Shabaks (Arabic: الشبك; Kurdish: شەبەک, romanized: Şebek) are a group with a disputed ethnic origin. Some Shabaks identify themselves as a distinct ethnic group and others as ethnic Kurds.[6][7][8] They live east of Mosul in Iraq. However their cultural traditions are different from Kurds and Arabs.[9] Historically the Shabak can be identified as an ethnoreligious group.[10] According to Shabak representatives,[who?] the Kurdish authorities intend to eliminate their culture and language, with concerns expressed over any new Kurdish language schools within Shabak villages.[11] Their origin is disputed, and they are considered Kurds by some scholars.[12] They speak Shabaki and live in a religious community (ta'ifa) in the Nineveh Plains. The ancestors of Shabaks were followers of the Safaviyya order, which was founded by the Kurdish mystic Safi-ad-din Ardabili in the early 14th century.[13] The primary Shabak religious text is called the Buyruk or Kitab al-Manaqib (Book of Exemplary Acts), which is written in Turkmen.[14]
Members of the three Kurdish tribes of Bajalan (or Bajarwans), Zangana and Dawoody live in the same villages as the Shabaks and are commonly mistaken for being Shabak.[5]
The origins of the word Shabak are not clear. One view maintains that Shabak is an Arabic word شبك meaning intertwine, indicating that the Shabak people originated from many different tribes. Austin Henry Layard considered Shabak to be descendants of Kurds originating from Iran, and believed they might have affinities with the Ali-Ilahis.[12]Anastas Al-Karmali also argued that Shabaks were ethnic Kurds.[15] Another theory suggest that Shabaks originated from AnatolianTurkomans, who were forced to settle in the Mosul area after the defeat of Ismail I at the battle of Chaldiran.[12]
Deportation and forced assimilation
After the 1987 census, the Iraqi regime started a revenge campaign against those Shabaks who chose to declare themselves Kurdish.[12] The campaign included both deportation and forced assimilation and many of them (along with Zengana and Hawrami Kurds) were relocated to concentration camps (mujamma'at in Arabic) located in the Harir area of Kurdistan Region. An estimated 1,160 Shabaks were killed during this period. In addition, increasing efforts have been made to force the Shabak to suppress their own identity in favour of being Arab. The Iraqi government's efforts of forced assimilation, Arabization and religious persecution put the Shabaks under increasing threat. As one Shabak told a researcher: "The government said we are Arabs, not Kurds; but if we are, why did they deport us from our homes?"[12] Shabak politician Salim al-Shabaki, a representative of Shabaks in the Iraqi parliament, said "The Shabaks are part of the Kurdish nation", emphasizing that Shabaks are ethnically Kurdish.[16]
On 21 August 2006, Shabak Democratic Party leader Hunain Qaddo proposed the creation of a separate province within the borders of the Nineveh Plain to combat the Kurdification and Arabization of Iraqi minorities.[17] On 20 December 2006, ten Shabak representatives unanimously voted for the non-inclusion of Shabak inhabited areas of the Mosul region into the Kurdistan Regional Government. A number of Shabak village aldermans noted that they were threatened into signing the incorporation petition by Kurdish authorities.[18] On 30 June 2011, the Nineveh provincial council distributed 6,000 lots of land to state employees. According to the head of the Shabak Advisory Board Salem Khudr al-Shabaki, the majority of those lots were deliberately given to Arabs.[19] Hunain al-Qaddo, a Shabak politician, was quoted by Human Rights Watch that: "The Peshmerga have no genuine interest in protecting his community, and that Kurdish security forces are more interested in controlling Shabaks and their leaders than protecting them."[20]
Shabaks combine elements of Sufism with their own interpretation of divine reality. According to Shabaks, divine reality is more advanced than the literal interpretation of Qur'an which is known as Sharia. Shabak spiritual guides are known as pirs, and they are well versed in the prayers and rituals of the sect. Pirs are under the leadership of the Supreme Head or Baba.[12] Pirs act as mediators between divine power and ordinary Shabaks. Their beliefs form a syncretic faith similar to the beliefs of Yarsanism.[13]
Shabaks also consider the poetry of Ismail I to be revealed by God, and they recite Ismail's poetry during religious meetings.[13]
^"Crossroads: The future of Iraq's minorities after ISIS" (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. p. 9. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
^"Part I: ISIS exploited the marginalized minority groups of Iraq". Rudaw. 27 April 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
^C.J. Edmonds (1967). "A Pilgrimage to Lalish". p. 87.
^Christine M. Helms. Arabism and Islam: Stateless Nations and Nationless States. p. 12.
^ abcdعبود، زهير كاظم، (2009). الشبك في العراق (in Arabic). AIRP. p. 42. ISBN9789953362700.
^"Shabak". Minority Rights Group. 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
^Ahmed, M. (19 January 2016). Iraqi Kurds and Nation-Building. Springer. ISBN978-1-137-03408-3. Since Shabak Kurds—a minority religious group—were legally deprivedfrom purchasing land in Mosul and those ...
^"Kurdish Academy of Language | enables the Kurdish language in new".
^Taneja, Preti (2011). "Iraq's Minorities: Participation in Public Life" (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. p. 9. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
^van Zoonen, Dave; Wirya, Khogir (2017). "The Shabaks: Perceptions of Reconciliation and Conflict" (PDF). Middle East Research Institute. p. 6. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
^Shanks, Kelsey (2015-11-19). Education and Ethno-Politics: Defending Identity in Iraq. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN978-1-317-52042-9.
^ abcdefLeezenberg, Michiel (December 1994). "The Shabak and the Kakais: Dynamics of Ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan" (PDF). University of Amsterdam: 5–6. Retrieved 30 March 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ abcAmal Vinogradov (1974). "Ethnicity, Cultural Discontinuity and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq: The Case of the Shabak". American Ethnologist. 1 (1): 207–218. doi:10.1525/ae.1974.1.1.02a00110.
^Martin van Bruinessen (2000). Mullas, Sufis and Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society : Collected Articles. Isis Press. p. 3000.
^"Shabak minority want only Peshmerga to liberate their homes". Rudaw. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
^"NINEWA: SHABAK PUSH FOR AN END TO KURD ENCROACHMENT". 6 September 2006. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
^"NINEWA: SHABAK REJECT INCORPORATION INTO KRG". 27 January 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
^"Shabak official: Nineveh province is arabizing our areas". 30 June 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
^"On Vulnerable Ground". Human Rights Watch. 10 November 2009.
^Imranali Panjwani. Shi'a of Samarra: The Heritage and Politics of a Community in Iraq. p. 172.
^"'Trust is gone': Iraqi Christians fear returning due to Shiite militia". The Daily Star - Lebanon. 12 February 2019.
^Erica Gaston (5 August 2017). "Iraq after ISIL: Qaraqosh, Hamdaniya District". GPPi. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
^"US State Dept. says Iraq's takeover of disputed areas caused 'abuse, atrocities'". Rûdaw. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
Further reading
Ali, Salah Salim. ‘Shabak: A Curious sect in Islam’. Revue des études islamiques 60. 2 (1992): 521-528. (ISSN 0336-156X)
Ali, Salah Salim. ‘Shabak: A Curious sect in Islam’. Hamdard Islamicus 23. 2 (April–June 2000): 73-78. (ISSN 0250-7196)
January 25, 2023
shabaks, arabic, الشبك, kurdish, شەبەک, romanized, şebek, group, with, disputed, ethnic, origin, some, identify, themselves, distinct, ethnic, group, others, ethnic, kurds, they, live, east, mosul, iraq, however, their, cultural, traditions, different, from, k. Shabaks Arabic الشبك Kurdish شەبەک romanized Sebek are a group with a disputed ethnic origin Some Shabaks identify themselves as a distinct ethnic group and others as ethnic Kurds 6 7 8 They live east of Mosul in Iraq However their cultural traditions are different from Kurds and Arabs 9 Historically the Shabak can be identified as an ethnoreligious group 10 According to Shabak representatives who the Kurdish authorities intend to eliminate their culture and language with concerns expressed over any new Kurdish language schools within Shabak villages 11 Their origin is disputed and they are considered Kurds by some scholars 12 They speak Shabaki and live in a religious community ta ifa in the Nineveh Plains The ancestors of Shabaks were followers of the Safaviyya order which was founded by the Kurdish mystic Safi ad din Ardabili in the early 14th century 13 The primary Shabak religious text is called the Buyruk or Kitab al Manaqib Book of Exemplary Acts which is written in Turkmen 14 ShabakTotal population200 000 500 000 2017 estimation 1 Regions with significant populationsLargest settlements Mosul Gogjali Bartella 2 3 LanguagesShabaki Arabic Kurdish 4 ReligionShia Islam Twelver 5 Sunni IslamMembers of the three Kurdish tribes of Bajalan or Bajarwans Zangana and Dawoody live in the same villages as the Shabaks and are commonly mistaken for being Shabak 5 Contents 1 Origins 2 Deportation and forced assimilation 3 Religious beliefs 4 Settlements 5 References 6 Further readingOrigins EditThe origins of the word Shabak are not clear One view maintains that Shabak is an Arabic word شبك meaning intertwine indicating that the Shabak people originated from many different tribes Austin Henry Layard considered Shabak to be descendants of Kurds originating from Iran and believed they might have affinities with the Ali Ilahis 12 Anastas Al Karmali also argued that Shabaks were ethnic Kurds 15 Another theory suggest that Shabaks originated from Anatolian Turkomans who were forced to settle in the Mosul area after the defeat of Ismail I at the battle of Chaldiran 12 Deportation and forced assimilation EditAfter the 1987 census the Iraqi regime started a revenge campaign against those Shabaks who chose to declare themselves Kurdish 12 The campaign included both deportation and forced assimilation and many of them along with Zengana and Hawrami Kurds were relocated to concentration camps mujamma at in Arabic located in the Harir area of Kurdistan Region An estimated 1 160 Shabaks were killed during this period In addition increasing efforts have been made to force the Shabak to suppress their own identity in favour of being Arab The Iraqi government s efforts of forced assimilation Arabization and religious persecution put the Shabaks under increasing threat As one Shabak told a researcher The government said we are Arabs not Kurds but if we are why did they deport us from our homes 12 Shabak politician Salim al Shabaki a representative of Shabaks in the Iraqi parliament said The Shabaks are part of the Kurdish nation emphasizing that Shabaks are ethnically Kurdish 16 On 21 August 2006 Shabak Democratic Party leader Hunain Qaddo proposed the creation of a separate province within the borders of the Nineveh Plain to combat the Kurdification and Arabization of Iraqi minorities 17 On 20 December 2006 ten Shabak representatives unanimously voted for the non inclusion of Shabak inhabited areas of the Mosul region into the Kurdistan Regional Government A number of Shabak village aldermans noted that they were threatened into signing the incorporation petition by Kurdish authorities 18 On 30 June 2011 the Nineveh provincial council distributed 6 000 lots of land to state employees According to the head of the Shabak Advisory Board Salem Khudr al Shabaki the majority of those lots were deliberately given to Arabs 19 Hunain al Qaddo a Shabak politician was quoted by Human Rights Watch that The Peshmerga have no genuine interest in protecting his community and that Kurdish security forces are more interested in controlling Shabaks and their leaders than protecting them 20 Religious beliefs EditShabaks regard themselves as Shia Muslims 21 Shabaks combine elements of Sufism with their own interpretation of divine reality According to Shabaks divine reality is more advanced than the literal interpretation of Qur an which is known as Sharia Shabak spiritual guides are known as pirs and they are well versed in the prayers and rituals of the sect Pirs are under the leadership of the Supreme Head or Baba 12 Pirs act as mediators between divine power and ordinary Shabaks Their beliefs form a syncretic faith similar to the beliefs of Yarsanism 13 Shabaks also consider the poetry of Ismail I to be revealed by God and they recite Ismail s poetry during religious meetings 13 Settlements EditList of Shabak majority settlements in the Nineveh Plains 5 Abbasiyah Ali Rash Badanat Sufla Badanat Ulya Basakhrah Basatliya Saghirah Baybukh Bazgirtan Bazwaya Chunji Darawish Dayrij Gogjali Gora Ghariban Judaydat Kahriz Khazna Kiretagh Qaraytagh Manara Shabak Mufti Qara Shor Qara Tappa Sadah Salamiyah Shaqoli Shahrazad Sheikh Amir Tahrawa Tawajinah Terjilleh TiskharabList of mixed settlements in the Nineveh Plains 5 Abu Jarwan Shabak Bajalan Kurdish Bartella Shabak Assyrian 22 Basatliya Shabak Kurdish Bashbitah Mixed Kurdish Bashiqa Shabak Yezidi Bir Hallan Mixed Kurdish Birma Mixed Kurdish Fadila Mixed Kurdish Hasan Shami Mixed Kurdish Arab Jilu Khan Mixed Kurdish Kabarli Mixed Kurdish Kanunah Mixed Kurdish Kharabat Sultan Mixed Kurdish Khorsabad Mixed Kurdish Orta Kharab Mixed Kurdish Bakhdida Qaraqosh Hamdaniyah Assyrian Shabak 23 Qarqashah Mixed Kurdish Shamsiyat Shabak Turkmen Summaqiyah Mixed Kurdish Tall Akub Mixed Kurdish Tallara Mixed Kurdish Topzawah Mixed Kurdish Tubraq Ziyarah Mixed Kurdish Umar Qabji Mixed Kurdish Umarkan Mixed Kurdish Yangija Mixed Kurdish Yarimjah Shabak Turkmen Zara Khatun Mixed Kurdish As of March 2019 all of the above mentioned settlements are under federal control and part of the Disputed territories of Northern Iraq 24 References Edit Crossroads The future of Iraq s minorities after ISIS PDF Minority Rights Group International p 9 Retrieved 24 March 2019 Part I ISIS exploited the marginalized minority groups of Iraq Rudaw 27 April 2017 Retrieved 13 May 2017 C J Edmonds 1967 A Pilgrimage to Lalish p 87 Christine M Helms Arabism and Islam Stateless Nations and Nationless States p 12 a b c d عبود زهير كاظم 2009 الشبك في العراق in Arabic AIRP p 42 ISBN 9789953362700 Shabak Minority Rights Group 2015 06 19 Retrieved 2022 03 14 Ahmed M 19 January 2016 Iraqi Kurds and Nation Building Springer ISBN 978 1 137 03408 3 Since Shabak Kurds a minority religious group were legally deprivedfrom purchasing land in Mosul and those Kurdish Academy of Language enables the Kurdish language in new Taneja Preti 2011 Iraq s Minorities Participation in Public Life PDF Minority Rights Group International p 9 Retrieved 2022 03 14 van Zoonen Dave Wirya Khogir 2017 The Shabaks Perceptions of Reconciliation and Conflict PDF Middle East Research Institute p 6 Retrieved 2022 03 14 Shanks Kelsey 2015 11 19 Education and Ethno Politics Defending Identity in Iraq Routledge p 122 ISBN 978 1 317 52042 9 a b c d e f Leezenberg Michiel December 1994 The Shabak and the Kakais Dynamics of Ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan PDF University of Amsterdam 5 6 Retrieved 30 March 2019 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b c Amal Vinogradov 1974 Ethnicity Cultural Discontinuity and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq The Case of the Shabak American Ethnologist 1 1 207 218 doi 10 1525 ae 1974 1 1 02a00110 Martin van Bruinessen 2000 Mullas Sufis and Heretics The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society Collected Articles Isis Press p 3000 The Shabak Bektashis Safawis and Kizilbash 1 ed Syracuse Syracuse University Press 1987 ISBN 0 8156 2411 5 Shabak minority want only Peshmerga to liberate their homes Rudaw Retrieved 2016 10 24 NINEWA SHABAK PUSH FOR AN END TO KURD ENCROACHMENT 6 September 2006 Retrieved 14 October 2014 NINEWA SHABAK REJECT INCORPORATION INTO KRG 27 January 2007 Retrieved 14 October 2014 Shabak official Nineveh province is arabizing our areas 30 June 2011 Retrieved 14 October 2014 On Vulnerable Ground Human Rights Watch 10 November 2009 Imranali Panjwani Shi a of Samarra The Heritage and Politics of a Community in Iraq p 172 Trust is gone Iraqi Christians fear returning due to Shiite militia The Daily Star Lebanon 12 February 2019 Erica Gaston 5 August 2017 Iraq after ISIL Qaraqosh Hamdaniya District GPPi Retrieved 25 March 2019 US State Dept says Iraq s takeover of disputed areas caused abuse atrocities Rudaw 14 March 2019 Retrieved 25 March 2019 Further reading EditAli Salah Salim Shabak A Curious sect in Islam Revue des etudes islamiques 60 2 1992 521 528 ISSN 0336 156X Ali Salah Salim Shabak A Curious sect in Islam Hamdard Islamicus 23 2 April June 2000 73 78 ISSN 0250 7196 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shabaks amp oldid 1111572771, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
