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Japanese dragon

Japanese dragons (日本の竜, Nihon no ryū) are diverse legendary creatures in Japanese mythology and folklore. Japanese dragon myths amalgamate native legends with imported stories about dragons from China, Korea and the Indian subcontinent. The style and appearance of the dragon was heavily influenced by the Chinese dragon, especially the three-clawed long (龍) dragons which were introduced in Japan from China in ancient times.[1]: 94  Like these other East Asian dragons, most Japanese ones are water deities associated with rainfall and bodies of water, and are typically depicted as large, wingless, serpentine creatures with clawed feet.

Japanese sea-dragon, by Utagawa Kuniyoshi
Japanese dragon, by Hokusai
Princess Tamatori steals the Dragon King's jewel, by Utagawa Kuniyoshi.
Emperor Antoku's grandmother rescuing him from a dragon, by Yoshitsuya Ichieisai
A dragon ascends towards the heavens with Mount Fuji in the background in this 1897 ukiyo-e print from Ogata Gekkō's Views of Mount Fuji.

Indigenous Japanese dragons

 
Kiyohime Changes from a Dragon into a human woman, by Yoshitoshi Tsukioka
 
The Dragon King's daughter, whose father the Dragon King lives at the bottom of the sea. By Utagawa Kuniyoshi

The c. 680 AD Kojiki and the c. 720 AD Nihongi mytho-histories have the first Japanese textual references to dragons. "In the oldest annals the dragons are mentioned in various ways," explains de Visser,[2] "but mostly as water-gods, serpent- or dragon-shaped." The Kojiki and Nihongi mention several ancient dragons:

  • Yamata no Orochi 八岐大蛇 "8-branched giant snake" was an 8-headed and 8-tailed dragon slain by the god of wind and sea Susanoo, who discovered the Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi (legendary sword of the Imperial Regalia of Japan) in one of its tails.
  • Watatsumi 海神 "sea god" or Ryūjin 龍神 "dragon god" was the ruler of seas and oceans, and described as a dragon capable of changing into human form. He lived in the undersea Ryūgū-jō 龍宮城 "dragon palace castle", where he kept the magical tide jewels.
  • Toyotama-hime 豊玉姫 "Luminous Pearl Princess" was Ryūjin's daughter. She purportedly was an ancestress of Emperor Jimmu, Japan's legendary first emperor.
  • Wani 鰐 was a sea monster that is translated as both "shark" and "crocodile". Kuma-wani 熊鰐 "bear (i.e., giant or strong) shark/crocodile" are mentioned in two ancient legends. One says the sea god Kotoshiro-nushi-no-kami transformed into an "8-fathom kuma-wani" and fathered Toyotama-hime, the other says a kuma-wani piloted the ships of Emperor Chūai and his Empress Jingū.
  • Mizuchi 蛟 or 虯 was a river dragon and water deity. The Nihongi records legendary Emperor Nintoku offering human sacrifices to mizuchi angered by his river engineering projects.
  • Raijū is Raijin's animal companion and messenger that commonly take form of a dragon.
  • Kiyohime 清姫 "Purity Princess" was a teahouse waitress who fell in love with a young Buddhist priest. After he spurned her, she studied magic, transformed into a dragon, and killed him.
  • Nure-onna 濡女 "Wet Woman" was a dragon with a woman's head and a snake's body. She was typically seen while washing her hair on a riverbank and would sometimes kill humans when angered.
  • Zennyo Ryūō 善如龍王 "goodness-like dragon king" was a rain-god depicted either as a dragon with a snake on its head or as a human with a snake's tail.
  • In the fairy tale "My Lord Bag of Rice", the Ryūō "dragon king" of Lake Biwa asks the hero Tawara Tōda 田原藤太 to kill a giant centipede.
  • Urashima Tarō rescued a turtle which took him to Ryūgū-jō and turned into the attractive daughter of the ocean god Ryūjin.

Chinese-Japanese dragons

Chinese dragon mythology is central to Japanese dragons. Japanese words for "dragon" are written with kanji ("Chinese characters"), either simplified shinjitai 竜 or traditional kyūjitai 龍 from Chinese long 龍. These kanji can be read tatsu in native Japanese kun'yomi and ryū or ryō in Sino-Japanese on'yomi.

Many Japanese dragon names are loanwords from Chinese. For instance, the Japanese counterparts of the astrological Four Symbols are:

Japanese Shiryū 四竜 "4 dragon [kings]" are the legendary Chinese Longwang 龍王 "Dragon Kings" who rule the four seas.

Some authors attempted to differentiate Japanese ryū and Chinese long dragons by the number of claws on their feet. In 1886, Charles Gould wrote that in Japan, the dragon is " invariably figured as possessing three claws, whereas in China it has four or five, according as it is an ordinary or an Imperial emblem".[3] A common belief in Japan is that the Japanese dragon is native to Japan and is fond of travelling gaining claws as it walked further from Japan; e.g. when it arrived in Korea, it gained 4-claws; and when it finally arrived to China, it gained five-claws.[1]: 94  However, contrary to the Japanese belief that the three-clawed dragons also originated from China and was introduced in Japan.[1]: 94  The three-clawed dragons were the Chinese dragons used in China in the earlier times[1]: 94  and were the principal form of dragons which were used on the robes of the Tang dynasty.[4]: 235  When the Chinese dragons were introduced in Japan, they still had three claws.[1]: 94  Three-clawed dragons were seldom used after the Song dynasty and were later found in four or five claws in China;[4]: 235  the three-clawed dragons were briefly revived in the Qing dynasty.[5]

During World War II, the Japanese military named many armaments after Chinese dragons. The Kōryū 蛟竜 < jiaolong 蛟龍 "flood dragon" was a midget submarine and the Shinryū 神竜 < shenlong 神龍 "spirit dragon" was a rocket kamikaze aircraft. An Imperial Japanese Army division, the 56th Division, was codenamed the Dragon Division. Coincidentally, the Dragon Division was annihilated in the Chinese town of Longling (龍陵), whose name means "Dragon's Tomb".

Indo-Japanese dragons

When Buddhist monks from other parts of Asia brought their faith to Japan they transmitted dragon and snake legends from Buddhist and Hindu mythology. The most notable examples are the nāga ナーガ or 龍 "Nāga; rain deity; protector of Buddhism" and the nāgarāja ナーガラージャ or 龍王 ”Nāgarāja; snake king; dragon king". de Visser (1913:179) notes that many Japanese nāga legends have Chinese features. "This is quite clear, for it was via China that all the Indian tales came to Japan. Moreover, many originally Japanese dragons, to which Chinese legends were applied, were afterwards identified with nāga, so that a blending of ideas was the result.

Some additional examples of Buddhistic Japanese dragons are:

  • Hachidai ryūō 八大龍王 "8 great naga kings" assembled to hear the Buddha expound on the Lotus Sutra, and are a common artistic motif.
  • Mucharinda ムチャリンダ "Mucalinda" was the Nāga king who protected the Buddha when he achieved bodhi, and is frequently represented as a giant cobra.
  • Benzaiten 弁才天 is the Japanese name of the goddess Saraswati, who killed a 3-headed Vritra serpent or dragon in the Rigveda. According to the Enoshima Engi, Benzaiten created Enoshima Island in 552 CE in order to thwart a 5-headed dragon that had been harassing people.
  • Kuzuryū 九頭龍 "9-headed dragon", deriving from the multi-headed Naga king シェーシャ or 舍沙 "Shesha", is worshipped at Togakushi Shrine in Nagano Prefecture.
  • Gozuryū 五頭龍 "5-headed dragon" is worshipped at Ryuko Myojin Shrine in Kamakura.

Dragon temples

Dragon lore is traditionally associated with Buddhist temples. Myths about dragons living in ponds and lakes near temples are widespread. De Visser[6] lists accounts for Shitennō-ji in Osaka, Gogen Temple in Hakone, Kanagawa, and the shrine on Mount Haku where the Genpei Jōsuiki records that a Zen priest saw a 9-headed dragon transform into the goddess Kannon. In the present day, the Lake Saiko Dragon Shrine at Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi has an annual festival and fireworks show.

Temple names, like Japanese toponyms, frequently involve dragons. For instance, the Rinzai sect has Tenryū-ji 天龍寺 "Heavenly Dragon Temple", Ryūtaku-ji 龍沢寺 "Dragon Swamp Temple", Ryōan-ji 竜安寺 "Dragon Peace Temple". According to legend,[7] when the Hōkō-ji 法興寺 or Asuka-dera 飛鳥寺 Buddhist temple was dedicated at Nara in 596, "a purple cloud descended from the sky and covered the pagoda as well as the Buddha hall; then the cloud became five-coloured and assumed the shape of a dragon or phoenix".

The Kinryū-no-Mai "Golden Dragon Dance" is an annual Japanese dragon dance performed at Sensō-ji, a Buddhist temple in Asakusa. The dragon dancers twist and turn within the temple grounds and outside on the streets. According to legend, the Sensō Temple was founded in 628 after two fishermen found a gold statuette of Kannon in the Sumida River, at which time golden dragons purportedly ascended into heaven. The Golden Dragon Dance was produced to celebrate the reconstruction of the Main Hall of the temple in 1958 and is performed twice yearly.[8]

 
Takenouchi no Sukune Meets the Dragon King of the Sea

Images

Dragon shrines

 
Japanese Dragon shrine in Fujiyoshida.

Japanese dragons are mostly associated with Shinto shrines as well as some Buddhist temples.

Itsukushima Shrine on Miyajima or Itsukushima Island in Japan's Inland Sea was believed to be the abode of the sea-god Ryūjin's daughter. According to the Gukanshō and The Tale of Heike (Heinrich 1997:74–75), the sea-dragon empowered Emperor Antoku to ascend the throne because his father Taira no Kiyomori offered prayers at Itsukushima and declared it his ancestral shrine. When Antoku drowned himself after being defeated in the 1185 Battle of Dan-no-ura, he lost the imperial Kusanagi sword (which legendarily came from the tail of the Yamata no Orochi] dragon) back into the sea. In another version, divers found the sword, and it is said to be preserved at Atsuta Shrine. The great earthquake of 1185 was attributed to vengeful Heike spirits, specifically the dragon powers of Antoku.

Ryūjin shinkō 竜神信仰 "dragon god faith" is a form of Shinto religious belief that worships dragons as water kami. It is connected with agricultural rituals, rain prayers, and the success[citation needed] of fisherman.

Dragons in modern Japanese culture

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Bates, Roy (2007). All about Chinese dragons. Beijing: China History Press. ISBN 978-1-4357-0322-3. OCLC 680519778.
  2. ^ de Visser 1913, p. 135.
  3. ^ Gould, Charles (1886). Mythical Monsters. Norderstedt Hansebooks. ISBN 978-3-337-97714-6. OCLC 1199763967.
  4. ^ a b Sullivan, Michael (1999). The arts of China (4th ed., expanded and rev ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21876-0. OCLC 40200406.
  5. ^ Cammann, Schuyler (1949). "Origins of the Court and Official Robes of the Ch'ing Dynasty". Artibus Asiae. 12 (3): 189–201. doi:10.2307/3248384. ISSN 0004-3648.
  6. ^ de Visser 1913, pp. 181–84.
  7. ^ de Visser 1913, p. 180.
  8. ^ "Kinryu no Mai (Golden Dragon Dance)". Ambassadors Japan. October 6, 2015.

Bibliography

  • Aston, William George, tr. 1896. Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. 2 vols. Kegan Paul. 1972
  • Chamberlain, Basil H., tr. 1919. The Kojiki, Records of Ancient Matters.
  • Gould, Charles. 1896. Mythical Monsters". W. H. Allen & Co.
  • Heinrich, Amy Vladeck. 1997. Currents in Japanese Culture: Translations and Transformations. Columbia University Press.
  • Ingersoll, Ernest. 1928. "Chapter Nine: The Dragon in Japanese Art", in Dragons and Dragon Lore, Payson & Clarke. Also: Ingersoll, Ernest, et al., (2013). The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00D959PJ0
  • Smith, G. Elliot. 1919. The Evolution of the Dragon. Longmans, Green & Co.
  • de Visser, Marinus Willern (1913), , J. Müller, archived from the original on 2008-10-26.

External links

  Media related to Tatsu at Wikimedia Commons   Media related to Japanese dragons at Wikimedia Commons

  • Dragons of Fame: Japan, The Circle of the Dragon
  • , Dragonorama
  • Ryūjin shinkō, Encyclopedia of Shinto
  • The Azure Dragon of the East, Steve Renshaw and Saori Ihara
  • Ryuu 龍, Japanese Architecture & Art Net User System
  • Japanese Dragon Tattoos, The Japanese dragon in tattoo art
  • Dragon Festival for rainmaking in Nio, JapanNHK(video)

japanese, dragon, 日本の竜, nihon, ryū, diverse, legendary, creatures, japanese, mythology, folklore, myths, amalgamate, native, legends, with, imported, stories, about, dragons, from, china, korea, indian, subcontinent, style, appearance, dragon, heavily, influen. Japanese dragons 日本の竜 Nihon no ryu are diverse legendary creatures in Japanese mythology and folklore Japanese dragon myths amalgamate native legends with imported stories about dragons from China Korea and the Indian subcontinent The style and appearance of the dragon was heavily influenced by the Chinese dragon especially the three clawed long 龍 dragons which were introduced in Japan from China in ancient times 1 94 Like these other East Asian dragons most Japanese ones are water deities associated with rainfall and bodies of water and are typically depicted as large wingless serpentine creatures with clawed feet Japanese sea dragon by Utagawa Kuniyoshi Japanese dragon by Hokusai Princess Tamatori steals the Dragon King s jewel by Utagawa Kuniyoshi Emperor Antoku s grandmother rescuing him from a dragon by Yoshitsuya Ichieisai A dragon ascends towards the heavens with Mount Fuji in the background in this 1897 ukiyo e print from Ogata Gekkō s Views of Mount Fuji Contents 1 Indigenous Japanese dragons 2 Chinese Japanese dragons 3 Indo Japanese dragons 4 Dragon temples 5 Images 6 Dragon shrines 7 Dragons in modern Japanese culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External linksIndigenous Japanese dragons Edit Kiyohime Changes from a Dragon into a human woman by Yoshitoshi Tsukioka The Dragon King s daughter whose father the Dragon King lives at the bottom of the sea By Utagawa Kuniyoshi The c 680 AD Kojiki and the c 720 AD Nihongi mytho histories have the first Japanese textual references to dragons In the oldest annals the dragons are mentioned in various ways explains de Visser 2 but mostly as water gods serpent or dragon shaped The Kojiki and Nihongi mention several ancient dragons Yamata no Orochi 八岐大蛇 8 branched giant snake was an 8 headed and 8 tailed dragon slain by the god of wind and sea Susanoo who discovered the Kusanagi no Tsurugi legendary sword of the Imperial Regalia of Japan in one of its tails Watatsumi 海神 sea god or Ryujin 龍神 dragon god was the ruler of seas and oceans and described as a dragon capable of changing into human form He lived in the undersea Ryugu jō 龍宮城 dragon palace castle where he kept the magical tide jewels Toyotama hime 豊玉姫 Luminous Pearl Princess was Ryujin s daughter She purportedly was an ancestress of Emperor Jimmu Japan s legendary first emperor Wani 鰐 was a sea monster that is translated as both shark and crocodile Kuma wani 熊鰐 bear i e giant or strong shark crocodile are mentioned in two ancient legends One says the sea god Kotoshiro nushi no kami transformed into an 8 fathom kuma wani and fathered Toyotama hime the other says a kuma wani piloted the ships of Emperor Chuai and his Empress Jingu Mizuchi 蛟 or 虯 was a river dragon and water deity The Nihongi records legendary Emperor Nintoku offering human sacrifices to mizuchi angered by his river engineering projects Raiju is Raijin s animal companion and messenger that commonly take form of a dragon Kiyohime 清姫 Purity Princess was a teahouse waitress who fell in love with a young Buddhist priest After he spurned her she studied magic transformed into a dragon and killed him Nure onna 濡女 Wet Woman was a dragon with a woman s head and a snake s body She was typically seen while washing her hair on a riverbank and would sometimes kill humans when angered Zennyo Ryuō 善如龍王 goodness like dragon king was a rain god depicted either as a dragon with a snake on its head or as a human with a snake s tail In the fairy tale My Lord Bag of Rice the Ryuō dragon king of Lake Biwa asks the hero Tawara Tōda 田原藤太 to kill a giant centipede Urashima Tarō rescued a turtle which took him to Ryugu jō and turned into the attractive daughter of the ocean god Ryujin Chinese Japanese dragons EditChinese dragon mythology is central to Japanese dragons Japanese words for dragon are written with kanji Chinese characters either simplified shinjitai 竜 or traditional kyujitai 龍 from Chinese long 龍 These kanji can be read tatsu in native Japanese kun yomi and ryu or ryō in Sino Japanese on yomi Many Japanese dragon names are loanwords from Chinese For instance the Japanese counterparts of the astrological Four Symbols are Seiryu lt Qinglong 青龍 Azure Dragon Suzaku lt Zhuque 朱雀 Vermilion Bird Byakko lt Baihu 白虎 White Tiger Genbu lt Xuanwu 玄武 Black Tortoise Japanese Shiryu 四竜 4 dragon kings are the legendary Chinese Longwang 龍王 Dragon Kings who rule the four seas Gōkō lt Aoguang 敖廣 Dragon King of the East Sea Gōkin lt Aoqin 敖欽 Dragon King of the South Sea Gōjun lt Aorun 敖閏 Dragon King of the West Sea Gōjun lt Aoshun 敖順 Dragon King of the North Sea Some authors attempted to differentiate Japanese ryu and Chinese long dragons by the number of claws on their feet In 1886 Charles Gould wrote that in Japan the dragon is invariably figured as possessing three claws whereas in China it has four or five according as it is an ordinary or an Imperial emblem 3 A common belief in Japan is that the Japanese dragon is native to Japan and is fond of travelling gaining claws as it walked further from Japan e g when it arrived in Korea it gained 4 claws and when it finally arrived to China it gained five claws 1 94 However contrary to the Japanese belief that the three clawed dragons also originated from China and was introduced in Japan 1 94 The three clawed dragons were the Chinese dragons used in China in the earlier times 1 94 and were the principal form of dragons which were used on the robes of the Tang dynasty 4 235 When the Chinese dragons were introduced in Japan they still had three claws 1 94 Three clawed dragons were seldom used after the Song dynasty and were later found in four or five claws in China 4 235 the three clawed dragons were briefly revived in the Qing dynasty 5 During World War II the Japanese military named many armaments after Chinese dragons The Kōryu 蛟竜 lt jiaolong 蛟龍 flood dragon was a midget submarine and the Shinryu 神竜 lt shenlong 神龍 spirit dragon was a rocket kamikaze aircraft An Imperial Japanese Army division the 56th Division was codenamed the Dragon Division Coincidentally the Dragon Division was annihilated in the Chinese town of Longling 龍陵 whose name means Dragon s Tomb Indo Japanese dragons EditWhen Buddhist monks from other parts of Asia brought their faith to Japan they transmitted dragon and snake legends from Buddhist and Hindu mythology The most notable examples are the naga ナーガ or 龍 Naga rain deity protector of Buddhism and the nagaraja ナーガラージャ or 龍王 Nagaraja snake king dragon king de Visser 1913 179 notes that many Japanese naga legends have Chinese features This is quite clear for it was via China that all the Indian tales came to Japan Moreover many originally Japanese dragons to which Chinese legends were applied were afterwards identified with naga so that a blending of ideas was the result Some additional examples of Buddhistic Japanese dragons are Hachidai ryuō 八大龍王 8 great naga kings assembled to hear the Buddha expound on the Lotus Sutra and are a common artistic motif Mucharinda ムチャリンダ Mucalinda was the Naga king who protected the Buddha when he achieved bodhi and is frequently represented as a giant cobra Benzaiten 弁才天 is the Japanese name of the goddess Saraswati who killed a 3 headed Vritra serpent or dragon in the Rigveda According to the Enoshima Engi Benzaiten created Enoshima Island in 552 CE in order to thwart a 5 headed dragon that had been harassing people Kuzuryu 九頭龍 9 headed dragon deriving from the multi headed Naga king シェーシャ or 舍沙 Shesha is worshipped at Togakushi Shrine in Nagano Prefecture Gozuryu 五頭龍 5 headed dragon is worshipped at Ryuko Myojin Shrine in Kamakura Dragon temples EditDragon lore is traditionally associated with Buddhist temples Myths about dragons living in ponds and lakes near temples are widespread De Visser 6 lists accounts for Shitennō ji in Osaka Gogen Temple in Hakone Kanagawa and the shrine on Mount Haku where the Genpei Jōsuiki records that a Zen priest saw a 9 headed dragon transform into the goddess Kannon In the present day the Lake Saiko Dragon Shrine at Fujiyoshida Yamanashi has an annual festival and fireworks show Temple names like Japanese toponyms frequently involve dragons For instance the Rinzai sect has Tenryu ji 天龍寺 Heavenly Dragon Temple Ryutaku ji 龍沢寺 Dragon Swamp Temple Ryōan ji 竜安寺 Dragon Peace Temple According to legend 7 when the Hōkō ji 法興寺 or Asuka dera 飛鳥寺 Buddhist temple was dedicated at Nara in 596 a purple cloud descended from the sky and covered the pagoda as well as the Buddha hall then the cloud became five coloured and assumed the shape of a dragon or phoenix The Kinryu no Mai Golden Dragon Dance is an annual Japanese dragon dance performed at Sensō ji a Buddhist temple in Asakusa The dragon dancers twist and turn within the temple grounds and outside on the streets According to legend the Sensō Temple was founded in 628 after two fishermen found a gold statuette of Kannon in the Sumida River at which time golden dragons purportedly ascended into heaven The Golden Dragon Dance was produced to celebrate the reconstruction of the Main Hall of the temple in 1958 and is performed twice yearly 8 Takenouchi no Sukune Meets the Dragon King of the SeaImages Edit Susanoo slaying the Yamata no Orochi by Kuniteru The Buddha riding a sea dragon by Kunisada Dragon teapot Walters Art MuseumDragon shrines Edit Japanese Dragon shrine in Fujiyoshida Japanese dragons are mostly associated with Shinto shrines as well as some Buddhist temples Itsukushima Shrine on Miyajima or Itsukushima Island in Japan s Inland Sea was believed to be the abode of the sea god Ryujin s daughter According to the Gukanshō and The Tale of Heike Heinrich 1997 74 75 the sea dragon empowered Emperor Antoku to ascend the throne because his father Taira no Kiyomori offered prayers at Itsukushima and declared it his ancestral shrine When Antoku drowned himself after being defeated in the 1185 Battle of Dan no ura he lost the imperial Kusanagi sword which legendarily came from the tail of the Yamata no Orochi dragon back into the sea In another version divers found the sword and it is said to be preserved at Atsuta Shrine The great earthquake of 1185 was attributed to vengeful Heike spirits specifically the dragon powers of Antoku Ryujin shinkō 竜神信仰 dragon god faith is a form of Shinto religious belief that worships dragons as water kami It is connected with agricultural rituals rain prayers and the success citation needed of fisherman Dragons in modern Japanese culture EditThe Imperial Japanese Army Air Force gave some of their aircraft dragon related names for example the Kawasaki Ki 45 twin engine fighter was called Toryu Dragon Slayer the Mitsubishi Ki 67 bomber was called Hiryu Flying Dragon and the Nakajima Ki 49 bomber was called Donryu Storm Dragon The Imperial Japanese Navy and later the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force named some of their ships after dragons Notable examples are the World War II era aircraft carriers Hiryu and Sōryu and the modern submarines of the Sōryu class The dragon is a popular figure in Yakuza art Manda the kaiju film character appearing in films produced by Toho is depicted as a Japanese dragon See also EditChinese dragon Japanese folklore Japanese mythology Korean dragon Manipuri dragons Vietnamese dragonReferences Edit a b c d e Bates Roy 2007 All about Chinese dragons Beijing China History Press ISBN 978 1 4357 0322 3 OCLC 680519778 de Visser 1913 p 135 Gould Charles 1886 Mythical Monsters Norderstedt Hansebooks ISBN 978 3 337 97714 6 OCLC 1199763967 a b Sullivan Michael 1999 The arts of China 4th ed expanded and rev ed Berkeley Calif University of California Press ISBN 0 520 21876 0 OCLC 40200406 Cammann Schuyler 1949 Origins of the Court and Official Robes of the Ch ing Dynasty Artibus Asiae 12 3 189 201 doi 10 2307 3248384 ISSN 0004 3648 de Visser 1913 pp 181 84 de Visser 1913 p 180 Kinryu no Mai Golden Dragon Dance Ambassadors Japan October 6 2015 Bibliography EditAston William George tr 1896 Nihongi Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A D 697 2 vols Kegan Paul 1972 Chamberlain Basil H tr 1919 The Kojiki Records of Ancient Matters Gould Charles 1896 Mythical Monsters W H Allen amp Co Heinrich Amy Vladeck 1997 Currents in Japanese Culture Translations and Transformations Columbia University Press Ingersoll Ernest 1928 Chapter Nine The Dragon in Japanese Art in Dragons and Dragon Lore Payson amp Clarke Also Ingersoll Ernest et al 2013 The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore Chiang Mai Cognoscenti Books ASIN B00D959PJ0 Smith G Elliot 1919 The Evolution of the Dragon Longmans Green amp Co de Visser Marinus Willern 1913 The Dragon in China and Japan J Muller archived from the original on 2008 10 26 External links Edit Media related to Tatsu at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Japanese dragons at Wikimedia Commons Dragons of Fame Japan The Circle of the Dragon The Japanese Dragon Dragonorama Ryujin shinkō Encyclopedia of Shinto The Azure Dragon of the East Steve Renshaw and Saori Ihara Ryuu 龍 Japanese Architecture amp Art Net User System Japanese Dragon Tattoos The Japanese dragon in tattoo art Dragon Festival for rainmaking in Nio JapanNHK video Portals Society Japan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Japanese dragon amp oldid 1128085426, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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