Volume 4 Pg 45 1865 Field Henry Martyn 1893 The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field Pg 93 Africa Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of 1992 Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century J Currey p 164 ISBN 978 0 85255 093 9 Daftary Farhad 2012 Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis Scarecrow Press p 3 ISBN 978 0 8108 6164 0 The Shi i World Pathways in Tradition and Modernity Nanjira Daniel Don 2010 African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century ABC CLIO p 92 ISBN 978 0 313 37982 6 Fage J D 1958 An Atlas of African History E Arnold p 11 International Journal of Economic and Social History Volume 8 Chroniques des annees algeriennes Gall Timothy L Hobby Jeneen 2009 Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life Africa Gale p 329 ISBN 978 1 4144 4883 1 Studies American University Washington D C Foreign Area 1979 Algeria a Country Study Department of Defense Department of the Army p 15 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Orientalia Volumes 54 55 Halm Heinz 2014 Faṭimids In Fleet Kate Kramer Gudrun Matringe Denis Nawas John Rowson Everett eds Encyclopaedia of Islam THREE Brill Online ISSN 1873 9830 a b Muslim Societies in Africa A Historical Anthropology Roman Loimeier Indiana University Press Heinz Halm 1996 Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten BRILL p 399 ISBN 90 04 10056 3 Lev Ya acov 2022 02 22 War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean 7th 15th Centuries p 145 ISBN 978 90 04 47447 5 Lev Yaacov 1979 The Faṭimid Conquest of Egypt Military Political and Social Aspects Israel Oriental Studies 9 315 328 ISSN 0334 4401 First Crusader Byzantium s Holy Wars The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies Volume 24 Black Parbury amp Allen Turchin Peter Adams Jonathan M Hall Thomas D December 2006 East West Orientation of Historical Empires Journal of World Systems Research 12 2 222 ISSN 1076 156X A History of Africa J D Fage Pg 166 The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 3 J D Fage Pg 16 Saladin the Almohads and the Banu Ghaniya The Contest for North Africa Pg 42 Islam Art and Architecture Pg 614 Historical Dictionary of the Berbers Imazighen Pg 55 amp 56 Nomads and Crusaders A D 1000 1368 By Archibald Ross Lewis E J Brill s First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913 1936 Volume 4 publie par M Th Houtsma Page 600 a b c Laidani Amar 2019 The recognition of the Tamazight Languages in the Algerian Law Studia Universitatis Babes Bolyai Iurisprudentia Davis Diana K 2007 09 11 Resurrecting the Granary of Rome Environmental History and French Colonial Expansion in North Africa Ohio University Press ISBN 978 0 8214 1751 5 Belaid Abane L Algerie en guerre Abane Ramdane et les fusils de la rebellion p 74 a b Monbeig Pierre 1992 Une opposition politique dans l impasse Le FFS de Hocine Ait Ahmed Revue du monde musulman et de la Mediterranee 65 1 125 140 doi 10 3406 remmm 1992 1560 ISSN 0997 1327 Said Malik Cheurfa ⵣ 2011 08 03 Revolte de Hocine Ait Ahmed et Mohand Oulhadj en 28 septembre 1963 par Malik Cheurfa flv retrieved 2019 04 22 dead YouTube link AVANT PROJET DE REVISION DE LA CONSTITUTION PDF Algeria Press Service 6 January 2016 Retrieved 28 May 2019 Ebook LA KABYLIE ORIENTALE DANS L HISTOIRE Pays des Kutuma et guerre coloniale de Hosni Kitouni www harmatheque com Retrieved 2016 11 29 Abdelfettah Lalmi Nedjma 2004 01 01 Du mythe de l isolat kabyle Cahiers d Etudes Africaines in French 44 175 507 531 doi 10 4000 etudesafricaines 4710 ISSN 0008 0055 Universalis Encyclopaedia KABYLES Encyclopaedia Universalis Retrieved 2016 11 29 Jane E Goodman 3 November 2005 Berber Culture on the World Stage From Village to Video Indiana University Press p 7 ISBN 0 253 11145 5 Leclerc Jacques 5 April 2009 Algerie Situation geographique et demolinguistique L amenagement linguistique dans le monde in French Universite Laval Archived from the original on 24 January 2010 Retrieved 8 January 2010 Kossmann Maarten 2013 07 18 The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber BRILL p 98 ISBN 978 90 04 25309 4 Baldauf Richard B Kaplan Robert B 2007 01 01 Language Planning and Policy in Africa Multilingual Matters ISBN 978 1 84769 011 1 Abdelmadjid Hannoum Violent Modernity France in Algeria Page 124 2010 Harvard Center for Middle Eastern studies Cambridge Massachusetts Amar Boulifa Le Djurdjura a travers l histoire depuis l Antiquite jusqu en 1830 organisation et independance des Zouaoua Grande Kabylie Page 197 1925 Algiers Lucien Oulahbib Le monde arabe existe t il page 12 2005 Editions de Paris Paris https www euronews com 2012 05 12 election hit by irregularities says algerian opposition leader Archived 2020 12 17 at the Wayback Machine Euronews Election hit by irregularities says Algerian opposition leader www euronews com 12 May 2012 accessed 5 October 2020 Mohcine Belabbes Si le tribunal me convoque je repondrai present Algerie Patriotique in French 2020 09 29 Retrieved 2023 07 07 www kabylia gov org Kabylia Government website Salem Chaker Pour une histoire sociale du berbere en France Archived 2012 11 12 at the Wayback Machine Les Actes du Colloque Paris Inalco Octobre 2004 James Minahan Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations D K Good Publishing Group 2002 p 863 Quote Outside North Africa the largest Kabyle community numbering around 1 million is in France External links nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Kabyle people nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kabyle people nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Kabyles Provisional Government of Kabylie ANAVAD Kabyle Movement of Autonomy permanent dead link Kabyle centric news site in Kabyle Social web site Kabyle centric news site in French Ethnologue com about Kabyle language Algerian linguistic policy Archived 2006 04 28 at the Wayback Machine in French Cultural site in French Analysis Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kabyle people amp oldid 1205818642, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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