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Jiaolong

January 01, 1970

For the submersible, see Jiaolong (submersible). For the sea-folk, see Merfolk § Shark people.

Jiaolong (simplified Chinese: 蛟龙; traditional Chinese: 蛟龍; pinyin: jiāolóng; Wade–Giles: chiao-lung) or jiao (chiao, kiao) is a dragon in Chinese mythology, often defined as a "scaled dragon"; it is hornless according to certain scholars and said to be aquatic or river-dwelling. It may have referred to a species of crocodile.

Jiao 蛟 illustration from the 1725 Gujin Tushu Jicheng

A number of scholars point to non-Sinitic southern origins for the legendary creature and ancient texts chronicle that the Yue people once tattooed their bodies to ward against these monsters.

In English translations, jiao has been variously rendered as "jiao-dragon", "crocodile", "flood dragon", "scaly dragon", or even "kraken".

Name edit

The jiao 蛟 character combines the "insect radical" 虫, to provide general sense of insects, reptiles or dragons,[a] etc., and the right radical jiao 交 "cross; mix", etc. which supplies the phonetic element "jiao". The original 交 pictograph represented a person with crossed legs.

The Japanese equivalent term is kōryō or kōryū (蛟竜).[b] The Vietnamese equivalent is giao long, considered synonymous to Vietnamese Thuồng luồng.

Synonyms edit

The Piya dictionary (11th century) claims that its common name was maban (馬絆).[1][2]

The jiao is also claimed to be equivalent to Sanskrit 宮毗羅 (modern Chinese pronunciation gongpiluo) in the 7th-century Buddhist dictionary Yiqiejing yinyi.[c][3] The same Sanskrit equivalent is repeated in the widely used Bencao Gangmu or Compendium of Materia Medica.[4] In Buddhist texts this word occurs as names of divine beings,[d][e] and the Sanskrit term in question is actually kumbhīra[7] (कुम्भीर). As a common noun kumbhīra means "crocodile".[8]

Phonology edit

Schuessler reconstructs Later Han Chinese kau and Old Chinese *krâu for modern jiao 蛟.[9] Pulleyblank provides Early Middle Chinese kaɨw/kɛːw and Late Middle Chinese kjaːw.[10]

The form kău is used as the Tang period pronunciation by American sinologist Edward H. Schafer.[11] The transliteration kiao lung was given by Dutch orientalist Marinus Willem de Visser [de]'s book on dragons.[12]

Etymology edit

 
Nüwa and Fuxi. Tomb painting excavated in Xinjiang.

Jiao's (蛟) etymology is obscure. Michael Carr, using Bernhard Karlgren's reconstruction of Old Chinese *kǒg 蛟, explains.

Most etymologies for jiao < *kǒg 蛟 are unsupported speculations upon meanings of its phonetic *kǒg 交 'cross; mix with; contact', e.g., the *kǒg 蛟 dragon can *kǒg 交 'join' its head and tail in order to capture prey, or moves in a *kǒg 交 'twisting' manner, or has *kǒg 交 'continuous' eyebrows. The only corroborated hypothesis takes *kǒg 交 'breed with' to mean *kǒg 蛟 indicates a dragon 'crossbreed; mixture'. (1990:126-7)

The word has "mermaid" as one possible gloss,[13] and Schuessler suggests possible etymological connections with Burmese khruB or khyuB "scaly, furry beast" and Tibetan klu "nāga; water spirits", albeit the Tibeto-Burman are phonologically distant from OC.[9]

Crossed eyebrows

The explanation that its name comes from eyebrows that "cross over" (交 jiao) is given in the ancient text Shuyi ji [zh] "Records of Strange Things" (6th century).[14][f][g]

Early sense as mating dragons

It has been suggested that jiaolong might have referred to a pair of dragons mating, with their long bodies coiled around each other (Wen Yiduo 2001a:95–96[17])

Thus in the legend around the jiaolong 蛟龍 hovering above the mother giving birth to a future emperor i.e., Liu Bang, the founding emperor of Han, r. 202-195 BCE [h] (Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian),[18] the alternative conjectural interpretation is that it was a pair of mating dragons.[16]

The same legend occurs in nearly verbatim copy in the Book of Han, except that the dragons are given as 交龍 "crossed dragons".[18] Wen noted that in early use jiaolong 交龍 "crossed dragons" was emblematic of the mythological creators Fuxi and Nüwa, who are represented as having a human's upper body and a dragon's tail.[19]

Semantics edit

In textual usage, it may be ambiguous whether jiaolong 蛟龍 should be parsed as two kinds of dragons or one, as Prof. Zhang Jing (known in Japan as Chō Kyō [ja]) comments: "It is difficult to determine whether jiaolong is the name of a type of dragon, or [two dragons] "jiao" and "long" juxtaposed 蛟龍はそもそも龍の一種の名称なのか、それとも「蛟」と「龍」からなる複合なのかは判断しにくい。.[20]

Zhang cites as one example of jiaolong used in the poem Li Sao (in Chu Ci), in which the poet is instructed by supernatural beings to beckon the jialong and bid them build a bridge.[20] Visser translated this as one type of dragon, the jiaolong or kiao-lung.[21] However, it was the verdict of Wang Yi, an early commentator of this poem that these were two kinds, the smaller jiao and the larger long.[22][23]

Translations edit

Since the Chinese word for the generic dragon is long (龍), translating jiao as "dragon" is problematic as it would make it impossible to distinguish which of the two is being referred to.[24] The term jiao has thus been translated as "flood dragon"[25][26] or "scaly dragon",[27][28] with some qualifier to indicate it as a subtype. But on this matter, Schafer has suggested using a name for various dragon-like beings such as "kraken" to stand for jiao:

The word "dragon" has already been appropriated to render the broader term lung. "Kraken" is good since it suggests a powerful oceanic monster. ... We might name the kău a "basilisk" or a "wyvern" or a "cockatrice." Or perhaps we should call it by the name of its close kin, the double-headed crocodile-jawed Indian makara, which, in ninth-century Java at least, took on some of the attributes of the rain-bringing lung of China. (1967:218)

Some translators have in fact adopted "kraken" as the translated term,[18][29] as Schafer has suggested.

In some contexts, jiao has also been translated as "crocodile"[30][31][i] (See §Identification as real fauna).

Attestations edit

Classification and life cycle edit

The Shuowen Jiezi dictionary (121 CE) glosses the jiao as "a type of dragon (long),[32][33] as does the Piya dictionary (11th c.), which adds that the jiao are oviparous (hatch from eggs).[2][15] The Bencao Gangmu states this also,[34] but also notes this is generally true of most scaled creatures.[35]

Jiao eggs are about the size of a jar of 1 or 2 hu [zh] capacity in Chinese volume measurement, according to Guo Pu's commentary;[36][37] a variant text states that the hatchlings are of this size.[38][39] It was considered that while the adult jiao lies in pools of water, their eggs hatched on dry land, more specifically on mounds of earth (Huainanzi).[40][41]

The jiao did eventually metamorphose into a form built to fly, according to Ren Fang [zh]'s Shuyi ji [zh] ("Records of Strange Things"), which said that "a water snake (hui 虺) after 500 years transforms into a jiao (蛟); a jiao after a millennium into a dragon (long), a long after 500 years a horned dragon (角龍), a horned dragon after a millennium into a yinglong (a winged dragon)".[32][42][j]

General descriptions edit

The hujiao 虎蛟 or "tiger jiao"[k] are described as creatures with a body like a fish and a tail like a snake, which made noise like mandarin ducks. Although this might be considered a subtype of the jiao dragon, a later commentator thought this referred to a type of fish (see #Sharks and rays section).[29]

The foregoing account occurs in the early Chinese bestiary Shanhaijing "Classic of Mountains and Seas" (completed c. 206–9 BCE), in its first book "Classic of the Southern Mountains".[44][l][m]

The bestiary's fifth book, "Classic of the Central Mountains"[n][45] records the presence of jiao in the Kuang River (貺水, "River Grant") and Lun River (淪水, "River Ripple").[46][o] Guo Pu (d. 324)'s commentary to Part XI glosses jiao as "a type of [long 龍] dragon that resembles a four-legged snake".[48] Guo adds that the jiao possesses a "small head and a narrow neck with a white goiter" and that it is oviparous, and "large ones were more than ten arm spans in width[p] and could swallow a person whole".[36][50]

A description similar to this is found in the Piya dictionary, but instead of a white "goiter (ying)" being found on its neck, a homophone noun of a different meaning is described, rendered "white necklace" around its neck by Visser.[15] Other sources concurs with the latter word meaning white "necklace" (or variously translated as white "tassels"), namely, the Bencao Gangmu quoting at length from Guangzhou Ji (廣州記) by Pei Yuan (裴淵, 317–420):[q]

A later text described jiao "looks like a snake with a tiger head, is several fathoms long, lives in brooks and rivers, and bellows like a bull; when it sees a human being it traps him with its stinking saliva, then pulls him into the water and sucks his blood from his armpits". This description, in the Moke huixi 墨客揮犀 (11th century CE), was considered the "best definition" of a jiao by Wolfram Eberhard.[48]

Scales edit

The description as "scaly" or "scaled dragon" is found in some medieval texts, and quoted in several near-modern references and dictionaries.

The Guangya (3rd century CE) defines jiaolong as "scaly dragon; scaled dragon", using the word lin 鱗 "scales".[51] The paragraph, which goes on to list other types of dragons, was quoted in the Kangxi Dictionary compiled during the Manchurian Qing dynasty.[51] A similar paragraph occurs in the Shuyi ji [zh] (6th century) and quoted in the Bencao Gangmu aka Compendium of Materia Medica:[34]

Aquatic nature edit

Several texts allude to the jiao being the lord of aquatic beings. The jiaolong is called the "god of the water animals".[54][s] The Shuowen jieji dictionary (beginning of 2nd c.) states that if the number of fish in a pond reaches 3600, a jiao will come as their leader, and enable them to follow him and fly away".[32] However, "if you place a fish trap in the water, the jiao will leave".[33] A similar statement occurs in the farming almanac Qimin Yaoshu (6th c.) that quotes the Yangyu-jing "Classic on Raising Fish", a manual on pisciculture ascribed to Lord Tao Zhu (Fan Li).[56] According to this Yangyu-jing version, when the fish count reaches 360, the jiao will lead them away, but this could be prevented by keeping bie 鱉 (variant character 鼈, "soft-shelled turtle").[t][57][58]

Jiao and jiaolong were names for a legendary river dragon. Jiao 蛟 is sometimes translated as "flood dragon". The (c. 1105 CE) Yuhu qinghua 玉壺清話 Carr says people in the southern state of Wu called it fahong 發洪 "swell into a flood" because they believed flooding resulted when jiao hatched.[59] The poem Qijian ("Seven Remonstrances") in the Chu Ci uses the term shuijiao 水蛟 or water jiao.[60][u]

Hornlessness edit

The Shuowen Jiezi does not commit to whether the jiāo 蛟 has or lacks a horn.[v][33] However the definition was emended to "hornless dragon" by Duan Yucai in his 19th-century edited version.([61] A somewhat later commentary by Zhu Junsheng [zh] stated the contrary; in his Shuowen tongxun dingsheng (説文通訓定聲) Zhu Junsheng explained that only male dragons (long) were horned, and "among dragon offspring, the one-horned are called jiāo 蛟, the bicorned are called qiú 虯, and the hornless are called chì 螭.[62]

Note the pronunciation similarity between jiāo 蛟 and jiǎo 角 "horn", thus jiǎolóng 角龍 is "horned dragon".[w]

Female gender edit

Lexicographers have noticed that according to some sources, the jiao was a dragoness, that is, a dragon of exclusively female gender.[13][x]

Jiao as female dragon occurs in the glossing of jiao 蛟 as "dragon mother" (perhaps "dragoness" or "she-dragon") in the (c. 649 CE) Buddhist dictionary Yiqiejing yinyi,[y] and the gloss is purported to be a direct quote from Ge Hong (d. 343)'s Baopuzi 抱朴子.[3] However, extant editions of the Baopuzi does not include this statement.[citation needed] The (11th century CE) Piya dictionary repeats this "female dragon" definition.[dubious – discuss]

Records of hunt edit

 
Lü Dongbin confronting a jiaolong-dragon, from Deng Zhimo's The Flying Sword (飛劍記)

As aforementioned, jiao is fully capable of devouring humans, according to Guo Pu's commentary.[39][50]

It is also written that a green jiao which was a man-eater dwelt in the stream beneath the bridge in Yixing County [zh] (present-day city of Yixing, Jiangsu) according to a story in Zu Taizhi [zh] (祖臺之; fl. c. 376–410)'s anthology, Zhiguai.[38] The war-general Zhou Chu (周處; 236–297) in his youth, who was native to this area, anecdotally slew this dragon: when Zhou spotted the man-eating beast he leaped down from the bridge and stabbed it several times; the stream was filled with blood and the beast finally washed up somewhere in Lake Tai where it finally died.[38] This anecdote is also recounted in the Shishuo Xinyu (c. 430; "A New Account of Tales of the World")[28] and selected in the Tang period primer Mengqiu [zh].[38]

Other early texts also mention the hunt or capture of the jiao. Emperor Wu of Han in Yuanfeng 5 or 106 BCE reportedly shot a jiao in the river.[63][59][39] The Shiyiji 拾遺記 (4th century CE) has a jiao story about Emperor Zhao of Han (r. 87-74 BCE). While fishing in the Wei River, he

...caught a white kiao, three chang [ten meters] long, which resembled a big snake, but had no scaly armour The Emperor said: 'This is not a lucky omen', and ordered the Ta kwan[z] to make a condiment of it. Its flesh was purple, its bones were blue, and its taste was very savoury and pleasant.[15]

Three classical texts (Liji 6,[64] Huainanzi 5, and Lüshi Chunqiu 6) repeat a sentence about capturing water creatures at the end of summer; 伐蛟取鼉登龜取黿 "attack the jiao 蛟, take the to 鼉 "alligator", present the gui 龜 "tortoise", and take the yuan 黿 "soft-shell turtle"."

Dragon boat festival edit

Further information: Dragon Boat Festival

There is a legend surrounding the Dragon Boat Festival which purports to be the origin behind the offering of zongzi (leaf-wrapped rice cakes) to the drowned nobleman Qu Yuan during its observation. It is said that at the beginning of the Eastern Han dynasty (25 A. D.), a man from Changsha named Ou Hui had a vision in a dream of Qu Yuan instructing him that the naked rice cakes being offered for him in the river are all being eaten by the dragons (jiaolong), and the cakes need to be wrapped in chinaberry (Melia; Chinese: 楝; pinyin: liàn) leaves and tied with color strings, which are two things the dragons abhor.[65][66][aa]

Southern origins edit

It has been suggested that the jiao is not a creature of Sinitic origin, but something introduced from the Far South or Yue culture,[69] which encompasses the people of the ancient Yue 越 state), as well as the Hundred Yue people.[70]

Eberhard concludes (1968:378-9) that the jiao, which "occur in the whole of Central and South China", "is a special form of the snake as river god. The snake as river god or god of the ocean is typical for the coastal culture, particularly the sub-group of the Tan peoples (the Tanka people)". Schafer also suggests, "The Chinese lore about these southern krakens seems to have been borrowed from the indigenes of the monsoon coast".[71]

The onomastics surrounding the Long Biên District (now in Hanoi, Vietnam) is that it was so-named from a jialong "flood dragon" seen coiled in the river (Shui jing zhu or the Commentary on the Water Classic 37).[26][72][73]

It is recorded that in southern China, there had been the custom of wearing tattoos to ward against the jiaolong. The people in Kuaiji (old capital of Yue; present-day Shaoxing City) adopted such a custom during the Xia dynasty according to the Book of Wei (3rd c.).[ab][ac][74][75][76] The Yue created this "apotropaic device"[77] by incising their flesh and tattooing it with red and green pigments.[78][79][80]

Identification as real fauna edit

The jiao seems to refer to "crocodiles", at least in later literature of the Tang and Song dynasties, and may have referred to "crocodiles" in early literature as well.[69]

Aside from this zoological identification, paleontological identifications have also been attempted.

Crocodile or alligator edit

The term jiao e or "jiao crocodile" (蛟鱷; Tang period pronunciation: kău ngak)[81][ad] occurs in the description of Han Yu's encounter with crocodiles according to Zhang Du [zh]'s Xuanshi zhi [zh] or "Records of the House of Proclamation" written in the late Tang period.[83][84][ae]

As noted the Compendium of Materia Medica identifies jiao with Sanskrit 宮毗羅,[4][85] i.e., kumbhīra[7] which denotes a long-snouted crocodylid.[8] The 19th-century herpetologist Albert-Auguste Fauvel concurred, stating that jiaolong referred to a crocodile or gavial clade of animals.[86]

The Compendium also differentiates between jiaolong 蛟龍[4] and tuolong 鼉龍,[87] Fauvel adding that tuolong (鼉; t'o2) should be distinguished as "alligator".[86][88]

Fossil creatures edit

Fauvel noted that the jiao resembled the dinosaur genus Iguanodon,[af] adding that fossil teeth were being peddled by Chinese medicine shops at the time(1879:8).[89]

Sharks and rays edit

In the foregoing example of the huijiao in the "Classic of the Southern Mountains" III,[44] the 19th-century sinologist treated this a type of dragon, the "tiger kiao",[43] while a modern translator as "tiger-crocodile".[30] However, there is also an 18–19th-century opinion that this might have been a shark. A Qing dynasty period commentator, Hao Yixing [zh] suggested that huijiao should be identified as jiaocuo 蛟錯[ag] described in the Bowuzhi 博物志,[29][91] and this jiaocuo in turn is considered to be a type of shark.[29][93]

As in the above example jiao 蛟 may be substituted for jiao 鮫 "shark" in some contexts.[92]

The jiao 鮫 denotes larger sharks and rays,[94] the character for sharks (and rays) in general being sha 鯊, so-named ostensibly due to their skin being gritty and sand-like[ah][ai] Compare the supposed quote from the Baopuzi, where it is stated that the jialong is said to have "pearls in the skin" 皮有珠.[3][92]

Schafer quotes a Song dynasty description, "The kău (jiao) fish has the aspect of a round fan. Its mouth is square and is in its belly. There is a sting in its tail which is very poisonous and hurtful to men. Its skin can be made into sword grips", which may refer to a sting ray.[99]

Derivative names edit

Usage edit

Jiaolong occurs in Chinese toponyms. For example, the highest waterfall in Taiwan is Jiaolong Dapu (蛟龍大瀑), "Flood Dragon Great Waterfall" in the Alishan National Scenic Area.

The deep-sea submersible built and tested in 2010 by the China Ship Scientific Research Center is named Jiaolong (Broad 2010:A1).

See also edit

Explanatory notes edit

  1. ^ For example, shen 蜃 or mirage dragon and hong 虹) or rainbow dragon.
  2. ^ But the single kanji character 蛟 can also be read Japanese-style (kun'yomi) as "mizuchi" which denotes a Japanese river dragon
  3. ^ The Buddhist dictionary purports to quote the Baopuzi 抱朴子.
  4. ^ The transliterations 宮毗羅 and 宮毘羅 are interchangeable.[5] The characters "毗" and "毘" are variants of each other.
  5. ^ 宮毘羅 (Japanese:Kubira [ja]) is attested in eastern Buddhist writings, as one of the Twelve Heavenly Generals. Cf. the Guardian Deity Kimbila (pinyin: Jinpiluo wang) who is one of the Twenty-eight Guardians [zh].[6]
  6. ^ Shuyi Ji , quoted in the Bencao Gangmu. The passage is quoted below.
  7. ^ The same is stated in the aforementioned Piya, but translated differently as eyebrows that are "united" (交 jiao) in Visser [de]'s excerpt.[15][2]
  8. ^ The dragon supposedly witness by the father Taigong (T'ai-kung.)
  9. ^ Birrell 2000, pp. 93, 97 also renders as "alligator"; but her endnote (p. 198) indicates "alligator" was meant to be reserved for a different creature, the t'o (tuo 鼉), which conforms with Read tr. 1934, p. 300 and Fauvel 1879, p. 8.
  10. ^ Compare the explanation that "smaller ones are called jiao and larger ones are called long (dragon)" by Wang Yi (d. 158 CE) in his commentary to the poem Li Sao in the Chu Ci.[22]
  11. ^ Visser renders as "tiger kiao".[43] Birrell renders as "tiger-crocodiles".[30]
  12. ^ Shanhaijing Book 1.III
  13. ^ As to habitat, these tiger jiao were said to inhabit the Yin River [zh-yue] (泿水, "River Bank") which flows southward from Mt. Daoguo 禱過山.[30][43] Birrel renders Yin River as "River Bank" and the mountain as "Mount Prayerpass". Visser mis-transcribes as "浪水" and renders as "water come forth in waves" "out of the Tao Kuo mountains".
  14. ^ Shanhaijing Book 5.XI
  15. ^ Birrell renders jiao here as "alligators" which is misleading since in the endnotes she glosses alligator as t'o (i.e. tuo 鼉).[47] Cf. Read tr. 1934, p. 300, table. "Chiao Lung 蛟龍 Crocodiles" and "T'o Lung 鼍龍 Alligators"
  16. ^ Although it is being translated as a measure of width, wei 圍 is actually a measure of perimeter.[49]
  17. ^ A white "goiter" (癭; ying) in the Classic of Mountains and Seas; a white "necklace" or "tassels" (嬰; ying) in Piya and the Bencao Gangmu.
  18. ^ The quote here is slightly modified, as per capitalization, etc., from Luo's rendition.
  19. ^ The thrust of the original passage in the philosophical work[55] is that circumstances dictate,[25] or more specifically, a dragon (or tiger, etc.) can manifest its full power when it is in its elements.[27]
  20. ^ The Yangyu-jing is also quoted in the Qing period encyclopedia Yuanjian Leihan 淵鑑類函 according to Minakata.
  21. ^ "Henceforth the water-serpents must be my companions, And dragon-spirits lie with me when I would rest".[citation needed]
  22. ^ It defines chi 螭 as hornless and qiú 虯 as horned.
  23. ^ An example occurs in Ge Hong's Baopuzi (10, tr. Ware 1966:170) "the horned dragon can no longer find a place to swim". The Jiǎolóng 角龍 "horned dragon" is also the modern Chinese name for the Ceratops dinosaur.
  24. ^ Carr gives 7 definitions as follows: "Jiao < *kǒg 蛟 is defined with more meanings than any other Chinese draconym", writes Carr (1990:126), "(1) 'aquatic dragon', (2) 'crocodile; alligator', (3) 'hornless dragon', (4) 'dragoness', (5) 'scaled dragon', ( 6 ) 'shark' [= 鮫], and (7) 'mermaid'".
  25. ^ 25 volumes were compiled by Xuanying 玄応. Later, an expanded 100 volume edition Yiqiejing Yinyi (Huilin) was compiled by Huilin 慧琳 (c. 807).
  26. ^ 大官 daguan, an important official.
  27. ^ The source of this is the 6th-century work by Wu Jun [zh] (Chinese: 呉均; Wade–Giles: Wu chün) entitled Xu Qixieji (Chinese: 『續齊諧記』; Wade–Giles: Hsü-ch'ih-hsieh-chih).[66][67] In several redactions such as found in the Taiping Yulan the man's name appears as Ou Hui (歐回);[67] in other redactions, the man is called Ou Qu (歐曲).[67][68]
  28. ^ "After Shao Kang, king of Xia made his son prince of Kuaiji, the people there adopted the custom of cutting their hair and tattooing their bodies to avert harm from the jialong 夏後少康之子封於會稽，斷髮文身以避蛟龍之害". Gulik renders as "evil dragons"; Teng as "sea monsters".
  29. ^ More specifically, the portion in Book of Wei describing the Wa (the Japanese). It follows by commenting on a similar tattooing custom among the Wa.
  30. ^ Cf. Late Middle Chinese:kaɨw ŋak.[82]
  31. ^ Albeit the creatures are referred to merely as "crocodile" or "crocodile fish" in Han Yu's own work, the E yu wen (鰐魚文) "Message to Crocodiles".[83]
  32. ^ Although the conception of iguanodon as appearing crocodile-like is outdated.
  33. ^ 鮫䱜 In later printed editions of Bowuzhi[90]
  34. ^ Chinese letter for sand is sha 沙; 砂.[95][96] A description that is often repeated about the shark is that its skin has a pearl-like texture or pattern, and that the skin (shagreen) is used to decorate swords.[92][96]
  35. ^ Thus Joseph Needham construes as "patterned with pearls" regarding shark skin for a similar example in the Jiaozhou ji (Chinese: 交州記; Wade–Giles: Chia-chou Chi).[97] However the presence of "pearls in the skin", literally, might have been actually meant since there was a belief since the Song Period that pearls were produced from shark skin.[98]

References edit

Citations

  1. ^ Minakata 1917 "Year of the Snake"; Minakata 1973, p. 286 "When Piya states its poplular name is　maban, it probably means a horse (ma) cannot be left tethered (ban) 『埤雅』にその俗称馬絆とあるは、馬を絆つなぎ留めて行かしめぬてふ義であろう。"
  2. ^ a b c "Book 1 "jiao"" 卷01「蛟」 . Piya (Siku Quanshu edition) 埤雅 (四庫全書本) – via Wikisource.
  3. ^ a b c Xuanying (c. 649). "Ch. 9. Banzhou sanmei jing" 般舟三昧經. Yiqiejing yinyi Book 5 一切經音義卷第五. Jialong: in Sanskrit guanpiluo, pronounced jiao. Scaled ones are called jiao dragon. Baopuzi: mother dragons are called jiao, dragon offspring [or dragonets] are called qiu. Its form is like unto a fish's body with a snake's tail; its skin is [studded] with pearl[y beads] 蛟龍: 梵言宮毗羅，音交。有鱗曰蛟龍。《抱朴子》曰：母龍曰蛟，龍子曰虯。其狀魚身如蛇尾，皮有珠。
  4. ^ a b c "jiaolong 蛟龍", Li Shizhen 1596 "(Animals with) Scales I"; Li Shizhen 1782 "Vol. 43 (Animals with) Scales", Bencao Gangmu; Luo tr. 2003, p. 3497; Read tr. 1934, pp. 314–318
  5. ^ a b Mōri, Hisashi (1980). Nihon butsuzōshi kenkyū 日本佛像史研究. Hōzōkan. p. 96.
  6. ^ Rösch, Petra (2007). Chinese Wood Sculptures of the 11th to 13th centuries. Columbia University Press. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-3-83825-662-7.
  7. ^ a b "Kubira" 宮毘羅（読み）クビラ. Digital Daijisen. Shogakukan. 2019. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |script-work= ignored (help) via Kotobank accessed 2019-07-30
  8. ^ a b Parpola, Asko (2011), Osada, Toshiki; Endo, ToshikiHitoshi (eds.), "Crocodile in the Indus Civilization and later South Asian traditions" (PDF), Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past, Occasional Paper 12, Kyoto, Japan: Research Institute for Humanity and Nature 人間文化研究機構総合地球環境学研究所, ISBN 978-4-902325-67-6
  9. ^ a b Schuessler 2007, p. 308.
  10. ^ Pulleyblank 2011, p. 150.
  11. ^ Schafer 1967, pp. 32, 217–218, 345.
  12. ^ Visser 1913, pp. 76–81.
  13. ^ a b Carr 1990, p. 126.
  14. ^ Luo tr. 2003, p. 3508.
  15. ^ a b c d Visser 1913, p. 79.
  16. ^ a b Wang, Huaiyu (2015). "The Chinese totem of dragon and the greek myth of oedipus: a comparative psychoanalytic study". International Communication of Chinese Culture. 2 (3): 259–283. doi:10.1007/s40636-015-0025-y.
  17. ^ Wen 2001a:95-96 apud Wang 2015).[16]
  18. ^ a b c Ssu-Ma Ch'ien (Sima Qian) (1994). Nienhauser, William H. Jr. (ed.). The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol. 2. Translated by Weiguo Cao; Scott W. Galer; William H. Nienhauser; David W. Pankenier. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-25334-022-5., p. xvii (compare texts), p. 1 and note 4 (jiaolong translated as "kraken").
  19. ^ Wen 1956, pp. 18–19 apud Carr 1990, p. 127.
  20. ^ a b Chō 2002, p. 180.
  21. ^ Visser 1913, pp. 77–78.
  22. ^ a b Wang, Yi. "Book 1" . Chuchi zhangju 楚辭章句 卷01 – via Wikisource. 【麾蛟龍使梁津兮，】舉手曰麾。小曰蛟，大曰龍。
  23. ^ Cf. Hawkes 1985, p. 78: "Then, beckoning the water-dragons to make a bridge for me".
  24. ^ Schafer 1967, pp. 217–218: "Spiritually akin to the crocodile, and perhaps originally the same reptile, was a mysterious creature capable of many forms called the chiao (kău). Most often it was regarded as a kind of lung – a "dragon" as we say. But sometimes it was manlike, and sometimes it was merely a fish. All of its realizations were interchangeable".
  25. ^ a b Kuan Feng; Lin Lü-shih (1970). On Kuan Chung's System of Thought. Vol. 1. p. 263. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  26. ^ a b Taylor, K. W. (1995). "Perceptions of Encounter in Shui Ching Chu 37". Asia Journal. 2 (1): 42. JSTOR 43105705
  27. ^ a b Landers, James (1992). Readings in Classical Chinese: with notes and translations. SMC Publishing (Nantian shuju) 南天書局. p. 15. ISBN 9789576381263.
  28. ^ a b Liu Yiqing (2017). Shih-shuo Hsin-yu: A New Account of Tales of the World. Translated by Richard B. Mather (Second ed.). University of Michigan Press. pp. 341–. ISBN 978-1-938-93701-9.
  29. ^ a b c d Knechtges 1987, p. 16.
  30. ^ a b c d Birrell 2000, p. 8.
  31. ^ Read tr. 1934, p. 300, tabulated glossary
  32. ^ a b c Nakano 1983, p. 76.
  33. ^ a b c Xu Shen 許慎. "Book 13" . Shuowen jiezi 說文解字 卷十三 – via Wikisource.
  34. ^ a b Li Shizhen 1596 "(Category of Animals with) Scales" I; Li Shizhen 1782, Volume 43; Luo tr. 2003, p. 3508
  35. ^ Luo tr. 2003, p. 3497. With some exceptions, like the viper.
  36. ^ a b "Wu Renchen's commentaries on Classic of Central Mountains XI" 吳任臣注 中山經: 中次一十一 . Shanhaijing guangzhu expanded commentaries (Siku Quanshu edition)/Book 5 山海經廣注 (四庫全書本)/卷05. 1782 – via Wikisource. 郭曰似蛇而四脚小頭細頸頸有白癭大者十數圍卵如一二石甕能吞人
  37. ^ Chō 2002, p. 181.
  38. ^ a b c d Tominaga 1993, pp. 156–157.
  39. ^ a b c Dubs tr. 1954, p. 94.
  40. ^ Major et al. tr. 2010, pp. 799–800, 20.6.
  41. ^ Huainanzi 淮南子 第二十 泰族訓:"蛟龍伏寝於淵而卵剖於陵".
  42. ^ Yuan 1998, p. 287.
  43. ^ a b c Visser 1913, p. 76.
  44. ^ a b "Part III" . Shanhaijing /Zhongshanjing 山海經/中山經 – via Wikisource.
  45. ^ "Part XI" . Shanhaijing /Zhongshanjing 山海經/中山經 – via Wikisource.
  46. ^ Birrell 2000, pp. 93, 97.
  47. ^ Birrell 2000, p. 198.
  48. ^ a b Eberhard 1968, p. 378.
  49. ^ Zhao Lu (2019). In Pursuit of the Great Peace: Han Dynasty Classicism and the Making of Early Medieval Literati Culture. SUNY Press. p. 230 note 43. ISBN 978-1-43847-493-9.
  50. ^ a b Strassberg, Richard E., ed. (2018). "Six-headed bird (liushouniao) 六首鳥 and jiao-dragon (jiao) 蛟". A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas. University of California Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-52029-851-4.
  51. ^ a b Chapin, Helen Burwell (1940). Toward the Study of the Sword as Dynastic Talisman: The Feng-ch'eng Pair and the Sword of Han Kao Tsu. University of California, Berkeley. p. 91.: "See the quotation from the 廣雅 Kuang-ya in the K'ang-hsi: 'Those (dragons) that have scales are called 蛟竜 chiao-lung (i.e. jiaolong); those that have wings, 應〃 ying-lung; those that have horns, 虬〃 ch'iu-lung; those that have no horns, 螭〃 ch'ih-lung; those that have not yet risen to Heaven, 螭〃 p'an-lung'".
  52. ^ "Keisei-kai (Xingshijie; commentary to Conditions and Circumstances)" 形勢解 64. Kanshi kokujikai ge-kan 管子国字解 下巻 [Guangzi commentaries in Japanese Vol. 2]. 漢籍国字解全書 : 先哲遺著 Kanseki kokuji-kai zensho: Sentetsu icho tsuiho [Supplement to the complete commentaries in Japanese of Chinese classical literature] 19. Waseda University. 1911. p. 110.
  53. ^ Visser 1913, p. 77.
  54. ^ Commentary to Guanzi;[52][53]
  55. ^ "Keisei (Xingshi; Conditions and Circumstances)" 形勢 2. Kanshi kokujikai jō-kan 管子国字解 上巻 [Guangzi commentaries in Japanese Vol. 1]. 漢籍国字解全書 : 先哲遺著 Kanseki kokuji-kai zensho: Sentetsu icho tsuiho [Supplement to the complete commentaries in Japanese of Chinese classical literature] 18. Waseda University. 1911. p. 43.
  56. ^ Jia Sixie 賈思勰. "Book 6" . Qimin Yaoshu 齊民要術 – via Wikisource.
  57. ^ Kumagusu, Minakata (1926). "Suppon to kaminari" 鼈と雷 [Soft-shelled turtle and lightning)]. Minakata zuihitsu 南方随筆. Oka Shoin. p. 306.
  58. ^ An incomplete quote is given by Visser 1913, p. 76.
  59. ^ a b Carr 1990, p. 128.
  60. ^ Hawkes 1985, p. 255.
  61. ^ Ōgata 1983, pp. 76–77.
  62. ^ Li Muru et al. 1998, p. 368.
  63. ^ Hanshu; 6.
  64. ^ Legge 1885, p. 277, vol. 1.
  65. ^ Chi, Hsing (Qi Xing) (1988). Folk Customs at Traditional Chinese Festivities. Foreign Languages Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780835115933. dragon in the river
  66. ^ a b Chi, Hsing (Qi Xing) (2000). "Chu Yuan". Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism. Vol. 36. Gale Research Company. pp. 125, 95 (in brief), 132 (notes). ISBN 0-78764-378-5.: "chiao-lung"
  67. ^ a b c Senbō, Sachiko 先坊幸子 (2011-09-20), "Chūgoku koshosetsu yakuchū: Zoku sseikaiki" 中国古小説訳注 : 『續齊諧記』 (PDF), Studies of Chinese Literature of the Middle Age (59), Hiroshima University: 80–120
  68. ^ Yifa (2002). The Origins of Buddhist Monastic Codes in China: An Annotated Translation and Study of the Chanyuan Qinggui. University of Hawaii Press. p. 241, note 298. ISBN 9780824824945.
  69. ^ a b Clark 2016, pp. 106–107 and Chittick 2016, endnote 34.
  70. ^ Brindley, Erica F. (2016), Mair, Victor H. (ed.), "Layers of Meaning: Hairstyle and Yue Identity in Ancient Chinese Texts", Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours, Flipside Digital Content Company Inc., pp. 27–28, ISBN 978-9-814-62055-0
  71. ^ Schafer 1973, p. 26.
  72. ^ Li Daoyuan 酈道元. "Book 37" . Shui Jing Zhu (Siku Quanshu edition) 水經注釋 (四庫全書本) – via Wikisource.
  73. ^ Schafer 1973, p. 32.
  74. ^ "Book of Wei 30" 魏書三十 . Sanguo zhi 三國志 [Records of the Three Kingdoms] – via Wikisource.
  75. ^ Gulik, Willem R. van (1982). Irezumi: The Pattern of Dermatography in Japan. Brill. p. 247.
  76. ^ Teng, Jun (2018). The History of Sino-Japanese Cultural Exchange. Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-351-26910-0.
  77. ^ a b Reed, Carrie Elizabeth (June 2000a). "Early Chinese Tattoo" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. 120 (103): 1–52 [7].
     • Reed, Carrie E. (Jul–Sep 2000b). "Tattoo in Early China". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 120 (3): 360–376 [362]. doi:10.2307/606008. JSTOR 606008.
  78. ^ Treatise on Geography in the Book of Han, 111CE, quoted by Kong Yingda.
  79. ^ Kong Yingda (6th c.), Lizi Zhengyi 禮記正義 12.15b or 16b apud Reed 2000a, p. 7; Reed 2000b, p. 362.[77]
  80. ^ Kong Yingda. "Book 12" . Liji zhengyi 禮記正義. Zheng Xuan 鄭玄, annot. – via Wikisource. Zhengyi says, considering the Han shu Dili zhi (Geography treatise)'s text that the Yue people crop their hair and tattoo their bodies, thus averting harm from jiaolong, etc. 正義曰：按《漢書•地理志》文，越俗斷髮文身，以辟蛟龍之害，故刻其肌，以丹青涅之
  81. ^ Schafer 1967, p. 345.
  82. ^ Pulleyblank 2011, pp. 87, 150.
  83. ^ a b Clark 2016, pp. 107–108 and notes 43, 44.
  84. ^ Zhang Du 張讀 (1777). "Book 1 卷05" . Xuanshi zhi (Siku Quanshu edition) 宣室志 (四庫全書本) – via Wikisource.
  85. ^ 宮毗羅 is equivalent to 宮毘羅 when you swap out one character into a variant form.[5]
  86. ^ a b Fauvel 1879, p. 8.
  87. ^ "tuolong 鼉龍", Li Shizhen 1596 "(Animals with) Scales I"; Li Shizhen 1782 "Vol. 43 (Animals with) Scales", Bencao Gangmu; Luo tr. 2003, p. 3509 identifies as Alligator sinensis Fauvel, with synonym tuoyu (鮀魚) and tulong (土龍); Read tr. 1934, pp. 314–318
  88. ^ As does Read tr. 1934, p. 300, tabulated glossary.
  89. ^ Cf. Read tr. 1934, p. 301 noting the similarity of the Sanskrit name to gonglong Wade–Giles: kung-lung for Naosaurus listed in ZN,Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature.
  90. ^ Zhang Hua (1997). Bowuzhi 博物志. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. p. 102. ISBN 9789578499409.
  91. ^ Hao Yixing; Guo Pu, eds. (1809). "Shanhaijing Book 1". Shanhaijin jianshu 山海經箋疏 [Guideways through the Mountains and Seas with supplementary commentary] (in Chinese). Yangzhou: Langhuan xianguan 琅嬛僊館. p. 10.
  92. ^ a b c d Xuanying 玄應 (c. 649). "Ch. 52. Modengqie 摩登伽經". Yiqiejing yinyi Book 13 一切經音義卷第五.
  93. ^ Cf. Guo Pu glosses jiao 鮫 as a type of cuo 䱜.[92]
  94. ^ Williams 1889, p. 368.
  95. ^ Williams 1889, p. 730.
  96. ^ a b "jiaoyu 鮫魚", Li Shizhen 1596 "(Animals with) Scales IV"; Li Shizhen 1782 "Vol. 43 (Animals with) Scales", Bencao Gangmu; Luo tr. 2003, p. 3613
  97. ^ Needham, Joseph (1971), Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Cambridge University Press, p. 677, ISBN 9780521070607
  98. ^ Nakano 1983, p. 143.
  99. ^ Schafer 1967, p. 221.

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External links edit

January 01, 1970
jiaolong, submersible, submersible, folk, merfolk, shark, people, simplified, chinese, 蛟龙, traditional, chinese, 蛟龍, pinyin, jiāolóng, wade, giles, chiao, lung, jiao, chiao, kiao, dragon, chinese, mythology, often, defined, scaled, dragon, hornless, according,. For the submersible see Jiaolong submersible For the sea folk see Merfolk Shark people Jiaolong simplified Chinese 蛟龙 traditional Chinese 蛟龍 pinyin jiaolong Wade Giles chiao lung or jiao chiao kiao is a dragon in Chinese mythology often defined as a scaled dragon it is hornless according to certain scholars and said to be aquatic or river dwelling It may have referred to a species of crocodile Jiao 蛟 illustration from the 1725 Gujin Tushu Jicheng A number of scholars point to non Sinitic southern origins for the legendary creature and ancient texts chronicle that the Yue people once tattooed their bodies to ward against these monsters In English translations jiao has been variously rendered as jiao dragon crocodile flood dragon scaly dragon or even kraken Contents 1 Name 1 1 Synonyms 1 2 Phonology 1 3 Etymology 1 4 Semantics 1 5 Translations 2 Attestations 2 1 Classification and life cycle 2 2 General descriptions 2 3 Scales 2 4 Aquatic nature 2 5 Hornlessness 2 6 Female gender 2 7 Records of hunt 2 8 Dragon boat festival 2 9 Southern origins 3 Identification as real fauna 3 1 Crocodile or alligator 3 2 Fossil creatures 3 3 Sharks and rays 4 Derivative names 4 1 Usage 5 See also 6 Explanatory notes 7 References 8 External linksName editThe jiao 蛟 character combines the insect radical 虫 to provide general sense of insects reptiles or dragons a etc and the right radical jiao 交 cross mix etc which supplies the phonetic element jiao The original 交 pictograph represented a person with crossed legs The Japanese equivalent term is kōryō or kōryu 蛟竜 b The Vietnamese equivalent is giao long considered synonymous to Vietnamese Thuồng luồng Synonyms edit The Piya dictionary 11th century claims that its common name was maban 馬絆 1 2 The jiao is also claimed to be equivalent to Sanskrit 宮毗羅 modern Chinese pronunciation gongpiluo in the 7th century Buddhist dictionary Yiqiejing yinyi c 3 The same Sanskrit equivalent is repeated in the widely used Bencao Gangmu or Compendium of Materia Medica 4 In Buddhist texts this word occurs as names of divine beings d e and the Sanskrit term in question is actually kumbhira 7 क म भ र As a common noun kumbhira means crocodile 8 Phonology edit Schuessler reconstructs Later Han Chinese kau and Old Chinese krau for modern jiao 蛟 9 Pulleyblank provides Early Middle Chinese kaɨw kɛːw and Late Middle Chinese kjaːw 10 The form kău is used as the Tang period pronunciation by American sinologist Edward H Schafer 11 The transliteration kiao lung was given by Dutch orientalist Marinus Willem de Visser de s book on dragons 12 Etymology edit nbsp Nuwa and Fuxi Tomb painting excavated in Xinjiang Jiao s 蛟 etymology is obscure Michael Carr using Bernhard Karlgren s reconstruction of Old Chinese kǒg 蛟 explains Most etymologies for jiao lt kǒg 蛟 are unsupported speculations upon meanings of its phonetic kǒg 交 cross mix with contact e g the kǒg 蛟 dragon can kǒg 交 join its head and tail in order to capture prey or moves in a kǒg 交 twisting manner or has kǒg 交 continuous eyebrows The only corroborated hypothesis takes kǒg 交 breed with to mean kǒg 蛟 indicates a dragon crossbreed mixture 1990 126 7 The word has mermaid as one possible gloss 13 and Schuessler suggests possible etymological connections with Burmese khruB or khyuB scaly furry beast and Tibetan klu naga water spirits albeit the Tibeto Burman are phonologically distant from OC 9 Crossed eyebrows The explanation that its name comes from eyebrows that cross over 交 jiao is given in the ancient text Shuyi ji zh Records of Strange Things 6th century 14 f g Early sense as mating dragons It has been suggested that jiaolong might have referred to a pair of dragons mating with their long bodies coiled around each other Wen Yiduo 2001a 95 96 17 Thus in the legend around the jiaolong 蛟龍 hovering above the mother giving birth to a future emperor i e Liu Bang the founding emperor of Han r 202 195 BCE h Sima Qian Records of the Grand Historian 18 the alternative conjectural interpretation is that it was a pair of mating dragons 16 The same legend occurs in nearly verbatim copy in the Book of Han except that the dragons are given as 交龍 crossed dragons 18 Wen noted that in early use jiaolong 交龍 crossed dragons was emblematic of the mythological creators Fuxi and Nuwa who are represented as having a human s upper body and a dragon s tail 19 Semantics edit In textual usage it may be ambiguous whether jiaolong 蛟龍 should be parsed as two kinds of dragons or one as Prof Zhang Jing known in Japan as Chō Kyō ja comments It is difficult to determine whether jiaolong is the name of a type of dragon or two dragons jiao and long juxtaposed 蛟龍はそもそも龍の一種の名称なのか それとも 蛟 と 龍 からなる複合なのかは判断しにくい 20 Zhang cites as one example of jiaolong used in the poem Li Sao in Chu Ci in which the poet is instructed by supernatural beings to beckon the jialong and bid them build a bridge 20 Visser translated this as one type of dragon the jiaolong or kiao lung 21 However it was the verdict of Wang Yi an early commentator of this poem that these were two kinds the smaller jiao and the larger long 22 23 Translations edit Since the Chinese word for the generic dragon is long 龍 translating jiao as dragon is problematic as it would make it impossible to distinguish which of the two is being referred to 24 The term jiao has thus been translated as flood dragon 25 26 or scaly dragon 27 28 with some qualifier to indicate it as a subtype But on this matter Schafer has suggested using a name for various dragon like beings such as kraken to stand for jiao The word dragon has already been appropriated to render the broader term lung Kraken is good since it suggests a powerful oceanic monster We might name the kău a basilisk or a wyvern or a cockatrice Or perhaps we should call it by the name of its close kin the double headed crocodile jawed Indian makara which in ninth century Java at least took on some of the attributes of the rain bringing lung of China 1967 218 Some translators have in fact adopted kraken as the translated term 18 29 as Schafer has suggested In some contexts jiao has also been translated as crocodile 30 31 i See Identification as real fauna Attestations editClassification and life cycle edit The Shuowen Jiezi dictionary 121 CE glosses the jiao as a type of dragon long 32 33 as does the Piya dictionary 11th c which adds that the jiao are oviparous hatch from eggs 2 15 The Bencao Gangmu states this also 34 but also notes this is generally true of most scaled creatures 35 Jiao eggs are about the size of a jar of 1 or 2 hu zh capacity in Chinese volume measurement according to Guo Pu s commentary 36 37 a variant text states that the hatchlings are of this size 38 39 It was considered that while the adult jiao lies in pools of water their eggs hatched on dry land more specifically on mounds of earth Huainanzi 40 41 The jiao did eventually metamorphose into a form built to fly according to Ren Fang zh s Shuyi ji zh Records of Strange Things which said that a water snake hui 虺 after 500 years transforms into a jiao 蛟 a jiao after a millennium into a dragon long a long after 500 years a horned dragon 角龍 a horned dragon after a millennium into a yinglong a winged dragon 32 42 j General descriptions edit The hujiao 虎蛟 or tiger jiao k are described as creatures with a body like a fish and a tail like a snake which made noise like mandarin ducks Although this might be considered a subtype of the jiao dragon a later commentator thought this referred to a type of fish see Sharks and rays section 29 The foregoing account occurs in the early Chinese bestiary Shanhaijing Classic of Mountains and Seas completed c 206 9 BCE in its first book Classic of the Southern Mountains 44 l m The bestiary s fifth book Classic of the Central Mountains n 45 records the presence of jiao in the Kuang River 貺水 River Grant and Lun River 淪水 River Ripple 46 o Guo Pu d 324 s commentary to Part XI glosses jiao as a type of long 龍 dragon that resembles a four legged snake 48 Guo adds that the jiao possesses a small head and a narrow neck with a white goiter and that it is oviparous and large ones were more than ten arm spans in width p and could swallow a person whole 36 50 A description similar to this is found in the Piya dictionary but instead of a white goiter ying being found on its neck a homophone noun of a different meaning is described rendered white necklace around its neck by Visser 15 Other sources concurs with the latter word meaning white necklace or variously translated as white tassels namely the Bencao Gangmu quoting at length from Guangzhou Ji 廣州記 by Pei Yuan 裴淵 317 420 q 蛟長丈餘 似蛇而四足 形廣如楯 小頭細頸 頸有白嬰 胸前赭色 背上靑斑 脇邊若錦 尾有肉環 The jiao measures 10 chi or more in length Snake like in appearance but it has four feet The shape broad and shield like it is small headed and thin necked On the neck there are white tassels Its chest is sienna brown and its back flecked with blue green spots Its flanks resemble brocade work On its tail there are fleshy rings The largest attain several arms spans around Li Shizhen 1596 Animals with Scales I jiaolong Collected Explanations 集解 subsection adapted from Luo tr 2003 p 3508 Vol 43 The Category of Animals with Scales Bencao Gangmu A later text described jiao looks like a snake with a tiger head is several fathoms long lives in brooks and rivers and bellows like a bull when it sees a human being it traps him with its stinking saliva then pulls him into the water and sucks his blood from his armpits This description in the Moke huixi 墨客揮犀 11th century CE was considered the best definition of a jiao by Wolfram Eberhard 48 Scales edit The description as scaly or scaled dragon is found in some medieval texts and quoted in several near modern references and dictionaries The Guangya 3rd century CE defines jiaolong as scaly dragon scaled dragon using the word lin 鱗 scales 51 The paragraph which goes on to list other types of dragons was quoted in the Kangxi Dictionary compiled during the Manchurian Qing dynasty 51 A similar paragraph occurs in the Shuyi ji zh 6th century and quoted in the Bencao Gangmu aka Compendium of Materia Medica 34 蛟龍 釋名 時珍曰 按任昉 述異記 云 蛟乃龍屬 其眉交生 故謂之蛟 有鱗曰蛟龍 有翼曰應龍 有角曰虯龍 無角曰螭龍也 Jiaolong Explanation of Names Li Shizhen says The book Shuyi Ji by Ren Fang The jiao is a kind of dragon As its eyebrows cross each other it is called jiaolong jiao come across The jiaolong has scales The variety with wings is called yinglong The variety with horns is called qiulong The variety without horns is called chilong r Li Shizhen 1596 Animals with Scales I jiaolong Luo tr 2003 p 3508 Vol 43 The Category of Animals with Scales Bencao Gangmu Aquatic nature edit Several texts allude to the jiao being the lord of aquatic beings The jiaolong is called the god of the water animals 54 s The Shuowen jieji dictionary beginning of 2nd c states that if the number of fish in a pond reaches 3600 a jiao will come as their leader and enable them to follow him and fly away 32 However if you place a fish trap in the water the jiao will leave 33 A similar statement occurs in the farming almanac Qimin Yaoshu 6th c that quotes the Yangyu jing Classic on Raising Fish a manual on pisciculture ascribed to Lord Tao Zhu Fan Li 56 According to this Yangyu jing version when the fish count reaches 360 the jiao will lead them away but this could be prevented by keeping bie 鱉 variant character 鼈 soft shelled turtle t 57 58 Jiao and jiaolong were names for a legendary river dragon Jiao 蛟 is sometimes translated as flood dragon The c 1105 CE Yuhu qinghua 玉壺清話 Carr says people in the southern state of Wu called it fahong 發洪 swell into a flood because they believed flooding resulted when jiao hatched 59 The poem Qijian Seven Remonstrances in the Chu Ci uses the term shuijiao 水蛟 or water jiao 60 u Hornlessness edit The Shuowen Jiezi does not commit to whether the jiao 蛟 has or lacks a horn v 33 However the definition was emended to hornless dragon by Duan Yucai in his 19th century edited version 61 A somewhat later commentary by Zhu Junsheng zh stated the contrary in his Shuowen tongxun dingsheng 説文通訓定聲 Zhu Junsheng explained that only male dragons long were horned and among dragon offspring the one horned are called jiao 蛟 the bicorned are called qiu 虯 and the hornless are called chi 螭 62 Note the pronunciation similarity between jiao 蛟 and jiǎo 角 horn thus jiǎolong 角龍 is horned dragon w Female gender edit Lexicographers have noticed that according to some sources the jiao was a dragoness that is a dragon of exclusively female gender 13 x Jiao as female dragon occurs in the glossing of jiao 蛟 as dragon mother perhaps dragoness or she dragon in the c 649 CE Buddhist dictionary Yiqiejing yinyi y and the gloss is purported to be a direct quote from Ge Hong d 343 s Baopuzi 抱朴子 3 However extant editions of the Baopuzi does not include this statement citation needed The 11th century CE Piya dictionary repeats this female dragon definition dubious discuss Records of hunt edit nbsp Lu Dongbin confronting a jiaolong dragon from Deng Zhimo s The Flying Sword 飛劍記 As aforementioned jiao is fully capable of devouring humans according to Guo Pu s commentary 39 50 It is also written that a green jiao which was a man eater dwelt in the stream beneath the bridge in Yixing County zh present day city of Yixing Jiangsu according to a story in Zu Taizhi zh 祖臺之 fl c 376 410 s anthology Zhiguai 38 The war general Zhou Chu 周處 236 297 in his youth who was native to this area anecdotally slew this dragon when Zhou spotted the man eating beast he leaped down from the bridge and stabbed it several times the stream was filled with blood and the beast finally washed up somewhere in Lake Tai where it finally died 38 This anecdote is also recounted in the Shishuo Xinyu c 430 A New Account of Tales of the World 28 and selected in the Tang period primer Mengqiu zh 38 Other early texts also mention the hunt or capture of the jiao Emperor Wu of Han in Yuanfeng 5 or 106 BCE reportedly shot a jiao in the river 63 59 39 The Shiyiji 拾遺記 4th century CE has a jiao story about Emperor Zhao of Han r 87 74 BCE While fishing in the Wei River he caught a white kiao three chang ten meters long which resembled a big snake but had no scaly armour The Emperor said This is not a lucky omen and ordered the Ta kwan z to make a condiment of it Its flesh was purple its bones were blue and its taste was very savoury and pleasant 15 Three classical texts Liji 6 64 Huainanzi 5 and Lushi Chunqiu 6 repeat a sentence about capturing water creatures at the end of summer 伐蛟取鼉登龜取黿 attack the jiao 蛟 take the to 鼉 alligator present the gui 龜 tortoise and take the yuan 黿 soft shell turtle Dragon boat festival edit Further information Dragon Boat Festival There is a legend surrounding the Dragon Boat Festival which purports to be the origin behind the offering of zongzi leaf wrapped rice cakes to the drowned nobleman Qu Yuan during its observation It is said that at the beginning of the Eastern Han dynasty 25 A D a man from Changsha named Ou Hui had a vision in a dream of Qu Yuan instructing him that the naked rice cakes being offered for him in the river are all being eaten by the dragons jiaolong and the cakes need to be wrapped in chinaberry Melia Chinese 楝 pinyin lian leaves and tied with color strings which are two things the dragons abhor 65 66 aa Southern origins edit It has been suggested that the jiao is not a creature of Sinitic origin but something introduced from the Far South or Yue culture 69 which encompasses the people of the ancient Yue 越 state as well as the Hundred Yue people 70 Eberhard concludes 1968 378 9 that the jiao which occur in the whole of Central and South China is a special form of the snake as river god The snake as river god or god of the ocean is typical for the coastal culture particularly the sub group of the Tan peoples the Tanka people Schafer also suggests The Chinese lore about these southern krakens seems to have been borrowed from the indigenes of the monsoon coast 71 The onomastics surrounding the Long Bien District now in Hanoi Vietnam is that it was so named from a jialong flood dragon seen coiled in the river Shui jing zhu or the Commentary on the Water Classic 37 26 72 73 It is recorded that in southern China there had been the custom of wearing tattoos to ward against the jiaolong The people in Kuaiji old capital of Yue present day Shaoxing City adopted such a custom during the Xia dynasty according to the Book of Wei 3rd c ab ac 74 75 76 The Yue created this apotropaic device 77 by incising their flesh and tattooing it with red and green pigments 78 79 80 Identification as real fauna editThe jiao seems to refer to crocodiles at least in later literature of the Tang and Song dynasties and may have referred to crocodiles in early literature as well 69 Aside from this zoological identification paleontological identifications have also been attempted Crocodile or alligator edit The term jiao e or jiao crocodile 蛟鱷 Tang period pronunciation kău ngak 81 ad occurs in the description of Han Yu s encounter with crocodiles according to Zhang Du zh s Xuanshi zhi zh or Records of the House of Proclamation written in the late Tang period 83 84 ae As noted the Compendium of Materia Medica identifies jiao with Sanskrit 宮毗羅 4 85 i e kumbhira 7 which denotes a long snouted crocodylid 8 The 19th century herpetologist Albert Auguste Fauvel concurred stating that jiaolong referred to a crocodile or gavial clade of animals 86 The Compendium also differentiates between jiaolong 蛟龍 4 and tuolong 鼉龍 87 Fauvel adding that tuolong 鼉 t o2 should be distinguished as alligator 86 88 Fossil creatures edit Fauvel noted that the jiao resembled the dinosaur genus Iguanodon af adding that fossil teeth were being peddled by Chinese medicine shops at the time 1879 8 89 Sharks and rays edit In the foregoing example of the huijiao in the Classic of the Southern Mountains III 44 the 19th century sinologist treated this a type of dragon the tiger kiao 43 while a modern translator as tiger crocodile 30 However there is also an 18 19th century opinion that this might have been a shark A Qing dynasty period commentator Hao Yixing zh suggested that huijiao should be identified as jiaocuo 蛟錯 ag described in the Bowuzhi 博物志 29 91 and this jiaocuo in turn is considered to be a type of shark 29 93 As in the above example jiao 蛟 may be substituted for jiao 鮫 shark in some contexts 92 The jiao 鮫 denotes larger sharks and rays 94 the character for sharks and rays in general being sha 鯊 so named ostensibly due to their skin being gritty and sand like ah ai Compare the supposed quote from the Baopuzi where it is stated that the jialong is said to have pearls in the skin 皮有珠 3 92 Schafer quotes a Song dynasty description The kău jiao fish has the aspect of a round fan Its mouth is square and is in its belly There is a sting in its tail which is very poisonous and hurtful to men Its skin can be made into sword grips which may refer to a sting ray 99 Derivative names editUsage edit Jiaolong occurs in Chinese toponyms For example the highest waterfall in Taiwan is Jiaolong Dapu 蛟龍大瀑 Flood Dragon Great Waterfall in the Alishan National Scenic Area The deep sea submersible built and tested in 2010 by the China Ship Scientific Research Center is named Jiaolong Broad 2010 A1 See also editMizuchi Japanese dragon whose name is sometimes represented using the same Chinese character Jiaolong album an album by DJ Daphni musician Explanatory notes edit For example shen 蜃 or mirage dragon and hong 虹 or rainbow dragon But the single kanji character 蛟 can also be read Japanese style kun yomi as mizuchi which denotes a Japanese river dragon The Buddhist dictionary purports to quote the Baopuzi 抱朴子 The transliterations 宮毗羅 and 宮毘羅 are interchangeable 5 The characters 毗 and 毘 are variants of each other 宮毘羅 Japanese Kubira ja is attested in eastern Buddhist writings as one of the Twelve Heavenly Generals Cf the Guardian Deity Kimbila pinyin Jinpiluo wang who is one of the Twenty eight Guardians zh 6 Shuyi Ji quoted in the Bencao Gangmu The passage is quoted below The same is stated in the aforementioned Piya but translated differently as eyebrows that are united 交 jiao in Visser de s excerpt 15 2 The dragon supposedly witness by the father Taigong T ai kung Birrell 2000 pp 93 97 also renders as alligator but her endnote p 198 indicates alligator was meant to be reserved for a different creature the t o tuo 鼉 which conforms with Read tr 1934 p 300 and Fauvel 1879 p 8 Compare the explanation that smaller ones are called jiao and larger ones are called long dragon by Wang Yi d 158 CE in his commentary to the poem Li Sao in the Chu Ci 22 Visser renders as tiger kiao 43 Birrell renders as tiger crocodiles 30 Shanhaijing Book 1 III As to habitat these tiger jiao were said to inhabit the Yin River zh yue 泿水 River Bank which flows southward from Mt Daoguo 禱過山 30 43 Birrel renders Yin River as River Bank and the mountain as Mount Prayerpass Visser mis transcribes as 浪水 and renders as water come forth in waves out of the Tao Kuo mountains Shanhaijing Book 5 XI Birrell renders jiao here as alligators which is misleading since in the endnotes she glosses alligator as t o i e tuo 鼉 47 Cf Read tr 1934 p 300 table Chiao Lung 蛟龍 Crocodiles and T o Lung 鼍龍 Alligators Although it is being translated as a measure of width wei 圍 is actually a measure of perimeter 49 A white goiter 癭 ying in the Classic of Mountains and Seas a white necklace or tassels 嬰 ying in Piya and the Bencao Gangmu The quote here is slightly modified as per capitalization etc from Luo s rendition The thrust of the original passage in the philosophical work 55 is that circumstances dictate 25 or more specifically a dragon or tiger etc can manifest its full power when it is in its elements 27 The Yangyu jing is also quoted in the Qing period encyclopedia Yuanjian Leihan 淵鑑類函 according to Minakata Henceforth the water serpents must be my companions And dragon spirits lie with me when I would rest citation needed It defines chi 螭 as hornless and qiu 虯 as horned An example occurs in Ge Hong s Baopuzi 10 tr Ware 1966 170 the horned dragon can no longer find a place to swim The Jiǎolong 角龍 horned dragon is also the modern Chinese name for the Ceratops dinosaur Carr gives 7 definitions as follows Jiao lt kǒg 蛟 is defined with more meanings than any other Chinese draconym writes Carr 1990 126 1 aquatic dragon 2 crocodile alligator 3 hornless dragon 4 dragoness 5 scaled dragon 6 shark 鮫 and 7 mermaid 25 volumes were compiled by Xuanying 玄応 Later an expanded 100 volume edition Yiqiejing Yinyi Huilin was compiled by Huilin 慧琳 c 807 大官 daguan an important official The source of this is the 6th century work by Wu Jun zh Chinese 呉均 Wade Giles Wu chun entitled Xu Qixieji Chinese 續齊諧記 Wade Giles Hsu ch ih hsieh chih 66 67 In several redactions such as found in the Taiping Yulan the man s name appears as Ou Hui 歐回 67 in other redactions the man is called Ou Qu 歐曲 67 68 After Shao Kang king of Xia made his son prince of Kuaiji the people there adopted the custom of cutting their hair and tattooing their bodies to avert harm from the jialong 夏後少康之子封於會稽 斷髮文身以避蛟龍之害 Gulik renders as evil dragons Teng as sea monsters More specifically the portion in Book of Wei describing the Wa the Japanese It follows by commenting on a similar tattooing custom among the Wa Cf Late Middle Chinese kaɨw ŋak 82 Albeit the creatures are referred to merely as crocodile or crocodile fish in Han Yu s own work the E yu wen 鰐魚文 Message to Crocodiles 83 Although the conception of iguanodon as appearing crocodile like is outdated 鮫䱜 In later printed editions of Bowuzhi 90 Chinese letter for sand is sha 沙 砂 95 96 A description that is often repeated about the shark is that its skin has a pearl like texture or pattern and that the skin shagreen is used to decorate swords 92 96 Thus Joseph Needham construes as patterned with pearls regarding shark skin for a similar example in the Jiaozhou ji Chinese 交州記 Wade Giles Chia chou Chi 97 However the presence of pearls in the skin literally might have been actually meant since there was a belief since the Song Period that pearls were produced from shark skin 98 References editCitations Minakata 1917 Year of the Snake Minakata 1973 p 286 When Piya states its poplular name is maban it probably means a horse ma cannot be left tethered ban 埤雅 にその俗称馬絆とあるは 馬を絆つなぎ留めて行かしめぬてふ義であろう a b c Book 1 jiao 卷01 蛟 Piya Siku Quanshu edition 埤雅 四庫全書本 via Wikisource a b c Xuanying c 649 Ch 9 Banzhou sanmei jing 般舟三昧經 Yiqiejing yinyi Book 5 一切經音義卷第五 Jialong in Sanskrit guanpiluo pronounced jiao Scaled ones are called jiao dragon Baopuzi mother dragons are called jiao dragon offspring or dragonets are called qiu Its form is like unto a fish s body with a snake s tail its skin is studded with pearl y beads 蛟龍 梵言宮毗羅 音交 有鱗曰蛟龍 抱朴子 曰 母龍曰蛟 龍子曰虯 其狀魚身如蛇尾 皮有珠 a b c jiaolong 蛟龍 Li Shizhen 1596 Animals with Scales I Li Shizhen 1782 Vol 43 Animals with Scales Bencao Gangmu Luo tr 2003 p 3497 Read tr 1934 pp 314 318 a b Mōri Hisashi 1980 Nihon butsuzōshi kenkyu 日本佛像史研究 Hōzōkan p 96 Rosch Petra 2007 Chinese Wood Sculptures of the 11th to 13th centuries Columbia University Press pp 116 117 ISBN 978 3 83825 662 7 a b Kubira 宮毘羅 読み クビラ Digital Daijisen Shogakukan 2019 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a script work ignored help via Kotobank accessed 2019 07 30 a b Parpola Asko 2011 Osada Toshiki Endo ToshikiHitoshi eds Crocodile in the Indus Civilization and later South Asian traditions PDF Linguistics Archaeology and the Human Past Occasional Paper 12 Kyoto Japan Research Institute for Humanity and Nature 人間文化研究機構総合地球環境学研究所 ISBN 978 4 902325 67 6 a b Schuessler 2007 p 308 Pulleyblank 2011 p 150 Schafer 1967 pp 32 217 218 345 Visser 1913 pp 76 81 a b Carr 1990 p 126 Luo tr 2003 p 3508 a b c d Visser 1913 p 79 a b Wang Huaiyu 2015 The Chinese totem of dragon and the greek myth of oedipus a comparative psychoanalytic study International Communication of Chinese Culture 2 3 259 283 doi 10 1007 s40636 015 0025 y Wen 2001a 95 96 apud Wang 2015 16 a b c Ssu Ma Ch ien Sima Qian 1994 Nienhauser William H Jr ed The Grand Scribe s Records Vol 2 Translated by Weiguo Cao Scott W Galer William H Nienhauser David W Pankenier Indiana University Press ISBN 0 25334 022 5 p xvii compare texts p 1 and note 4 jiaolong translated as kraken Wen 1956 pp 18 19 apud Carr 1990 p 127 a b Chō 2002 p 180 Visser 1913 pp 77 78 a b Wang Yi Book 1 Chuchi zhangju 楚辭章句 卷01 via Wikisource 麾蛟龍使梁津兮 舉手曰麾 小曰蛟 大曰龍 Cf Hawkes 1985 p 78 Then beckoning the water dragons to make a bridge for me Schafer 1967 pp 217 218 Spiritually akin to the crocodile and perhaps originally the same reptile was a mysterious creature capable of many forms called the chiao kău Most often it was regarded as a kind of lung a dragon as we say But sometimes it was manlike and sometimes it was merely a fish All of its realizations were interchangeable a b Kuan Feng Lin Lu shih 1970 On Kuan Chung s System of Thought Vol 1 p 263 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a journal ignored help a b Taylor K W 1995 Perceptions of Encounter in Shui Ching Chu 37 Asia Journal 2 1 42 JSTOR 43105705 a b Landers James 1992 Readings in Classical Chinese with notes and translations SMC Publishing Nantian shuju 南天書局 p 15 ISBN 9789576381263 a b Liu Yiqing 2017 Shih shuo Hsin yu A New Account of Tales of the World Translated by Richard B Mather Second ed University of Michigan Press pp 341 ISBN 978 1 938 93701 9 a b c d Knechtges 1987 p 16 a b c d Birrell 2000 p 8 Read tr 1934 p 300 tabulated glossary a b c Nakano 1983 p 76 a b c Xu Shen 許慎 Book 13 Shuowen jiezi 說文解字 卷十三 via Wikisource a b Li Shizhen 1596 Category of Animals with Scales I Li Shizhen 1782 Volume 43 Luo tr 2003 p 3508 Luo tr 2003 p 3497 With some exceptions like the viper a b Wu Renchen s commentaries on Classic of Central Mountains XI 吳任臣注 中山經 中次一十一 Shanhaijing guangzhu expanded commentaries Siku Quanshu edition Book 5 山海經廣注 四庫全書本 卷05 1782 via Wikisource 郭曰似蛇而四脚小頭細頸頸有白癭大者十數圍卵如一二石甕能吞人 Chō 2002 p 181 a b c d Tominaga 1993 pp 156 157 a b c Dubs tr 1954 p 94 Major et al tr 2010 pp 799 800 20 6 Huainanzi 淮南子 第二十 泰族訓 蛟龍伏寝於淵而卵剖於陵 Yuan 1998 p 287 a b c Visser 1913 p 76 a b Part III Shanhaijing Zhongshanjing 山海經 中山經 via Wikisource Part XI Shanhaijing Zhongshanjing 山海經 中山經 via Wikisource Birrell 2000 pp 93 97 Birrell 2000 p 198 a b Eberhard 1968 p 378 Zhao Lu 2019 In Pursuit of the Great Peace Han Dynasty Classicism and the Making of Early Medieval Literati Culture SUNY Press p 230 note 43 ISBN 978 1 43847 493 9 a b Strassberg Richard E ed 2018 Six headed bird liushouniao 六首鳥 and jiao dragon jiao 蛟 A Chinese Bestiary Strange Creatures from theGuideways Through Mountains and Seas University of California Press p 195 ISBN 978 0 52029 851 4 a b Chapin Helen Burwell 1940 Toward the Study of the Sword as Dynastic Talisman The Feng ch eng Pair and the Sword of Han Kao Tsu University of California Berkeley p 91 See the quotation from the 廣雅 Kuang ya in the K ang hsi Those dragons that have scales are called 蛟竜 chiao lung i e jiaolong those that have wings 應 ying lung those that have horns 虬 ch iu lung those that have no horns 螭 ch ih lung those that have not yet risen to Heaven 螭 p an lung Keisei kai Xingshijie commentary to Conditions and Circumstances 形勢解 64 Kanshi kokujikai ge kan 管子国字解 下巻 Guangzi commentaries in Japanese Vol 2 漢籍国字解全書 先哲遺著 Kanseki kokuji kai zensho Sentetsu icho tsuiho Supplement to the complete commentaries in Japanese of Chinese classical literature 19 Waseda University 1911 p 110 Visser 1913 p 77 Commentary to Guanzi 52 53 Keisei Xingshi Conditions and Circumstances 形勢 2 Kanshi kokujikai jō kan 管子国字解 上巻 Guangzi commentaries in Japanese Vol 1 漢籍国字解全書 先哲遺著 Kanseki kokuji kai zensho Sentetsu icho tsuiho Supplement to the complete commentaries in Japanese of Chinese classical literature 18 Waseda University 1911 p 43 Jia Sixie 賈思勰 Book 6 Qimin Yaoshu 齊民要術 via Wikisource Kumagusu Minakata 1926 Suppon to kaminari 鼈と雷 Soft shelled turtle and lightning Minakata zuihitsu 南方随筆 Oka Shoin p 306 An incomplete quote is given by Visser 1913 p 76 a b Carr 1990 p 128 Hawkes 1985 p 255 Ōgata 1983 pp 76 77 Li Muru et al 1998 p 368 Hanshu 6 Legge 1885 p 277 vol 1 Chi Hsing Qi Xing 1988 Folk Customs at Traditional Chinese Festivities Foreign Languages Press p 39 ISBN 9780835115933 dragon in the river a b Chi Hsing Qi Xing 2000 Chu Yuan Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism Vol 36 Gale Research Company pp 125 95 in brief 132 notes ISBN 0 78764 378 5 chiao lung a b c Senbō Sachiko 先坊幸子 2011 09 20 Chugoku koshosetsu yakuchu Zoku sseikaiki 中国古小説訳注 續齊諧記 PDF Studies of Chinese Literature of the Middle Age 59 Hiroshima University 80 120 Yifa 2002 The Origins of Buddhist Monastic Codes in China An Annotated Translation and Study of the Chanyuan Qinggui University of Hawaii Press p 241 note 298 ISBN 9780824824945 a b Clark 2016 pp 106 107 and Chittick 2016 endnote 34 Brindley Erica F 2016 Mair Victor H ed Layers of Meaning Hairstyle and Yue Identity in Ancient Chinese Texts Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours Flipside Digital Content Company Inc pp 27 28 ISBN 978 9 814 62055 0 Schafer 1973 p 26 Li Daoyuan 酈道元 Book 37 Shui Jing Zhu Siku Quanshu edition 水經注釋 四庫全書本 via Wikisource Schafer 1973 p 32 Book of Wei 30 魏書三十 Sanguo zhi 三國志 Records of the Three Kingdoms via Wikisource Gulik Willem R van 1982 Irezumi The Pattern of Dermatography in Japan Brill p 247 Teng Jun 2018 The History of Sino Japanese Cultural Exchange Routledge p 54 ISBN 978 1 351 26910 0 a b Reed Carrie Elizabeth June 2000a Early Chinese Tattoo PDF Sino Platonic Papers 120 103 1 52 7 Reed Carrie E Jul Sep 2000b Tattoo in Early China Journal of the American Oriental Society 120 3 360 376 362 doi 10 2307 606008 JSTOR 606008 Treatise on Geography in the Book of Han 111CE quoted by Kong Yingda Kong Yingda 6th c Lizi Zhengyi 禮記正義 12 15b or 16b apud Reed 2000a p 7 Reed 2000b p 362 77 Kong Yingda Book 12 Liji zhengyi 禮記正義 Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 annot via Wikisource Zhengyi says considering the Han shu Dili zhi Geography treatise s text that the Yue people crop their hair and tattoo their bodies thus averting harm from jiaolong etc 正義曰 按 漢書 地理志 文 越俗斷髮文身 以辟蛟龍之害 故刻其肌 以丹青涅之 Schafer 1967 p 345 Pulleyblank 2011 pp 87 150 a b Clark 2016 pp 107 108 and notes 43 44 Zhang Du 張讀 1777 Book 1 卷05 Xuanshi zhi Siku Quanshu edition 宣室志 四庫全書本 via Wikisource 宮毗羅 is equivalent to 宮毘羅 when you swap out one character into a variant form 5 a b Fauvel 1879 p 8 tuolong 鼉龍 Li Shizhen 1596 Animals with Scales I Li Shizhen 1782 Vol 43 Animals with Scales Bencao Gangmu Luo tr 2003 p 3509 identifies as Alligator sinensis Fauvel with synonym tuoyu 鮀魚 and tulong 土龍 Read tr 1934 pp 314 318 As does Read tr 1934 p 300 tabulated glossary Cf Read tr 1934 p 301 noting the similarity of the Sanskrit name to gonglong Wade Giles kung lung for Naosaurus listed in ZN Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature Zhang Hua 1997 Bowuzhi 博物志 五南圖書出版股份有限公司 p 102 ISBN 9789578499409 Hao Yixing Guo Pu eds 1809 Shanhaijing Book 1 Shanhaijin jianshu 山海經箋疏 Guideways through the Mountains and Seas with supplementary commentary in Chinese Yangzhou Langhuan xianguan 琅嬛僊館 p 10 a b c d Xuanying 玄應 c 649 Ch 52 Modengqie 摩登伽經 Yiqiejing yinyi Book 13 一切經音義卷第五 Cf Guo Pu glosses jiao 鮫 as a type of cuo 䱜 92 Williams 1889 p 368 Williams 1889 p 730 a b jiaoyu 鮫魚 Li Shizhen 1596 Animals with Scales IV Li Shizhen 1782 Vol 43 Animals with Scales Bencao Gangmu Luo tr 2003 p 3613 Needham Joseph 1971 Science and Civilisation in China Volume 4 Physics and Physical Technology Cambridge University Press p 677 ISBN 9780521070607 Nakano 1983 p 143 Schafer 1967 p 221 Bibliography The Huainanzi Vol 2 Translated by John S Major Sarah A Queen Andrew Seth Meyer Harold D Roth Columbia University Press 2010 ISBN 978 0 231 52085 0 Ban Gu Ban Zhao 1954 The History of the Former Han Dynasty Part II Vol 2 Translated by Homer Hasenpflug Dubs Waverly Press p 94 From Hsun yang he Emperor Wu traveled on the Yang tze River in person and shot an alligator in the river The Classic of Mountains and Seas Translated by Birrell Anne Penguin Books 2000 ISBN 9780140447194 2011 edition previewable via Google Broad William J China Explores a Frontier 2 Miles Deep The New York Times September 11 2010 Retrieved 2010 09 12 Carr Michael 1990 Chinese Dragon Names Linguistics of the Tibeto Burman Area 13 2 87 189 selection pp 87 90 Chittick Andrew 2016 Mair Victor H ed Dragon Boats and Serpent Prows Naval Warfare and the Political Culture of China s Southern Borderlands Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours Flipside Digital Content Company Inc pp 117 ISBN 978 9 814 62055 0 Clark Hugh R 2016 Mair Victor H ed What Makes a Chinese God Or What Makes a God Chinese Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours Flipside Digital Content Company Inc pp 97 116 ISBN 978 9 814 62055 0 Chō Kyō Zhang Jing 張競 2002 Amakakeru shinboru tachi gensō dōbutsu no bunka shi 天翔るシンボルたち 幻想動物の文化誌 Nōsanryō bunka kyōkai pp 180 185 ISBN 9784540020438 Eberhard Wolfram 1968 The Local Cultures of South and East China E J Brill pp 34 37 197 200 238 242 249 257 292 293 364 378f 400 Fauvel Albert Auguste 1879 Alligators in China Their History Description amp Identification Celestial Empire office pp 1 8 Hawkes David ed 1985 The Songs of the South An Anthology of Ancient Chinese Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets Translated by David Hawkes Penguin Books ISBN 9780140443752 Knechtges David R 1987 Wen Xuan Or Selections of Refined Literature Rhapsodies on Sacrifices Hunting Travel Sightseeing Palaces and Halls Rivers and Seas Vol 2 Princeton University Press ISBN 0 69105 346 4 The Li Ki 2 vols Translated by Legge James Oxford University Press 1885 Li Muru 李慕如 1998 Zhongguo wen xue tan wei 中國文學探微 余崇生 陳寶條 黃瑞枝 劉明宗 鍾吉雄 鍾屏蘭 Taipei Wu nan tu shu chu ban gong si ISBN 9 57111 618 1 OCLC 043898503 Li Shizhen 1596 Scales I 鱗之一 Bencao Gangmu Siku Quanshu edition 本草綱目 via Wikisource Li Shizhen 1782 1596 Volume 43 Scales 巻43鱗部 Bencao Gangmu Siku Quanshu edition 本草綱目 四庫全書本 via Wikisource Eng tr Shizhen Li 2003 Volume 43 The Category of Animals with Scales Compendium of materia medica bencao gangmu Translated by Luo Xiwen Foreign Languages Press pp 3497 ISBN 978 7 119 03260 3 Eng tr Shizhen Li 1934 Chinese Materia Medica VII Dragons and Snakes Peking Natural History Bulletin 8 4 Translated by Read Bernard E 279 362 Minakata Kumagusu 南方熊楠 1917 Junishikō 4 hebi ni kansuru minzoku to densetsu 十二支考 4 蛇に関する民俗と伝説 On the Zodiac 4 folklore and legends of the serpent Taiyō Aozora Bunko No 2536 1973 Hebi ni kansuru minzoku to densetsu in Iikura Shōhei 飯倉照平 ed Junishi kō 1 Year of the Serpent Tōyō Bunko 215 Heibonsha pp 231 320 ISBN 9784582802153 Nakano Miyoko 中野美代子 in Japanese 1983 Chugoku no yōkai 中国の妖怪 Iwanami pp 76 143 ISBN 9784004202356 Ōgata Tōru 大形徹 in Japanese 1983 Ryukaku kō sono 2 shika no tsuno 龍角考 その二 鹿の角 The Humanities Jimmongaku ronshu 34 Osaka Prefecture University 75 92 hdl 10466 14929 Pulleyblank Edwin G 2011 jiao Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese Late Middle Chinese and Early Mandarin University of Hawaii Press pp 150 87 ISBN 978 0 774 84467 3 Schafer Edward H 1967 The Vermillion Bird T ang Images of the South University of California Press 1973 The Divine Woman Dragon Ladies and Rain Maidens in T ang Literature University of California Press ISBN 9780520024656 Schuessler Axel 2007 jiao4 ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese University of Hawaii Press p 308 ISBN 9780824829759 Tominaga Kazuto 富永一登 1993 Rojin shu Koshōsetsu kōchin kōshaku So Taishi Shikai 魯迅輯 古小説鉤沈 校釈 租台之 志怪 PDF The Hiroshima University Studies Faculty of Letters 53 144 163 doi 10 15027 27621 Visser Marinus Willem de 1913 7 Kiao Lung 蛟龍 PDF The Dragon in China and Japan Amsterdam J Muller pp 76 81 archived from the original on 19 January 2010 retrieved 25 July 2019 Wen Yiduo 1956 A study of Fu Xi 伏羲考 Shenhua yu shi 神話與詩 Wen Yiduo quanji 聞一多全集 8 Amsterdam Guji pp 3 68 2001 1956 A study of Fu Xi 伏羲考 Amsterdam Gui Zhou Education Publishing House a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Williams Samuel Wells 1889 chiao sha 鮫 鯊 A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language Amsterdam American Presbyterian Mission Press Yuan Ke 袁珂 1998 Zhongguo shen hua da ci dian 中国神话大词典 Dictionary of Chinese Mythology Chengdu Sichuan ci shu chu ban she ISBN 9787805435602 External links edit蛟 entry Chinese Etymology 蛟 entry page 1716 CE Kangxi Dictionary Flood Dragon Waterfall Archived 2011 10 05 at the Wayback Machine Alishan National Scenic Area Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jiaolong amp oldid 1220294948, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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