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Languages of Iraq

January 01, 1970

There are a number of languages spoken in Iraq, but Mesopotamian Arabic (Iraqi Arabic) is by far the most widely spoken in the country. Arabic and Kurdish are both official languages in Iraq.

Contemporary languages edit

The most widely spoken language in Iraq is the Arabic language (specifically Mesopotamian Arabic); the second most spoken language is Kurdish (mainly Sorani and Kurmanji dialects), followed by the Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialect of Turkish, and many Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialects.[2][3]

Standard Arabic is written using the Arabic script but Mesopotamian Arabic is written with a modified Perso-Arabic script and so is Kurdish (see Sorani alphabet). In 1997 the Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman adopted the Turkish alphabet as the formal written language[4][5] and by 2005 the community leaders decided that the Turkish language would replace traditional Turkmeni (which had used the Arabic script) in Iraqi schools.[6] In addition, the Neo-Aramaic languages use the Syriac script.

Other smaller minority languages include Shabaki and Armenian.

Official languages edit

Official languages of Iraq are defined by the Constitution of Iraq, that was adopted on September 18, 2005 by the Transitional National Assembly of Iraq.[7] It was confirmed by constitutional referendum, held on October 15, 2005.[8] Official text of the Constitution was published on December 28, 2005 in the Official Gazette of Iraq (No. 4012), in Arabic original,[9] and thus came into force. The official translation (in English, for international use) was produced in cooperation between Iraqi state authorities and the United Nations' Office for Constitutional Support.[10][11]

According to the Article 4 of the Constitution, Arabic and Kurdish are the official languages of Iraq, while three other languages: Turkish, Aramaic and Armenian, are recognized as minority languages. In addition, any region or province may declare other languages official if a majority of the population approves in a general referendum.[12]

History edit

The oldest recorded languages of Iraq were Sumerian language and Akkadian language (including ancient Assyrian and Babylonian). Sumerian was displaced by Akkadian by 1700 BCE, and Akkadian was gradually displaced by Aramaic, from 1200 BCE to 100 CE. Sumerian and Akkadian (including all ancient Assyrian and Babylonian dialects) were written in the cuneiform script from 3300 BCE onwards. The latest positively identified Akkadian text comes from the first century CE.[13]

The language with the longest recorded period of use in Iraq is Aramaic, which has a written tradition dating back for more than 2000 years, and survives today in its descendants, the Neo-Aramaic languages.[14][15]

References edit

  1. ^ "IRAQ". Encyclopædia Iranica. from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  2. ^ Jastrow, Otto O. (2006), "Iraq", in Versteegh, Kees; Eid, Mushira; Elgibali, Alaa; Woidich, Manfred; Zaborski, Andrzej (eds.), Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, vol. 2, Brill Publishers, p. 414, ISBN 978-90-04-14474-3
  3. ^ "Iraq, CIA World Factbook". CIA. 31 July 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
  4. ^ Türkmeneli İşbirliği ve Kültür Vakfı. . Archived from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  5. ^ Nissman, David (5 March 1999), "The Iraqi Turkomans: Who They Are and What They Want", Iraq Report, 2 (9), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
  6. ^ Shanks, Kelsey (2016), Education and Ethno-Politics: Defending Identity in Iraq, Routledge, p. 57, ISBN 978-1-317-52043-6
  7. ^ Sara B. Moller (2005), Low Intensity Conflict and Nation-Building in Iraq: A Chronology
  8. ^ Jonathan Morrow (2005): Iraq’s Constitutional Process II: An Opportunity Lost
  9. ^ Constitution of the Republic of Iraq, Official Gazette of Iraq, No. 4012, of December 28, 2005 (Arabic text)
  10. ^ UN WIPO: Iraqi Constitution (2005) in English translation
  11. ^ The ACE Electoral Knowledge Network: Iraqi Constitution (2005)
  12. ^
  13. ^ John Gay and Christopher Woods, 2004 "Akkadian and Eblaite", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages ISBN 0521562562, p. 218.
  14. ^ Brock 1989, p. 11–23.
  15. ^ Khan 2007, p. 95–114.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=4

Sources edit

  • Brock, Sebastian P. (1989). "Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature". ARAM Periodical. 1 (1): 11–23.
  • Khan, Geoffrey (2007). "Aramaic in the Medieval and Modern Periods" (PDF). Languages of Iraq: Ancient and Modern. Cambridge: The British School of Archaeology in Iraq. pp. 95–114.
  • Naby, Eden (2004). "From Lingua Franca to Endangered Language: The Legal Aspects of the Preservation of Aramaic in Iraq". On the Margins of Nations: Endangered Languages and Linguistic Rights. Bath: Foundation for Endangered Languages. pp. 197–203. ISBN 9780953824861.

External links edit

 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Constitution of Iraq
Constitution of Iraq, from official Iraqi an UN sources, also accepted as Wikisource text
  • UN WIPO: Iraqi Constitution (2005)
Other links
  • "Conversational Code-Switching between Arabic and Kurdish in Duhok City". Idrees Ali Zebari, M.A. Applied Linguistics, Duhok Polytechnic University , Kurdistan, Iraq. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR).

January 01, 1970
languages, iraq, there, number, languages, spoken, iraq, mesopotamian, arabic, iraqi, arabic, most, widely, spoken, country, arabic, kurdish, both, official, languages, iraq, sign, near, eradina, with, text, aramaic, kurdish, arabicofficialarabic, kurdishverna. There are a number of languages spoken in Iraq but Mesopotamian Arabic Iraqi Arabic is by far the most widely spoken in the country Arabic and Kurdish are both official languages in Iraq Languages of IraqSign near Eradina with text in Aramaic Kurdish and ArabicOfficialArabic and KurdishVernacularMesopotamian ArabicMinorityIranian 1 Turkmen Aramaic Armenian and DomariForeignEnglishSignedIraqi Sign LanguageKeyboard layoutArabic keyboard Contents 1 Contemporary languages 1 1 Official languages 2 History 3 References 4 Sources 5 External linksContemporary languages editThe most widely spoken language in Iraq is the Arabic language specifically Mesopotamian Arabic the second most spoken language is Kurdish mainly Sorani and Kurmanji dialects followed by the Iraqi Turkmen Turkoman dialect of Turkish and many Northeastern Neo Aramaic dialects 2 3 Standard Arabic is written using the Arabic script but Mesopotamian Arabic is written with a modified Perso Arabic script and so is Kurdish see Sorani alphabet In 1997 the Iraqi Turkmen Turkoman adopted the Turkish alphabet as the formal written language 4 5 and by 2005 the community leaders decided that the Turkish language would replace traditional Turkmeni which had used the Arabic script in Iraqi schools 6 In addition the Neo Aramaic languages use the Syriac script Other smaller minority languages include Shabaki and Armenian Official languages edit Official languages of Iraq are defined by the Constitution of Iraq that was adopted on September 18 2005 by the Transitional National Assembly of Iraq 7 It was confirmed by constitutional referendum held on October 15 2005 8 Official text of the Constitution was published on December 28 2005 in the Official Gazette of Iraq No 4012 in Arabic original 9 and thus came into force The official translation in English for international use was produced in cooperation between Iraqi state authorities and the United Nations Office for Constitutional Support 10 11 According to the Article 4 of the Constitution Arabic and Kurdish are the official languages of Iraq while three other languages Turkish Aramaic and Armenian are recognized as minority languages In addition any region or province may declare other languages official if a majority of the population approves in a general referendum 12 History editThe oldest recorded languages of Iraq were Sumerian language and Akkadian language including ancient Assyrian and Babylonian Sumerian was displaced by Akkadian by 1700 BCE and Akkadian was gradually displaced by Aramaic from 1200 BCE to 100 CE Sumerian and Akkadian including all ancient Assyrian and Babylonian dialects were written in the cuneiform script from 3300 BCE onwards The latest positively identified Akkadian text comes from the first century CE 13 The language with the longest recorded period of use in Iraq is Aramaic which has a written tradition dating back for more than 2000 years and survives today in its descendants the Neo Aramaic languages 14 15 References edit IRAQ Encyclopaedia Iranica Archived from the original on 17 November 2014 Retrieved 7 November 2014 Jastrow Otto O 2006 Iraq in Versteegh Kees Eid Mushira Elgibali Alaa Woidich Manfred Zaborski Andrzej eds Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics vol 2 Brill Publishers p 414 ISBN 978 90 04 14474 3 Iraq CIA World Factbook CIA 31 July 2012 Retrieved August 8 2012 Turkmeneli Isbirligi ve Kultur Vakfi Declaration of Principles of the Iraqi Turkman Congress Archived from the original on 2012 03 08 Retrieved 2011 11 25 Nissman David 5 March 1999 The Iraqi Turkomans Who They Are and What They Want Iraq Report 2 9 Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty Shanks Kelsey 2016 Education and Ethno Politics Defending Identity in Iraq Routledge p 57 ISBN 978 1 317 52043 6 Sara B Moller 2005 Low Intensity Conflict and Nation Building in Iraq A Chronology Jonathan Morrow 2005 Iraq s Constitutional Process II An Opportunity Lost Constitution of the Republic of Iraq Official Gazette of Iraq No 4012 of December 28 2005 Arabic text UN WIPO Iraqi Constitution 2005 in English translation The ACE Electoral Knowledge Network Iraqi Constitution 2005 Iraq Ministry of Interior General Directorate for Nationality Iraqi Constitution 2005 John Gay and Christopher Woods 2004 Akkadian and Eblaite The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World s Ancient Languages ISBN 0521562562 p 218 Brock 1989 p 11 23 Khan 2007 p 95 114 https en wikipedia org w index php title Languages of Iraq amp action edit amp section 4Sources editBrock Sebastian P 1989 Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature ARAM Periodical 1 1 11 23 Khan Geoffrey 2007 Aramaic in the Medieval and Modern Periods PDF Languages of Iraq Ancient and Modern Cambridge The British School of Archaeology in Iraq pp 95 114 Naby Eden 2004 From Lingua Franca to Endangered Language The Legal Aspects of the Preservation of Aramaic in Iraq On the Margins of Nations Endangered Languages and Linguistic Rights Bath Foundation for Endangered Languages pp 197 203 ISBN 9780953824861 External links edit nbsp Wikisource has original text related to this article Constitution of Iraq nbsp Iraq portal nbsp Languages portal Constitution of Iraq from official Iraqi an UN sources also accepted as Wikisource text Iraq Ministry of Interior General Directorate for Nationality Iraqi Constitution 2005 UNESCO Iraqi Constitution 2005 UN WIPO Iraqi Constitution 2005 Other links Conversational Code Switching between Arabic and Kurdish in Duhok City Idrees Ali Zebari M A Applied Linguistics Duhok Polytechnic University Kurdistan Iraq International Journal of Science and Research IJSR Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Languages of Iraq amp oldid 1216228323, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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