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Interstate 75 in Michigan

January 01, 1970

This article is about the section of Interstate 75 in Michigan. For the entire route, see Interstate 75.

Interstate 75 (I-75) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs north–south from Miami, Florida, to Sault Ste. Marie in the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan. I-75 enters the state from Ohio in the south, north of Toledo, and runs generally northward through Detroit, Pontiac and Bay City, crosses the Mackinac Bridge, and ends at the Canadian border in Sault Ste. Marie. The freeway runs for approximately 396 miles (637 km) on both of Michigan's major peninsulas. The landscapes traversed by I-75 include Southern Michigan farmland, northern forests, suburban bedroom communities, and the urban core of Detroit. The freeway also uses three of the state's monumental bridges to cross major bodies of water. There are four auxiliary Interstates in the state related to I-75, as well as nine current or former business routes, with either Business Loop I-75 (BL I-75) or Business Spur I-75 (BS I-75) designations.

Interstate 75

I-75 highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained by MDOT and MBA
Length395.916 mi[1] (637.165 km)
Existed1959[2]–present
HistoryCompleted November 1, 1973[3]
Tourist
routes
NHSEntire route
Major junctions
South end I-75 near Erie at the Ohio state line
Major intersections
North endInternational Bridge in Sault Ste. Marie
Location
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
CountiesMonroe, Wayne, Oakland, Genesee, Saginaw, Bay, Arenac, Ogemaw, Roscommon, Crawford, Otsego, Cheboygan, Emmet, Mackinac, Chippewa
Highway system
← M-74→ BL I-75

The freeway bears several names in addition to the I-75 designation. The southern segment was called the Detroit–Toledo Expressway during planning in the 1950s and 1960s. Through Detroit, I-75 is the Fisher Freeway or the Walter P. Chrysler Freeway, named for pioneers in the auto industry. Sections on either side of the Mackinac Bridge are the G. Mennen Williams Freeway or the Prentiss M. Brown Freeway, named for politicians who helped get the bridge built. Officially, the entire length is the American Legion Memorial Highway, after the organization of the same name. Various sections carry components of the four Great Lakes Circle Tours in the state.

Several Indian trails spanned the state along the general path of the contemporary freeway. After statehood, several of these were converted into plank roads that later became some of the first state highways. In the 1920s, five of these were added to the United States Numbered Highway System: US Highway 2 (US 2), US 10, US 24, US 25, and US 27. In the 1950s, a Michigan Turnpike was proposed as a tolled, controlled-access highway in the Lower Peninsula. After passage of the Federal Highway Act of 1956, this turnpike proposal was shelved as a free Interstate Highway was planned. Construction started in 1957, signs went up in 1959, and I-75 was completed in 1973. Since completion, the freeway has been upgraded with the construction of the Zilwaukee Bridge near Saginaw and improved connections to the Ambassador Bridge in Detroit.

Route description edit

Known as "Michigan's Main Street",[4] I-75 is listed on the National Highway System (NHS) for its entire length;[5] the NHS is a network of roadways important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.[6] The freeway is the busiest in the state: between M-8 (Davison Highway) and McNichols Road in Detroit approximately 194,300 vehicles used the freeway on average each day in 2010; in contrast the lowest traffic level was 3,208 vehicles between the M-48 and M-80 interchanges in Chippewa County.[7] I-75 carries segments of all four Great Lakes Circle Tours in the state. It is also the only highway located on both Michigan's Upper and Lower peninsulas (UP and LP, respectively).[8] Between the Ohio state line and Kawkawlin, I-75 contains between a minimum of six and a maximum of ten lanes total; other sections vary between four and six lanes in total.[9]

Lake Erie shore and the Downriver communities edit

 
I-75 northbound approaching exit 2 in Monroe County

Crossing the state line north of Toledo, Ohio, I-75 enters Michigan in Monroe County carrying the Lake Erie Circle Tour (LECT) near the North Maumee Bay of Lake Erie. The freeway runs parallel to the shoreline of the Great Lake and past the community of Luna Pier. Further north, I-75 passes to the southeast of Monroe and crosses the River Raisin between the city and the river mouth. North of the river, the freeway turns further inland running through farmland. Near Newport, I-275 splits off to the northwest and I-75 continues its northeastward trek through Monroe County. When it crosses the Huron River, the trunkline enters Wayne County between South Rockwood and Rockwood.[8][9]

On the north side of the county line, I-75 begins to run inland of, and parallel to, the Detroit River, entering the Downriver area. The freeway turns northerly after the interchange with M-85 (Fort Street) near Gibraltar, and the LECT departs I-75 to follow M-85 north of the interchange. The landscape transitions to suburban residential areas instead of farmland through this area. The freeway turns back northeasterly in Taylor and intersects the southern end of M-39 (Southfield Highway) in Lincoln Park. I-75 crosses the Ecorse River and passes through an industrial area of Metro Detroit. Farther north, the freeway spans the River Rouge in the southern part of Detroit.[8][9]

I-75 parallels M-85 (Fort Street) and follows the Detroit River as far east as the Ambassador Bridge. Near the bridge's approaches, the freeway turns 90° away from the river and intersects the eastern end of I-96 before turning again to follow the river further inland. From there, I-75 meets M-10 (Lodge Freeway) and M-5 (Grand River Avenue). East of Grand River, I-75 travels past Little Caesars Arena,[8][9] home of the Detroit Red Wings and Detroit Pistons,[10] and passes under M-1 (Woodward Avenue). East of Woodward, the freeway travels past both Comerica Park and Ford Field,[8][9] homes of the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Lions professional sports teams, respectively.[11]

Detroit to the Tri-Cities edit

 
Looking south along the Chrysler Freeway to the Detroit skyline

Immediately east of Ford Field, I-75 turns northwesterly to follow the Chrysler Freeway away from the downtown Detroit area. The transition from the Fisher Freeway involves a set of one-lane ramps through the interchange with the connections to I-375 and M-3 (Gratiot Avenue). Heading north-northwesterly, I-75 passes to the east of the campus of Wayne State University and through an interchange with I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway). The Chrysler Freeway passes to the west of Hamtramck and to the east of Highland Park, enclaves within Detroit. I-75 meets M-8 (Davison Freeway) and continues through residential areas of Detroit's northern side. North of M-102 (8 Mile Road), the freeway crosses out of Detroit and into Oakland County. The Chrysler Freeway jogs through the suburb of Hazel Park,[8][9] site of the "worst freeway for accidents in Metro Detroit" at a curve near 9 Mile Road.[12]

Further north, I-75 intersects I-696 near 10 Mile Road. The freeway continues northward for about six miles (9.7 km) into Troy, where it turns westward. The route for I-75 zig-zags through Troy and Auburn Hills as the freeway alternates from north–south to east–west to bypass Pontiac. Near the M-59 interchange, I-75 passes the headquarters for Chrysler. Farther north, by the M-24 interchange, it runs near the former site of The Palace of Auburn Hills. The freeway traverses through additional suburban residential areas as it runs northwesterly away from Pontiac. These subdivisions end north of Clarkston, which is the location of the northern terminus for US 24. Continuing through Holly and Newark, the freeway transitions back to a rural, wooded setting and enters Genesee County.[8][9]

As I-75 approaches Grand Blanc, the landscape changes back to suburbs. I-475 (UAW Freeway) splits off to the north to bypass the east side of Flint, and then I-75 merges with US 23. The combined I-75/US 23 turns northerly to round the west side of the city. I-75/US 23 meets I-69 near the Bishop International Airport southwest of downtown Flint. The freeway continues northward along the western residential neighborhoods, encountering the northern end of I-475 near Mount Morris. I-75 passes to the west of Clio and the east of Birch Run, the latter home to a large outlet mall. From there, the trunkline travels through farmland in southern Saginaw County.[8][9]

Central Michigan edit

 
Split between I-75 and US 23 west of Standish

I-75/US 23 enters the southern reaches of the suburban Tri-Cities at Bridgeport and proceeds northward through the area. The freeway passes to the east of downtown Saginaw. I-675 splits off to run westward into downtown, and I-75 curves around to the northwest to cross the Saginaw River on the Zilwaukee Bridge in the suburb of Zilwaukee. North of the river, I-675 reconnects to I-75, which continues northward into Bay County. The freeway passes to the west of Bay City, encountering the eastern end of the US 10 freeway. From there, I-75/US 23 curves northwesterly to bypass Kawkawlin before continuing north to the Standish area through farmlands inland from the Saginaw Bay. West of Standish, US 23 splits to follow the Lake Huron shoreline, and I-75 turns northwesterly to run inland.[8][9]

West of Sterling, the landscape changes again; in this area the freeway enters forest lands. I-75 continues northwestward through Arenac County and crosses into western Ogemaw County. M-30 passes under the freeway without an interchange as I-75 rounds the west side of West Branch. On the northwest side of that city, M-55 merges onto I-75, and the two highways turn to run concurrently westward into Roscommon County. East of Prudenville, M-55 splits from the freeway. I-75 turns northward to curve around the east of Houghton and Higgins lakes. Turning back to the northwest, the trunkline bypasses Roscommon to the south and transfers into southern Crawford County. About five miles (8.0 km) north of the county line, I-75 meets the northern end of US 127,[8][9] the former US 27.[13]

Northern Michigan edit

 
Exit 254 south of Grayling

After the US 127 interchange, I-75 turns northward, and passes to the east of Grayling. There are a pair of interchanges on either end of town for BL I-75, and the southern one is a partial interchange; only northbound I-75 traffic may access the business loop and traffic entering the freeway may only access southbound I-75. There is no interchange further north for M-72; access to that highway is provided through the business loop. On the north side of Grayling, there is a full interchange for BL I-75/M-93 that provides the southbound I-75 connection to M-72 as well as access from both directions to Hartwick Pines State Park.[8][9]

Crossing into southern Otsego County, I-75 continues northward through Northern Michigan forests. It passes to the east of the community of Waters and Otsego Lake. North of exit 279, I-75 proceeds by the Gaylord Regional Airport and crosses the 45th Parallel, the halfway mark between the Equator and the North Pole by latitude. The freeway then traverses the west side of Gaylord and continues through forests in the northern sections of the county. North of Vanderbilt, I-75 enters southern Cheboygan County,[8][9] assuming the G. Mennen Williams Freeway name.[14]

I-75 continues northward through Cheboygan County, passing the community of Indian River and spanning the river of the same name. North of town, the freeway traverses the area between Burt and Mullett lakes before intersecting the southern end of M-27; that highway provides access to Topinabee and Cheboygan. I-75 continues northward through tree farms and other agricultural properties in rural Cheboygan County. Cheboygan is accessible by way of interchanges for C-64 and C-66, a pair of county-designated highways in this area. North of C-66, I-75 turns northwesterly. The freeway meets the northern end of US 31 and picks up the Lake Michigan Circle Tour (LMCT) designation before entering Emmet County on the south side of Mackinaw City. I-75 then parallels the county line on the west side of the village, meeting the northern end of US 23. After that interchange, the Lake Huron Circle Tour (LHCT) merges in from the south. There is one more interchange along the freeway before I-75 ascends the approach to the Mackinac Bridge.[8][9]

Mackinac Bridge edit

 
I-75 crossing the Mackinac Bridge

The Mackinac Bridge carries I-75 across the Straits of Mackinac that separate Michigan's Upper and Lower peninsulas; the straits also form the connection between Lakes Michigan and Huron.[8][9] The structure, unlike the rest of the state highways in Michigan like I-75, is under the maintenance and control of the Mackinac Bridge Authority (MBA).[a] The authority collects a toll from traffic that crosses the bridge,[16] which as of January 1, 2012, is $4 for passenger cars and $5 per axle for commercial vehicles and motorhomes.[17] In addition to cash, the MBA offers a pre-paid debit card option for the payment of tolls[18] and accepts credit cards at the toll booths.[19] The authority also provides a driver assistance program that will drive vehicles across the bridge at no additional charge; motorists who use the service have a fear of bridges.[20] Because the bridge normally only allows motor vehicles, bicyclists and snowmobiles shuttled across are subject to fees. The authority maintains a small police department to patrol the bridge and escort vehicles across,[16][21] and a pair of radio station transmitters that broadcast bridge conditions and travel information on AM 530 and AM 1610.[22]

Upper Peninsula edit

 
North of St. Ignace

North of the Mackinac Bridge, I-75 passes to the west of downtown St. Ignace, traveling between the Father Marquette National Memorial and Straits State Park. There is an interchange north of the toll plaza that marks the eastern end of US 2 in the state and the southern end of BL I-75. The LMCT departs I-75 to follow US 2 while the LHCT follows BL I-75 through town. The freeway curves around Chain Lake and the Mackinac County Airport and meets the northern end of the business loop near Castle Rock; the LHCT returns to I-75 at that interchange as well. Continuing northward, M-123 (Tahquamenon Trail) intersects from the west as the freeway parallels H-63 (Mackinac Trail),[8][9] the former route of US 2.[23] I-75 crosses the Carp River and follows the shores of St. Martin Bay before meeting M-134. At that interchange, the LHCT departs again to run eastward. Through this area, the freeway continues northeasterly, traversing the Eastern Unit of the Hiawatha National Forest.[8][9][24]

I-75 crosses the Pine River before entering Chippewa County. The freeway takes a more northerly track as it travels under M-48 without an interchange. Farther north, M-48 curves around to connect I-75 with Rudyard, and the freeway turns back to continue northeastward. About five miles (8.0 km) northeast of Rudyard, I-75 passes next to Chippewa County International Airport, the former Kincheloe Air Force Base in Kinross and Kincheloe. North of there in Dafter, the freeway intersects M-28 (9 Mile Road). Beyond that interchange, I-75 picks up the Lake Superior Circle Tour (LSCT) designation, which it carries the rest of the way north. On the south side of Sault Ste. Marie, the freeway meets BS I-75 and picks up the LHCT designation one more time. I-75 rounds the west side of the city, passes the Sault Ste. Marie Municipal Airport and the campus of Lake Superior State University before meeting the customs and toll plazas for the International Bridge.[8][9] From there, I-75 crosses the two-lane bridge and terminates at the Canadian border.[b] As of April 1, 2012, the toll rates on the bridge are $3 for passenger vehicles, $2.10 for commuters, and $4 per axle for commercial vehicles; currently the same toll rate is assessed in US dollars and Canadian dollars.[27] Motorists have the option to pay with cash or an IQ Card, an electronic toll collection debit card that uses radio-frequency identification technology.[28]

History edit

Indian trails to state highways edit

 
Map of the pre-statehood Indian trails

Before Michigan became a state, the first land transportation corridors were the Indian trails.[29] The French-Indian Trail ran through southeastern Michigan between Toledo, Monroe and Detroit. The Saginaw Trail ran north from Detroit to the Saginaw area where it connected with the original Mackinaw Trail that ran roughly parallel to, and west of, the contemporary I-75. Another path, the Cheboygan Trail, ran parallel to the contemporary freeway to the east between the West Branch area and Cheboygan. In the UP, an extension of the Mackinac Trail connected St. Ignace and Sault Ste. Marie.[30] In the 19th century, the Michigan Legislature chartered private companies to build and operate plank roads or turnpikes in the state, many of which replaced the original Indian trails. These roads were originally made of oak planks, but later legislation permitted gravel as well.[29] By the first decade of the 20th century, only 23 of the 202 chartered turnpikes were still in operation; many companies that received a charter never built their specified roadways. The remaining plank roads were turned over to the state or purchased by railway companies in the early part of the century.[31]

The State Trunkline Highway System was formed on May 13, 1913, and several sections of the system were designated along the course of the then-future I-75. Division 1 connected the Ohio state line northeasterly to Detroit, and Division 2 connected Detroit with Mackinaw City. A branch of Division 7 ran north from St. Ignace to Sault Ste. Marie.[32] The system was signposted in 1919,[33] and those highways were marked on maps for the first time. The first M-10 was designated along the highways from Ohio through Detroit to Standish.[c] M-76 connected Standish with Grayling, where the first M-14 ran northward to Cheboygan. From there, M-10 connected to Mackinaw City.[34] In the UP, M-12 connected St. Ignace with Sault Ste. Marie along a route to the east of the old Mackinac Trail.[35] When the United States Numbered Highway System was formed on November 11, 1926, most of these highways were redesignated as part of the national system. From the state line northward, M-10 was included as a part of US 24 and US 25. At Detroit, M-10 was used as a part of US 10. North of Grayling, M-14 was redesignated as a part of US 27. M-12 was used for US 2.[36]

The Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD)[d] rerouted US 2 in 1933 between Rogers Park and Sault Ste. Marie. The new routing followed Mackinac Trail instead of turning east to Cedarville and north to Sault Ste. Marie; the former routing was given the M-121 designation.[39][40]

Turnpikes and freeways edit

By 1945, a divided highway designated Alternate US 24 (US 24A) was opened from the state line north to Erie.[41] After World War II, the MSHD planned to convert several highways in the state to freeways. In planning maps from 1947, the contemporary I-75 corridor was included in the system that later became the Interstate Highway System.[42] It was also included in the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955 that was released in 1955 as the federal government readied plans for the freeway system.[43]

 
1955 map of the proposed Michigan Turnpike

The Michigan Turnpike Authority (MTA), an agency which was created in 1951,[44] proposed the construction of a toll freeway to run north–south in the state. The original termini for the turnpike were Bridgeport and Rockwood.[45] The state highway commissioner at the time, Charles Ziegler, distrusted a separate agency dealing with statewide road building at the time, and he worked to stall progress on any proposed turnpikes.[46] Ziegler, who had a seat on the MTA board, publicly sparred with authority chairman George Higgins, even announcing that the MSHD would build a parallel freeway that would "reduce tolls on the turnpike 40 to 50 percent" according to consultants.[47] Trucking interests in the state also opposed the projects, preferring a moderate gas tax increase over any tolls.[48] Detroit denied the MTA permission to route a turnpike through the city over issues related to the River Rouge, Rouge Park and access across the right-of-way.[49] After a lawsuit by City of Dearborn, the legislation creating the authority was upheld by the Michigan Supreme Court in 1955, and the authority was allowed to sell bonds for its Bridgeport–Rockwood[50] and Detroit–Chicago toll roads.[51]

The original planning maps plotted the first turnpike to the west of Detroit, running near US 24 (Telegraph Road).[52] This route was later proposed for I-75 itself; I-275 would have been the freeway to loop into downtown Detroit.[53] The proposed length was increased by December 1955; the extended Michigan Turnpike would have run from a connection across the Ohio state line to Toledo north through Detroit and Saginaw and eventually to the southern end of the Mackinac Bridge.[49] By the following April, any extensions were cancelled leaving the turnpike to its original termini; the east–west companion road was also cancelled at that time.[54] The MTA proposed a state constitutional amendment in January 1956 that would allow the Michigan Legislature to issue state-guaranteed bonds for part of the MTA's construction expenses.[55] According to The Wall Street Journal, the authority "struggled for survival" in the face of opposition from the MSHD just two months later; the department's actions impaired the authority's appropriations from the state legislature and its ability to sell the necessary bonds to pay for construction.[56] When the federal government approved the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, Ziegler and the MSHD announced plans for a full freeway to run north through the Lower Peninsula and continue across to the Upper Peninsula. This announcement undermined the efforts to build the Michigan Turnpike.[57] By August 1956, the MTA voted to reduce its operations to a skeleton staff,[58] but moved forward in May 1957 on a bond sale to finance construction of the roadway.[59] Financiers stated such a sale was only feasible if the turnpike was to be safe from competition.[60] The Michigan Townships Association called for the abolition of the MTA in 1958.[61] The legislature killed a bill to do so in June 1959,[62] but it later voted to repeal the act that created the authority in 1962.[63]

Interstate Highway era edit

The first sections of freeway for I-75 were opened in 1957, beginning with the southern section near the Ohio state line opened in October 1957.[64] The Mackinac Bridge was opened to traffic on November 1, 1957;[65] a new section of freeway and an interchange connected US 2 to the bridge on the northern end, and to US 27 and US 31 on the southern end.[66] The MSHD formally proposed the I-75 number in 1958.[67] On June 30 of that year, the first stretch of the "Fenton–Clio Expressway" opened.[68] Construction on the Chrysler Freeway in Detroit started on January 30, 1959.[69] The I-75 signs were first installed along the Detroit–Toledo Expressway in October 1959, replacing US 24A signage in the Monroe area,[2] after the state waited for final approval of the numbering system to be used in the state.[70]

 
Markers such as this one bearing the state name originally used when I-75 was first signed

In November 1960, sections of freeway opened from Indian River north to the southern Mackinac Bridge approaches in Mackinaw City and from St. Ignace to Evergreen Shores,[71] and by December, the section of freeway running between Evergreen Shores and M-123 was scheduled to open.[72]

In 1961, the MSHD had proposed that the section of I-75 south of Detroit to Toledo be built as an electronic highway under a bid through General Motors;[73] the testing for such a roadway was ultimately done at Ohio State University instead.[74] That same year the original Zilwaukee Bridge, a bascule bridge across the Saginaw River was opened,[75] along with a section of freeway north to Kawkawlin.[76][77] In October 1961, the first segment of I-75 near Grayling opened, connecting M-18 with the city.[78] By the end of the year, the freeway was completed between Kinross and Dafter in the UP,[79] and the former segment of US 27 between Grayling and Gaylord was turned back to local control. After this individual segment of freeway was completed, it left a gap between Gaylord and Indian River that was designated "To I-75" on maps for the former segment of US 27, and US 27 was truncated to about five miles (8.0 km) south of Grayling.[77][80]

The 12-mile (19 km) section of I-75 was opened between Gaylord and Waters in July 1962.[81] Another temporary To I-75 designation was applied along US 10 and US 27 from Bay City to Grayling.[80] In August, the section between Gaylord and Vanderbilt was completed.[82] On October 25, the section of freeway from M-24 near Pontiac to the Flint area opened.[83] Also late in the year, the freeway gap was filled in between Vanderbilt and Indian River.[84] The International Bridge and its approaches opened in Sault Ste. Marie on October 31, 1962.[85]

The following year, a set of segments opened in the Detroit area. The freeway was extended south from Pontiac to 11 Mile Road with a connection along M-150 to M-102 (8 Mile Road). Another section opened to connect with US 24 (Telegraph Road) in the Woodhaven area; a To I-75 designation was added to connect along US 24 and M-102 to M-150.[86][87] On the other end of the state, the gaps in the freeway across the UP were completed in 1963 as well,[88] and the section of freeway in Northern Michigan was named the most scenic new highway in the US in 1963 by Parade magazine.[89][90]

 
1958 numbering plan for Michigan's Interstates

The first part of the Chrysler Freeway opened to traffic on June 26, 1964,[69] the southern mile (1.6 km) of which was designated I-375.[91] The segment of I-75 through the Downriver suburbs of Detroit between the US 24 (Telegraph Road) connector and M-39 (Southfield Highway) was completed on December 28, 1966.[92] The same year, I-75 was scheduled to open southward from 11 Mile Road to M-102 (8 Mile Road).[93] In 1967, two segments of freeway opened. One was from Kawkawlin to Standish in October,[94] and the other through Detroit extended I-75 along the Fisher Freeway in December.[95] The first section of M-76 freeway from Standish northwesterly to Alger was scheduled to open in July 1968.[96] A one-mile (1.6 km) section of the Chrysler Freeway through Detroit opened on December 19, 1968, and the remainder was scheduled to open on January 10, 1969.[97]

In 1970, I-75 through Detroit was completed, and two additional sections of M-76 were converted to freeway. The northern section ran from the US 27-to-I-75 transition south of Grayling to the Crawford–Roscommon county line, and the second was an extension from Alger to the West Branch area.[98][99] The first ice-detection system in the state was installed on the River Rouge bridges in the Detroit area in an attempt to maximize driver safety.[100] The next year, the last section of the Chrysler Freeway in Hazel Park was finished when an interchange for the then-unbuilt I-696 was completed.[101] Another segment of the M-76 freeway was completed at the same time, bypassing Roscommon.[99][102] The final section between Alger and Roscommon was opened on November 1, 1973, in a dedication by Governor William G. Milliken.[3]

Since the freeway was completed in 1973, a few changes have been made to I-75 in Michigan. From 1973 to 1975, I-75 was widened from four to six lanes from south of Flint to north of Bay City.[103] MDOT truncated US 2 to end in St. Ignace by removing it from the I-75 freeway in 1983.[104][105] In 1986, US 10 was truncated to Bay City, removing its concurrency with I-75 from there to Clarkston.[106][107] Two years later, the original bascule Zilwaukee Bridge across the Saginaw River was replaced by a much higher structure slightly north of the former bridge.[108] All of I-75 within Michigan was named the Tuskegee Airmen Memorial Highway, in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen, at the end of December 2014.[109] In May 2017, MDOT raised the speed limit on I-75 between Bay City and Sault Ste. Marie, excluding the Mackinac Bridge, from 70 to 75 miles per hour (113 to 121 km/h).[110]

Gateway Project edit

Not to be confused with Gateway Project in New Jersey and New York.
 
Construction in 2007 during the Gateway Project

Beginning on February 25, 2008, I-75 closed completely to traffic in both directions from Rosa Parks Boulevard (exit 49) to Clark Street (exit 47) in Detroit. This facilitated the complete rebuilding of the road as part of the Ambassador Gateway Project to better connect I-75 and I-96 to the Ambassador Bridge. Through traffic on I-75 was rerouted along I-94 to I-275 and local detours were posted.[111] The freeway reopened to traffic in June 2009, five months ahead of schedule.[112] The overall project to realign and connect the bridge to the freeways was mired in lawsuits between MDOT and the private company that owns the bridge. The company's owner was jailed for contempt of court during court proceedings in early 2012.[113] MDOT was later ordered to assume responsibility for construction,[114] and the department completed the project on September 21, 2012.[115]

A segment of I-75 in Oakland County between 12 Mile Road in Madison Heights and South Boulevard in Bloomfield Township had high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV lanes) added in both directions. One lane of I-75 in both directions will be restricted to HOV traffic from 6 a.m. to 9 a.m. and from 3 p.m. to 6 p.m. The HOV lanes are part of the I-75 Modernization Project,[116][117] and they opened to traffic on October 24, 2023.[118]

Freeway names edit

 
 
Segments of I-75 in Michigan are named for Walter P. Chrysler (left) and Prentiss M. Brown (right) among others.

I-75 has six named segments in Michigan. The southernmost section from the state line north to the Detroit area is the Detroit–Toledo Expressway.[119] The segment through southern and central Detroit is known as the Fisher Freeway. It was dedicated on September 17, 1970, to the Fisher Brothers, who founded Fisher Body, later a part of General Motors.[120] After the curve in downtown Detroit, I-75 follows the Walter P. Chrysler Freeway northward. That segment is named for Walter P. Chrysler, founder of Chrysler. The name was chosen by the Detroit Common Council on November 6, 1957, and codified in state law in 1990; the state definition for the name places the northern end of the designation at the Oakland–Genesee county line.[69]

Officially, the entire length of I-75 in Michigan is the American Legion Memorial Highway. As a practical matter, this name is not used on the southernmost segments of the Interstate. The American Legion was honored with the designation in 1969 in a state law that required private interests to finance the signage. Public Act 174 of 1984 redesignated I-75 in honor of the group and placed responsibility for signage in MDOT's hands.[121] Another name that was applied to all of I-75 was the Michigan Bicentennial Freedom Way. Designated by Senate Concurrent Resolution 216 of 1975, the name only applied to the freeway in 1976.[122] The designation was formally repealed in 2001.[123]

Two other segments near the Straits of Mackinac were named in 1976 for figures instrumental in the construction of the Mackinac Bridge. From the Cheboygan–Otsego county line north to the bridge, I-75 was named for G. Mennen Williams, the former governor once called "Michigan's Politician of the Century" in the press.[14] The section in Mackinac County from the northern end of the Mackinac Bridge was named for Prentiss M. Brown, the former Congressman and Senator who served on the MBA board until his death in 1971.[124]

Monumental bridges edit

Main articles: International Bridge, Mackinac Bridge, and Zilwaukee Bridge
 
Zilwaukee Bridge

Along its route in the state, I-75 utilizes three of Michigan's monumental bridges. The first of them is the Zilwaukee Bridge near Saginaw. The original bridge across the Saginaw River at Zilwaukee was built in 1960 as a bascule bridge to allow shipping traffic to use the river. Opening the drawbridge would back traffic up on I-75/US 10/US 23 for upwards of four hours on holiday weekends.[125] Approved in 1974, construction on the replacement bridge started in October 1979. A major construction accident in August 1982 delayed completion of the new Zilwaukee Bridge; a bridge pier partially collapsed when contractors overloaded a section under construction. The affected 300-foot (91 m) deck segment tilted to rest three feet (0.91 m) higher on one end and five feet (1.5 m) lower on the other.[126] The structure was originally supposed to cost $76.8 million with a 1983 completion date; in the end it cost $131.3 million (equivalent to $338 million in 2023[127]) when the southbound span finally opened on September 19, 1988.[108] The structure is the largest concrete segmental bridge in the United States.[128]

 
Mackinac Bridge

The second is the Mackinac Bridge that connects Michigan's two peninsulas at the Straits of Mackinac. A structure was first proposed in 1888 by one of the directors of the Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island. Car ferry service was started in 1923 to cross the straits, and a bridge authority was first created in 1934 to investigate the possibility of building a permanent connection across the straits. This early authority started with a 1921 proposal for a series of bridges that would have connected Cheboygan to St. Ignace by way of Bois Blanc, Round, and Mackinac islands. The federal Public Works Administration rejected loan and grant requests for that project. A second, direct crossing was then proposed based on designs used for the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. The collapse of that bridge and World War II delayed any further work on a structure beyond tests of the lake bottom and the construction of the 4,200-foot-long (1,300 m) causeway on the St. Ignace side; the first bridge authority was abolished in 1947.[129] The current agency was created on June 6, 1950.[130]

The MBA was authorized in 1952 to sell bonds to finance construction,[129] which were sold on December 17, 1953, to finance the $99.8 million (equivalent to $908 million in 2023[127]) cost of the bridge.[131] The structure was designed by David B. Steinman and built by Merritt-Chapman & Scott for the substructure and the American Bridge Company division of U.S. Steel Corporation for the superstructure. Construction started in 1954 and the Mackinac Bridge opened to traffic on November 1, 1957. Final work on the bridge was completed in September 1958. Overall, the structure has a 3,800-foot (1,200 m) central suspension span flanked by two 1,800-foot (550 m) side spans. With the two backstay spans, the Mackinac Bridge is 8,614 feet (2,626 m) long between cable anchorages, the longest in the world at the time it opened.[e] The total length of the structure is 26,444 feet (8,060 m) with two 555-foot-tall (169 m) towers and 155 feet (47 m) of clearance for passing ships under the main span.[129] In 2000, the bridge was named "Michigan's No. 1 Civil Engineering Project of the 20th Century" by the Michigan Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and the structure was named a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 2010 by the national ASCE.[134]

 
Part of the International Bridge

The northernmost of the three monumental bridges along I-75 is the International Bridge, linking the twin cities of Sault Ste. Marie in Michigan and Ontario. The governments on each side of the international border formed a bridge authority to build a highway bridge in 1935.[129] Construction started on the structure September 16, 1960.[85] The International Bridge is nearly three miles (4.8 km) long, encompassing spans over the American and Canadian navigation channels for the Soo Locks and the St. Marys River. The American approach is 2,471 feet (753 m), and the Canadian approach is 2,942 feet (897 m). The center span over the river is 9,280 feet (2,830 m), flanked by 1,260-foot (380 m) and 830-foot (250 m) spans over the American and Canadian shipping channels, respectively. The bridge was designed by the same firm that handled the Mackinac Bridge for a cost of $20 million[129] (equivalent to $154 million in 2023[127]). It opened to traffic on October 31, 1962.[85]

Exit list edit

CountyLocationmi[1]kmExitDestinationsNotes
MonroeErie Township0.0000.000 
  
  I-75 south / LECT south – Toledo		Ohio state line; LECT continues south into Ohio
1.5872.5542Summit StreetSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
2.5474.0992Erie, TemperanceNorthbound exit and southbound entrance; unsigned Connector 75 (Summit Street)
4.6107.4195Erie Road – Erie, Temperance
Luna Pier5.7859.3106Luna PierConnects to Luna Pier Road
La Salle Township8.62913.8879South Otter Creek Road – La Salle
Monroe Charter Township11.35718.27711La Plaisance Road – Downtown Monroe
Monroe13.45221.64913Front Street – Monroe
13.58321.86014Elm Avenue
Frenchtown Charter Township15.23024.51015Dixie Highway – Downtown MonroeFormer M-50
18.04029.03318Nadeau Road
20.31032.68620 
  I-275 north – Flint		To Detroit Metro Airport; southern terminus of I-275
Berlin Charter Township21.46334.54121Swan Creek Road – NewportTo Newport Road
South Rockwood26.34242.39326South Huron River Drive – South Rockwood
WayneRockwood26.94143.35727North Huron River Drive – Rockwood
Brownstown Charter Township27.68044.54728 
  
  M-85 north / LECT north (Fort Street)		Northbound exit and southbound entrance; southern terminus of M-85 and northern end of LECT concurrency
Flat Rock28.82446.38829Gibraltar, Flat RockSigned as exits 29A (Gibraltar) and 29B (Flat Rock) southbound; connects to Gibraltar Road
Woodhaven31.82151.21132West Road – Trenton, Grosse Ile, Woodhaven, Brownstown TownshipSigned as exits 32A (east, Trenton, Grosse Ile) and 32B (west, Woodhaven, Brownstown Township)
Brownstown Charter Township33.707–
33.783		54.246–
54.368		34ADix–Toledo HighwaySigned as exit 34 northbound
34.01254.73734BSibley RoadSouthbound exit and northbound entrance; missing connections provided via exit 34A
Taylor34.79455.99635  US 24 (Telegraph Road)Northbound exit to northbound US 24 and southbound entrance from southbound US 24 only; unsigned Connector 240
35.96157.87436Eureka Road
Taylor–Southgate city line36.800–
37.311		59.224–
60.046		37Allen Road, Northline Road
Lincoln Park39.87564.17340Dix HighwayNo access from southbound I-75 to northbound Dix Highway, northbound Dix Highway to southbound I-75, or southbound Dix Highway to northbound I-75
40.686–
40.711		65.478–
65.518		41  M-39 (Southfield Road)
Melvindale41.82767.31442Outer Drive
Detroit42.99969.20043   M-85 (Fort Street) / LECT / Schaefer HighwaySouthern end of LECT concurrency; signed as exits 43A (Schaefer Highway south, M-85 [Fort Street]) and 43B (Schaefer Highway north) southbound; former northern terminus of M-85
44.86272.19844Dearborn StreetNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
45.59473.37645  M-85 (Fort Street) / Springwells Street
46.48474.80946Livernois AvenueInterchange permanently closed; to be replaced in 2024 by currently under construction ramps to/from the United States Port of Entry for the Gordie Howe International Bridge
47.27676.08347AClark StreetFormer M-3
48.02077.28147B  Bridge to Canada
  LECT		Northbound exit and southbound entrance; northern end of LECT concurrency; to Highway 3
48.06277.34847C  Vernor Highway
  Bridge to Canada		No northbound entrance from Vernor Highway; signed as exits 47C (Vernor Highway) and 47B (Ambassador Bridge) southbound
47.894–
49.108		77.078–
79.032		48 
  
  
  I-96 west (Jeffries Freeway) to US 12 (Michigan Avenue) / I-94 – Lansing		Eastern terminus of I-96
49.878–
49.108		80.271–
79.032		49  M-10 (Lodge Freeway) / Rosa Parks Boulevard – Southfield, Huntington PlaceSigned as exits 49A (Rosa Parks Boulevard) and 49B (M-10) southbound
50.17180.74250  M-5 (Grand River Avenue)Access to Comerica Park, Ford Field, Fox Theatre, and Little Caesars Arena
50.58181.40251A  M-1 (Woodward Avenue) / John R. Street / Brush StreetNo southbound entrance; exit eliminated in 1999; northbound entrance still exists
50.71781.62151B  M-3 (Gratiot Avenue via Fisher Freeway)No entrance from northbound M-3
50.864–
50.896		81.858–
81.909		51C 
  I-375 south (Chrysler Freeway) – Downtown Detroit		Northern terminus of I-375; 25 mph (40 km/h) speed advisory northbound[135]
51.551–
51.560		82.963–
82.978		52Mack Avenue
52.291–
52.305		84.154–
84.177		53AWarren Avenue
52.853–
52.870		85.059–
85.086		53B  I-94 (Ford Freeway) – Port Huron, ChicagoExit 216A on I-94
53.58186.23054East Grand Boulevard, Clay Avenue
Hamtramck54.212–
54.941		87.246–
88.419		55Holbrook Avenue, Caniff Avenue
Detroit55.96590.06756  M-8 (Davison Freeway)Signed as exits 56A (east) and 56B (west)
56.741–
56.752		91.316–
91.333		57McNichols Road
57.82293.055587 Mile Road
Wayne–Oakland county lineDetroit–Hazel Park city line58.811–
58.819		94.647–
94.660		59  M-102 (8 Mile Road)
OaklandHazel Park59.918–
60.104		96.429–
96.728		60John R. Road, 9 Mile Road
Hazel Park–Ferndale–
Madison Heights–Royal Oak city quadripoint		61.183–
61.207		98.464–
98.503		61  I-696 (Reuther Freeway) – Port Huron, LansingExit 18 on I-696
Royal Oak–Madison Heights city line62.189100.0836211 Mile Road
Madison Heights63.180101.6786312 Mile RoadSouthern end of HOV lanes
Madison Heights–Troy city line65.211104.9476514 Mile Road
Troy67.429108.51667Rochester Road
68.972111.00069Big Beaver Road
71.593115.21872Crooks RoadIndirect access to Crooks Road via trumpet interchange with Corporate Drive
Bloomfield Township74.138119.31474Adams Road
75.179–
76.063		120.989–
122.412		75 
  BL I-75 north (Square Lake Road)		Signed only as Square Lake Road southbound; southern terminus of BL I-75; northern end of HOV lanes at South Boulevard
Auburn Hills77.351–
77.369		124.484–
124.513		77  M-59 – Utica, PontiacSigned as exits 77A (east) and 77B (west); exit 40 on M-59
78.547126.40978Chrysler DriveAccess to Featherstone Road
79.040127.20379University Drive – Rochester
80.994130.34781 
  BL I-75 south – Pontiac
 
  M-24 north – Lapeer		Signed as only M-24 northbound; double trumpet interchange; northern terminus of BL I-75 and southern terminus of M-24
82.911133.43283Joslyn RoadSigned as exits 83A (north) and 83B (south) southbound; east entrance to Great Lakes Crossing Outlets
84.128135.39184Baldwin RoadSigned as exits 84A (north) and 84B (south) northbound; west entrance to Great Lakes Crossing Outlets
Independence Township88.752142.83289Sashabaw RoadSigned as exits 89A (north) and 89B (south) northbound
90.812146.14891  M-15 – Clarkston, Davison
Springfield Township92.653149.11193 
  US 24 south (Dixie Highway) – Waterford		Northern terminus of US 24
97.995157.70898East Holly Road
Groveland–Holly township line100.963162.484101Grange Hall Road – Fenton, Ortonville
Oakland–Genesee county lineHolly–Grand Blanc township line105.941–
106.308		170.496–
171.086		106Dixie Highway
Saginaw Road		Indirect access in opposing directions via Michigan lefts; signed as Dixie Highway southbound and Saginaw Road northbound
GeneseeGrand Blanc Township108.676174.897108Holly Road – Grand Blanc
109.905176.875109 
  M-54 north (Dort Highway) – Burton		Southern terminus of M-54
111.622–
111.899		179.638–
180.084		111 
  I-475 north – Downtown Flint		Northbound exit and southbound entrance; southern terminus of I-475
Mundy Township115.017–
115.335		185.102–
185.614		115 
  US 23 south – Ann Arbor		Southern end of US 23 concurrency; southbound exit and northbound entrance
Flint116.334187.221116  Bristol Road – Bishop International AirportSigned as exits 116A (east) and 116B (west, Bishop Airport) southbound; former M-121
Flint Township117.221–
117.662		188.649–
189.359		117  I-69 / Miller Road – Port Huron, LansingSigned as exits 117A (I-69) and 117B (Miller Road); combined ramp southbound; exit 133 on I-69
118.756191.119118  M-21 (Corunna Road) – Owosso
Mount Morris Township121.968196.288122Pierson Road – Flushing
123.972199.514—Coldwater RoadInterchange eliminated in 1967[136][137]
125.191–
125.846		201.475–
202.530		125 
  I-475 south – Downtown Flint		Northern terminus of I-475
125.992202.764126Mt. MorrisConnects to Mt. Morris Road
Vienna Township130.078209.340131  M-57 – Clio, Montrose
SaginawBirch Run136.159219.127136 
  
  M-54 south / M-83 north – Birch Run, Frankenmuth		Northern terminus of M-54; southern terminus of M-83; Frankenmuth signed northbound only
Bridgeport Township144.562232.650144Frankenmuth, BridgeportSigned as exits 144A (Frankenmuth) and 144B (Bridgeport) northbound; connects to Dixie Highway
Buena Vista Township149.285240.251149  M-46 – Sandusky, Buena Vista
149.593240.747150 
  I-675 north – Downtown Saginaw		Southern terminus of I-675
151.765244.242151  M-81 – Caro, Reese
152.977246.193153  M-13 (East Bay City Road) – Saginaw
Saginaw River152.612–
154.144		245.605–
248.071		Zilwaukee Bridge
Zilwaukee153.922247.713154ZilwaukeeConnects to Adams Street
Zilwaukee Township154.849–
154.875		249.205–
249.247		155 
  I-675 south – Downtown Saginaw		Northern terminus of I-675
BayFrankenlust Township160.218257.846160  M-84 (Westside Saginaw Road)
Monitor Township162.699–
162.711		261.839–
261.858		162 
  US 10 west – Midland
 
  M-25 east (BS I-75) – Downtown Bay City		Eastern terminus of US 10; western terminus of BS I-75/M-25; signed as exits 162A (east) and 162B (west); exit 140 on US 10
163.983263.905164 
 
  Conn. M-13 north / Wilder Road – Kawkawlin		Northbound exit and southbound entrance; northbound access to Wilder Road; southern terminus of Conn. M-13
164.775265.180164Wilder RoadSouthbound exit and northbound entrance; southbound access to Conn. M-13
Kawkawlin Township168.945271.891168Beaver Road
Fraser Township173.912279.884173Linwood Road
Pinconning Township181.927292.783181Pinconning Road
ArenacLincoln Township188.476–
188.518		303.323–
303.390		188 
  US 23 north – Alpena, Standish		Northern end of US 23 concurrency
190.885307.200190  M-61 – Gladwin, Standish
Adams Township195.009313.837195Sterling Road
Moffatt Township202.817326.402202 
  M-33 north – Alger, Rose City		Southern terminus of M-33
OgemawHorton Township212.118341.371212 
  BL I-75 north (Cook Road) – West Branch		Southern terminus of BL I-75; BL I-75 signed northbound only
Ogemaw Township215.670347.087215 
  
  
  M-55 east / BL I-75 south to M-30 – Tawas City, West Branch		Eastern end of M-55 concurrency; northern terminus of BL I-75; BL I-75 signed southbound only
RoscommonRichfield Township222.821358.596222Old 76 – St. HelenFormer M-76
Backus Township227.578366.251227 
  
  M-55 west to F-97 – Cadillac, Houghton Lake		Western end of M-55 concurrency; Houghton Lake signed northbound only
Higgins Township239.631385.649239  
  M-18 / BL I-75 north – Roscommon, South Higgins Lake State Park, Houghton Lake, Gladwin		Southern terminus of BL I-75; BL I-75, South Higgins Lake State Park, and Roscommon signed northbound only, Gladwin and Houghton Lake signed southbound only
Roscommon–Crawford county lineGerrish–Beaver Creek township line244.243393.071244 
  BL I-75 south – Roscommon, North Higgins Lake State Park		Northern terminus of BL I-75; North Higgins Lake State Park signed northbound only, BL I-75 and Roscommon signed southbound only
CrawfordBeaver Creek Township250.155402.585249 
  US 127 south – Lansing, Clare		Southbound exit and northbound entrance only; northern terminus of US 127
Beaver Creek–Grayling township line251.020403.9782514 Mile Road
Grayling254.028408.818254 
  
  BL I-75 north to M-72 – Downtown Grayling, Traverse City		Northbound exit and southbound entrance only; southern terminus of BL I-75
256.131412.203256North Down River RoadSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
Grayling Township259.191417.127259  
  
  M-93 / BL I-75 south (Hartwick Pines Road) to M-72 – Downtown Grayling, Traverse City		Signed as only M-93 (Hartwick Pines Road) northbound; northern terminus of BL I-75
Maple Forest Township264.224425.227264Frederic, LewistonConnects to CR 612
OtsegoOtsego Lake Township270.818435.839270WatersConnects to Marlette Road
Bagley Township279.067449.115279 
  BL I-75 north (Old 27) – Downtown Gaylord		Former US 27; signed as only Old 27 southbound; southern terminus of BL I-75
Gaylord281.953453.759282  
  M-32 / BL I-75 south – Downtown Gaylord, Alpena		Signed as only M-32 northbound; northern terminus of BL I-75
Vanderbilt290.707467.848290VanderbiltConnects to Old US 27 (Mill Street); eastern terminus of C-48
CheboyganNunda Township300.967484.359301  C-58 – Wolverine
Indian River310.156499.148310  M-68 – Indian River, Rogers City
313.646504.764313 
  M-27 north – Topinabee, Cheboygan		Southern terminus of M-27
Munro Township322.524519.052322  C-64 – Cheboygan, Pellston
Hebron Township326.726525.815326  C-66 – Cheboygan, Cross Village
Mackinaw Township335.632540.147336 
  
  US 31 south / LMCT south – Petoskey, Charlevoix		Southbound exit and northbound entrance; northern terminus of US 31 and southern end of LMCT concurrency
Cheboygan–Emmet county lineMackinaw–Wawatam township line337.750543.556337Nicolet Street – Mackinaw CityNorthbound exit and southbound entrance; southern terminus of the former M-108
EmmetMackinaw City338.434544.657338 
  
  US 23 south / LHCT south – Cheboygan, Rogers City, Alpena		Southbound exit and northbound entrance; northern terminus of US 23; southern end of LHCT, signed as the GLCT from here north
338.754545.172338Michigan Welcome CenterNorthbound exit only; connects to Nicolet Street
339.234545.944339Jamet StreetRight-in/right-out interchange; signed only as Mackinaw City southbound
Straits of Mackinac339.252–
343.349		545.973–
552.567		Mackinac Bridge (tolled)
MackinacSt. Ignace343.662553.070343Bridge ViewSouthbound exit only; connects to Densmore Avenue
344.228553.981344 
  
  US 2 west / LMCT west – Manistique, Escanaba
 
  
  BL I-75 north / LHCT north – St. Ignace		Northern end of GLCT (LHCT, LMCT) concurrency; signed as exits 344A (north) and 344B (west) northbound; BL I-75 not signed southbound; eastern terminus of the western US segment of US 2; southern terminus of BL I-75; LMCT follows exit 344A to US 2 and LHCT follows exit 344B to BL I-75
344.936555.121345Portage Street – St. IgnaceSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
St. Ignace Township347.938559.952348 
   BL I-75 south / LHCT – St. Ignace
 
  H-63 north / Mackinac Trail		southern end of LHCT concurrency; signed as BL I-75 southbound and H-63 northbound; northern terminus of BL I-75 and southern terminus of H-63
352.004566.496352 
  M-123 north – Newberry		Southern terminus of M-123
359.233578.129359 
  
  M-134 east / LHCT east – Drummond Island, De Tour Village		Northern end of LHCT concurrency; western terminus of M-134
ChippewaRudyard Township373.587601.230373 
  M-48 east (H-40) – Pickford, Rudyard		Western terminus of M-48
Kinross Township377.753607.935378 
  M-80 east – Kinross		Western terminus of M-80
379.520610.778379Gaines Highway – Barbeau Area
Dafter Township386.166621.474386  
  M-28 / LSCT west – Munising, Newberry		Southern end of LSCT concurrency
Sault Ste. Marie392.473631.624392 
   BS I-75 north (3 Mile Road) / LHCT – Sault Ste. Marie		Southern end of LHCT concurrency signed as GLCT concurrency
394.649635.126394Easterday Avenue – Sault Ste. Marie, Soo Locks
394.826635.411Toll Plaza (northbound)
U.S. Customs (southbound)
St. Marys River395.035–
395.916		635.747–
637.165		International Bridge (tolled) to Canada[b]
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Related trunklines edit

 
Southern end of the business loop for St. Ignace

There are four auxiliary Interstate Highways for I-75 in Michigan. I-275 begins as a loop from northern Monroe County and continues to connect with I-96 and I-696. The freeway serves the population of western Wayne County and Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport.[8] The highway was originally intended to connect with I-75 north of Pontiac.[43] I-375 was the shortest signed Interstate in the nation;[f] it serves the immediate downtown Detroit area.[8] I-475 is known as the UAW Freeway and the David Dunbar Buick Freeway.[141] This freeway serves Flint's downtown areas as I-75 goes to the west side of the city.[8] The fourth auxiliary Interstate is I-675, a loop into the city of Saginaw[8] that served as an alternate to I-75 when the drawbridge over the Saginaw River was still operating.[125]

In addition to the auxiliary Interstates, there are eight current business routes related to the freeway in the state. These business loops and spurs provide signed connections into the downtowns of Pontiac, Bay City, West Branch, Roscommon, Grayling, Gaylord, St. Ignace, and Sault Ste. Marie.[8] A ninth highway was previously designated in Saginaw as well.[99] A 10th business route has been proposed for Indian River.[142]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The MBA is an independent state agency responsible for the Mackinac Bridge and thus maintains that section of the overall highway system. The MBA works with MDOT but does not report to it. The executive secretary of the MBA is appointed by MDOT with MBA approval.[15]
  2. ^ a b The sign assembly erected by MDOT indicates that I-75 ends just south of the toll and customs plaza for the International Bridge,[25] however according to MDOT's Physical Reference Finder Application online[1] and the Federal Highway Administration's Route Log and Finder List,[26] I-75 continues onto the International Bridge and ends at the international border in the middle of the St. Marys River.
  3. ^ Northeast of Standish, M-10 ran along the Lake Huron shoreline.
  4. ^ The Michigan State Highway Department was reorganized into the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation on August 23, 1973.[37] The name was shortened to its current form in 1978.[38]
  5. ^ The Akashi Kaikyō and Great Belt bridges in the Eastern Hemisphere are each longer between anchorages at 12,826 feet (3,909 m) and 8,921 feet (2,719 m) respectively,[132] but the Mackinac is still the longest between anchorages in the Western Hemisphere,[133] and crosses a wider body of water.
  6. ^ I-375 was the shortest signed Interstate Highway until I-110 was signed in 2010;[138][139] I-878 and I-315 in New York City and Great Falls, Montana, are shorter,[140] but unsigned.[138]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Michigan Department of Transportation (2021). Next Generation PR Finder (Map). Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Interstate 75 Road Markers Are Unveiled". The Herald-Press. St. Joseph, Michigan. Associated Press. October 13, 1959. p. 3. OCLC 10117184. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  3. ^ a b "Around the State: West Branch". Traverse City Record-Eagle. United Press International. November 2, 1973. p. 3. OCLC 30098364. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ Meyer, Zlati (March 28, 2010). "You Haven't Lived Here Until You Drive I-75 Ohio to the Soo". Detroit Free Press. p. 18A. ISSN 1055-2758. OCLC 10345127, 137343179. Retrieved January 13, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (April 23, 2006). (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
  6. ^ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Federal Highway Administration. from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
  7. ^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (2012). "Traffic Monitoring Information System". Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Michigan Department of Transportation (2016). Pure Michigan: State Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:950,400 (main map) and c. 1:158,400 (inset). Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ B11–G11, G11–M14, M14–N13 (main map); §§ B8–E11, E11–H9 (Detroit Area inset).
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Google (January 4, 2017). "Overview Map of I-75 in Michigan" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  10. ^ Manzullo, Brian; Gallagher, John & Guile, Joe (November 22, 2016). "Detroit Pistons Moving Downtown: 'We Want to Be All in on Detroit'". Detroit Free Press. from the original on January 30, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  11. ^ "Detroit Teams: Where They Play, How Much It Cost". Crain's Detroit Business. July 21, 2014. from the original on May 9, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  12. ^ Oosting, Jonathan (December 5, 2010). "Worst Freeway for Accidents in Metro Detroit? Stretch of I-75 Where Tanker Exploded Last Year". MLive. Detroit: Booth Newspapers. from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  13. ^ Ranzenberger, Mark (April 27, 2008). "US 127 Signs Getting Updated". The Morning Sun. Mount Pleasant, Michigan. pp. 1A, 6A. OCLC 22378715. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  14. ^ a b Barnett, LeRoy (2004). A Drive Down Memory Lane: The Named State and Federal Highways of Michigan. Allegan Forest, Michigan: The Priscilla Press. p. 88. ISBN 1-886167-24-9. OCLC 57425393.
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External links

January 01, 1970
interstate, michigan, this, article, about, section, entire, route, interstate, interstate, part, interstate, highway, system, that, runs, north, south, from, miami, florida, sault, marie, upper, peninsula, state, michigan, enters, state, from, ohio, south, no. This article is about the section of Interstate 75 in Michigan For the entire route see Interstate 75 Interstate 75 I 75 is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs north south from Miami Florida to Sault Ste Marie in the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan I 75 enters the state from Ohio in the south north of Toledo and runs generally northward through Detroit Pontiac and Bay City crosses the Mackinac Bridge and ends at the Canadian border in Sault Ste Marie The freeway runs for approximately 396 miles 637 km on both of Michigan s major peninsulas The landscapes traversed by I 75 include Southern Michigan farmland northern forests suburban bedroom communities and the urban core of Detroit The freeway also uses three of the state s monumental bridges to cross major bodies of water There are four auxiliary Interstates in the state related to I 75 as well as nine current or former business routes with either Business Loop I 75 BL I 75 or Business Spur I 75 BS I 75 designations Interstate 75I 75 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by MDOT and MBALength395 916 mi 1 637 165 km Existed1959 2 presentHistoryCompleted November 1 1973 3 TouristroutesLake Erie Circle Tour Lake Michigan Circle Tour Lake Huron Circle Tour Lake Superior Circle TourNHSEntire routeMajor junctionsSouth endI 75 near Erie at the Ohio state lineMajor intersectionsI 96 in Detroit I 94 in Detroit I 696 near Royal Oak US 23 near Grand Blanc I 69 in Flint US 10 near Bay City US 127 near Grayling US 31 near Mackinaw City US 2 in St Ignace M 28 near Sault Ste MarieNorth endInternational Bridge in Sault Ste MarieLocationCountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountiesMonroe Wayne Oakland Genesee Saginaw Bay Arenac Ogemaw Roscommon Crawford Otsego Cheboygan Emmet Mackinac ChippewaHighway systemInterstate Highway System Main Auxiliary Suffixed Business Future Michigan State Trunkline Highway System Interstate US State Byways M 74 BL I 75 The freeway bears several names in addition to the I 75 designation The southern segment was called the Detroit Toledo Expressway during planning in the 1950s and 1960s Through Detroit I 75 is the Fisher Freeway or the Walter P Chrysler Freeway named for pioneers in the auto industry Sections on either side of the Mackinac Bridge are the G Mennen Williams Freeway or the Prentiss M Brown Freeway named for politicians who helped get the bridge built Officially the entire length is the American Legion Memorial Highway after the organization of the same name Various sections carry components of the four Great Lakes Circle Tours in the state Several Indian trails spanned the state along the general path of the contemporary freeway After statehood several of these were converted into plank roads that later became some of the first state highways In the 1920s five of these were added to the United States Numbered Highway System US Highway 2 US 2 US 10 US 24 US 25 and US 27 In the 1950s a Michigan Turnpike was proposed as a tolled controlled access highway in the Lower Peninsula After passage of the Federal Highway Act of 1956 this turnpike proposal was shelved as a free Interstate Highway was planned Construction started in 1957 signs went up in 1959 and I 75 was completed in 1973 Since completion the freeway has been upgraded with the construction of the Zilwaukee Bridge near Saginaw and improved connections to the Ambassador Bridge in Detroit Contents 1 Route description 1 1 Lake Erie shore and the Downriver communities 1 2 Detroit to the Tri Cities 1 3 Central Michigan 1 4 Northern Michigan 1 5 Mackinac Bridge 1 6 Upper Peninsula 2 History 2 1 Indian trails to state highways 2 2 Turnpikes and freeways 2 3 Interstate Highway era 2 4 Gateway Project 3 Freeway names 4 Monumental bridges 5 Exit list 6 Related trunklines 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksRoute description editKnown as Michigan s Main Street 4 I 75 is listed on the National Highway System NHS for its entire length 5 the NHS is a network of roadways important to the country s economy defense and mobility 6 The freeway is the busiest in the state between M 8 Davison Highway and McNichols Road in Detroit approximately 194 300 vehicles used the freeway on average each day in 2010 in contrast the lowest traffic level was 3 208 vehicles between the M 48 and M 80 interchanges in Chippewa County 7 I 75 carries segments of all four Great Lakes Circle Tours in the state It is also the only highway located on both Michigan s Upper and Lower peninsulas UP and LP respectively 8 Between the Ohio state line and Kawkawlin I 75 contains between a minimum of six and a maximum of ten lanes total other sections vary between four and six lanes in total 9 Lake Erie shore and the Downriver communities edit nbsp I 75 northbound approaching exit 2 in Monroe County Crossing the state line north of Toledo Ohio I 75 enters Michigan in Monroe County carrying the Lake Erie Circle Tour LECT near the North Maumee Bay of Lake Erie The freeway runs parallel to the shoreline of the Great Lake and past the community of Luna Pier Further north I 75 passes to the southeast of Monroe and crosses the River Raisin between the city and the river mouth North of the river the freeway turns further inland running through farmland Near Newport I 275 splits off to the northwest and I 75 continues its northeastward trek through Monroe County When it crosses the Huron River the trunkline enters Wayne County between South Rockwood and Rockwood 8 9 On the north side of the county line I 75 begins to run inland of and parallel to the Detroit River entering the Downriver area The freeway turns northerly after the interchange with M 85 Fort Street near Gibraltar and the LECT departs I 75 to follow M 85 north of the interchange The landscape transitions to suburban residential areas instead of farmland through this area The freeway turns back northeasterly in Taylor and intersects the southern end of M 39 Southfield Highway in Lincoln Park I 75 crosses the Ecorse River and passes through an industrial area of Metro Detroit Farther north the freeway spans the River Rouge in the southern part of Detroit 8 9 I 75 parallels M 85 Fort Street and follows the Detroit River as far east as the Ambassador Bridge Near the bridge s approaches the freeway turns 90 away from the river and intersects the eastern end of I 96 before turning again to follow the river further inland From there I 75 meets M 10 Lodge Freeway and M 5 Grand River Avenue East of Grand River I 75 travels past Little Caesars Arena 8 9 home of the Detroit Red Wings and Detroit Pistons 10 and passes under M 1 Woodward Avenue East of Woodward the freeway travels past both Comerica Park and Ford Field 8 9 homes of the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Lions professional sports teams respectively 11 Detroit to the Tri Cities edit nbsp Looking south along the Chrysler Freeway to the Detroit skyline Immediately east of Ford Field I 75 turns northwesterly to follow the Chrysler Freeway away from the downtown Detroit area The transition from the Fisher Freeway involves a set of one lane ramps through the interchange with the connections to I 375 and M 3 Gratiot Avenue Heading north northwesterly I 75 passes to the east of the campus of Wayne State University and through an interchange with I 94 Edsel Ford Freeway The Chrysler Freeway passes to the west of Hamtramck and to the east of Highland Park enclaves within Detroit I 75 meets M 8 Davison Freeway and continues through residential areas of Detroit s northern side North of M 102 8 Mile Road the freeway crosses out of Detroit and into Oakland County The Chrysler Freeway jogs through the suburb of Hazel Park 8 9 site of the worst freeway for accidents in Metro Detroit at a curve near 9 Mile Road 12 Further north I 75 intersects I 696 near 10 Mile Road The freeway continues northward for about six miles 9 7 km into Troy where it turns westward The route for I 75 zig zags through Troy and Auburn Hills as the freeway alternates from north south to east west to bypass Pontiac Near the M 59 interchange I 75 passes the headquarters for Chrysler Farther north by the M 24 interchange it runs near the former site of The Palace of Auburn Hills The freeway traverses through additional suburban residential areas as it runs northwesterly away from Pontiac These subdivisions end north of Clarkston which is the location of the northern terminus for US 24 Continuing through Holly and Newark the freeway transitions back to a rural wooded setting and enters Genesee County 8 9 As I 75 approaches Grand Blanc the landscape changes back to suburbs I 475 UAW Freeway splits off to the north to bypass the east side of Flint and then I 75 merges with US 23 The combined I 75 US 23 turns northerly to round the west side of the city I 75 US 23 meets I 69 near the Bishop International Airport southwest of downtown Flint The freeway continues northward along the western residential neighborhoods encountering the northern end of I 475 near Mount Morris I 75 passes to the west of Clio and the east of Birch Run the latter home to a large outlet mall From there the trunkline travels through farmland in southern Saginaw County 8 9 Central Michigan edit nbsp Split between I 75 and US 23 west of Standish I 75 US 23 enters the southern reaches of the suburban Tri Cities at Bridgeport and proceeds northward through the area The freeway passes to the east of downtown Saginaw I 675 splits off to run westward into downtown and I 75 curves around to the northwest to cross the Saginaw River on the Zilwaukee Bridge in the suburb of Zilwaukee North of the river I 675 reconnects to I 75 which continues northward into Bay County The freeway passes to the west of Bay City encountering the eastern end of the US 10 freeway From there I 75 US 23 curves northwesterly to bypass Kawkawlin before continuing north to the Standish area through farmlands inland from the Saginaw Bay West of Standish US 23 splits to follow the Lake Huron shoreline and I 75 turns northwesterly to run inland 8 9 West of Sterling the landscape changes again in this area the freeway enters forest lands I 75 continues northwestward through Arenac County and crosses into western Ogemaw County M 30 passes under the freeway without an interchange as I 75 rounds the west side of West Branch On the northwest side of that city M 55 merges onto I 75 and the two highways turn to run concurrently westward into Roscommon County East of Prudenville M 55 splits from the freeway I 75 turns northward to curve around the east of Houghton and Higgins lakes Turning back to the northwest the trunkline bypasses Roscommon to the south and transfers into southern Crawford County About five miles 8 0 km north of the county line I 75 meets the northern end of US 127 8 9 the former US 27 13 Northern Michigan edit nbsp Exit 254 south of Grayling After the US 127 interchange I 75 turns northward and passes to the east of Grayling There are a pair of interchanges on either end of town for BL I 75 and the southern one is a partial interchange only northbound I 75 traffic may access the business loop and traffic entering the freeway may only access southbound I 75 There is no interchange further north for M 72 access to that highway is provided through the business loop On the north side of Grayling there is a full interchange for BL I 75 M 93 that provides the southbound I 75 connection to M 72 as well as access from both directions to Hartwick Pines State Park 8 9 Crossing into southern Otsego County I 75 continues northward through Northern Michigan forests It passes to the east of the community of Waters and Otsego Lake North of exit 279 I 75 proceeds by the Gaylord Regional Airport and crosses the 45th Parallel the halfway mark between the Equator and the North Pole by latitude The freeway then traverses the west side of Gaylord and continues through forests in the northern sections of the county North of Vanderbilt I 75 enters southern Cheboygan County 8 9 assuming the G Mennen Williams Freeway name 14 I 75 continues northward through Cheboygan County passing the community of Indian River and spanning the river of the same name North of town the freeway traverses the area between Burt and Mullett lakes before intersecting the southern end of M 27 that highway provides access to Topinabee and Cheboygan I 75 continues northward through tree farms and other agricultural properties in rural Cheboygan County Cheboygan is accessible by way of interchanges for C 64 and C 66 a pair of county designated highways in this area North of C 66 I 75 turns northwesterly The freeway meets the northern end of US 31 and picks up the Lake Michigan Circle Tour LMCT designation before entering Emmet County on the south side of Mackinaw City I 75 then parallels the county line on the west side of the village meeting the northern end of US 23 After that interchange the Lake Huron Circle Tour LHCT merges in from the south There is one more interchange along the freeway before I 75 ascends the approach to the Mackinac Bridge 8 9 Mackinac Bridge edit nbsp I 75 crossing the Mackinac Bridge The Mackinac Bridge carries I 75 across the Straits of Mackinac that separate Michigan s Upper and Lower peninsulas the straits also form the connection between Lakes Michigan and Huron 8 9 The structure unlike the rest of the state highways in Michigan like I 75 is under the maintenance and control of the Mackinac Bridge Authority MBA a The authority collects a toll from traffic that crosses the bridge 16 which as of January 1 2012 update is 4 for passenger cars and 5 per axle for commercial vehicles and motorhomes 17 In addition to cash the MBA offers a pre paid debit card option for the payment of tolls 18 and accepts credit cards at the toll booths 19 The authority also provides a driver assistance program that will drive vehicles across the bridge at no additional charge motorists who use the service have a fear of bridges 20 Because the bridge normally only allows motor vehicles bicyclists and snowmobiles shuttled across are subject to fees The authority maintains a small police department to patrol the bridge and escort vehicles across 16 21 and a pair of radio station transmitters that broadcast bridge conditions and travel information on AM 530 and AM 1610 22 Upper Peninsula edit nbsp North of St Ignace North of the Mackinac Bridge I 75 passes to the west of downtown St Ignace traveling between the Father Marquette National Memorial and Straits State Park There is an interchange north of the toll plaza that marks the eastern end of US 2 in the state and the southern end of BL I 75 The LMCT departs I 75 to follow US 2 while the LHCT follows BL I 75 through town The freeway curves around Chain Lake and the Mackinac County Airport and meets the northern end of the business loop near Castle Rock the LHCT returns to I 75 at that interchange as well Continuing northward M 123 Tahquamenon Trail intersects from the west as the freeway parallels H 63 Mackinac Trail 8 9 the former route of US 2 23 I 75 crosses the Carp River and follows the shores of St Martin Bay before meeting M 134 At that interchange the LHCT departs again to run eastward Through this area the freeway continues northeasterly traversing the Eastern Unit of the Hiawatha National Forest 8 9 24 I 75 crosses the Pine River before entering Chippewa County The freeway takes a more northerly track as it travels under M 48 without an interchange Farther north M 48 curves around to connect I 75 with Rudyard and the freeway turns back to continue northeastward About five miles 8 0 km northeast of Rudyard I 75 passes next to Chippewa County International Airport the former Kincheloe Air Force Base in Kinross and Kincheloe North of there in Dafter the freeway intersects M 28 9 Mile Road Beyond that interchange I 75 picks up the Lake Superior Circle Tour LSCT designation which it carries the rest of the way north On the south side of Sault Ste Marie the freeway meets BS I 75 and picks up the LHCT designation one more time I 75 rounds the west side of the city passes the Sault Ste Marie Municipal Airport and the campus of Lake Superior State University before meeting the customs and toll plazas for the International Bridge 8 9 From there I 75 crosses the two lane bridge and terminates at the Canadian border b As of April 1 2012 update the toll rates on the bridge are 3 for passenger vehicles 2 10 for commuters and 4 per axle for commercial vehicles currently the same toll rate is assessed in US dollars and Canadian dollars 27 Motorists have the option to pay with cash or an IQ Card an electronic toll collection debit card that uses radio frequency identification technology 28 History editIndian trails to state highways edit nbsp Map of the pre statehood Indian trails Before Michigan became a state the first land transportation corridors were the Indian trails 29 The French Indian Trail ran through southeastern Michigan between Toledo Monroe and Detroit The Saginaw Trail ran north from Detroit to the Saginaw area where it connected with the original Mackinaw Trail that ran roughly parallel to and west of the contemporary I 75 Another path the Cheboygan Trail ran parallel to the contemporary freeway to the east between the West Branch area and Cheboygan In the UP an extension of the Mackinac Trail connected St Ignace and Sault Ste Marie 30 In the 19th century the Michigan Legislature chartered private companies to build and operate plank roads or turnpikes in the state many of which replaced the original Indian trails These roads were originally made of oak planks but later legislation permitted gravel as well 29 By the first decade of the 20th century only 23 of the 202 chartered turnpikes were still in operation many companies that received a charter never built their specified roadways The remaining plank roads were turned over to the state or purchased by railway companies in the early part of the century 31 The State Trunkline Highway System was formed on May 13 1913 and several sections of the system were designated along the course of the then future I 75 Division 1 connected the Ohio state line northeasterly to Detroit and Division 2 connected Detroit with Mackinaw City A branch of Division 7 ran north from St Ignace to Sault Ste Marie 32 The system was signposted in 1919 33 and those highways were marked on maps for the first time The first M 10 was designated along the highways from Ohio through Detroit to Standish c M 76 connected Standish with Grayling where the first M 14 ran northward to Cheboygan From there M 10 connected to Mackinaw City 34 In the UP M 12 connected St Ignace with Sault Ste Marie along a route to the east of the old Mackinac Trail 35 When the United States Numbered Highway System was formed on November 11 1926 most of these highways were redesignated as part of the national system From the state line northward M 10 was included as a part of US 24 and US 25 At Detroit M 10 was used as a part of US 10 North of Grayling M 14 was redesignated as a part of US 27 M 12 was used for US 2 36 The Michigan State Highway Department MSHD d rerouted US 2 in 1933 between Rogers Park and Sault Ste Marie The new routing followed Mackinac Trail instead of turning east to Cedarville and north to Sault Ste Marie the former routing was given the M 121 designation 39 40 Turnpikes and freeways edit By 1945 a divided highway designated Alternate US 24 US 24A was opened from the state line north to Erie 41 After World War II the MSHD planned to convert several highways in the state to freeways In planning maps from 1947 the contemporary I 75 corridor was included in the system that later became the Interstate Highway System 42 It was also included in the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955 that was released in 1955 as the federal government readied plans for the freeway system 43 nbsp 1955 map of the proposed Michigan Turnpike The Michigan Turnpike Authority MTA an agency which was created in 1951 44 proposed the construction of a toll freeway to run north south in the state The original termini for the turnpike were Bridgeport and Rockwood 45 The state highway commissioner at the time Charles Ziegler distrusted a separate agency dealing with statewide road building at the time and he worked to stall progress on any proposed turnpikes 46 Ziegler who had a seat on the MTA board publicly sparred with authority chairman George Higgins even announcing that the MSHD would build a parallel freeway that would reduce tolls on the turnpike 40 to 50 percent according to consultants 47 Trucking interests in the state also opposed the projects preferring a moderate gas tax increase over any tolls 48 Detroit denied the MTA permission to route a turnpike through the city over issues related to the River Rouge Rouge Park and access across the right of way 49 After a lawsuit by City of Dearborn the legislation creating the authority was upheld by the Michigan Supreme Court in 1955 and the authority was allowed to sell bonds for its Bridgeport Rockwood 50 and Detroit Chicago toll roads 51 The original planning maps plotted the first turnpike to the west of Detroit running near US 24 Telegraph Road 52 This route was later proposed for I 75 itself I 275 would have been the freeway to loop into downtown Detroit 53 The proposed length was increased by December 1955 the extended Michigan Turnpike would have run from a connection across the Ohio state line to Toledo north through Detroit and Saginaw and eventually to the southern end of the Mackinac Bridge 49 By the following April any extensions were cancelled leaving the turnpike to its original termini the east west companion road was also cancelled at that time 54 The MTA proposed a state constitutional amendment in January 1956 that would allow the Michigan Legislature to issue state guaranteed bonds for part of the MTA s construction expenses 55 According to The Wall Street Journal the authority struggled for survival in the face of opposition from the MSHD just two months later the department s actions impaired the authority s appropriations from the state legislature and its ability to sell the necessary bonds to pay for construction 56 When the federal government approved the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 Ziegler and the MSHD announced plans for a full freeway to run north through the Lower Peninsula and continue across to the Upper Peninsula This announcement undermined the efforts to build the Michigan Turnpike 57 By August 1956 the MTA voted to reduce its operations to a skeleton staff 58 but moved forward in May 1957 on a bond sale to finance construction of the roadway 59 Financiers stated such a sale was only feasible if the turnpike was to be safe from competition 60 The Michigan Townships Association called for the abolition of the MTA in 1958 61 The legislature killed a bill to do so in June 1959 62 but it later voted to repeal the act that created the authority in 1962 63 Interstate Highway era edit The first sections of freeway for I 75 were opened in 1957 beginning with the southern section near the Ohio state line opened in October 1957 64 The Mackinac Bridge was opened to traffic on November 1 1957 65 a new section of freeway and an interchange connected US 2 to the bridge on the northern end and to US 27 and US 31 on the southern end 66 The MSHD formally proposed the I 75 number in 1958 67 On June 30 of that year the first stretch of the Fenton Clio Expressway opened 68 Construction on the Chrysler Freeway in Detroit started on January 30 1959 69 The I 75 signs were first installed along the Detroit Toledo Expressway in October 1959 replacing US 24A signage in the Monroe area 2 after the state waited for final approval of the numbering system to be used in the state 70 nbsp Markers such as this one bearing the state name originally used when I 75 was first signed In November 1960 sections of freeway opened from Indian River north to the southern Mackinac Bridge approaches in Mackinaw City and from St Ignace to Evergreen Shores 71 and by December the section of freeway running between Evergreen Shores and M 123 was scheduled to open 72 In 1961 the MSHD had proposed that the section of I 75 south of Detroit to Toledo be built as an electronic highway under a bid through General Motors 73 the testing for such a roadway was ultimately done at Ohio State University instead 74 That same year the original Zilwaukee Bridge a bascule bridge across the Saginaw River was opened 75 along with a section of freeway north to Kawkawlin 76 77 In October 1961 the first segment of I 75 near Grayling opened connecting M 18 with the city 78 By the end of the year the freeway was completed between Kinross and Dafter in the UP 79 and the former segment of US 27 between Grayling and Gaylord was turned back to local control After this individual segment of freeway was completed it left a gap between Gaylord and Indian River that was designated To I 75 on maps for the former segment of US 27 and US 27 was truncated to about five miles 8 0 km south of Grayling 77 80 The 12 mile 19 km section of I 75 was opened between Gaylord and Waters in July 1962 81 Another temporary To I 75 designation was applied along US 10 and US 27 from Bay City to Grayling 80 In August the section between Gaylord and Vanderbilt was completed 82 On October 25 the section of freeway from M 24 near Pontiac to the Flint area opened 83 Also late in the year the freeway gap was filled in between Vanderbilt and Indian River 84 The International Bridge and its approaches opened in Sault Ste Marie on October 31 1962 85 The following year a set of segments opened in the Detroit area The freeway was extended south from Pontiac to 11 Mile Road with a connection along M 150 to M 102 8 Mile Road Another section opened to connect with US 24 Telegraph Road in the Woodhaven area a To I 75 designation was added to connect along US 24 and M 102 to M 150 86 87 On the other end of the state the gaps in the freeway across the UP were completed in 1963 as well 88 and the section of freeway in Northern Michigan was named the most scenic new highway in the US in 1963 by Parade magazine 89 90 nbsp 1958 numbering plan for Michigan s Interstates The first part of the Chrysler Freeway opened to traffic on June 26 1964 69 the southern mile 1 6 km of which was designated I 375 91 The segment of I 75 through the Downriver suburbs of Detroit between the US 24 Telegraph Road connector and M 39 Southfield Highway was completed on December 28 1966 92 The same year I 75 was scheduled to open southward from 11 Mile Road to M 102 8 Mile Road 93 In 1967 two segments of freeway opened One was from Kawkawlin to Standish in October 94 and the other through Detroit extended I 75 along the Fisher Freeway in December 95 The first section of M 76 freeway from Standish northwesterly to Alger was scheduled to open in July 1968 96 A one mile 1 6 km section of the Chrysler Freeway through Detroit opened on December 19 1968 and the remainder was scheduled to open on January 10 1969 97 In 1970 I 75 through Detroit was completed and two additional sections of M 76 were converted to freeway The northern section ran from the US 27 to I 75 transition south of Grayling to the Crawford Roscommon county line and the second was an extension from Alger to the West Branch area 98 99 The first ice detection system in the state was installed on the River Rouge bridges in the Detroit area in an attempt to maximize driver safety 100 The next year the last section of the Chrysler Freeway in Hazel Park was finished when an interchange for the then unbuilt I 696 was completed 101 Another segment of the M 76 freeway was completed at the same time bypassing Roscommon 99 102 The final section between Alger and Roscommon was opened on November 1 1973 in a dedication by Governor William G Milliken 3 Since the freeway was completed in 1973 a few changes have been made to I 75 in Michigan From 1973 to 1975 I 75 was widened from four to six lanes from south of Flint to north of Bay City 103 MDOT truncated US 2 to end in St Ignace by removing it from the I 75 freeway in 1983 104 105 In 1986 US 10 was truncated to Bay City removing its concurrency with I 75 from there to Clarkston 106 107 Two years later the original bascule Zilwaukee Bridge across the Saginaw River was replaced by a much higher structure slightly north of the former bridge 108 All of I 75 within Michigan was named the Tuskegee Airmen Memorial Highway in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen at the end of December 2014 109 In May 2017 MDOT raised the speed limit on I 75 between Bay City and Sault Ste Marie excluding the Mackinac Bridge from 70 to 75 miles per hour 113 to 121 km h 110 Gateway Project edit Not to be confused with Gateway Project in New Jersey and New York nbsp Construction in 2007 during the Gateway Project Beginning on February 25 2008 I 75 closed completely to traffic in both directions from Rosa Parks Boulevard exit 49 to Clark Street exit 47 in Detroit This facilitated the complete rebuilding of the road as part of the Ambassador Gateway Project to better connect I 75 and I 96 to the Ambassador Bridge Through traffic on I 75 was rerouted along I 94 to I 275 and local detours were posted 111 The freeway reopened to traffic in June 2009 five months ahead of schedule 112 The overall project to realign and connect the bridge to the freeways was mired in lawsuits between MDOT and the private company that owns the bridge The company s owner was jailed for contempt of court during court proceedings in early 2012 113 MDOT was later ordered to assume responsibility for construction 114 and the department completed the project on September 21 2012 115 A segment of I 75 in Oakland County between 12 Mile Road in Madison Heights and South Boulevard in Bloomfield Township had high occupancy vehicle lanes HOV lanes added in both directions One lane of I 75 in both directions will be restricted to HOV traffic from 6 a m to 9 a m and from 3 p m to 6 p m The HOV lanes are part of the I 75 Modernization Project 116 117 and they opened to traffic on October 24 2023 118 Freeway names edit nbsp nbsp Segments of I 75 in Michigan are named for Walter P Chrysler left and Prentiss M Brown right among others I 75 has six named segments in Michigan The southernmost section from the state line north to the Detroit area is the Detroit Toledo Expressway 119 The segment through southern and central Detroit is known as the Fisher Freeway It was dedicated on September 17 1970 to the Fisher Brothers who founded Fisher Body later a part of General Motors 120 After the curve in downtown Detroit I 75 follows the Walter P Chrysler Freeway northward That segment is named for Walter P Chrysler founder of Chrysler The name was chosen by the Detroit Common Council on November 6 1957 and codified in state law in 1990 the state definition for the name places the northern end of the designation at the Oakland Genesee county line 69 Officially the entire length of I 75 in Michigan is the American Legion Memorial Highway As a practical matter this name is not used on the southernmost segments of the Interstate The American Legion was honored with the designation in 1969 in a state law that required private interests to finance the signage Public Act 174 of 1984 redesignated I 75 in honor of the group and placed responsibility for signage in MDOT s hands 121 Another name that was applied to all of I 75 was the Michigan Bicentennial Freedom Way Designated by Senate Concurrent Resolution 216 of 1975 the name only applied to the freeway in 1976 122 The designation was formally repealed in 2001 123 Two other segments near the Straits of Mackinac were named in 1976 for figures instrumental in the construction of the Mackinac Bridge From the Cheboygan Otsego county line north to the bridge I 75 was named for G Mennen Williams the former governor once called Michigan s Politician of the Century in the press 14 The section in Mackinac County from the northern end of the Mackinac Bridge was named for Prentiss M Brown the former Congressman and Senator who served on the MBA board until his death in 1971 124 Monumental bridges editMain articles International Bridge Mackinac Bridge and Zilwaukee Bridge nbsp Zilwaukee Bridge Along its route in the state I 75 utilizes three of Michigan s monumental bridges The first of them is the Zilwaukee Bridge near Saginaw The original bridge across the Saginaw River at Zilwaukee was built in 1960 as a bascule bridge to allow shipping traffic to use the river Opening the drawbridge would back traffic up on I 75 US 10 US 23 for upwards of four hours on holiday weekends 125 Approved in 1974 construction on the replacement bridge started in October 1979 A major construction accident in August 1982 delayed completion of the new Zilwaukee Bridge a bridge pier partially collapsed when contractors overloaded a section under construction The affected 300 foot 91 m deck segment tilted to rest three feet 0 91 m higher on one end and five feet 1 5 m lower on the other 126 The structure was originally supposed to cost 76 8 million with a 1983 completion date in the end it cost 131 3 million equivalent to 338 million in 2023 127 when the southbound span finally opened on September 19 1988 108 The structure is the largest concrete segmental bridge in the United States 128 nbsp Mackinac Bridge The second is the Mackinac Bridge that connects Michigan s two peninsulas at the Straits of Mackinac A structure was first proposed in 1888 by one of the directors of the Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island Car ferry service was started in 1923 to cross the straits and a bridge authority was first created in 1934 to investigate the possibility of building a permanent connection across the straits This early authority started with a 1921 proposal for a series of bridges that would have connected Cheboygan to St Ignace by way of Bois Blanc Round and Mackinac islands The federal Public Works Administration rejected loan and grant requests for that project A second direct crossing was then proposed based on designs used for the Tacoma Narrows Bridge The collapse of that bridge and World War II delayed any further work on a structure beyond tests of the lake bottom and the construction of the 4 200 foot long 1 300 m causeway on the St Ignace side the first bridge authority was abolished in 1947 129 The current agency was created on June 6 1950 130 The MBA was authorized in 1952 to sell bonds to finance construction 129 which were sold on December 17 1953 to finance the 99 8 million equivalent to 908 million in 2023 127 cost of the bridge 131 The structure was designed by David B Steinman and built by Merritt Chapman amp Scott for the substructure and the American Bridge Company division of U S Steel Corporation for the superstructure Construction started in 1954 and the Mackinac Bridge opened to traffic on November 1 1957 Final work on the bridge was completed in September 1958 Overall the structure has a 3 800 foot 1 200 m central suspension span flanked by two 1 800 foot 550 m side spans With the two backstay spans the Mackinac Bridge is 8 614 feet 2 626 m long between cable anchorages the longest in the world at the time it opened e The total length of the structure is 26 444 feet 8 060 m with two 555 foot tall 169 m towers and 155 feet 47 m of clearance for passing ships under the main span 129 In 2000 the bridge was named Michigan s No 1 Civil Engineering Project of the 20th Century by the Michigan Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE and the structure was named a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 2010 by the national ASCE 134 nbsp Part of the International Bridge The northernmost of the three monumental bridges along I 75 is the International Bridge linking the twin cities of Sault Ste Marie in Michigan and Ontario The governments on each side of the international border formed a bridge authority to build a highway bridge in 1935 129 Construction started on the structure September 16 1960 85 The International Bridge is nearly three miles 4 8 km long encompassing spans over the American and Canadian navigation channels for the Soo Locks and the St Marys River The American approach is 2 471 feet 753 m and the Canadian approach is 2 942 feet 897 m The center span over the river is 9 280 feet 2 830 m flanked by 1 260 foot 380 m and 830 foot 250 m spans over the American and Canadian shipping channels respectively The bridge was designed by the same firm that handled the Mackinac Bridge for a cost of 20 million 129 equivalent to 154 million in 2023 127 It opened to traffic on October 31 1962 85 Exit list editCountyLocationmi 1 kmExitDestinationsNotes MonroeErie Township0 0000 000 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp I 75 south LECT south ToledoOhio state line LECT continues south into Ohio 1 5872 5542Summit StreetSouthbound exit and northbound entrance 2 5474 0992Erie TemperanceNorthbound exit and southbound entrance unsigned Connector 75 Summit Street 4 6107 4195Erie Road Erie Temperance Luna Pier5 7859 3106Luna PierConnects to Luna Pier Road La Salle Township8 62913 8879South Otter Creek Road La Salle Monroe Charter Township11 35718 27711La Plaisance Road Downtown Monroe Monroe13 45221 64913Front Street Monroe 13 58321 86014Elm Avenue Frenchtown Charter Township15 23024 51015Dixie Highway Downtown MonroeFormer M 50 18 04029 03318Nadeau Road 20 31032 68620 nbsp nbsp I 275 north FlintTo Detroit Metro Airport southern terminus of I 275 Berlin Charter Township21 46334 54121Swan Creek Road NewportTo Newport Road South Rockwood26 34242 39326South Huron River Drive South Rockwood WayneRockwood26 94143 35727North Huron River Drive Rockwood Brownstown Charter Township27 68044 54728 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp M 85 north LECT north Fort Street Northbound exit and southbound entrance southern terminus of M 85 and northern end of LECT concurrency Flat Rock28 82446 38829Gibraltar Flat RockSigned as exits 29A Gibraltar and 29B Flat Rock southbound connects to Gibraltar Road Woodhaven31 82151 21132West Road Trenton Grosse Ile Woodhaven Brownstown TownshipSigned as exits 32A east Trenton Grosse Ile and 32B west Woodhaven Brownstown Township Brownstown Charter Township33 707 33 78354 246 54 36834ADix Toledo HighwaySigned as exit 34 northbound 34 01254 73734BSibley RoadSouthbound exit and northbound entrance missing connections provided via exit 34A Taylor34 79455 99635 nbsp US 24 Telegraph Road Northbound exit to northbound US 24 and southbound entrance from southbound US 24 only unsigned Connector 240 35 96157 87436Eureka Road Taylor Southgate city line36 800 37 31159 224 60 04637Allen Road Northline Road Lincoln Park39 87564 17340Dix HighwayNo access from southbound I 75 to northbound Dix Highway northbound Dix Highway to southbound I 75 or southbound Dix Highway to northbound I 75 40 686 40 71165 478 65 51841 nbsp M 39 Southfield Road Melvindale41 82767 31442Outer Drive Detroit42 99969 20043 nbsp nbsp M 85 Fort Street LECT Schaefer HighwaySouthern end of LECT concurrency signed as exits 43A Schaefer Highway south M 85 Fort Street and 43B Schaefer Highway north southbound former northern terminus of M 85 44 86272 19844Dearborn StreetNorthbound exit and southbound entrance 45 59473 37645 nbsp M 85 Fort Street Springwells Street 46 48474 80946Livernois AvenueInterchange permanently closed to be replaced in 2024 by currently under construction ramps to from the United States Port of Entry for the Gordie Howe International Bridge 47 27676 08347AClark StreetFormer M 3 48 02077 28147B nbsp Bridge to Canada nbsp LECTNorthbound exit and southbound entrance northern end of LECT concurrency to Highway 3 48 06277 34847C nbsp Vernor Highway nbsp Bridge to CanadaNo northbound entrance from Vernor Highway signed as exits 47C Vernor Highway and 47B Ambassador Bridge southbound 47 894 49 10877 078 79 03248 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp I 96 west Jeffries Freeway to US 12 Michigan Avenue I 94 LansingEastern terminus of I 96 49 878 49 10880 271 79 03249 nbsp M 10 Lodge Freeway Rosa Parks Boulevard Southfield Huntington PlaceSigned as exits 49A Rosa Parks Boulevard and 49B M 10 southbound 50 17180 74250 nbsp M 5 Grand River Avenue Access to Comerica Park Ford Field Fox Theatre and Little Caesars Arena 50 58181 40251A nbsp M 1 Woodward Avenue John R Street Brush StreetNo southbound entrance exit eliminated in 1999 northbound entrance still exists 50 71781 62151B nbsp M 3 Gratiot Avenue via Fisher Freeway No entrance from northbound M 3 50 864 50 89681 858 81 90951C nbsp nbsp I 375 south Chrysler Freeway Downtown DetroitNorthern terminus of I 375 25 mph 40 km h speed advisory northbound 135 51 551 51 56082 963 82 97852Mack Avenue 52 291 52 30584 154 84 17753AWarren Avenue 52 853 52 87085 059 85 08653B nbsp I 94 Ford Freeway Port Huron ChicagoExit 216A on I 94 53 58186 23054East Grand Boulevard Clay Avenue Hamtramck54 212 54 94187 246 88 41955Holbrook Avenue Caniff Avenue Detroit55 96590 06756 nbsp M 8 Davison Freeway Signed as exits 56A east and 56B west 56 741 56 75291 316 91 33357McNichols Road 57 82293 055587 Mile Road Wayne Oakland county lineDetroit Hazel Park city line58 811 58 81994 647 94 66059 nbsp M 102 8 Mile Road OaklandHazel Park59 918 60 10496 429 96 72860John R Road 9 Mile Road Hazel Park Ferndale Madison Heights Royal Oak city quadripoint61 183 61 20798 464 98 50361 nbsp I 696 Reuther Freeway Port Huron LansingExit 18 on I 696 Royal Oak Madison Heights city line62 189100 0836211 Mile Road Madison Heights63 180101 6786312 Mile RoadSouthern end of HOV lanes Madison Heights Troy city line65 211104 9476514 Mile Road Troy67 429108 51667Rochester Road 68 972111 00069Big Beaver Road 71 593115 21872Crooks RoadIndirect access to Crooks Road via trumpet interchange with Corporate Drive Bloomfield Township74 138119 31474Adams Road 75 179 76 063120 989 122 41275 nbsp nbsp BL I 75 north Square Lake Road Signed only as Square Lake Road southbound southern terminus of BL I 75 northern end of HOV lanes at South Boulevard Auburn Hills77 351 77 369124 484 124 51377 nbsp M 59 Utica PontiacSigned as exits 77A east and 77B west exit 40 on M 59 78 547126 40978Chrysler DriveAccess to Featherstone Road 79 040127 20379University Drive Rochester 80 994130 34781 nbsp nbsp BL I 75 south Pontiac nbsp nbsp M 24 north LapeerSigned as only M 24 northbound double trumpet interchange northern terminus of BL I 75 and southern terminus of M 24 82 911133 43283Joslyn RoadSigned as exits 83A north and 83B south southbound east entrance to Great Lakes Crossing Outlets 84 128135 39184Baldwin RoadSigned as exits 84A north and 84B south northbound west entrance to Great Lakes Crossing Outlets Independence Township88 752142 83289Sashabaw RoadSigned as exits 89A north and 89B south northbound 90 812146 14891 nbsp M 15 Clarkston Davison Springfield Township92 653149 11193 nbsp nbsp US 24 south Dixie Highway WaterfordNorthern terminus of US 24 97 995157 70898East Holly Road Groveland Holly township line100 963162 484101Grange Hall Road Fenton Ortonville Oakland Genesee county lineHolly Grand Blanc township line105 941 106 308170 496 171 086106Dixie HighwaySaginaw RoadIndirect access in opposing directions via Michigan lefts signed as Dixie Highway southbound and Saginaw Road northbound GeneseeGrand Blanc Township108 676174 897108Holly Road Grand Blanc 109 905176 875109 nbsp nbsp M 54 north Dort Highway BurtonSouthern terminus of M 54 111 622 111 899179 638 180 084111 nbsp nbsp I 475 north Downtown FlintNorthbound exit and southbound entrance southern terminus of I 475 Mundy Township115 017 115 335185 102 185 614115 nbsp nbsp US 23 south Ann ArborSouthern end of US 23 concurrency southbound exit and northbound entrance Flint116 334187 221116 nbsp Bristol Road Bishop International AirportSigned as exits 116A east and 116B west Bishop Airport southbound former M 121 Flint Township117 221 117 662188 649 189 359117 nbsp I 69 Miller Road Port Huron LansingSigned as exits 117A I 69 and 117B Miller Road combined ramp southbound exit 133 on I 69 118 756191 119118 nbsp M 21 Corunna Road Owosso Mount Morris Township121 968196 288122Pierson Road Flushing 123 972199 514 Coldwater RoadInterchange eliminated in 1967 136 137 125 191 125 846201 475 202 530125 nbsp nbsp I 475 south Downtown FlintNorthern terminus of I 475 125 992202 764126Mt MorrisConnects to Mt Morris Road Vienna Township130 078209 340131 nbsp M 57 Clio Montrose SaginawBirch Run136 159219 127136 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp M 54 south M 83 north Birch Run FrankenmuthNorthern terminus of M 54 southern terminus of M 83 Frankenmuth signed northbound only Bridgeport Township144 562232 650144Frankenmuth BridgeportSigned as exits 144A Frankenmuth and 144B Bridgeport northbound connects to Dixie Highway Buena Vista Township149 285240 251149 nbsp M 46 Sandusky Buena Vista 149 593240 747150 nbsp nbsp I 675 north Downtown SaginawSouthern terminus of I 675 151 765244 242151 nbsp M 81 Caro Reese 152 977246 193153 nbsp M 13 East Bay City Road Saginaw Saginaw River152 612 154 144245 605 248 071Zilwaukee Bridge Zilwaukee153 922247 713154ZilwaukeeConnects to Adams Street Zilwaukee Township154 849 154 875249 205 249 247155 nbsp nbsp I 675 south Downtown SaginawNorthern terminus of I 675 BayFrankenlust Township160 218257 846160 nbsp M 84 Westside Saginaw Road Monitor Township162 699 162 711261 839 261 858162 nbsp nbsp US 10 west Midland nbsp nbsp M 25 east BS I 75 Downtown Bay CityEastern terminus of US 10 western terminus of BS I 75 M 25 signed as exits 162A east and 162B west exit 140 on US 10 163 983263 905164 nbsp nbsp nbsp Conn M 13 north Wilder Road KawkawlinNorthbound exit and southbound entrance northbound access to Wilder Road southern terminus of Conn M 13 164 775265 180164Wilder RoadSouthbound exit and northbound entrance southbound access to Conn M 13 Kawkawlin Township168 945271 891168Beaver Road Fraser Township173 912279 884173Linwood Road Pinconning Township181 927292 783181Pinconning Road ArenacLincoln Township188 476 188 518303 323 303 390188 nbsp nbsp US 23 north Alpena StandishNorthern end of US 23 concurrency 190 885307 200190 nbsp M 61 Gladwin Standish Adams Township195 009313 837195Sterling Road Moffatt Township202 817326 402202 nbsp nbsp M 33 north Alger Rose CitySouthern terminus of M 33 OgemawHorton Township212 118341 371212 nbsp nbsp BL I 75 north Cook Road West BranchSouthern terminus of BL I 75 BL I 75 signed northbound only Ogemaw Township215 670347 087215 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp M 55 east BL I 75 south to M 30 Tawas City West BranchEastern end of M 55 concurrency northern terminus of BL I 75 BL I 75 signed southbound only RoscommonRichfield Township222 821358 596222Old 76 St HelenFormer M 76 Backus Township227 578366 251227 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp M 55 west to F 97 Cadillac Houghton LakeWestern end of M 55 concurrency Houghton Lake signed northbound only Higgins Township239 631385 649239 nbsp nbsp nbsp M 18 BL I 75 north Roscommon South Higgins Lake State Park Houghton Lake GladwinSouthern terminus of BL I 75 BL I 75 South Higgins Lake State Park and Roscommon signed northbound only Gladwin and Houghton Lake signed southbound only Roscommon Crawford county lineGerrish Beaver Creek township line244 243393 071244 nbsp nbsp BL I 75 south Roscommon North Higgins Lake State ParkNorthern terminus of BL I 75 North Higgins Lake State Park signed northbound only BL I 75 and Roscommon signed southbound only CrawfordBeaver Creek Township250 155402 585249 nbsp nbsp US 127 south Lansing ClareSouthbound exit and northbound entrance only northern terminus of US 127 Beaver Creek Grayling township line251 020403 9782514 Mile Road Grayling254 028408 818254 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp BL I 75 north to M 72 Downtown Grayling Traverse CityNorthbound exit and southbound entrance only southern terminus of BL I 75 256 131412 203256North Down River RoadSouthbound exit and northbound entrance Grayling Township259 191417 127259 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp M 93 BL I 75 south Hartwick Pines Road to M 72 Downtown Grayling Traverse CitySigned as only M 93 Hartwick Pines Road northbound northern terminus of BL I 75 Maple Forest Township264 224425 227264Frederic LewistonConnects to CR 612 OtsegoOtsego Lake Township270 818435 839270WatersConnects to Marlette Road Bagley Township279 067449 115279 nbsp nbsp BL I 75 north Old 27 Downtown GaylordFormer US 27 signed as only Old 27 southbound southern terminus of BL I 75 Gaylord281 953453 759282 nbsp nbsp nbsp M 32 BL I 75 south Downtown Gaylord AlpenaSigned as only M 32 northbound northern terminus of BL I 75 Vanderbilt290 707467 848290VanderbiltConnects to Old US 27 Mill Street eastern terminus of C 48 CheboyganNunda Township300 967484 359301 nbsp C 58 Wolverine Indian River310 156499 148310 nbsp M 68 Indian River Rogers City 313 646504 764313 nbsp nbsp M 27 north Topinabee CheboyganSouthern terminus of M 27 Munro Township322 524519 052322 nbsp C 64 Cheboygan Pellston Hebron Township326 726525 815326 nbsp C 66 Cheboygan Cross Village Mackinaw Township335 632540 147336 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp US 31 south LMCT south Petoskey CharlevoixSouthbound exit and northbound entrance northern terminus of US 31 and southern end of LMCT concurrency Cheboygan Emmet county lineMackinaw Wawatam township line337 750543 556337Nicolet Street Mackinaw CityNorthbound exit and southbound entrance southern terminus of the former M 108 EmmetMackinaw City338 434544 657338 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp US 23 south LHCT south Cheboygan Rogers City AlpenaSouthbound exit and northbound entrance northern terminus of US 23 southern end of LHCT signed as the GLCT from here north 338 754545 172338Michigan Welcome CenterNorthbound exit only connects to Nicolet Street 339 234545 944339Jamet StreetRight in right out interchange signed only as Mackinaw City southbound Straits of Mackinac339 252 343 349545 973 552 567Mackinac Bridge tolled MackinacSt Ignace343 662553 070343Bridge ViewSouthbound exit only connects to Densmore Avenue 344 228553 981344 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp US 2 west LMCT west Manistique Escanaba nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp BL I 75 north LHCT north St IgnaceNorthern end of GLCT LHCT LMCT concurrency signed as exits 344A north and 344B west northbound BL I 75 not signed southbound eastern terminus of the western US segment of US 2 southern terminus of BL I 75 LMCT follows exit 344A to US 2 and LHCT follows exit 344B to BL I 75 344 936555 121345Portage Street St IgnaceSouthbound exit and northbound entrance St Ignace Township347 938559 952348 nbsp nbsp nbsp BL I 75 south LHCT St Ignace nbsp nbsp H 63 north Mackinac Trailsouthern end of LHCT concurrency signed as BL I 75 southbound and H 63 northbound northern terminus of BL I 75 and southern terminus of H 63 352 004566 496352 nbsp nbsp M 123 north NewberrySouthern terminus of M 123 359 233578 129359 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp M 134 east LHCT east Drummond Island De Tour VillageNorthern end of LHCT concurrency western terminus of M 134 ChippewaRudyard Township373 587601 230373 nbsp nbsp M 48 east H 40 Pickford RudyardWestern terminus of M 48 Kinross Township377 753607 935378 nbsp nbsp M 80 east KinrossWestern terminus of M 80 379 520610 778379Gaines Highway Barbeau Area Dafter Township386 166621 474386 nbsp nbsp nbsp M 28 LSCT west Munising NewberrySouthern end of LSCT concurrency Sault Ste Marie392 473631 624392 nbsp nbsp nbsp BS I 75 north 3 Mile Road LHCT Sault Ste MarieSouthern end of LHCT concurrency signed as GLCT concurrency 394 649635 126394Easterday Avenue Sault Ste Marie Soo Locks 394 826635 411Toll Plaza northbound U S Customs southbound St Marys River395 035 395 916635 747 637 165International Bridge tolled to Canada b 1 000 mi 1 609 km 1 000 km 0 621 mi Closed former Concurrency terminus Incomplete access TolledRelated trunklines edit nbsp Southern end of the business loop for St Ignace There are four auxiliary Interstate Highways for I 75 in Michigan I 275 begins as a loop from northern Monroe County and continues to connect with I 96 and I 696 The freeway serves the population of western Wayne County and Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport 8 The highway was originally intended to connect with I 75 north of Pontiac 43 I 375 was the shortest signed Interstate in the nation f it serves the immediate downtown Detroit area 8 I 475 is known as the UAW Freeway and the David Dunbar Buick Freeway 141 This freeway serves Flint s downtown areas as I 75 goes to the west side of the city 8 The fourth auxiliary Interstate is I 675 a loop into the city of Saginaw 8 that served as an alternate to I 75 when the drawbridge over the Saginaw River was still operating 125 In addition to the auxiliary Interstates there are eight current business routes related to the freeway in the state These business loops and spurs provide signed connections into the downtowns of Pontiac Bay City West Branch Roscommon Grayling Gaylord St Ignace and Sault Ste Marie 8 A ninth highway was previously designated in Saginaw as well 99 A 10th business route has been proposed for Indian River 142 See also edit nbsp Michigan Highways portalNotes edit The MBA is an independent state agency responsible for the Mackinac Bridge and thus maintains that section of the overall highway system The MBA works with MDOT but does not report to it The executive secretary of the MBA is appointed by MDOT with MBA approval 15 a b The sign assembly erected by MDOT indicates that I 75 ends just south of the toll and customs plaza for the International Bridge 25 however according to MDOT s Physical Reference Finder Application online 1 and the Federal Highway Administration s Route Log and Finder List 26 I 75 continues onto the International Bridge and ends at the international border in the middle of the St Marys River Northeast of Standish M 10 ran along the Lake Huron shoreline The Michigan State Highway Department was reorganized into the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation on August 23 1973 37 The name was shortened to its current form in 1978 38 The Akashi Kaikyō and Great Belt bridges in the Eastern Hemisphere are each longer between anchorages at 12 826 feet 3 909 m and 8 921 feet 2 719 m respectively 132 but the Mackinac is still the longest between anchorages in the Western Hemisphere 133 and crosses a wider body of water I 375 was the shortest signed Interstate Highway until I 110 was signed in 2010 138 139 I 878 and I 315 in New York City and Great Falls Montana are shorter 140 but unsigned 138 References edit a b c Michigan Department of Transportation 2021 Next Generation PR Finder Map Michigan Department of Transportation Retrieved October 11 2021 a b Interstate 75 Road Markers Are Unveiled The Herald Press St Joseph Michigan Associated Press October 13 1959 p 3 OCLC 10117184 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com a b Around the State West Branch Traverse City Record Eagle United Press International November 2 1973 p 3 OCLC 30098364 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com Meyer Zlati March 28 2010 You Haven t Lived Here Until You Drive I 75 Ohio to the Soo Detroit Free Press p 18A ISSN 1055 2758 OCLC 10345127 137343179 Retrieved January 13 2022 via Newspapers com Michigan Department of Transportation April 23 2006 National Highway System Michigan PDF Map Scale not given Lansing Michigan Department of Transportation Archived from the original PDF on October 4 2012 Retrieved October 7 2008 Natzke Stefan Neathery Mike amp Adderly Kevin June 20 2012 What is the National Highway System National Highway System Federal Highway Administration Archived from the original on September 24 2012 Retrieved July 1 2012 Bureau of Transportation Planning 2012 Traffic Monitoring Information System Michigan Department of Transportation Retrieved October 30 2012 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Michigan Department of Transportation 2016 Pure Michigan State Transportation Map Map c 1 950 400 main map and c 1 158 400 inset Lansing Michigan Department of Transportation B11 G11 G11 M14 M14 N13 main map B8 E11 E11 H9 Detroit Area inset a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Google January 4 2017 Overview Map of I 75 in Michigan Map Google Maps Google Retrieved January 4 2017 Manzullo Brian Gallagher John amp Guile Joe November 22 2016 Detroit Pistons Moving Downtown We Want to Be All in on Detroit Detroit Free Press Archived from the original on January 30 2017 Retrieved January 4 2017 Detroit Teams Where They Play How Much It Cost Crain s Detroit Business July 21 2014 Archived from the original on May 9 2018 Retrieved January 4 2017 Oosting Jonathan December 5 2010 Worst Freeway for Accidents in Metro Detroit Stretch of I 75 Where Tanker Exploded Last Year MLive Detroit Booth Newspapers Archived from the original on July 14 2014 Retrieved October 29 2012 Ranzenberger Mark April 27 2008 US 127 Signs Getting Updated The Morning Sun Mount Pleasant Michigan pp 1A 6A OCLC 22378715 Retrieved August 23 2012 a b Barnett LeRoy 2004 A Drive Down Memory Lane The Named State and Federal Highways of Michigan Allegan Forest Michigan The Priscilla Press p 88 ISBN 1 886167 24 9 OCLC 57425393 Bridge Legislation Signed The Grand Rapids Press Associated Press December 29 2005 p B3 OCLC 9975013 a b Gould Karen July 26 2007 A Day in the Life of the Mackinac Bridge The St Ignace News Archived from the original on April 29 2014 Retrieved April 5 2013 Mackinac Bridge Toll Increase Upper Michigan s Source Negaunee Michigan WLUC TV Associated Press December 30 2011 Archived from the original on April 29 2014 Retrieved April 5 2013 Greenwood Tom April 18 2009 Quick Card Payment to Be Used at Mackinac Bridge The Detroit News p 3A Retrieved April 5 2013 Ellison Garret June 8 2017 At Long Last Drivers Can Pay Mackinac Bridge Toll with Credit Cards MLive Booth Newspapers Archived from the original on May 12 2018 Retrieved May 11 2018 Schneider Kim May 20 2007 Fear the Mighty Mac They get you over it MLive Booth Newspapers Archived from the original on June 23 2013 Retrieved April 5 2013 Carr Tom July 1 2007 Troubled Over Bridged Waters Mackinac Crew Offers Rides to Those with Severe Phobia Traverse City Record Eagle pp 1E 2E OCLC 30098364 Archived from the original on February 16 2013 Retrieved April 5 2013 WNHC787 AM 530 St Ignace AM 1610 Mackinaw City MichiGuide Archived from the original on August 28 2013 Retrieved April 5 2013 Collier Edward July 29 1960 Michigan s Upper Peninsula Hiawatha s Scenic Land Opened Up by Mighty Bridge The Titusville Herald p 8 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com Rand McNally 2013 Michigan Map The Road Atlas 2013 Walmart ed 1 1 267 200 Chicago Rand McNally pp 50 51 E8 F8 ISBN 0 528 00626 6 OCLC 773666955 Superior Region I 75 Ends Highway sign assembly Sault Ste Marie Michigan Department of Transportation Archived from the original on October 21 2012 Retrieved July 25 2013 Adderly Kevin January 30 2018 Table 1 Main Routes of the Dwight D Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of December 31 2017 Route Log and Finder List Federal Highway Administration Retrieved June 20 2018 Tolls Rise for Some at Sault International Bridge Associated Press March 25 2012 Helwig David July 22 2007 New Bridge Cards Available Tomorrow SooToday com Archived from the original on January 16 2014 Retrieved August 15 2013 a b Morrison Roger L Autumn 1937 The History and Development of Michigan Highways Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review Vol 39 no 54 Ann Arbor University of Michigan Bureau of Alumni Relations pp 59 73 OCLC 698029175 Mason Philip P 1959 Michigan Highways From Indian Trails to Expressways Ann Arbor Michigan Braun Brumfield p 18 OCLC 23314983 Mason 1959 p 4 Michigan Legislature 1915 enacted May 13 1913 Chapter 91 State Reward Trunk Line Highways In Shields Edmund C Black Cyrenius P amp Broomfield Archibald eds The Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan Vol 1 Lansing Michigan Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford pp 1868 1872 OCLC 44724558 Retrieved January 24 2012 Michigan May Do Well Following Wisconsin s Road Marking System The Grand Rapids Press September 20 1919 p 10 OCLC 9975013 Michigan State Highway Department July 1 1919 State of Michigan Map Scale not given Lansing Michigan State Highway Department Lower Peninsula sheet OCLC 15607244 Retrieved October 17 2019 via Michigan History Center Michigan State Highway Department July 1 1919 State of Michigan Map Scale not given Lansing Michigan State Highway Department Upper Peninsula sheet OCLC 15607244 Retrieved December 18 2016 via Michigan State University Libraries Bureau of Public Roads amp American Association of State Highway Officials November 11 1926 United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials Map 1 7 000 000 Washington DC United States Geological Survey OCLC 32889555 Retrieved November 7 2013 via Wikimedia Commons Kulsea Bill amp Shawver Tom 1980 Making Michigan Move A History of Michigan Highways and the Michigan Department of Transportation Lansing Michigan Department of Transportation p 27 OCLC 8169232 Retrieved January 18 2021 via Wikisource Kulsea amp Shawver 1980 pp 30 31 Michigan State Highway Department amp Rand McNally May 1 1933 Official Michigan Highway Map Map c 1 840 000 Lansing Michigan State Highway Department C11 D11 OCLC 12701053 Archived from the original on May 10 2017 Retrieved December 18 2016 via Archives of Michigan Michigan State Highway Department amp Rand McNally September 1 1933 Official Michigan Highway Map Map c 1 840 000 Lansing Michigan State Highway Department C11 D11 OCLC 12701053 Michigan State Highway Department October 1 1945 Official Highway Map of Michigan Map c 1 918 720 Lansing Michigan State Highway Department N13 OCLC 554645076 Public Roads Administration August 2 1947 National System of Interstate Highways Map Scale not given Washington DC Public Roads Administration Retrieved September 4 2010 via Wikimedia Commons a b Bureau of Public Roads September 1955 General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955 Map Scale not given Washington DC Government Printing Office OCLC 4165975 Retrieved September 4 2010 via Wikimedia Commons Michigan Department of Transportation March 1 2010 Section 394 Report Analysis of Transportation Funding Distribution Formula PDF Report Michigan Department of Transportation p 12 Archived PDF from the original on April 25 2012 Retrieved October 28 2012 Michigan To Push Its North South Turnpike Toll Road To Link Centers of Industrial Areas Youngstown Vindicator February 21 1955 p 2 OCLC 5424159 Retrieved October 30 2012 Bagley Les October 25 2007 Autos Across Mackinac Michigan Decides Against Building Turnpikes The St Ignace News OCLC 36250796 Archived from the original on July 9 2013 Retrieved October 30 2012 Ziegler Pushes Plans For Free Road Despite Proposed Turnpike Marshall Evening Chronicle United Press International August 9 1955 p 1 OCLC 18110507 Retrieved July 19 2013 via NewspaperArchive com Highway Politics The Herald Press St Joseph Michigan September 23 1955 p 8 OCLC 10117184 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com a b Cross State Pike Planned Traverse City Record Eagle United Press International December 14 1955 p 16 OCLC 30098364 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com Michigan Turnpike Law Upheld The Milwaukee Sentinel Associated Press December 2 1955 p B2 ISSN 1052 4479 OCLC 11723897 Expressway Hopes Soar The News Palladium Benton Harbor Michigan December 5 1955 p 2 OCLC 10117334 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com Coverdale and Colitis 1955 Map Showing Proposed North South Turnpike in Michigan Map Report on Estimated Traffic and Earnings of the Proposed Michigan Turnpike Project No 1 North South Turnpike Scale not given New York Michigan Turnpike Authority p 2 OCLC 35260166 Retrieved October 30 2012 via HathiTrust Richard Tim April 3 1986 I 275 The Interstate that Isn t Livonia Observer OCLC 22646576 Michigan Drops Detroit Chicago Turnpike Plans Mackinac Extension of Saginaw Toll Road Also Abandoned Toledo Blade Associated Press April 18 1956 p 5 OCLC 12962635 Retrieved October 31 2012 Pike Bond Issue Asked in Michigan 300 Million Sought for Toll Highways Toledo Blade Associated Press January 26 1956 p 8 OCLC 12962635 Retrieved July 19 2013 Staff Reporter March 27 1956 Michigan Pike Agency s Shaky Status Dims Chance for Early Issue The Wall Street Journal p 20 ISSN 0099 9660 OCLC 4299067 477162993 Retrieved July 19 2013 via ProQuest Archiver permanent dead link Bagley Les January 17 2008 Autos Across Mackinac Bridge Construction Continues Tourism Down The St Ignace News OCLC 36250796 Archived from the original on July 9 2013 Retrieved October 30 2012 See Scant Chance for Highway Ludington Daily News Associated Press August 21 1956 p 1 OCLC 27033604 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com World News Summary Ludington Daily News Associated Press May 27 1957 p 1 OCLC 27033604 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com Turnpike Authority Studies Financing Traverse City Record Eagle United Press International June 21 1957 p 17 OCLC 30098364 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com Changes Are Opposed by Townships Constitutional Convention Hit The News Palladium Benton Harbor Michigan Associated Press January 17 1958 p 10 OCLC 10117334 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com Legislature Scraps 450 State Bills Agenda Cleared of Non Essentials The News Palladium Benton Harbor Michigan Associated Press June 6 1959 p 10 OCLC 10117334 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com Voges Bob February 28 1962 Legislature Moves To Kill 15 Obsolete Laws The Owosso Argus Press Associated Press p 16 OCLC 9802802 Retrieved October 31 2012 via Google News Ohio Michigan Dedicate New Expressway Chicago Daily Tribune Associated Press May 23 1959 p 3 OCLC 1554151 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com Kulsea amp Shawver 1980 p 22 Approaches Completed The State Journal Lansing October 30 1957 p 33 OCLC 9714548 Retrieved August 20 2019 via Newspapers com Michigan State Highway Department April 25 1958 Recommended Interstate Route Numbering for Michigan Michigan State Highway Department Archived from the original on August 5 2004 Retrieved September 4 2010 Fenton Clio X Way Big Time Saver The Owosso Argus Press Associated Press June 28 1958 p 9 OCLC 9802802 Retrieved April 20 2011 via Google News a b c Barnett 2004 p 233 Michigan Delays Road Number System Toledo Blade Associated Press June 4 1959 p 11 OCLC 12962635 Retrieved November 21 2010 via Google News Michigan To Open 35 More Miles of Freeway The Blade Toledo Ohio Associated Press November 8 1960 p 19 OCLC 12962717 Retrieved March 22 2013 via Google News 122 Miles of Freeway To Be Opened by Dec 15 The Herald Press St Joseph Michigan October 17 1960 p 14 OCLC 10117184 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com Electronic Wonder State Seeks Highway The Michigan Daily University of Michigan Ann Arbor July 13 1961 p 3 ISSN 0745 967X OCLC 867310287 923790299 Retrieved August 25 2013 via Google News Driverless Auto Being Developed Could Be Ready in 15 Years Ohio Researcher Says The New York Times December 11 1966 p 132 ISSN 0362 4331 OCLC 1645522 Michigan Town Wants Used Bridge Wilmington Morning Star Associated Press December 11 1979 p 3D ISSN 0163 402X OCLC 4376904 Retrieved March 22 2013 via Google News Michigan State Highway Department 1960 Official Highway Map Map c 1 918 720 Lansing Michigan State Highway Department C10 E10 J12 L12 OCLC 12701120 81552576 Retrieved October 17 2019 via Michigan History Center Includes all changes through July 1 1960 a b Michigan State Highway Department 1961 Official Highway Map Map c 1 918 720 Lansing Michigan State Highway Department C10 G10 J12 K12 OCLC 12701120 51857665 Retrieved October 17 2019 via Michigan History Center Includes all changes through July 1 1961 75 Opened Ludington Daily News Associated Press October 9 1961 p 8 OCLC 27033604 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com Upper Peninsula To Get Many Highway Projects Next Year Ironwood Daily Globe December 22 1961 p 8 OCLC 10890811 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com a b Michigan State Highway Department 1962 Official Highway Map Map c 1 918 720 Lansing Michigan State Highway Department C11 F10 G10 G10 J12 K12 L13 OCLC 12701120 173191490 Retrieved October 17 2019 via Michigan History Center State Briefs The Owosso Argus Press July 7 1962 p 4 OCLC 9802802 Bypasses Gaylord The Herald Press St Joseph Michigan Associated Press September 1 1962 p 3 OCLC 10117184 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com New Section of I 75 Opens The News Palladium Benton Harbor Michigan Associated Press October 26 1962 Section 2 p 7 OCLC 10117334 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com Jones Michael February 19 2008 Five Nuggets of Knowledge about I 75 Gaylord Herald Times Archived from the original on April 2 2015 Retrieved August 15 2013 a b c New International Bridge Opened Today Traverse City Record Eagle United Press International October 31 1962 p 1 OCLC 30098364 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com Michigan State Highway Department 1963 Official Highway Map Map c 1 918 720 Lansing Michigan State Highway Department B11 D11 K12 L13 OCLC 12701120 Retrieved October 17 2019 via Michigan History Center Michigan State Highway Department 1964 Official Highway Map Map c 1 918 720 Lansing Michigan State Highway Department B11 D11 L13 OCLC 12701120 81213707 Retrieved October 17 2019 via Michigan History Center Completes Hike Traverse City Record Eagle United Press International October 31 1963 p 6 OCLC 30098364 Retrieved July 10 2018 via Newspapers com White Elmer E November 1 1963 Nation s Nicest Michigan Mirror Ludington 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Transportation Map Map c 1 918 720 Lansing Michigan Department of Transportation J12 L13 OCLC 12701177 Retrieved October 17 2019 via Michigan History Center Michigan Department of Transportation 1987 Yes Michigan Official Transportation Map Map c 1 918 720 Lansing Michigan Department of Transportation J12 L13 OCLC 12701177 Retrieved October 17 2019 via Michigan History Center a b Staff Writer September 19 1988 Zilwaukee Bridge Now Open North South Partly The Blade Toledo Ohio p 1 OCLC 12962717 Retrieved October 29 2012 Wurfel Sara amp Murray Dave December 31 2014 Gov Rick Snyder Signs Bills Focused on Creating Good Government Practices Also Signs Memorial Highway Pure Michigan Byways Bills Press release Office of the Governor Archived from the original on January 3 2015 Retrieved January 1 2015 Lawler Emily May 11 2017 These Michigan Freeways Will Be 75 mph Before 4th of July Weekend MLive Booth Newspapers Archived from the original on September 11 2017 Retrieved September 10 2017 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Paso inset WT3 Texas Department of Transportation 2010 Northbound I 110 US 54 I 10 US 180 Pull Through Sign Highway guide sign El Paso Texas Department of Transportation Retrieved October 27 2012 via Wikimedia Commons Adderly Kevin January 30 2018 Table 2 Auxiliary Routes of the Dwight D Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways as of December 31 2017 Route Log and Finder List Federal Highway Administration Retrieved June 20 2018 Barnett 2004 pp 40 41 215 Hahn Kortny March 3 2017 Road Comm Eyes I 75 Business Loop Holland Sentinel Archived from the original on March 12 2017 Retrieved March 10 2017 External links a, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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