The Indo-Iranian languages (also Indo-Iranic languages[1][2] or Aryan languages[3]) constitute the largest and southeasternmost extant branch of the Indo-European language family. They include over 300 languages, spoken by around 1.5 billion speakers, predominantly in South Asia, West Asia and parts of Central Asia.
Chart classifying Indo-Iranian languages within the Indo-European language family
The common ancestor of all of the languages in this family is called Proto-Indo-Iranian—also known as Common Aryan—which was spoken in approximately the late 3rd millennium BC. The three branches of the modern Indo-Iranian languages are Indo-Aryan, Iranian, and Nuristani. A fourth independent branch, Dardic, was previously posited, but recent scholarship in general places Dardic languages as archaic members of the Indo-Aryan branch.[4]
The term Indo-Iranian languages refers to the spectrum of Indo-European languages spoken in the Southern Asian region of Eurasia, spanning from the Indian subcontinent (where the Indic branch of Aryan languages are spoken, hence called Indo-Aryan) till the Iranian plateau (where the Iranic branch of Aryan languages are spoken).
This branch is also known as Aryan languages, referring to the languages spoken by Aryan peoples, where the term Aryan is the ethnocultural self-designation of ancient Indo-Iranians. But in modern-day, Western scholars avoid the term Aryan since World War II, owing to the perceived negative connotation associated with Aryanism.
ReferencesEdit
^D. D. Mahulkar (1990). Pre-Pāṇinian Linguistic Studies. Northern Book Centre. ISBN978-81-85119-88-5.
^Annarita Puglielli; Mara Frascarelli (2011). Linguistic Analysis: From Data to Theory. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN978-3-11-022250-0.
^Jadranka Gvozdanović (1999). Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide. Walter de Gruyter. p. 221. ISBN978-3-11-016113-7.: "The usage of 'Aryan languages' is not to be equated with Indo-Aryan languages, rather Indo-Iranic languages of which Indo-Aryan is a subgrouping."
^Bashir, Elena (2007). Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (eds.). The Indo-Aryan languages. p. 905. ISBN978-0415772945. 'Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which [..] developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian.
^Chatoev, Vladimir; Kʻosyan, Aram (1999). Nationalities of Armenia. YEGEA Publishing House. p. 61. ISBN978-99930-808-0-0.
^"Glottolog 4.7 – Indo-Iranian". Glottolog. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
Further readingEdit
"Contact and change in the diversification of the Indo-Iranic languages" (PDF). Dr. Russell Gray.
Baly, Joseph. Eur-Aryan roots: With their English derivatives and the corresponding words in the cognate languages compared and systematically arranged. Vol. 1. K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company, Limited, 1897.
Kümmel, Martin Joachim. "The morphology of Indo-Iranian". In: Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Volume 3. Edited by Jared Klein, Brian Joseph and Matthias Fritz. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2018. pp. 1888–1924. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110542431-032
Kümmel, Martin Joachim. "Indo-Iranian". In: The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. pp. 246–68. doi:10.1017/9781108758666.014.
Lubotsky, Alexander. "The phonology of Proto-Indo-Iranian". In: Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Volume 3. Edited by Jared Klein, Brian Joseph and Matthias Fritz. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2018. pp. 1875–1888. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110542431-031
Pinault, Georges-Jean. "Contacts religieux et culturels des Indo-Iraniens avec la civilisation de l'Oxus". In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 149e année, N. 1, 2005. pp. 213–257. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.2005.22848 ; www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2005_num_149_1_22848
Pinault, Georges-Jean. "La langue des Scythes et le nom des Arimaspes". In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 152e année, N. 1, 2008. pp. 105–138. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.2008.92104 ; www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2008_num_152_1_92104
Nicholas Sims-Williams, ed. (2002). Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples. Oxford University Press.
External linksEdit
Look up Indo-Iranian Swadesh lists in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indo-Iranian languages.
Swadesh lists of Indo-Iranian basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
October 17, 2023
indo, iranian, languages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, d. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Indo Iranian languages news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Indo Iranian languages also Indo Iranic languages 1 2 or Aryan languages 3 constitute the largest and southeasternmost extant branch of the Indo European language family They include over 300 languages spoken by around 1 5 billion speakers predominantly in South Asia West Asia and parts of Central Asia Indo IranianIndo Iranic Aryan GeographicdistributionSouth Central West Asia and the CaucasusLinguistic classificationIndo EuropeanIndo IranianProto languageProto Indo IranianSubdivisionsIndo Aryan Iranian NuristaniISO 639 5iirGlottologindo1320Distribution of the Indo Iranian languagesChart classifying Indo Iranian languages within the Indo European language familyThe common ancestor of all of the languages in this family is called Proto Indo Iranian also known as Common Aryan which was spoken in approximately the late 3rd millennium BC The three branches of the modern Indo Iranian languages are Indo Aryan Iranian and Nuristani A fourth independent branch Dardic was previously posited but recent scholarship in general places Dardic languages as archaic members of the Indo Aryan branch 4 The areas with Indo Iranian languages stretch from Europe Romani and the Caucasus Ossetian Tat and Talysh down to Mesopotamia Kurdish languages Zaza Gorani and Kurmanji Dialect continuum 5 and Iran Persian eastward to Xinjiang Sarikoli and Assam Assamese and south to Sri Lanka Sinhala and the Maldives Maldivian with branches stretching as far out as Oceania and the Caribbean for Fiji Hindi and Caribbean Hindustani respectively Furthermore there are large diaspora communities of Indo Iranian speakers in northwestern Europe the United Kingdom North America United States Canada Australia South Africa and the Persian Gulf Region United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia The number of distinct languages listed in Ethnologue are 312 6 while those recognised in Glottolog are 320 7 Contents 1 Etymology 2 References 3 Further reading 4 External linksEtymology EditThe term Indo Iranian languages refers to the spectrum of Indo European languages spoken in the Southern Asian region of Eurasia spanning from the Indian subcontinent where the Indic branch of Aryan languages are spoken hence called Indo Aryan till the Iranian plateau where the Iranic branch of Aryan languages are spoken This branch is also known as Aryan languages referring to the languages spoken by Aryan peoples where the term Aryan is the ethnocultural self designation of ancient Indo Iranians But in modern day Western scholars avoid the term Aryan since World War II owing to the perceived negative connotation associated with Aryanism References Edit D D Mahulkar 1990 Pre Paṇinian Linguistic Studies Northern Book Centre ISBN 978 81 85119 88 5 Annarita Puglielli Mara Frascarelli 2011 Linguistic Analysis From Data to Theory Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 022250 0 Jadranka Gvozdanovic 1999 Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide Walter de Gruyter p 221 ISBN 978 3 11 016113 7 The usage of Aryan languages is not to be equated with Indo Aryan languages rather Indo Iranic languages of which Indo Aryan is a subgrouping Bashir Elena 2007 Jain Danesh Cardona George eds The Indo Aryan languages p 905 ISBN 978 0415772945 Dardic is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo Aryan languages which developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo Gangetic plain Although the Dardic and Nuristani previously Kafiri languages were formerly grouped together Morgenstierne 1965 has established that the Dardic languages are Indo Aryan and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo Iranian Chatoev Vladimir Kʻosyan Aram 1999 Nationalities of Armenia YEGEA Publishing House p 61 ISBN 978 99930 808 0 0 Indo Iranian Ethnologue 2023 Glottolog 4 7 Indo Iranian Glottolog Retrieved 1 February 2023 Further reading Edit Contact and change in the diversification of the Indo Iranic languages PDF Dr Russell Gray Baly Joseph Eur Aryan roots With their English derivatives and the corresponding words in the cognate languages compared and systematically arranged Vol 1 K Paul Trench Trubner amp Company Limited 1897 Chakrabarti Byomkes 1994 A comparative study of Santali and Bengali Calcutta K P Bagchi amp Co ISBN 81 7074 128 9 Kummel Martin Joachim The morphology of Indo Iranian In Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo European Linguistics Volume 3 Edited by Jared Klein Brian Joseph and Matthias Fritz Berlin Boston De Gruyter Mouton 2018 pp 1888 1924 https doi org 10 1515 9783110542431 032 Kummel Martin Joachim Indo Iranian In The Indo European Language Family A Phylogenetic Perspective Edited by Thomas Olander Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2022 pp 246 68 doi 10 1017 9781108758666 014 Lubotsky Alexander The phonology of Proto Indo Iranian In Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo European Linguistics Volume 3 Edited by Jared Klein Brian Joseph and Matthias Fritz Berlin Boston De Gruyter Mouton 2018 pp 1875 1888 https doi org 10 1515 9783110542431 031 Pinault Georges Jean Contacts religieux et culturels des Indo Iraniens avec la civilisation de l Oxus In Comptes rendus des seances de l Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres 149e annee N 1 2005 pp 213 257 DOI https doi org 10 3406 crai 2005 22848 www persee fr doc crai 0065 0536 2005 num 149 1 22848 Pinault Georges Jean La langue des Scythes et le nom des Arimaspes In Comptes rendus des seances de l Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres 152e annee N 1 2008 pp 105 138 DOI https doi org 10 3406 crai 2008 92104 www persee fr doc crai 0065 0536 2008 num 152 1 92104 Nicholas Sims Williams ed 2002 Indo Iranian Languages and Peoples Oxford University Press External links Edit nbsp Look up Indo Iranian Swadesh lists in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indo Iranian languages Swadesh lists of Indo Iranian basic vocabulary words from Wiktionary s Swadesh list appendix Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indo Iranian languages amp oldid 1172065448, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
