Orchard

This article is about the planting of trees in agriculture. For other uses, see Orchard (disambiguation).

An orchard is an intentional plantation of trees or shrubs that is maintained for food production. Orchards comprise fruit- or nut-producing trees that are generally grown for commercial production. Orchards are also sometimes a feature of large gardens, where they serve an aesthetic as well as a productive purpose.^[1] A fruit garden is generally synonymous with an orchard, although it is set on a smaller, non-commercial scale and may emphasize berry shrubs in preference to fruit trees. Most temperate-zone orchards are laid out in a regular grid, with a grazed or mown grass or bare soil base that makes maintenance and fruit gathering easy.

Meadow orchard (Streuobstwiese) with view to the Lochenhörnle

Most modern commercial orchards are planted for a single variety of fruit. While the importance of introducing biodiversity is recognized in forest plantations, introducing genetic diversity in orchard plantations by interspersing other trees might offer benefits. Genetic diversity in an orchard would provide resilience to pests and diseases, just as in forests.^[2]

Orchards are sometimes concentrated near bodies of water where climatic extremes are moderated and blossom time is retarded until frost danger is past.

Layout

An orchard's layout is the technique of planting the crops in a proper system. There are different methods of planting and thus different layouts. Some of these layout types are:

• Square method
• Rectangular method
• Quincunx method
• Triangular method
• Hexagonal method
• Contour or terrace method

For different varieties, these systems may vary to some extent.

Orchards by region

 

A peach orchard in bloom [ca. 1950]

The most extensive orchards in the United States are apple and orange orchards, although citrus orchards are more commonly called groves. The most extensive apple orchard area is in eastern Washington state, with a lesser but significant apple orchard area in most of Upstate New York. Extensive orange orchards are found in Florida and southern California, where they are more widely known as "groves". In eastern North America, many orchards are along the shores of Lake Michigan (such as the Fruit Ridge Region), Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.

In Canada, apple and other fruit orchards are widespread on the Niagara Peninsula, south of Lake Ontario. This region is known as Canada Fruitbelt and, in addition to large-scale commercial fruit marketing, it encourages "pick-your-own" activities in the harvest season.

Murcia is a major orchard area (or la huerta) in Europe, with citrus crops. New Zealand, China, Argentina, and Chile also have extensive apple orchards.

Tenbury Wells in Worcestershire has been called The Town in the Orchard, since the 19th century, because it was surrounded by extensive orchards. Today, this heritage is celebrated through an annual Applefest.^[3]

Central Europe

Streuobstwiese (pl. Streuobstwiesen) is a German word that means a meadow with scattered fruit trees or fruit trees that are planted in a field.^[4] Streuobstwiese, or a meadow orchard,^[5] is a traditional landscape in the temperate, maritime climate of continental Western Europe. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Streuobstwiesen were a kind of a rural community orchard that were intended for the productive cultivation of stone fruit. In recent years, ecologists have successfully lobbied for state subsidies to valuable habitats, biodiversity and natural landscapes, which are also used to preserve old meadow orchards. Both conventional and meadow orchards provide a suitable habitat for many animal species that live in a cultured landscape. A notable example is the hoopoe that nests in tree hollows of old fruit trees and, in the absence of alternative nesting sites, is threatened in many parts of Europe because of the destruction of old orchards.^[6]

• Orchards in various regions
•  
  A lemon orchard in the Upper Galilee in Israel
•  
  A community apple orchard originally planted for productive use during the 1920s, in Westcliff on Sea (Essex, England)
•  
  Streuobstwiese, a rural community orchard, traditionally for productive use. Today endorsed for its quality of habitat and biodiversity.
•  
  Apple orchards in Azwell, Washington, surrounding a community of pickers' cabins
•  
  Sour cherry orchard on Lake Erie shoreline (Leamington, Ontario)
•  
  Old growth apple orchard in Ottawa, Canada

Historical orchards

• Orchard House in Concord, Massachusetts, was the residence of American celebrated writer Louisa May Alcott.
• Fruita, Utah, part of Capitol Reef National Park has Mormon pioneer orchards maintained by the United States National Park Service.

Modern orchards

Historical orchards have large, mature trees spaced for heavy equipment. Modern commercial apple orchards, by contrast and as one example, are often "high-density" (tree density above 370/ha or 150/acre), and in extreme cases have up to 22,000/ha (9,000/acre). These plants are no longer trees in the traditional sense, but instead resemble vines on dwarf stock and require trellises to support them.^[7]

•  
  Pear orchard in Sirkovo, North Macedonia
•  
  Cherry orchard in Sirkovo, North Macedonia
•  
  Peach orchard in Sirkovo, North Macedonia

Now new "Smart Orchards" are being set up throughout the world.^[8] The first examples of such orchards are the Smart Orchard at Washington , United States of America by Innov8 and Washington State University^[9] and Samriti Bagh orchard created in Maraog, India by Tejasvi Dogra^[10] that incorporates the use of various sensors for orchard management.^[11]

Orchard conservation in the UK

• Natural England, through its Countryside Stewardship Scheme, Environmental Stewardship and Environmentally Sensitive Areas Scheme, gives grant aid and advice for the maintenance, enhancement or re-creation of historical orchards.^[12]
• The Orchard Link organisation provides advice on how to manage and restore the county of Devon's orchards, as well as enabling the local community to use the local orchard produce.^[13] An organisation called Orchards Live carries out similar work in North Devon.^[14]
• People's Trust for Endangered Species (PTES) has mapped every traditional orchard within England and Wales and manages the national inventory for this habitat.^[15]
• The UK Biodiversity Partnership lists traditional orchards and a priority UK Biodiversity Action Plan habitat.^[16]
• The Wiltshire Traditional Orchards Project maps, conserves and restores traditional orchards within Wiltshire, England.^{[citation needed]}
• An interim report from the National Trust showed that orchards had reduced in scale from approximately 95,000 hectares in the period 1892–1914, to 41,000 hectares overall in 2022.^[17] The campaign #BlossomWatch is part of a wider programme of work by the Trust to plant 68 new orchards by 2025,^[18] and four million trees with blossom by 2030.^[19]

Notable people

• Belle van Dorn Harbert (born 1860), fruit farmer, founder of International Congress of Farm Women

See also

•  Trees portal

• Climate-friendly gardening
• Forest
• Forest gardening
• Fruit tree forms
• Fruit tree pollination
• Fruit tree propagation
• Fruit tree pruning

References

1. Luther Burbank. Practical Orchard Plans and Methods: How to Begin and Carry on the Work. The Minerva Group. ISBN 1-4147-0141-1.
2. Konnert, M., Fady, B., Gömöry, D., A’Hara, S., Wolter, F., Ducci, F., Koskela, J., Bozzano, M., Maaten, T. and Kowalczyk, J. (2015). "Use and transfer of forest reproductive material in Europe in the context of climate change" (PDF). European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.: xvi and 75 p. (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-04.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
3. . applefest.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-06-26. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
4. "dict.cc dictionary :: Streuobstwiese :: German-English translation". dict.cc.
5. Streuobstwiese: meadow orchard in German-English Collins Dictionary
6. Berhens M. Why hoopoes won't trade. A Pro Natura Publication on the Global Economy and Nature. Pro Natura, Switzerland, pp. 8-9. March 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
7. Parker, Michael; et al. "High Density Apple Orchard Management". North Carolina State University. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
8. Sciforce (2023-01-25). "Smart Farming: The Future of Agriculture". IoT For All. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
9. "SMART ORCHARD". Innov8 Ag. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
10. Nitnaware, Himanshu (November 9, 2020). "Shimla Lawyer Controls Irrigation of Apple Orchard Sitting 100 Km Away. Here's How". The Better India.
11. zenger.news (2020-11-22). "Apple Orchards Get Love and Care from Miles Away". The Tennessee Tribune. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
12. Entry Level Stewardship Handbook. Natural England. 2008. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-84754-080-5.
13. "Welcome to orchardlink.org.uk". orchardlink.org.uk.
14. "Orchards Live - About Us". orchardslive.org.uk.
15. PTES Traditional Orchard Survey
16. "Working as a Biologist & Saftey At Work Accidents UKBAP". January 25, 2017.
17. Dommett, Tom (2022). (PDF). National Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-03-25. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
18. "National Trust to create 68 orchards by 2025 to boost wildlife". the Guardian. 2019-04-27. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
19. "Orchards vanishing from the landscape, says National Trust". BBC News. 2022-03-24. Retrieved 2022-07-19.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Streuobstwiese.

• Home Orchard Society
• Pennsylvania tree fruit production guide; a guide on how to set up an orchard in practice
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Orchard" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.