River Raisin
The River Raisin is a river in southeastern Michigan, United States, that flows through glacial sediments into Lake Erie. The area today is an agricultural and industrial center of Michigan. The river flows for almost 139 miles (224 km),[1] draining an area of 1,072 square miles (2,780 km2) in the Michigan counties of Lenawee, Washtenaw, Jackson, Hillsdale, and Monroe County, where its mouth at Lake Erie is located.[2] French settlers named it as La Rivière aux Raisins because of the wild grapes growing along its banks, the French word for grape being raisin. The French term for "raisin" is raisin sec (dry grape).[3]
| River Raisin Rivière Aux Raisins | |
|---|---|
Location of the River Raisin in Michigan | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| Cities | Blissfield, Brooklyn, Clinton, Deerfield, Dundee, Manchester, Monroe, Petersburg, Tecumseh |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Rollin Township, Michigan |
| • coordinates | 42°01′29″N 84°16′05″W / 42.02472°N 84.26806°W |
| • elevation | 1,043 ft (318 m) |
| Mouth | Lake Erie |
• location | Monroe, Michigan |
• coordinates | 41°53′31″N 83°20′12″W / 41.89194°N 83.33667°WCoordinates: 41°53′31″N 83°20′12″W / 41.89194°N 83.33667°W |
• elevation | 571 ft (174 m) |
| Length | 139 mi (224 km) |
| Basin size | 1,072 sq mi (2,780 km2) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 741 cu ft/s (21.0 m3/s) |
History and geography
The River Raisin was used by local Potawatomi and Wyandot peoples, who had a portage between the upper river to gain access into the Grand and Kalamazoo rivers flowing west toward Lake Michigan. The river is still classified as canoeable throughout its length. But, low gradient, access issues, frequent logjams in the upper reaches, and 22 dams on the mainstream limit its recreational use.[4] The first European settlements along the river were by French-Canadian colonists, who in the 1780s developed their traditional "ribbon" farms in Frenchtown. These had narrow fronts on the river so that more farmers would have access, with deep rectangular lots reaching back from the river. Now part of Monroe, Michigan, this area is still the most populous area along the river. The resort area of Irish Hills lies in the uppermost region of the watershed, which includes 429 lakes and ponds. The largest of these is the 800-acre (3.2 km2) Lake Columbia.
During the winter of 1813 as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of Frenchtown occurred near the river. British and Native American troops under the command of British General Henry Procter and Native American chiefs Roundhead, Walks in Water, and Split Log, were allied against a division of ill-trained Kentucky infantry and militia under command of General James Winchester. Cut off and surrounded and facing total slaughter, Winchester surrendered with British assurances of safety of the prisoners. The British and Potawatomi allies marched those who could walk to Detroit. But the next day, many of the severely wounded prisoners left in Frenchtown were killed by the Native Americans allies of the British.
The Massacre of the River Raisin became a rallying cry ("Remember the Raisin") for Americans in the war, particularly for Kentuckians. United States troops returned in the spring to drive the British from Michigan forever. The original battlefield was preserved for years as a county park in Monroe, Michigan. It has several monuments erected to the Kentucky soldiers who died there. On October 12, 2010, the land was transferred to the federal government. By Congressional authorization, it is the only National Battlefield Park designating a battlefield of the War of 1812 - the River Raisin National Battlefield Park.[5]
Since industrialization and intensified agriculture, the river has been polluted by industrial wastes and agricultural runoff. While cleanup efforts have mitigated some of the pollution, difficult-to-remove PCBs continue to constitute a hazardous waste. An established Area of Concern covers only 2 square miles (5.2 km2) of the watershed at the mouth of the river, much of which is devoted to industrial and harbor use, including the Ford Motor Company plant, Detroit Edison Monroe powerplant, and the Port of Monroe.[6] Environmental authorities advise people not to eat some species of fish from the river, if taken below the outlet of the Monroe Dam.[7]
The river has many small dams to control water flow. These were erected to power the many paper mills constructed along it in the mid-1800s during the lumber boom. They are also products of Henry Ford's rural industry program. While most of the dams are in Monroe, the most significant one is located in Dundee, Michigan. The Port of Monroe was constructed near the mouth of the river in the 1930s, as a needed infrastructure project sponsored by the President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration during the Great Depression.
Flooding along the river has three causes: heavy rains, ice dams developing during spring break-up, and on-shore winds pushing Lake Erie waters upstream. The worst flood was recorded on March 16, 1982 at 15,300 cu ft/s (430 m3/s), compared to an average mean flow of 741 cu ft/s (21.0 m3/s). Flooding affects mostly the lowest portions of the river. By contrast on July 13, 1988, during a severe drought, a measuring station found 0 cu ft/s (0 m3/s) of water flow.
Most of the flow of the river is diverted through the Detroit Edison plant and discharged into Plum Creek. Previously it was discharged into the river, but it is now diverted to limit additional pollution of the river mouth area. The power plant's peak use of 3,000 cu ft/s (85 m3/s) of water exceeds the river's average flow of 741 cu ft/s (21.0 m3/s), so on some occasions, water is drawn upstream from Lake Erie into the plant. The high level of industrial water use is thought to kill large numbers of fish in the intake screens and to make fish migration from the river into the Great Lakes almost impossible.[4][8]
In 2013 U.S. Rep. Tim Walberg, along with the entire Michigan delegation, introduced a resolution (H. Res. 37, 113th Congress) to honor the 200th anniversary of the battles at the River Raisin.[9]
Tributaries
In addition to the river forming from the Upper River Raisin and the South Branch River Raisin, the following streams flow into the River Raisin:[10]
- Goose Creek
- Black Creek
- Evans Creek
- Iron Creek
- Little River Raisin
- Macon Creek
- Saline River
Islands
The Eagle Island Marsh is part of the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge.
Flora and fauna
The River Raisin is home to "warm-water" fish including bluegill, white sucker, channel catfish, walleye, carp, white bass, black buffalo, freshwater drum and smallmouth bass. Very few fish migrate between the river and the Great Lakes because they are blocked by the seven dams in Monroe, as well as the power plant intakes.[4] Bird species use the area as part of the migratory flyway along eastern Lake Erie; they include bald eagles, sandhill cranes, ducks and seagulls. Invasive fauna include zebra mussels and rusty crayfish. The threatened American lotus is present in Eagle Island Marsh, but it must compete with several invasive plant species in the watershed, including flowering rush, Eurasian milfoil, curlyleaf pondweed, Phragmites and purple loosestrife.[6]
Communities
Towns along the river include:
Crossings
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (April 2015) |
Source: Google Maps[11]
Monroe
- I-75 (Detroit–Toledo Freeway)
- Winchester Parkway
- Macomb Street
- M-125 (Monroe Street)
- Roessler Street
- US 24 (Telegraph Road)
Monroe Township–Frenchtown Township–Raisinville Township
- Raisinville Road
Raisinville Township
- Ida–Maybee Road
Dundee
Summerfield Township
- Petersburg Road
Summerfield Township–Petersburg
- Railroad Street/Deerfield Road
Deerfield–Deerfield Township
- Rodesiler Highway
Blissfield
- US 223 (Adrian Street)
Palmyra Township
- Crockett Highway
- US 223
- Deerfield Road
Palmyra Township–Raisin Township
- Academy Road
Raisin Township
- Laberdee Road
- Wilmoth Highway
- Raisin Center Highway
- Sutton Road
Raisin Township–Tecumseh
- Russell Road
Tecumseh
- M-50 (Chicago Boulevard)
- Evans Street
Clinton Township
- Staib Road
Clinton
- US 12 (Michigan Avenue)
Manchester Township
- Allen Road
- Wilbur Road
- Austin Road
Manchester
- M-52 (City Road)
- Duncan Street
- Main Street
References
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed May 19, 2011
- ^ River Raisin Watershed Information, River Raisin Watershed Council, 2010
- ^ A.C. Quisenberry, "A Hundred Years Ago: the River Raisin", Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, Sept 1913, p.18
- ^ a b c River Raisin Assessment, Kenneth E. Dodge, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, October 1998
- ^ Anderson, Elisha. . Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
- ^ a b Delisting Targets for Fish/Wildlife Habitat & Population Related Beneficial Use Impairments for the River Raisin Area of Concern, Environmental Consulting and Technology, November 20, 2008
- ^ 2010 MICHIGAN FISH ADVISORY, MDCH Division of Environmental Health, 2010 - River Raisin, below Monroe Dam: no consumption of carp, channel cat, larger white bass; limited consumption of black buffalo, freshwater drum, smallmouth bass, smaller white bass.
- ^ The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Biennial Remedial Action Plan Update for the River Raisin Area of Concern, Michelle D. Selzer, Water Bureau, Aquatic Nuisance Control & Remedial Action Unit, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, December 19, 2006
- ^ http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113hres37ih/pdf/BILLS-113hres37ih.pdf[bare URL PDF]
- ^ River Raisin Watershed Hydrologic Study, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, February 17, 2006
- ^ Google (April 1, 2015). "Overview Map of the River Raisin" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
External links
- Media related to River Raisin at Wikimedia Commons